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List of languages by type of grammatical genders

January 19, 2024

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

This article lists languages depending on their use of grammatical gender.

No grammatical gender edit

Certain language families, such as the Austronesian, Turkic and Uralic language families, usually have no grammatical genders (see genderless language). Many indigenous American languages (across language families) have no grammatical gender.[1]

Afro-Asiatic

Austronesian

Constructed

Creoles

Dravidian

  • Kannada (Three gendered pronouns; no grammatical gender)
  • Malayalam (Three gendered pronouns; no grammatical gender)
  • Tamil (Three gendered pronouns; no grammatical gender)

Isolates

Indo-European

Niger-Congo

Turkic

Uralic

Uto-Aztecan

Other

Noun classifiers edit

Some languages without noun class may have noun classifiers instead. This is common in East Asian languages.

Masculine and feminine edit

Afro-Asiatic

Indo-European

  • Breton (Brythonic)
  • Catalan - although it has the pronoun "ho" which substitutes antecedents with no gender, like a subordinate clause or a neuter demonstrative ("això", "allò"). For example: "vol això" (he wants this)→"ho vol" (he wants it), or "ha promès que vindrà" (he has promised he will come)→"ho ha promès" (he has promised it).
  • Cornish (Brythonic)
  • Corsican
  • French
  • Friulan
  • Galician (with some remains of neuter in the demonstratives isto (this here), iso/isso (this there/that here) and aquilo (that there), which can also be pronouns)
  • Hindi
  • Irish (Goidelic)
  • Italian - there is a trace of the neuter in some nouns and personal pronouns. E.g.: singular l'uovo, il dito; plural le uova, le dita ('the egg(s)', 'the finger(s)'), although singulars of the type dito and uovo and their agreements coincide in form with masculine grammatical gender and the plurals conform to feminine grammatical morphology.
  • Kashmiri
  • Kurdish (only Northern dialect and only in singular nouns and pronouns, not in plural and not in adjectives or verbs; Central or Southern dialects have lost grammatical gender altogether)
  • Ladin
  • Latvian
  • Lithuanian - there is a neuter gender for all declinable parts of speech (most adjectives, pronouns, numerals, participles), except for nouns, but it has a very limited set of forms.
  • Manx (Goidelic)
  • Mirandese - neuter exists in demonstratives “esto”, “esso” and “aqueilho”, and on indefinite pronouns (ex. alguien, someone; naide, no one; nada, nothing).
  • Occitan
  • Pashto
  • Portuguese - there is a trace of the neuter in the demonstratives (isto/isso/aquilo) and some indefinite pronouns.
  • Punjabi (see also Punjabi dialects)
  • Romani
  • Sardinian
  • Scottish Gaelic (Goidelic)
  • Sicilian
  • Spanish - there is a neuter of sorts, though generally expressed only with the definite article lo, used with adjectives denoting abstract categories: lo bueno, or when referring to an unknown object eso.
  • Urdu (Lashkari)
  • Venetian
  • Welsh (Brythonic)
  • Zazaki

Common and neuter edit

In these languages, animate nouns are predominantly of common gender, while inanimate nouns may be of either gender.

  • Danish (Danish has four gendered pronouns, but only two grammatical genders in the sense of noun classes. See Gender in Danish and Swedish.)
  • Dutch (The masculine and the feminine have merged into a common gender in standard Dutch, but a distinction is still made by some when using pronouns, and in Southern-Dutch varieties. See Gender in Dutch grammar.)
  • Filipino
  • (West) Frisian
  • Hittite (The Hittite "common" gender contains nouns that are either masculine or feminine in other Indo-European languages, while the "neuter" gender continues the inherited Indo-European neuter gender.)
  • Norwegian (In the Bergen dialect, and in some sociolects of Oslo.)
  • Swedish (The distinction between masculine and feminine still exists for people and some animals. Some dialects retain all three genders for all nouns.) (Swedish has four gendered pronouns, but only two grammatical genders in the sense of noun classes. See Gender in Danish and Swedish.)

Animate and inanimate edit

In many such languages, what is commonly termed "animacy" may in fact be more accurately described as a distinction between human and non-human, rational and irrational, "socially active" and "socially passive" etc.

Masculine, feminine, and neuter edit

Indo-European

Proto-Indo-European originally had two genders (animate and inanimate), and later the animate split into masculine and feminine, and the inanimate became neuter.[10]

Note: in Slavic languages marked with an asterisk (*), traditionally only masculine, feminine and neuter genders are recognized, with animacy as a separate category for the masculine and feminine (in East Slavic languages) or masculine only (elsewhere); the actual situation is similar to Czech.

Other

More than three grammatical genders edit

  • Burushaski: masculine, feminine, countable nouns (such as animals), and uncountable nouns (which can refer to abstract nouns, fluids, mass, etc.)
  • Chechen: 6 classes[12] (masculine, feminine and 4 other miscellaneous classes)
  • Czech, Slovak and Rusyn: Masculine animate, Masculine inanimate, Feminine, Neuter (traditionally, only masculine, feminine and neuter genders are recognized, with animacy as a separate category for the masculine).
  • Polish: Masculine personal, Masculine animate, Masculine inanimate, Feminine, Neuter (traditionally, only masculine, feminine and neuter genders are recognized).
  • Pama–Nyungan languages including Dyirbal and other Australian languages have gender systems such as: Masculine, feminine (see Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things), vegetable and neuter.[13][14]
    • Many Australian languages have a system of gender superclassing in which membership in one gender can mean membership in another.[15]
  • Worrorra: Masculine, feminine, terrestrial, celestial, and collective.[16]
  • Halegannada: Originally had 9 gender pronouns but only 3 exist in present-day Kannada.
  • Zande: Masculine, feminine, animate, and inanimate.
  • Bantu languages have many noun classes.[17]
    • Rwanda-Rundi family of languages (including Kinyarnwanda,[18] Kirundi,[19] and Ha[20]): 16 noun classes grouped in 10 pairs.
    • Ganda: 10 classes called simply Class I to Class X and containing all sorts of arbitrary groupings but often characterised as people, long objects, animals, miscellaneous objects, large objects and liquids, small objects, languages, pejoratives, infinitives, mass nouns
    • Shona: 20 noun classes (singular and plural are considered separate classes)
    • Swahili: 18 noun classes (singular and plural are considered separate classes)
  • Tuyuca: Tuyuca has 50–140 noun classes.[21][better source needed]
  • Sepik languages: Sepik languages all distinguish between at least masculine and feminine genders, but some distinguish three or more genders.[22]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am Corbett, Greville G. (2013). Dryer, Matthew S.; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Number of Genders". The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. – via WALS.
  2. ^ https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00647533v3
  3. ^ http://babel.ucsc.edu/~hank/105/Esperanto16.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  4. ^ "Basic Grammar of the International Language Ido". idolinguo.org.uk. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  5. ^ "Questions/en - La Lojban". mw.lojban.org. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  6. ^ Elbert, Samuel H.; Pukui, Mary Kawena (1979). Hawaiian Grammar. University of Hawaii Press - HONOLULU. pp. 136–144. ISBN 9780824824891.
  7. ^ van den Heuvel, Wilco (2006). Biak: Description of an Austronesian Language of Papua. Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, fn. p. 100.
  8. ^ "Aikhenvald. 2006. Classifiers and Noun Classes: Semantics" (PDF). www.aikhenvaldlinguistics.com. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  9. ^ Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics, 1996. p.437
  10. ^ Luraghi, Silvia (2011). "The origin of the Proto-Indo-European gender system: Typological considerations" (PDF). Folia Linguistica. Mouton de Gruyter – Societas Linguistica Europa. 45/2 (2): 435–464. doi:10.1515/flin.2011.016. ISSN 0165-4004. S2CID 59324940.
  11. ^ "Ket – Ethnologue". Ethnologue. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
  12. ^ Awde, Nicholas; Galaev, Muhammad (2014-05-22). Chechen-English English-Chechen Dictionary and Phrasebook. Routledge. ISBN 9781136802331.
  13. ^ Kibort, Anna; Corbett, Greville G. (2010-08-19). Features: Perspectives on a Key Notion in Linguistics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199577743.
  14. ^ https://scholar.harvard.edu/mpolinsky/files/Dyirbal.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  15. ^ https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/data/UQ_11037/rpopt.pdf?Expires=1495704752&Signature=f5dJsIP1bJ4D3ICf4UTKiBehPDgx4Q8AUj~SIe4tL1-2n-fkAHl7fKtYDxYQ918mu0UUKM9OfGxw~DC3I-T~QRiGWHUhtl~RnJ4hH5TZNFO7RFouVpXeaBlRRd1fT0t8I7sTswoT9qjwZ3zqV3O-fGfOHUoblz4Aayl7U5IsPGK6sXpacpkketqOf~bXayFbg9C~kj~QJkm-naqsAdVeQkngzUw1~hymGbd2rNcVnGXxeq4g6S04aoF2idHVfE8JAlJ1ov6~MG83dp6BhqtRRzCxV396TyyUjc4AdHqUZrsvchvpYnjPBqNH5MKMfKD8CKGDG7Fgtf9fBgTAiBz2qg__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJKNBJ4MJBJNC6NLQ[bare URL PDF]
  16. ^ Clendon, Mark (2014). Worrorra: A Language of the North-West Kimberley Coast. Adelaide: University of Adelaide Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-922064-59-2.
  17. ^ Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (2016-09-05). How Gender Shapes the World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191035692.
  18. ^ "East Africa Living Encyclopedia".
  19. ^ Ndayiragije, Juvénal; Nikiema, Emmanuel; Bhatt, Parth (2012). "The Augment in Kirundi: When Syntax Meets Phonology" (PDF). Selected Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Conference on African Linguistics. University of Toronto. Retrieved 2019-04-03.
  20. ^ Harjula, Lotta (2004). The Ha Language of Tanzania: Grammar, Texts and Vocabulary. Rüdiger Köppe. ISBN 3-89645-027-1 – via ResearchGate.
  21. ^ "Difficult Languages: Tongue Twisters - In search of the world's hardest language". The Economist. 2009-12-17. Retrieved 2009-12-23.
  22. ^ Foley, William A. (2018). "The Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 197–432. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.

January 19, 2024
list, languages, type, grammatical, genders, this, article, section, appears, contradict, itself, please, talk, page, more, information, september, 2022, this, dynamic, list, never, able, satisfy, particular, standards, completeness, help, adding, missing, ite. This article or section appears to contradict itself Please see the talk page for more information September 2022 This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources This article lists languages depending on their use of grammatical gender Contents 1 No grammatical gender 1 1 Noun classifiers 2 Masculine and feminine 3 Common and neuter 4 Animate and inanimate 5 Masculine feminine and neuter 6 More than three grammatical genders 7 ReferencesNo grammatical gender editCertain language families such as the Austronesian Turkic and Uralic language families usually have no grammatical genders see genderless language Many indigenous American languages across language families have no grammatical gender 1 Afro Asiatic Hausa Bauchi and Zaria dialects only 2 Austronesian Bikol Carolinian Chamoru Cebuano Filipino Gilbertese Ilokano Javanese Malagasy 1 Maori 1 Marshallese Nauruan Niuean Palauan Rapa Nui Samoan Sundanese Tagalog Tahitian Tetum Tongan Tuvaluan VisayanConstructed Esperanto Esperanto has three gendered pronouns and separate endings to distinguish natural gender although there is a movement for gender reform in Esperanto 3 Ido 4 Lingua Franca Nova Lojban 5 Toki PonaCreoles Haitian Creole Mauritian Creole Sango 1 Dravidian Kannada Three gendered pronouns no grammatical gender Malayalam Three gendered pronouns no grammatical gender Tamil Three gendered pronouns no grammatical gender Isolates Ainu 1 Basque 1 Chimariko 1 Haida 1 Nivkh 1 Warao 1 Zuni 1 Indo European Afrikaans Afrikaans has three gendered pronouns but no other grammatical gender very similar to English Armenian Assamese Balochi Bengali Dhivehi English English has three gendered pronouns but no longer has grammatical gender in the sense of noun class distinctions Kalasha Khowar Kurdish Central and Southern Dialects only Odia Ossetic PersianNiger Congo Ewe 1 Fula 1 Igbo 1 Yoruba 1 Turkic Azerbaijani Bashkir Chuvash 1 Crimean Tatar Gagauz Karachay Balkar Karakalpak Kazakh Khakas Khalaj 1 Kumyk Kyrgyz Nogai Salar Shor Tatar Turkish Turkmen Tuvinian Uyghur Uzbek 1 YakutUralic Estonian Finnish 1 Karelian Ingrian Veps Livonian Votic Mari Erzya Moksha Udmurt Komi Permyak Sami languages Hungarian 1 Khanty Mansi Nenets 1 Uto Aztecan Comanche 1 Nahuatl certain modern varieties as well as Classical Nahuatl include distinctions between animate and inanimate nouns Pipil 1 Shoshone 1 Yaqui 1 Other Aleut Eskimo Aleut 1 Carib Cariban 1 Canela Macro Je 1 Georgian Kartvelian Greenlandic Eskimo Aleut Guarani Tupian 1 Japanese Japonic Karuk Hokan 1 Khmer Austroasiatic 1 Korean Koreanic Lao Kra Dai Manchu Tungusic used vowel harmony in gender inflections Chinese Sino Tibetan 1 Miwok Yok Utian 1 Mongolian Mongolic Murle Nilo Saharan 1 Newari different from Nepali Sino Tibetan Nez Perce Plateau Penutian 1 Pomo Hokan 1 Rama Chibchan 1 Southern Quechua Quechuan Wichita Caddoan 1 Yurok Algic 1 Noun classifiers edit Some languages without noun class may have noun classifiers instead This is common in East Asian languages American Sign Language Bengali Indo European Burmese Modern written Chinese Sino Tibetan has gendered pronouns introduced in the 1920s to accommodate the translation of Western literature see Chinese pronouns which do not appear in spoken Chinese Even in written language it doesn t have grammatical gender in the sense of noun class distinctions Fijian Austronesian Hawaiian Austronesian 6 There is a noun class system but it is flexible and determined by how the arguments in a statement interact with each other Therefore it doesn t constitute a grammatical gender For example a house is kino ʻō o class because you can go into it so your house would be kou hale However if you build the house yourself the possessive would take the kino ʻa form kau hale Indonesian Austronesian Japanese Khmer Hmong Korean Malay Austronesian Persian Indo European Thai VietnameseMasculine and feminine editAfro Asiatic Afar Agaw Akkadian Ancient Egyptian Amharic Arabic Beja Aramaic Coptic Hebrew Maltese Oromo Saho South Arabian Somali Tamazight Berber TuaregIndo European Breton Brythonic Catalan although it has the pronoun ho which substitutes antecedents with no gender like a subordinate clause or a neuter demonstrative aixo allo For example vol aixo he wants this ho vol he wants it or ha promes que vindra he has promised he will come ho ha promes he has promised it Cornish Brythonic Corsican French Friulan Galician with some remains of neuter in the demonstratives isto this here iso isso this there that here and aquilo that there which can also be pronouns Hindi Irish Goidelic Italian there is a trace of the neuter in some nouns and personal pronouns E g singular l uovo il dito plural le uova le dita the egg s the finger s although singulars of the type dito and uovo and their agreements coincide in form with masculine grammatical gender and the plurals conform to feminine grammatical morphology Kashmiri Kurdish only Northern dialect and only in singular nouns and pronouns not in plural and not in adjectives or verbs Central or Southern dialects have lost grammatical gender altogether Ladin Latvian Lithuanian there is a neuter gender for all declinable parts of speech most adjectives pronouns numerals participles except for nouns but it has a very limited set of forms Manx Goidelic Mirandese neuter exists in demonstratives esto esso and aqueilho and on indefinite pronouns ex alguien someone naide no one nada nothing Occitan Pashto Portuguese there is a trace of the neuter in the demonstratives isto isso aquilo and some indefinite pronouns Punjabi see also Punjabi dialects Romani Sardinian Scottish Gaelic Goidelic Sicilian Spanish there is a neuter of sorts though generally expressed only with the definite article lo used with adjectives denoting abstract categories lo bueno or when referring to an unknown object eso Urdu Lashkari Venetian Welsh Brythonic ZazakiCommon and neuter editIn these languages animate nouns are predominantly of common gender while inanimate nouns may be of either gender Danish Danish has four gendered pronouns but only two grammatical genders in the sense of noun classes See Gender in Danish and Swedish Dutch The masculine and the feminine have merged into a common gender in standard Dutch but a distinction is still made by some when using pronouns and in Southern Dutch varieties See Gender in Dutch grammar Filipino West Frisian Hittite The Hittite common gender contains nouns that are either masculine or feminine in other Indo European languages while the neuter gender continues the inherited Indo European neuter gender Norwegian In the Bergen dialect and in some sociolects of Oslo Swedish The distinction between masculine and feminine still exists for people and some animals Some dialects retain all three genders for all nouns Swedish has four gendered pronouns but only two grammatical genders in the sense of noun classes See Gender in Danish and Swedish Animate and inanimate editBasque the declension of the nominal phrase in the locative cases differs depending on the animacy of the referent a different and unrelated masculine feminine distinction is present in the verbal allocutive agreement inconsistent Biak One of the few Austronesian languages with grammatical gender The distinction is only maintained in the plural additionally making Biak a rare exception to Greenberg s linguistical universal 45 7 Elamite Georgian different verbs are used in various cases to put to take to have etc while referring to animate or inanimate objects Many Native American languages including most languages of the Algic Siouan 8 9 and Uto Aztecan language families as well as isolates such as Mapudungun Middle Korean Sumerian Chukotko Kamchatkan Nahuatl In Classical Nahuatl and certain modern varieties only animate nouns can take a plural formIn many such languages what is commonly termed animacy may in fact be more accurately described as a distinction between human and non human rational and irrational socially active and socially passive etc Masculine feminine and neuter editIndo EuropeanProto Indo European originally had two genders animate and inanimate and later the animate split into masculine and feminine and the inanimate became neuter 10 Albanian Asturian Masculine feminine and neuter for uncountable nouns Belarusian Bulgarian Czech Dutch the masculine and the feminine have merged into a common gender in standard Dutch but a distinction is still made by many when using pronouns In South Dutch Flemish spoken language all articles possessives and demonstratives differentiate between masculine and feminine see gender in Dutch grammar Faroese Gaulish German Greek in the Attic dialect of Ancient Greek neuter plurals are treated like singulars in verbal agreement Gujarati Icelandic Latin Limburgish Low German Luxembourgish Macedonian Marathi Norwegian the three gender system is widely used throughout the country except in the Bergen dialect some sociolects in Oslo lack it as well where the dialect allows feminine nouns to be given the corresponding masculine inflections or do not use the feminine gender at all Old English Old Irish Old Persian Old Prussian Pennsylvania German Polish Romanian the neuter gender called neutru or sometimes ambigen in Romanian has no separate forms of its own neuter nouns behave like masculine nouns in the singular and feminine in the plural This behavior is seen in the form of agreeing adjectives and replacing pronouns See Romanian nouns Russian Sanskrit Serbo Croatian Slovak Slovene Sorbian Swedish as in Dutch the masculine and the feminine have merged into a common gender in standard Swedish But many dialects mainly in Dalecarlia Ostrobothnia Finland and northern Sweden have preserved three genders in spoken language Ukrainian YiddishNote in Slavic languages marked with an asterisk traditionally only masculine feminine and neuter genders are recognized with animacy as a separate category for the masculine and feminine in East Slavic languages or masculine only elsewhere the actual situation is similar to Czech Other Ket 11 TeluguMore than three grammatical genders editBurushaski masculine feminine countable nouns such as animals and uncountable nouns which can refer to abstract nouns fluids mass etc Chechen 6 classes 12 masculine feminine and 4 other miscellaneous classes Czech Slovak and Rusyn Masculine animate Masculine inanimate Feminine Neuter traditionally only masculine feminine and neuter genders are recognized with animacy as a separate category for the masculine Polish Masculine personal Masculine animate Masculine inanimate Feminine Neuter traditionally only masculine feminine and neuter genders are recognized Pama Nyungan languages including Dyirbal and other Australian languages have gender systems such as Masculine feminine see Women Fire and Dangerous Things vegetable and neuter 13 14 Many Australian languages have a system of gender superclassing in which membership in one gender can mean membership in another 15 Worrorra Masculine feminine terrestrial celestial and collective 16 Halegannada Originally had 9 gender pronouns but only 3 exist in present day Kannada Zande Masculine feminine animate and inanimate Bantu languages have many noun classes 17 Rwanda Rundi family of languages including Kinyarnwanda 18 Kirundi 19 and Ha 20 16 noun classes grouped in 10 pairs Ganda 10 classes called simply Class I to Class X and containing all sorts of arbitrary groupings but often characterised as people long objects animals miscellaneous objects large objects and liquids small objects languages pejoratives infinitives mass nouns Shona 20 noun classes singular and plural are considered separate classes Swahili 18 noun classes singular and plural are considered separate classes Tuyuca Tuyuca has 50 140 noun classes 21 better source needed Sepik languages Sepik languages all distinguish between at least masculine and feminine genders but some distinguish three or more genders 22 References edit a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am Corbett Greville G 2013 Dryer Matthew S Haspelmath Martin eds Number of Genders The World Atlas of Language Structures Online via WALS https shs hal science halshs 00647533v3 http babel ucsc edu hank 105 Esperanto16 pdf bare URL PDF Basic Grammar of the International Language Ido idolinguo org uk Retrieved 28 September 2021 Questions en La Lojban mw lojban org Retrieved 28 September 2021 Elbert Samuel H Pukui Mary Kawena 1979 Hawaiian Grammar University of Hawaii Press HONOLULU pp 136 144 ISBN 9780824824891 van den Heuvel Wilco 2006 Biak Description of an Austronesian Language of Papua Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam fn p 100 Aikhenvald 2006 Classifiers and Noun Classes Semantics PDF www aikhenvaldlinguistics com Retrieved 19 March 2023 Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics 1996 p 437 Luraghi Silvia 2011 The origin of the Proto Indo European gender system Typological considerations PDF Folia Linguistica Mouton de Gruyter Societas Linguistica Europa 45 2 2 435 464 doi 10 1515 flin 2011 016 ISSN 0165 4004 S2CID 59324940 Ket Ethnologue Ethnologue Retrieved 20 August 2019 Awde Nicholas Galaev Muhammad 2014 05 22 Chechen English English Chechen Dictionary and Phrasebook Routledge ISBN 9781136802331 Kibort Anna Corbett Greville G 2010 08 19 Features Perspectives on a Key Notion in Linguistics Oxford University Press ISBN 9780199577743 https scholar harvard edu mpolinsky files Dyirbal pdf bare URL PDF https espace library uq edu au data UQ 11037 rpopt pdf Expires 1495704752 amp Signature f5dJsIP1bJ4D3ICf4UTKiBehPDgx4Q8AUj SIe4tL1 2n fkAHl7fKtYDxYQ918mu0UUKM9OfGxw DC3I T QRiGWHUhtl RnJ4hH5TZNFO7RFouVpXeaBlRRd1fT0t8I7sTswoT9qjwZ3zqV3O fGfOHUoblz4Aayl7U5IsPGK6sXpacpkketqOf bXayFbg9C kj QJkm naqsAdVeQkngzUw1 hymGbd2rNcVnGXxeq4g6S04aoF2idHVfE8JAlJ1ov6 MG83dp6BhqtRRzCxV396TyyUjc4AdHqUZrsvchvpYnjPBqNH5MKMfKD8CKGDG7Fgtf9fBgTAiBz2qg amp Key Pair Id APKAJKNBJ4MJBJNC6NLQ bare URL PDF Clendon Mark 2014 Worrorra A Language of the North West Kimberley Coast Adelaide University of Adelaide Press p 66 ISBN 978 1 922064 59 2 Aikhenvald Alexandra Y 2016 09 05 How Gender Shapes the World Oxford University Press ISBN 9780191035692 East Africa Living Encyclopedia Ndayiragije Juvenal Nikiema Emmanuel Bhatt Parth 2012 The Augment in Kirundi When Syntax Meets Phonology PDF Selected Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Conference on African Linguistics University of Toronto Retrieved 2019 04 03 Harjula Lotta 2004 The Ha Language of Tanzania Grammar Texts and Vocabulary Rudiger Koppe ISBN 3 89645 027 1 via ResearchGate Difficult Languages Tongue Twisters In search of the world s hardest language The Economist 2009 12 17 Retrieved 2009 12 23 Foley William A 2018 The Languages of the Sepik Ramu Basin and Environs In Palmer Bill ed The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area A Comprehensive Guide The World of Linguistics Vol 4 Berlin De Gruyter Mouton pp 197 432 ISBN 978 3 11 028642 7 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of languages by type of grammatical genders amp oldid 1193773568, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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