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Odia language

February 07, 2023

Odia /əˈdiːə/[8] (ଓଡ଼ିଆ, ISO: Oṛiā, pronounced [oˈɽia] (listen);[9] formerly rendered Oriya /ɒˈriːə/) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Indian state of Odisha. It is the official language in Odisha (formerly rendered Orissa),[10] where native speakers make up 82% of the population,[11] and it is also spoken in parts of West Bengal,[12] Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.[13] Odia is one of the many official languages of India; it is the official language of Odisha and the second official language of Jharkhand.[14][15][16] The language is also spoken by a sizeable population of 700,000 people in Chhattisgarh.

Odia
ଓଡ଼ିଆ
The word "Odia" in Odia script
Pronunciation[oˈɽia] (listen)
Native toIndia
RegionOdisha[a]
EthnicityOdias
Native speakers
35 million (2011–2019)[1][2]
L2 speakers: 4 million[1]
Early forms
Prakrit
Dialects
Odia script
Odia Braille
Kalinga script (historical)
Official status
Official language in
 India
Regulated byOdisha Sahitya Akademi, Government of Odisha[6]
Language codes
ISO 639-1or
ISO 639-2ori
ISO 639-3ori – inclusive code
Individual codes:
ory – Odia
spv – Sambalpuri
ort – Adivasi Odia (Kotia)
dso – Desiya (duplicate of [ort])[7]
Glottologmacr1269  Macro-Oriya (Odra)
oriy1255  Odia
  Odia majority or plurality
  Significant Odia minority
This article contains Odia text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Odia script.
Trilingual Signboard at Bhubaneswar Airport having text in Odia, Hindi and English

Odia is the sixth Indian language to be designated a classical language, on the basis of having a long literary history and not having borrowed extensively from other languages.[17][18][19][20] The earliest known inscription in Odia dates back to the 10th century CE.[21]

History

Odia is an Eastern Indo-Aryan language belonging to the Indo-Aryan language family. It descends from Odra Prakrit, which evolved from Magadhi Prakrit,[22] which was spoken in east India over 1,500 years ago, and is the primary language used in early Jain and Buddhist texts.[23] Odia appears to have had relatively little influence from Persian and Arabic, compared to other major Indo-Aryan languages.[24]

 
The proto-languages of eastern Magadhan; the split and descent of Proto-Odra (Odra Prakrit), the ancestor of the modern Odia language, from Proto-Magadhan (Magadhi Prakrit)[25]
 
Urajam inscription in Old Odia, royal charter of Eastern Ganga dynasty (1051 CE)[26]

The history of the Odia language is divided into eras:

  • Proto Odia (Odra Prakrit) (10th century and earlier): Inscriptions from 9th century shows the evolution of proto-Odia, i.e. Odra Prakrit or Oriya Prakrit words used along with Sanskrit. The inscriptions are dated to third quarter of 9th century during the reign of early Eastern Gangas.[27]
  • Old Odia (10th century till 12th century): Inscriptions from the 10th century onwards provide evidence for the existence of the Old Odia language, with the earliest inscription being the Urajam inscription of the Eastern Gangas written in Old Odia in 1051 CE.[26] Old Odia written in the form of connected lines is found in inscription dated to 1249 CE.[28]
  • Early Middle Odia (1200–1400): The earliest use of prose can be found in the Madala Panji of the Jagannath Temple at Puri, which dates back to the 12th century. Such works as Sisu Beda, Amarakosa, Gorekha Samhita, Kalasa Chautisa and Saptanga are written in this form of Odia.[29][30][31]
  • Middle Odia (1400–1700): Sarala Das writes the Mahabharata and Bilanka Ramayana.[32][33] Towards the 15th century, Panchasakha 'five seer poets' namely Balarama Dasa, Jagannatha Dasa, Achyutananda Dasa, Sisu Ananta Dasa and Jasobanta Dasa wrote a number of popular works, including the Odia Bhagabata, Jagamohana Ramayana, Lakshmi Purana, Haribansa, Gobinda Chandra and more.
  • Late Middle Odia (1600–1850): Usabhilasa of Sisu Sankara Dasa, the Rahasya Manjari of Deba Durlabha Dasa and the Rukmini Bibaha of Kartika Dasa were written. Upendra Bhanja took a leading role in this period with his creations Baidehisa Bilasa, Koti Brahmanda Sundari, Labanyabati which emerged as landmarks in Odia Literature. Dinakrushna Dasa's Rasakallola and Abhimanyu Samanta Singhara's Bidagdha Chintamani were prominent latter kabyas. Of the song poets who spearheaded Odissi music, classical music of the state - Upendra Bhanja, Banamali, Kabisurjya Baladeba Ratha, Gopalakrusna were prominent. Bhima Bhoi emerged towards the end of the 19th century.
  • Modern Odia (1850 to present): The first Odia printing typeset was cast in 1836 by Christian missionaries, making a great revolution in Odia literature and language.

Charyapada of 8th Century and its affinity with Odia

The beginning of Odia poetry coincides with the development of Charya sahitya, the literature started by Vajrayana Buddhist poets such as in the Charyapada. This literature was written in a specific metaphor called twilight language, and prominent poets included Luipa, Tilopa and Kanha. Quite importantly, the ragas that are mentioned for singing the Charyapadas are found abundantly in later Odia literature. The singing of the Charyas, their ragas, as well as later literature are still extant in the tradition of Odissi music.

Poet Jayadeva's literary contribution

Jayadeva was a Sanskrit poet. He was born in an Utkala Brahmin family of Puri around 1200 CE. He is most known for his composition, the epic poem Gita Govinda, which depicts the divine love of the Hindu deity Krishna and his consort, Radha, and is considered an important text in the Bhakti movement of Hinduism. About the end of the 13th century and the beginning of the 14th, the influence of Jayadeva's literary contribution changed the pattern of versification in Odia.[citation needed]

Geographical distribution

India

Odia is mainly spoken in the state of Odisha, but there are significant Odia-speaking populations in the neighbouring states, such as Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, West Bengal and Chhattisgarh.[34]

Due to the increasing migration of labour, the west Indian state of Gujarat also has a significant population of Odia speakers.[35] Significant numbers of Odia speakers can also be found in the cities of Vishakhapatnam, Hyderabad, Pondicherry, Bangalore, Chennai, Goa, Mumbai, Raipur, Jamshedpur, Baroda, Ahmedabad, New Delhi, Guwahati, Shillong, Pune, Gurgaon, Jammu and Silvassa.[36] According to the 2011 census, 3.1% of Indians in India are Odia speakers,[37] of which 93% belong to Odisha.

Foreign countries

The Odia diaspora is sizeable in several countries around the world, bringing the number of Odia speakers worldwide to 50 million.[38][39][page needed][need quotation to verify] It has a significant presence in eastern countries such as Thailand and Indonesia, mainly brought by the sadhaba, ancient traders from Odisha who carried the language along with the culture during the old-day trading,[40] and in western countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia and England. The language has also spread to Burma, Malaysia, Fiji, Mauritius, Sri Lanka and Middle East countries.[39] It is spoken as a native tongue by the Bonaz community in northeastern Bangladesh.

Standardization and dialects

Major varieties or dialects

Minor regional dialects

Major tribal and community dialects/sociolects

Minor sociolects

Odia minor dialects include:[52]

  • Bhuyan: Tribal dialect spoken in Northern Odisha.
  • Kurmi: Northern Odisha and Southwest Bengal.
  • Sounti: Spoken in Northern Odisha and Southwest Bengal.
  • Bathudi: Spoken in Northern Odisha and Southwest Bengal.
  • Kondhan: Tribal dialect spoken in Western Odisha.
  • Agharia: Spoken by Agharia community in districts of Western Odisha and Chhattisgarh.
  • Bhulia: Spoken by Bhulia community in districts of Western Odisha and Chhattisgarh.
  • Matia: Tribal dialect spoken in Southern Odisha.

Phonology

Pronunciation of Odia alphabet.

Odia has 30 consonant phonemes, 2 semivowel phonemes and 6 vowel phonemes.

Odia vowel phonemes[53][54]
Front Central Back
High i u
Mid e o
Low a ɔ

Length is not contrastive. The vowel [ɛ] can also be heard as an allophone of /e/, or as an allophone of the coalescence of the sequences /j + a/ or /j + ɔ/.[55] Final vowels are pronounced in the standard language, e.g. Odia [pʰulɔ] contrasts Bengali [pʰul] "flower".[56]

Odia retains the voiced retroflex lateral approximant [ɭ],[58] among the Eastern Indo-Aryan languages. The velar nasal [ŋ] is given phonemic status in some analyses, as it also occurs as a terminal sound, e.g. ଏବଂ- ebaṅ /ebɔŋ/[59] Nasals assimilate for place in nasal–stop clusters. /ɖ ɖʱ/ have the near-allophonic intervocalic[60] flaps [ɽ ɽʱ] in intervocalic position and in final position (but not at morpheme boundaries). Stops are sometimes deaspirated between /s/ and a vowel or an open syllable /s/+vowel and a vowel. Some speakers distinguish between single and geminate consonants.[61]

Grammar

Main article: Odia grammar

Odia retains most of the cases of Sanskrit, though the nominative and vocative have merged (both without a separate marker), as have the accusative and dative. There are three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter) and two grammatical numbers (singular and plural). However, there are no grammatical genders. The usage of gender is semantic, i.e. to differentiate male members of a class from female members.[62] There are three true tenses (present, past and future), others being formed with auxiliaries.

Writing system

Main articles: Odia alphabet and Odia braille
 
A detailed chart depicting evolution of the Odia script as displayed in a museum at Ratnagiri, Odisha

The Odia language uses the Odia script (also known as the Kalinga script). It is a Brahmic script used to write primarily the Odia language and others like Sanskrit and several minor regional languages. The script has developed over nearly 1000 years, with the earliest trace of the script being dated to 1051 AD.

Odia is a syllabic alphabet, or an abugida, wherein all consonants have an inherent vowel. Diacritics (which can appear above, below, before, or after the consonant they belong to) are used to change the form of the inherent vowel. When vowels appear at the beginning of a syllable, they are written as independent letters. Also, when certain consonants occur together, special conjunct symbols are used to combine the essential parts of each consonant symbol.

The curved appearance of the Odia script is a result of the practice of writing on palm leaves, which have a tendency to tear if too many straight lines are used.[63]

Odia Script

Vowels ସ୍ୱର ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ
ଅ ଆ ଇ ଈ ଉ ଊ ଋ ୠ ଌ ୡ ଏ ଐ ଓ ଔ
Consonants ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ
କ ଖ ଗ ଘ ଙ
ଚ ଛ ଜ ଝ ଞ
ଟ ଠ ଡ ଢ ଣ
ତ ଥ ଦ ଧ ନ
ପ ଫ ବ ଭ ମ
ଯ ର ଳ ୱ
ଶ ଷ ସ ହ
ୟ ଲ ଡ଼ ଢ଼ କ୍ଷ
Diacritics
ା ି ୀ ୁ ୂ ୃ ୄ ୢ ୣ େ ୈ ୋ ୌ
Signs, Punctuation
ଂ ଃ ଁ ୍ ଼ । ॥ ଽ ଓଁ ୰
Numbers ସଂଖ୍ୟା
୦ ୧ ୨ ୩ ୪ ୫ ୬ ୭ ୮ ୯

Literature

Main article: Odia literature

The earliest literature in Odia can be traced to the Charyapadas, composed in the 7th to 9th centuries.[64] Before Sarala Das, the most important works in Odia literature are the Shishu Veda, Saptanga, Amara Kosha, Rudrasudhanidhi, Kesaba Koili, Kalasa Chautisa, etc.[29][30][31] In the 14th century, the poet Sarala Das wrote the Sarala Mahabharata, Chandi Purana, and Vilanka Ramayana, in praise of the goddess Durga. Rama-Bibaha, written by Arjuna Dasa, was the first long poem written in the Odia language.

The following era is termed the Panchasakha Age and stretches until the year 1700. Notable religious works of the Panchasakha Age include those of Balarama Dasa, Jagannatha Dasa, Yasovanta, Ananta and Acyutananda. The authors of this period mainly translated, adapted, or imitated Sanskrit literature. Other prominent works of the period include the Usabhilasa of Sisu Sankara Dasa, the Rahasya Manjari of Debadurlabha Dasa and the Rukmini Bibha of Kartika Dasa. A new form of novels in verse evolved during the beginning of the 17th century when Ramachandra Pattanayaka wrote Harabali. Other poets, like Madhusudana, Bhima Dhibara, Sadasiba and Sisu Iswara Dasa composed another form called kavyas (long poems) based on themes from Puranas, with an emphasis on plain, simple language.

However, during the Bhanja Age (also known as the Age of Riti Yuga) beginning with turn of the 18th century, verbally tricky Odia became the order of the day. Verbal jugglery and eroticism characterise the period between 1700 and 1850, particularly in the works of the era's eponymous poet Upendra Bhanja (1670–1720). Bhanja's work inspired many imitators, of which the most notable is Arakshita Das. Family chronicles in prose relating religious festivals and rituals are also characteristic of the period.

The first Odia printing typeset was cast in 1836 by Christian missionaries. Although the handwritten Odia script of the time closely resembled the Bengali and Assamese scripts, the one adopted for the printed typesets was significantly different, leaning more towards the Tamil script and Telugu script. Amos Sutton produced an Oriya Bible (1840), Oriya Dictionary (1841–43) and[65] An Introductory Grammar of Oriya (1844).[66]

Odia has a rich literary heritage dating back to the thirteenth century. Sarala Dasa who lived in the fourteenth century is known as the Vyasa of Odisha. He wrote the Mahabharata into Odia. In fact, the language was initially standardised through a process of translating or transcreating classical Sanskrit texts such as the Mahabharata, Ramayana and the Bhagavad Gita. The translation of the Bhagavatam by Atibadi Jagannatha Dasa was particularly influential on the written form of the language. Another of the Panchasakha, Matta Balarama Dasa transcreated the Ramayana in Odia, titled Jagamohana Ramayana. Odia has had a strong tradition of poetry, especially devotional poetry.

Other eminent Odia poets include Kabi Samrat Upendra Bhanja, Kabisurjya Baladeba Ratha, Banamali Dasa, Dinakrusna Dasa and Gopalakrusna Pattanayaka. Classical Odia literature is inextricably tied to music, and most of it was written for singing, set to traditional Odissi ragas and talas. These compositions form the core of the system of Odissi music, the classical music of the state.

Three great poets and prose writers, Kabibar Radhanath Ray (1849–1908), Fakir Mohan Senapati (1843–1918) and Madhusudan Rao (1853–1912) made Odia their own. They brought in a modern outlook and spirit into Odia literature. Around the same time the modern drama took birth in the works of Rama Sankara Ray beginning with Kanci-Kaveri (1880).

Among the contemporaries of Fakir Mohan, four novelists deserve special mention: Aparna Panda, Mrutyunjay Rath, Ram Chandra Acharya and Brajabandhu Mishra. Aparna Panda's Kalavati and Brajabandhu Mishra's Basanta Malati were both published in 1902, the year in which Chha Mana Atha Guntha came out in the book form. Brajabandhu Mishra's Basanta Malati, which came out from Bamanda, depicts the conflict between a poor but highly educated young man and a wealthy and highly egoistic young woman whose conjugal life is seriously affected by ego clashes. Through a story of union, separation and reunion, the novelist delineates the psychological state of a young woman in separation from her husband and examines the significance of marriage as a social institution in traditional Indian society. Ram Chandra Acharya wrote about seven novels during 1924–1936. All his novels are historical romances based on the historical events in Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Odisha. Mrutyunjay Rath's novel, Adbhuta Parinama, published in 1915, centres round a young Hindu who gets converted to Christianity to marry a Christian girl.

One of the great writers in the 20th century was Pandit Krushna Chandra Kar (1907–1995) from Cuttack, who wrote many books for children like Pari Raija, Kuhuka Raija, Panchatantra, Adi Jugara Galpa Mala, etc. He was last felicitated by the Sahitya Academy in 1971–72 for his contributions to Odia literature, development of children's fiction, and biographies.

One of the prominent writers of the 20th and 21st centuries was Muralidhar Mallick (1927–2002). His contribution to Historical novels is beyond words. He was last felicitated by the Sahitya Academy in the year 1998 for his contributions to Odia literature. His son Khagendranath Mallick (born 1951) is also a writer. His contribution towards poetry, criticism, essays, story and novels is commendable. He was the former President of Utkal Kala Parishad and also former President of Odisha Geeti Kabi Samaj. Presently he is a member of the Executive Committee of Utkal Sahitya Samaj. Another illustrious writer of the 20th century was Mr. Chintamani Das. A noted academician, he was written more than 40 books including fiction, short stories, biographies and storybooks for children. Born in 1903 in Sriramachandrapur village under Satyabadi block, Chintamani Das is the only writer who has written biographies on all the five 'Pancha Sakhas' of Satyabadi namely Pandit Gopabandhu Das, Acharya Harihara, Nilakantha Das, Krupasindhu Mishra and Pandit Godabarisha. Having served as the Head of the Odia department of Khallikote College, Berhampur, Chintamani Das was felicitated with the Sahitya Akademi Samman in 1970 for his outstanding contribution to Odia literature in general and Satyabadi Yuga literature in particular. Some of his well-known literary creations are 'Bhala Manisha Hua', 'Manishi Nilakantha', 'Kabi Godabarisha', 'Byasakabi Fakiramohan', 'Usha', 'Barabati'.

20th century writers in Odia include Pallikabi Nanda Kishore Bal, Gangadhar Meher, Chintamani Mahanti and Kuntala Kumari Sabat, besides Niladri Dasa and Gopabandhu Das. The most notable novelists were Umesa Sarakara, Divyasimha Panigrahi, Gopala Chandra Praharaj and Kalindi Charan Panigrahi. Sachi Kanta Rauta Ray is the great introducer of the ultra-modern style in modern Odia poetry. Others who took up this form were Godabarisha Mohapatra, Mayadhar Mansingh, Nityananda Mahapatra and Kunjabihari Dasa. Prabhasa Chandra Satpathi is known for his translations of some western classics apart from Udayanatha Shadangi, Sunanda Kara and Surendranatha Dwivedi. Criticism, essays and history also became major lines of writing in the Odia language. Esteemed writers in this field were Professor Girija Shankar Ray, Pandit Vinayaka Misra, Professor Gauri Kumara Brahma, Jagabandhu Simha and Harekrushna Mahatab. Odia literature mirrors the industrious, peaceful and artistic image of the Odia people who have offered and gifted much to the Indian civilisation in the field of art and literature. Now Writers Manoj Das's creations motivated and inspired people towards a positive lifestyle. Distinguished prose writers of the modern period include Baidyanath Misra, Fakir Mohan Senapati, Madhusudan Das, Godabarisha Mohapatra, Kalindi Charan Panigrahi, Surendra Mohanty, Manoj Das, Kishori Charan Das, Gopinath Mohanty, Rabi Patnaik, Chandrasekhar Rath, Binapani Mohanty, Bhikari Rath, Jagadish Mohanty, Sarojini Sahoo, Yashodhara Mishra, Ramchandra Behera, Padmaja Pal. But it is poetry that makes modern Odia literature a force to reckon with. Poets like Kabibar Radhanath Ray, Sachidananda Routray, Guruprasad Mohanty, Soubhagya Misra, Ramakanta Rath, Sitakanta Mohapatra, Rajendra Kishore Panda, Pratibha Satpathy have made significant contributions towards Indian poetry.

Anita Desai's novella, Translator Translated, from her collection The Art of Disappearance, features a translator of a fictive Odia short story writer. The novella contains a discussion of the perils of translating works composed in regional Indian languages into English.

Four writers in Odia – Gopinath Mohanty, Sachidananda Routray, Sitakant Mahapatra and Pratibha Ray – have been awarded the Jnanpith, an Indian literary award.

Sample text

The following is a sample text in Odia of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (ମାନବିକ ଅଧିକାରର ସାର୍ବଜନୀନ ଘୋଷଣା):

Odia in the Odia script

ଅନୁଚ୍ଛେଦ ୧: ସମସ୍ତ ମନୁଷ୍ୟ ଜନ୍ମକାଳରୁ ସ୍ୱାଧୀନ ଏବଂ ମର୍ଯ୍ୟାଦା ଓ ଅଧିକାରରେ ସମାନ । ସେମାନଙ୍କଠାରେ ବୁଦ୍ଧି ଓ ବିବେକ ନିହିତ ଅଛି ଏବଂ ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ ପରସ୍ପର ପ୍ରତି ଭ୍ରାତୃତ୍ୱ ମନୋଭାବରେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବା ଉଚିତ୍ ।

Odia in IAST

Anuccheda eka: Samasta manuṣya janmakāḷaru swādhīna ebaṅ marẏyādā o adhikārare samāna. Semānaṅkaṭhāre buuddhi o bibeka nihita achi ebaṅ semānaṅku paraspara prati bhrātr̥twa manobhābare byabahāra karibā ucit.

Odia in the IPA

ɔnut͡ːʃʰed̪ɔ ekɔ: sɔmɔst̪ɔ mɔnuʂjɔ d͡ʒɔnmɔkaɭɔɾu swad̪ʱinɔ ebɔŋ mɔɾd͡ʒjad̪a o ɔd̪ʱikaɾɔɾe sɔmanɔ. semanɔŋkɔʈʰaɾe bud̪ːʱi o bibekɔ niɦit̪ɔ ɔt͡ʃʰi ebɔŋ semanɔŋku pɔɾɔspɔɾɔ pɾɔt̪i bʱɾat̪ɾut̪wɔ mɔnobʱabɔɾe bjɔbɔɦaɾɔ kɔɾiba ut͡ʃit̪

Gloss

Article 1: All human beings from birth are free and dignity and rights are equal. Their reason and intelligence endowed with and they towards one another in a brotherhood spirit behaviour to do should.

Translation

Article 1: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Software

Google introduced the first automated translator for Odia in 2020.[67] Microsoft too incorporated Odia in its automated translator later that year.[68]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ parts of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh that are near the border with Odisha

References

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  8. ^ , Lexico.
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  17. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 9 December 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  18. ^ "Odia gets classical language status". The Hindu. 20 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
  19. ^ "Odia becomes sixth classical language". The Telegraph. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
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  22. ^ (Toulmin 2006:306)
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  25. ^ (Toulmin 2006:306)
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  27. ^ (Rajaguru 1966:152)
  28. ^ B. P. Mahapatra (1989). Constitutional languages. Presses Université Laval. p. 389. ISBN 978-2-7637-7186-1. Evidence of Old Oriya is found from early inscriptions dating from the 10th century onwards, while the language in the form of connected lines is found only in the inscription dated 1249 A.D.
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  31. ^ a b Patnaik, Nihar (1997). Economic History of Orissa. New Delhi: Indus Publishing. p. 149. ISBN 978-8173870750.
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  33. ^ Sujit Mukherjee (1998). A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850. Orient Blackswan. p. 420. ISBN 978-81-250-1453-9.
  34. ^ James Minahan (2012). Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 233. ISBN 978-1-59884-659-1.
  35. ^ "A Little Orissa in the heart of Surat – Ahmedabad News". The Times of India. 18 May 2003. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
  36. ^ Danesh Jain; George Cardona (2007). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. p. 445. ISBN 978-1-135-79711-9.
  37. ^ "Number of Odia speaking people declines: Census report". sambad. sambad. 18 July 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  38. ^ "Oriya language". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2 July 2020. Oriya language, also spelled Odia, Indo-Aryan language with some 50 million speakers.
  39. ^ a b Institute of Social Research and Applied Anthropology (2003). Man and Life. Vol. 29. Institute of Social Research and Applied Anthropology. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  40. ^ Subhakanta Behera (2002). Construction of an identity discourse: Oriya literature and the Jagannath cult (1866–1936). Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  41. ^ "Mughalbandi". Glottolog.
  42. ^ "LSI Vol-5 part-2". dsal. p. 369, 382.
  43. ^ "Northwestern Oriya". Glottolog.
  44. ^ "LSI Vol-5 part-2". dsal. p. 403.
  45. ^ Mathai & Kelsall 2013, pp. 4–6. The precise figures are 75–76%. This was based on comparisons of 210-item wordlists.
  46. ^ "Sambalpuri". Ethnologue.
  47. ^ CENSUS OF INDIA 2011. "LANGUAGE" (PDF). Government of India. p. 7.
  48. ^ CENSUS OF INDIA 2011. "LANGUAGE" (PDF). Government of India. p. 7.
  49. ^ "Midnapore Oriya". Glottolog.
  50. ^ "Bhatri". Ethnologue. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
  51. ^ Masica (1991:16)
  52. ^ Rabindra Nath Pati, Jagannatha Dash (2002). Tribal and Indigenous People of India: Problems and Prospects. New Delhi: APH PUBLISHING CORPORATION. pp. 51–59. ISBN 81-7648-322-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  53. ^ a b Ray (2003:526)
  54. ^ Cardona, George; Jain, Danesh (2003). The Indo-Aryan Languages. p. 488. ISBN 9781135797119.
  55. ^ a b Neukom, Lukas; Patnaik, Manideepa (2003)
  56. ^ Ray (2003:488–489)
  57. ^ Masica (1991:107)
  58. ^ Masica (1991:97)
  59. ^ Danesh Jain; George Cardona (2007). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. p. 490. ISBN 978-1-135-79711-9.
  60. ^ Masica (1991:147)
  61. ^ Ray (2003:490–491)
  62. ^ Jain, D.; Cardona, G. (2007). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge language family series. Taylor & Francis. p. 450. ISBN 978-1-135-79711-9. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  63. ^ Caldwell, R. (1998). A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Or South-Indian Family of Languages. Asian Educational Services. p. 125. ISBN 978-81-206-0117-8. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  64. ^ Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections. Sahitya Akademi. 1 January 1997. ISBN 9788126003655.
  65. ^ Biswamoy Pati Situating social history: Orissa, 1800–1997 p30
  66. ^ The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume Two) (Devraj To Jyoti): 2 p1030 ed. Amaresh Datta – 2006 "Amos Sutton also prepared a dictionary named Sadhu bhasharthabhidhan, a vocabulary of current Sanskrit terms with Odia definitions which was also printed in Odisha Mission Press in 1844."
  67. ^ Statt, Nick (26 February 2020). "Google Translate supports new languages for the first time in four years, including Uyghur". The Verge. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
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Further reading

  • Tripathi, Kunjabihari (1962). (PDF). Cuttack: Utkal University. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  • Rajaguru, Satyanarayan (1966). Inscriptions of Orissa C. 600-1100 A.D. Volume 2. Government of Orissa, Superintendent of Research & Museum.
  • Masica, Colin (1991). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2.
  • Neukom, Lukas; Patnaik, Manideepa (2003). A Grammar of Oriya. Arbeiten des Seminars für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Zürich. Zurich: University of Zurich. ISBN 9783952101094.
  • Ray, Tapas S. (2003). "Oriya". In Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. pp. 485–522. ISBN 978-0-7007-1130-7.
  • Rabindra Nath Pati, Jagannatha Dash (2002). Tribal and Indigenous People of India: Problems and Prospects. India: APH PUBLISHING CORPORATION. pp. 51–59. ISBN 81-7648-322-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  • Ghosh, A. (2003). An ethnolinguistic profile of Eastern India: a case of South Orissa. Burdwan: Dept. of Bengali (D.S.A.), University of Burdwan.
  • Mohanty, Prasanna Kumar (2007). The History of: History of Oriya Literature (Oriya Sahityara Adya Aitihasika Gana).
  • "Oriya Language and Literature" (PDF). Odia.org. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
  • Toulmin, Mathew W S (2006). Reconstructing linguistic history in a dialect continuum: The Kamta, Rajbanshi, and Northern Deshi Bangla subgroup of Indo-Aryan (Ph.D.). The Australian National University.
  • Mathai, Eldose K.; Kelsall, Juliana (2013). Sambalpuri of Orissa, India: A Brief Sociolinguistic Survey (Report). SIL Electronic Survey Reports.

External links

 
Odia edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 
Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Odia.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Odia language.
  • Odia language at Curlie
  • Odia Wikipedia
  • Praharaj, G.C. Purnachandra Odia Bhashakosha (Odia-English dictionary). Cuttack: Utkal Sahitya Press, 1931–1940.
  • A Comprehensive English-Oriya Dictionary (1916–1922)

February 07, 2023
odia, language, odia, ଓଡ, oṛiā, pronounced, oˈɽia, listen, formerly, rendered, oriya, indo, aryan, language, spoken, indian, state, odisha, official, language, odisha, formerly, rendered, orissa, where, native, speakers, make, population, also, spoken, parts, . Odia e ˈ d iː e 8 ଓଡ ଆ ISO Oṛia pronounced oˈɽia listen 9 formerly rendered Oriya ɒ ˈ r iː e is an Indo Aryan language spoken in the Indian state of Odisha It is the official language in Odisha formerly rendered Orissa 10 where native speakers make up 82 of the population 11 and it is also spoken in parts of West Bengal 12 Jharkhand Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh 13 Odia is one of the many official languages of India it is the official language of Odisha and the second official language of Jharkhand 14 15 16 The language is also spoken by a sizeable population of 700 000 people in Chhattisgarh Odiaଓଡ ଆThe word Odia in Odia scriptPronunciation oˈɽia listen Native toIndiaRegionOdisha a EthnicityOdiasNative speakers35 million 2011 2019 1 2 L2 speakers 4 million 1 Language familyIndo European Indo IranianIndo AryanEasternOdiaEarly formsPrakrit Magadhi Prakrit Odra Prakrit Old OdiaDialectsNorthern Central Southern Northwestern Western Desia Tribal and Community dialectsWriting systemOdia scriptOdia Braille Kalinga script historical Official statusOfficial language in IndiaOdisha Jharkhand 3 additional West Bengal 4 5 additional Regulated byOdisha Sahitya Akademi Government of Odisha 6 Language codesISO 639 1 span class plainlinks or span ISO 639 2 span class plainlinks ori span ISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code ori class extiw title iso639 3 ori ori a inclusive codeIndividual codes a href https iso639 3 sil org code ory class extiw title iso639 3 ory ory a Odia a href https iso639 3 sil org code spv class extiw title iso639 3 spv spv a Sambalpuri a href https iso639 3 sil org code ort class extiw title iso639 3 ort ort a Adivasi Odia Kotia a href https iso639 3 sil org code dso class extiw title iso639 3 dso dso a Desiya duplicate of ort 7 Glottologmacr1269 Macro Oriya Odra oriy1255 Odia Odia majority or plurality Significant Odia minorityPart of a series onConstitutionally recognised languages of IndiaCategory22 Official Languages of the Indian RepublicAssamese Bengali Bodo Dogri Gujarati Hindi Kannada Kashmiri Konkani Maithili Malayalam Marathi Meitei Manipuri Nepali Odia Punjabi Sanskrit Santali Sindhi Tamil Telugu UrduRelatedEighth Schedule to the Constitution of India Official Languages Commission Classical Languages of India List of languages by number of native speakers in India Asia portal India portal Language portal Politics portalThis article contains Odia text Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Odia script Trilingual Signboard at Bhubaneswar Airport having text in Odia Hindi and English Odia is the sixth Indian language to be designated a classical language on the basis of having a long literary history and not having borrowed extensively from other languages 17 18 19 20 The earliest known inscription in Odia dates back to the 10th century CE 21 Contents 1 History 1 1 Charyapada of 8th Century and its affinity with Odia 1 2 Poet Jayadeva s literary contribution 2 Geographical distribution 2 1 India 2 2 Foreign countries 3 Standardization and dialects 3 1 Major varieties or dialects 3 2 Major tribal and community dialects sociolects 4 Phonology 5 Grammar 6 Writing system 6 1 Odia Script 7 Literature 8 Sample text 9 Software 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External linksHistory EditOdia is an Eastern Indo Aryan language belonging to the Indo Aryan language family It descends from Odra Prakrit which evolved from Magadhi Prakrit 22 which was spoken in east India over 1 500 years ago and is the primary language used in early Jain and Buddhist texts 23 Odia appears to have had relatively little influence from Persian and Arabic compared to other major Indo Aryan languages 24 The proto languages of eastern Magadhan the split and descent of Proto Odra Odra Prakrit the ancestor of the modern Odia language from Proto Magadhan Magadhi Prakrit 25 Urajam inscription in Old Odia royal charter of Eastern Ganga dynasty 1051 CE 26 The history of the Odia language is divided into eras Proto Odia Odra Prakrit 10th century and earlier Inscriptions from 9th century shows the evolution of proto Odia i e Odra Prakrit or Oriya Prakrit words used along with Sanskrit The inscriptions are dated to third quarter of 9th century during the reign of early Eastern Gangas 27 Old Odia 10th century till 12th century Inscriptions from the 10th century onwards provide evidence for the existence of the Old Odia language with the earliest inscription being the Urajam inscription of the Eastern Gangas written in Old Odia in 1051 CE 26 Old Odia written in the form of connected lines is found in inscription dated to 1249 CE 28 Early Middle Odia 1200 1400 The earliest use of prose can be found in the Madala Panji of the Jagannath Temple at Puri which dates back to the 12th century Such works as Sisu Beda Amarakosa Gorekha Samhita Kalasa Chautisa and Saptanga are written in this form of Odia 29 30 31 Middle Odia 1400 1700 Sarala Das writes the Mahabharata and Bilanka Ramayana 32 33 Towards the 15th century Panchasakha five seer poets namely Balarama Dasa Jagannatha Dasa Achyutananda Dasa Sisu Ananta Dasa and Jasobanta Dasa wrote a number of popular works including the Odia Bhagabata Jagamohana Ramayana Lakshmi Purana Haribansa Gobinda Chandra and more Late Middle Odia 1600 1850 Usabhilasa of Sisu Sankara Dasa the Rahasya Manjari of Deba Durlabha Dasa and the Rukmini Bibaha of Kartika Dasa were written Upendra Bhanja took a leading role in this period with his creations Baidehisa Bilasa Koti Brahmanda Sundari Labanyabati which emerged as landmarks in Odia Literature Dinakrushna Dasa s Rasakallola and Abhimanyu Samanta Singhara s Bidagdha Chintamani were prominent latter kabyas Of the song poets who spearheaded Odissi music classical music of the state Upendra Bhanja Banamali Kabisurjya Baladeba Ratha Gopalakrusna were prominent Bhima Bhoi emerged towards the end of the 19th century Modern Odia 1850 to present The first Odia printing typeset was cast in 1836 by Christian missionaries making a great revolution in Odia literature and language Charyapada of 8th Century and its affinity with Odia Edit The beginning of Odia poetry coincides with the development of Charya sahitya the literature started by Vajrayana Buddhist poets such as in the Charyapada This literature was written in a specific metaphor called twilight language and prominent poets included Luipa Tilopa and Kanha Quite importantly the ragas that are mentioned for singing the Charyapadas are found abundantly in later Odia literature The singing of the Charyas their ragas as well as later literature are still extant in the tradition of Odissi music Poet Jayadeva s literary contribution Edit Jayadeva was a Sanskrit poet He was born in an Utkala Brahmin family of Puri around 1200 CE He is most known for his composition the epic poem Gita Govinda which depicts the divine love of the Hindu deity Krishna and his consort Radha and is considered an important text in the Bhakti movement of Hinduism About the end of the 13th century and the beginning of the 14th the influence of Jayadeva s literary contribution changed the pattern of versification in Odia citation needed Geographical distribution EditIndia Edit Odia is mainly spoken in the state of Odisha but there are significant Odia speaking populations in the neighbouring states such as Andhra Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Jharkhand West Bengal and Chhattisgarh 34 Due to the increasing migration of labour the west Indian state of Gujarat also has a significant population of Odia speakers 35 Significant numbers of Odia speakers can also be found in the cities of Vishakhapatnam Hyderabad Pondicherry Bangalore Chennai Goa Mumbai Raipur Jamshedpur Baroda Ahmedabad New Delhi Guwahati Shillong Pune Gurgaon Jammu and Silvassa 36 According to the 2011 census 3 1 of Indians in India are Odia speakers 37 of which 93 belong to Odisha Foreign countries Edit The Odia diaspora is sizeable in several countries around the world bringing the number of Odia speakers worldwide to 50 million 38 39 page needed need quotation to verify It has a significant presence in eastern countries such as Thailand and Indonesia mainly brought by the sadhaba ancient traders from Odisha who carried the language along with the culture during the old day trading 40 and in western countries such as the United States Canada Australia and England The language has also spread to Burma Malaysia Fiji Mauritius Sri Lanka and Middle East countries 39 It is spoken as a native tongue by the Bonaz community in northeastern Bangladesh Standardization and dialects EditMajor varieties or dialects Edit Baleswari Northern Odia Spoken in Baleswar Bhadrak Mayurbhanj and Kendujhar districts of Odisha and southern parts of undivided Midnapore of West Bengal The variant spoken in Baleswar is called Baleswaria Kataki Central Odia 41 Spoken in the coastal and central regions consisting of Cuttack Khordha Puri Nayagarh Jajpur Jagatsinghpur Kendrapara Dhenkanal Angul Debagarh and parts of Boudh districts of Odisha with regional variations The Cuttack variant is known as Katakia Khurda Odia standard register Spoken in Khordha Puri and Nayagarh districts of Odisha 42 Ganjami Southern Odia Spoken in Ganjam Gajapati and parts of Kandhamal districts of Odisha Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh The variant spoken in Berhampur is also known as Berhampuria Sundargadi Northwestern Odia Spoken in Sundergarh and parts of adjoining districts of Odisha and the districts of Jashpur of Chhattisgarh and Simdega of Jharkhand 43 44 Sambalpuri Western Odia It is the western dialect variety of Odia language with the core variant spoken in Sambalpur Jharsuguda Bargarh Balangir and Subarnapur districts along with parts of Nuapada and western parts of Boudh districts of Odisha Also spoken in parts of Raigarh Mahasamund and Raipur districts of Chhattisgarh A 2006 survey of the varieties spoken in four villages in Western Odisha found out that Sambalpuri share three quarters of their basic vocabulary with Standard Odia and has 75 76 lexical similarity with Standard Odia 45 46 47 Desia Southwestern Odia Koraputi Spoken in southwestern districts of Nabarangpur Rayagada Koraput Malkangiri and southern parts of Kalahandi districts of Odisha and in the hilly regions of Vishakhapatnam and Vizianagaram districts of Andhra Pradesh 48 A variant spoken in Koraput is also known as Koraputia Minor regional dialects Medinipuri Odia Medinipuria Spoken in parts of undivided Midnapore district and Kakdwip subdivision South 24 Parganas of West Bengal 49 Singhbhumi Odia Spoken in parts of East Singhbhum West Singhbhum and Saraikela Kharsawan district of Jharkhand Phulbani Odia spoken in Kandhamal and in parts of Boudh district Kalahandia Odia Variant of Odia spoken in Kalahandi and Nuapada districts and neighbouring districts of Chhattisgarh Debagadia Odia Variant of Odia spoken in Debagarh district and the adjoining Rairakhol Athmallik area It is known as Debgadia or Deogarhia Major tribal and community dialects sociolects Edit Bodo Parja Jharia spoken by the Parang Proja tribe of Koraput and neighbouring districts of Odisha Bhatri language variety spoken by the Bhottada tribe in Odisha and Chhattisgarh 50 51 Reli language variety spoken by the Reli people in the Koraput and Rayagada districts of southern Odisha and bordering districts of Andhra Pradesh Kupia language variety spoken by Valmiki people of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh mostly in Koraput and Visakhapatnam districts Minor sociolectsOdia minor dialects include 52 Bhuyan Tribal dialect spoken in Northern Odisha Kurmi Northern Odisha and Southwest Bengal Sounti Spoken in Northern Odisha and Southwest Bengal Bathudi Spoken in Northern Odisha and Southwest Bengal Kondhan Tribal dialect spoken in Western Odisha Agharia Spoken by Agharia community in districts of Western Odisha and Chhattisgarh Bhulia Spoken by Bhulia community in districts of Western Odisha and Chhattisgarh Matia Tribal dialect spoken in Southern Odisha Phonology Edit source source source source source source source source source source track track Pronunciation of Odia alphabet Odia has 30 consonant phonemes 2 semivowel phonemes and 6 vowel phonemes Odia vowel phonemes 53 54 Front Central BackHigh i uMid e oLow a ɔLength is not contrastive The vowel ɛ can also be heard as an allophone of e or as an allophone of the coalescence of the sequences j a or j ɔ 55 Final vowels are pronounced in the standard language e g Odia pʰulɔ contrasts Bengali pʰul flower 56 Odia consonant phonemes 57 53 55 Labial Alveolar Dental Retroflex Post alv Palatal Velar GlottalNasal m n ɳ ŋStop Affricate voiceless p t ʈ tʃ kvoiceless aspirated pʰ tʰ ʈʰ tʃʰ kʰvoiced b d ɖ dʒ ɡvoiced aspirated bʱ dʱ ɖʱ dʒʱ ɡʱFricative s ɦTrill Flap r ɾ ɽ ɽʰ Lateral approximant l ɭApproximant w jOdia retains the voiced retroflex lateral approximant ɭ 58 among the Eastern Indo Aryan languages The velar nasal ŋ is given phonemic status in some analyses as it also occurs as a terminal sound e g ଏବ ebaṅ ebɔŋ 59 Nasals assimilate for place in nasal stop clusters ɖ ɖʱ have the near allophonic intervocalic 60 flaps ɽ ɽʱ in intervocalic position and in final position but not at morpheme boundaries Stops are sometimes deaspirated between s and a vowel or an open syllable s vowel and a vowel Some speakers distinguish between single and geminate consonants 61 Grammar EditMain article Odia grammar Odia retains most of the cases of Sanskrit though the nominative and vocative have merged both without a separate marker as have the accusative and dative There are three genders masculine feminine and neuter and two grammatical numbers singular and plural However there are no grammatical genders The usage of gender is semantic i e to differentiate male members of a class from female members 62 There are three true tenses present past and future others being formed with auxiliaries Writing system EditMain articles Odia alphabet and Odia braille A detailed chart depicting evolution of the Odia script as displayed in a museum at Ratnagiri Odisha The Odia language uses the Odia script also known as the Kalinga script It is a Brahmic script used to write primarily the Odia language and others like Sanskrit and several minor regional languages The script has developed over nearly 1000 years with the earliest trace of the script being dated to 1051 AD Odia is a syllabic alphabet or an abugida wherein all consonants have an inherent vowel Diacritics which can appear above below before or after the consonant they belong to are used to change the form of the inherent vowel When vowels appear at the beginning of a syllable they are written as independent letters Also when certain consonants occur together special conjunct symbols are used to combine the essential parts of each consonant symbol The curved appearance of the Odia script is a result of the practice of writing on palm leaves which have a tendency to tear if too many straight lines are used 63 Odia Script Edit Vowels ସ ୱର ବର ଣ ଣ ଅ ଆ ଇ ଈ ଉ ଊ ଋ ୠ ଌ ୡ ଏ ଐ ଓ ଔConsonants ବ ୟଞ ଜନ ବର ଣ ଣ କ ଖ ଗ ଘ ଙଚ ଛ ଜ ଝ ଞଟ ଠ ଡ ଢ ଣତ ଥ ଦ ଧ ନପ ଫ ବ ଭ ମଯ ର ଳ ୱଶ ଷ ସ ହୟ ଲ ଡ ଢ କ ଷDiacritics Signs Punctuation ଽ ଓ Numbers ସ ଖ ୟ ୦ ୧ ୨ ୩ ୪ ୫ ୬ ୭ ୮ ୯Literature EditMain article Odia literature The earliest literature in Odia can be traced to the Charyapadas composed in the 7th to 9th centuries 64 Before Sarala Das the most important works in Odia literature are the Shishu Veda Saptanga Amara Kosha Rudrasudhanidhi Kesaba Koili Kalasa Chautisa etc 29 30 31 In the 14th century the poet Sarala Das wrote the Sarala Mahabharata Chandi Purana and Vilanka Ramayana in praise of the goddess Durga Rama Bibaha written by Arjuna Dasa was the first long poem written in the Odia language The following era is termed the Panchasakha Age and stretches until the year 1700 Notable religious works of the Panchasakha Age include those of Balarama Dasa Jagannatha Dasa Yasovanta Ananta and Acyutananda The authors of this period mainly translated adapted or imitated Sanskrit literature Other prominent works of the period include the Usabhilasa of Sisu Sankara Dasa the Rahasya Manjari of Debadurlabha Dasa and the Rukmini Bibha of Kartika Dasa A new form of novels in verse evolved during the beginning of the 17th century when Ramachandra Pattanayaka wrote Harabali Other poets like Madhusudana Bhima Dhibara Sadasiba and Sisu Iswara Dasa composed another form called kavyas long poems based on themes from Puranas with an emphasis on plain simple language However during the Bhanja Age also known as the Age of Riti Yuga beginning with turn of the 18th century verbally tricky Odia became the order of the day Verbal jugglery and eroticism characterise the period between 1700 and 1850 particularly in the works of the era s eponymous poet Upendra Bhanja 1670 1720 Bhanja s work inspired many imitators of which the most notable is Arakshita Das Family chronicles in prose relating religious festivals and rituals are also characteristic of the period The first Odia printing typeset was cast in 1836 by Christian missionaries Although the handwritten Odia script of the time closely resembled the Bengali and Assamese scripts the one adopted for the printed typesets was significantly different leaning more towards the Tamil script and Telugu script Amos Sutton produced an Oriya Bible 1840 Oriya Dictionary 1841 43 and 65 An Introductory Grammar of Oriya 1844 66 Odia has a rich literary heritage dating back to the thirteenth century Sarala Dasa who lived in the fourteenth century is known as the Vyasa of Odisha He wrote the Mahabharata into Odia In fact the language was initially standardised through a process of translating or transcreating classical Sanskrit texts such as the Mahabharata Ramayana and the Bhagavad Gita The translation of the Bhagavatam by Atibadi Jagannatha Dasa was particularly influential on the written form of the language Another of the Panchasakha Matta Balarama Dasa transcreated the Ramayana in Odia titled Jagamohana Ramayana Odia has had a strong tradition of poetry especially devotional poetry Other eminent Odia poets include Kabi Samrat Upendra Bhanja Kabisurjya Baladeba Ratha Banamali Dasa Dinakrusna Dasa and Gopalakrusna Pattanayaka Classical Odia literature is inextricably tied to music and most of it was written for singing set to traditional Odissi ragas and talas These compositions form the core of the system of Odissi music the classical music of the state Three great poets and prose writers Kabibar Radhanath Ray 1849 1908 Fakir Mohan Senapati 1843 1918 and Madhusudan Rao 1853 1912 made Odia their own They brought in a modern outlook and spirit into Odia literature Around the same time the modern drama took birth in the works of Rama Sankara Ray beginning with Kanci Kaveri 1880 Among the contemporaries of Fakir Mohan four novelists deserve special mention Aparna Panda Mrutyunjay Rath Ram Chandra Acharya and Brajabandhu Mishra Aparna Panda s Kalavati and Brajabandhu Mishra s Basanta Malati were both published in 1902 the year in which Chha Mana Atha Guntha came out in the book form Brajabandhu Mishra s Basanta Malati which came out from Bamanda depicts the conflict between a poor but highly educated young man and a wealthy and highly egoistic young woman whose conjugal life is seriously affected by ego clashes Through a story of union separation and reunion the novelist delineates the psychological state of a young woman in separation from her husband and examines the significance of marriage as a social institution in traditional Indian society Ram Chandra Acharya wrote about seven novels during 1924 1936 All his novels are historical romances based on the historical events in Rajasthan Maharashtra and Odisha Mrutyunjay Rath s novel Adbhuta Parinama published in 1915 centres round a young Hindu who gets converted to Christianity to marry a Christian girl One of the great writers in the 20th century was Pandit Krushna Chandra Kar 1907 1995 from Cuttack who wrote many books for children like Pari Raija Kuhuka Raija Panchatantra Adi Jugara Galpa Mala etc He was last felicitated by the Sahitya Academy in 1971 72 for his contributions to Odia literature development of children s fiction and biographies One of the prominent writers of the 20th and 21st centuries was Muralidhar Mallick 1927 2002 His contribution to Historical novels is beyond words He was last felicitated by the Sahitya Academy in the year 1998 for his contributions to Odia literature His son Khagendranath Mallick born 1951 is also a writer His contribution towards poetry criticism essays story and novels is commendable He was the former President of Utkal Kala Parishad and also former President of Odisha Geeti Kabi Samaj Presently he is a member of the Executive Committee of Utkal Sahitya Samaj Another illustrious writer of the 20th century was Mr Chintamani Das A noted academician he was written more than 40 books including fiction short stories biographies and storybooks for children Born in 1903 in Sriramachandrapur village under Satyabadi block Chintamani Das is the only writer who has written biographies on all the five Pancha Sakhas of Satyabadi namely Pandit Gopabandhu Das Acharya Harihara Nilakantha Das Krupasindhu Mishra and Pandit Godabarisha Having served as the Head of the Odia department of Khallikote College Berhampur Chintamani Das was felicitated with the Sahitya Akademi Samman in 1970 for his outstanding contribution to Odia literature in general and Satyabadi Yuga literature in particular Some of his well known literary creations are Bhala Manisha Hua Manishi Nilakantha Kabi Godabarisha Byasakabi Fakiramohan Usha Barabati 20th century writers in Odia include Pallikabi Nanda Kishore Bal Gangadhar Meher Chintamani Mahanti and Kuntala Kumari Sabat besides Niladri Dasa and Gopabandhu Das The most notable novelists were Umesa Sarakara Divyasimha Panigrahi Gopala Chandra Praharaj and Kalindi Charan Panigrahi Sachi Kanta Rauta Ray is the great introducer of the ultra modern style in modern Odia poetry Others who took up this form were Godabarisha Mohapatra Mayadhar Mansingh Nityananda Mahapatra and Kunjabihari Dasa Prabhasa Chandra Satpathi is known for his translations of some western classics apart from Udayanatha Shadangi Sunanda Kara and Surendranatha Dwivedi Criticism essays and history also became major lines of writing in the Odia language Esteemed writers in this field were Professor Girija Shankar Ray Pandit Vinayaka Misra Professor Gauri Kumara Brahma Jagabandhu Simha and Harekrushna Mahatab Odia literature mirrors the industrious peaceful and artistic image of the Odia people who have offered and gifted much to the Indian civilisation in the field of art and literature Now Writers Manoj Das s creations motivated and inspired people towards a positive lifestyle Distinguished prose writers of the modern period include Baidyanath Misra Fakir Mohan Senapati Madhusudan Das Godabarisha Mohapatra Kalindi Charan Panigrahi Surendra Mohanty Manoj Das Kishori Charan Das Gopinath Mohanty Rabi Patnaik Chandrasekhar Rath Binapani Mohanty Bhikari Rath Jagadish Mohanty Sarojini Sahoo Yashodhara Mishra Ramchandra Behera Padmaja Pal But it is poetry that makes modern Odia literature a force to reckon with Poets like Kabibar Radhanath Ray Sachidananda Routray Guruprasad Mohanty Soubhagya Misra Ramakanta Rath Sitakanta Mohapatra Rajendra Kishore Panda Pratibha Satpathy have made significant contributions towards Indian poetry Anita Desai s novella Translator Translated from her collection The Art of Disappearance features a translator of a fictive Odia short story writer The novella contains a discussion of the perils of translating works composed in regional Indian languages into English Four writers in Odia Gopinath Mohanty Sachidananda Routray Sitakant Mahapatra and Pratibha Ray have been awarded the Jnanpith an Indian literary award Sample text EditThe following is a sample text in Odia of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights ମ ନବ କ ଅଧ କ ରର ସ ର ବଜନ ନ ଘ ଷଣ source source track Odia in the Odia script ଅନ ଚ ଛ ଦ ୧ ସମସ ତ ମନ ଷ ୟ ଜନ ମକ ଳର ସ ୱ ଧ ନ ଏବ ମର ଯ ୟ ଦ ଓ ଅଧ କ ରର ସମ ନ ସ ମ ନଙ କଠ ର ବ ଦ ଧ ଓ ବ ବ କ ନ ହ ତ ଅଛ ଏବ ସ ମ ନଙ କ ପରସ ପର ପ ରତ ଭ ର ତ ତ ୱ ମନ ଭ ବର ବ ୟବହ ର କର ବ ଉଚ ତ Odia in IAST Anuccheda eka Samasta manuṣya janmakaḷaru swadhina ebaṅ marẏyada o adhikarare samana Semanaṅkaṭhare buuddhi o bibeka nihita achi ebaṅ semanaṅku paraspara prati bhratr twa manobhabare byabahara kariba ucit Odia in the IPA ɔnut ːʃʰed ɔ ekɔ sɔmɔst ɔ mɔnuʂjɔ d ʒɔnmɔkaɭɔɾu swad ʱinɔ ebɔŋ mɔɾd ʒjad a o ɔd ʱikaɾɔɾe sɔmanɔ semanɔŋkɔʈʰaɾe bud ːʱi o bibekɔ niɦit ɔ ɔt ʃʰi ebɔŋ semanɔŋku pɔɾɔspɔɾɔ pɾɔt i bʱɾat ɾut wɔ mɔnobʱabɔɾe bjɔbɔɦaɾɔ kɔɾiba ut ʃit Gloss Article 1 All human beings from birth are free and dignity and rights are equal Their reason and intelligence endowed with and they towards one another in a brotherhood spirit behaviour to do should Translation Article 1 All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood Software EditGoogle introduced the first automated translator for Odia in 2020 67 Microsoft too incorporated Odia in its automated translator later that year 68 See also EditBrahmic scripts Languages of India Languages with official status in India Lakshmi Purana List of languages by number of native speakers in India Madala PanjiNotes Edit parts of Jharkhand Chhattisgarh West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh that are near the border with OdishaReferences Edit a b Odia language at Ethnologue 22nd ed 2019 Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker s strength 2011 PDF Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India Jharkhand gives second language status to Magahi Angika Bhojpuri and Maithili The Avenue Mail 21 March 2018 Archived from the original on 28 March 2019 Retrieved 30 April 2019 West Bengal Official Language Act 1961 www bareactslive com Retrieved 17 September 2020 Roy Anirban 28 February 2018 Kamtapuri Rajbanshi make it to list of official languages in India Today Archived from the original on 30 March 2018 Retrieved 30 March 2018 Odisha Sahitya Academy Department of Culture Government of Odisha Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 9 March 2016 Hammarstrom 2015 Ethnologue 16 17 18th editions a comprehensive review online appendices Odia Lexico PRS Bill Track The Constitution 113th Amendment Bill 2010 www prsindia org Retrieved 31 January 2018 Constitution amended Orissa is Odisha Oriya is Odia hindustantimes com 6 September 2011 Retrieved 31 January 2018 Mahapatra B P 2002 Linguistic Survey of India Orissa PDF Kolkata India Language Division Office of the Registrar General p 14 Retrieved 20 February 2014 Ordeal of Oriya speaking students in West Bengal to end soon The Hindu 21 May 2009 Retrieved 30 January 2019 Pioneer The Govt to provide study facility to Odia speaking people in State The Pioneer Retrieved 30 January 2019 Oriya gets its due in neighbouring state Orissa IBNLive Ibnlive in com 4 September 2011 Archived from the original on 15 August 2012 Retrieved 29 November 2012 Naresh Chandra Pattanayak 1 September 2011 Oriya second language in Jharkhand The Times of India Archived from the original on 7 July 2012 Bengali Oriya among 12 dialects as 2nd language in Jharkhand daily bhaskar com 31 August 2011 Retrieved 29 November 2012 Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 25 November 2015 Retrieved 9 December 2018 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Odia gets classical language status The Hindu 20 February 2014 Retrieved 20 February 2014 Odia becomes sixth classical language The Telegraph Retrieved 29 March 2015 Milestone for state as Odia gets classical language status The Times of India Retrieved 29 March 2015 Pattanayak Debi Prasanna Prusty Subrat Kumar Classical Odia PDF Bhubaneswar KIS Foundation p 54 Retrieved 26 July 2016 Toulmin 2006 306 Misra Bijoy 11 April 2009 Oriya Language and Literature PDF Lecture Languages and Literature of India Harvard University Odia Language Odisha Tourism Archived from the original on 10 October 2021 Retrieved 8 February 2021 Toulmin 2006 306 a b Tripathi Kunjabihari 1962 The Evolution of Oriya Language and Script Utkal University p 29 222 Retrieved 21 March 2021 Rajaguru 1966 152 B P Mahapatra 1989 Constitutional languages Presses Universite Laval p 389 ISBN 978 2 7637 7186 1 Evidence of Old Oriya is found from early inscriptions dating from the 10th century onwards while the language in the form of connected lines is found only in the inscription dated 1249 A D a b Patnaik Durga 1989 Palm Leaf Etchings of Orissa New Delhi Abhinav Publications p 11 ISBN 978 8170172482 a b Panda Shishir 1991 Medieval Orissa A Socio economic Study New Delhi Mittal Publications p 106 ISBN 978 8170992615 a b Patnaik Nihar 1997 Economic History of Orissa New Delhi Indus Publishing p 149 ISBN 978 8173870750 Sukhdeva 2002 Living Thoughts of the Ramayana Jaico Publishing House p 7 ISBN 978 81 7992 002 2 Sujit Mukherjee 1998 A Dictionary of Indian Literature Beginnings 1850 Orient Blackswan p 420 ISBN 978 81 250 1453 9 James Minahan 2012 Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific An Encyclopedia ABC CLIO p 233 ISBN 978 1 59884 659 1 A Little Orissa in the heart of Surat Ahmedabad News The Times of India 18 May 2003 Retrieved 12 July 2019 Danesh Jain George Cardona 2007 The Indo Aryan Languages Routledge p 445 ISBN 978 1 135 79711 9 Number of Odia speaking people declines Census report sambad sambad 18 July 2018 Retrieved 24 March 2020 Oriya language Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 2 July 2020 Oriya language also spelled Odia Indo Aryan language with some 50 million speakers a b Institute of Social Research and Applied Anthropology 2003 Man and Life Vol 29 Institute of Social Research and Applied Anthropology Retrieved 31 July 2012 Subhakanta Behera 2002 Construction of an identity discourse Oriya literature and the Jagannath cult 1866 1936 Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Retrieved 31 July 2012 Mughalbandi Glottolog LSI Vol 5 part 2 dsal p 369 382 Northwestern Oriya Glottolog LSI Vol 5 part 2 dsal p 403 Mathai amp Kelsall 2013 pp 4 6 The precise figures are 75 76 This was based on comparisons of 210 item wordlists Sambalpuri Ethnologue CENSUS OF INDIA 2011 LANGUAGE PDF Government of India p 7 CENSUS OF INDIA 2011 LANGUAGE PDF Government of India p 7 Midnapore Oriya Glottolog Bhatri Ethnologue Retrieved 20 August 2021 Masica 1991 16 Rabindra Nath Pati Jagannatha Dash 2002 Tribal and Indigenous People of India Problems and Prospects New Delhi APH PUBLISHING CORPORATION pp 51 59 ISBN 81 7648 322 2 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint uses authors parameter link a b Ray 2003 526 Cardona George Jain Danesh 2003 The Indo Aryan Languages p 488 ISBN 9781135797119 a b Neukom Lukas Patnaik Manideepa 2003 Ray 2003 488 489 Masica 1991 107 Masica 1991 97 Danesh Jain George Cardona 2007 The Indo Aryan Languages Routledge p 490 ISBN 978 1 135 79711 9 Masica 1991 147 Ray 2003 490 491 Jain D Cardona G 2007 The Indo Aryan Languages Routledge language family series Taylor amp Francis p 450 ISBN 978 1 135 79711 9 Retrieved 1 August 2020 Caldwell R 1998 A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Or South Indian Family of Languages Asian Educational Services p 125 ISBN 978 81 206 0117 8 Retrieved 26 May 2020 Medieval Indian Literature Surveys and selections Sahitya Akademi 1 January 1997 ISBN 9788126003655 Biswamoy Pati Situating social history Orissa 1800 1997 p30 The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature Volume Two Devraj To Jyoti 2 p1030 ed Amaresh Datta 2006 Amos Sutton also prepared a dictionary named Sadhu bhasharthabhidhan a vocabulary of current Sanskrit terms with Odia definitions which was also printed in Odisha Mission Press in 1844 Statt Nick 26 February 2020 Google Translate supports new languages for the first time in four years including Uyghur The Verge Retrieved 27 February 2020 Odia Language Text Translation is Now Available in Microsoft Translator Microsoft 13 August 2020 Further reading EditTripathi Kunjabihari 1962 The Evolution of Oriya Language and Script PDF Cuttack Utkal University Archived from the original on 10 May 2013 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint unfit URL link Rajaguru Satyanarayan 1966 Inscriptions of Orissa C 600 1100 A D Volume 2 Government of Orissa Superintendent of Research amp Museum Masica Colin 1991 The Indo Aryan Languages Cambridge Language Surveys Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 29944 2 Neukom Lukas Patnaik Manideepa 2003 A Grammar of Oriya Arbeiten des Seminars fur Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft der Universitat Zurich Zurich University of Zurich ISBN 9783952101094 Ray Tapas S 2003 Oriya In Cardona George Jain Dhanesh eds The Indo Aryan Languages Routledge pp 485 522 ISBN 978 0 7007 1130 7 Rabindra Nath Pati Jagannatha Dash 2002 Tribal and Indigenous People of India Problems and Prospects India APH PUBLISHING CORPORATION pp 51 59 ISBN 81 7648 322 2 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint uses authors parameter link Ghosh A 2003 An ethnolinguistic profile of Eastern India a case of South Orissa Burdwan Dept of Bengali D S A University of Burdwan Mohanty Prasanna Kumar 2007 The History of History of Oriya Literature Oriya Sahityara Adya Aitihasika Gana Oriya Language and Literature PDF Odia org Retrieved 29 November 2012 Toulmin Mathew W S 2006 Reconstructing linguistic history in a dialect continuum The Kamta Rajbanshi and Northern Deshi Bangla subgroup of Indo Aryan Ph D The Australian National University Mathai Eldose K Kelsall Juliana 2013 Sambalpuri of Orissa India A Brief Sociolinguistic Survey Report SIL Electronic Survey Reports External links Edit Odia edition of Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Odia Wikimedia Commons has media related to Odia language Odia language at Curlie Odia Wikipedia Praharaj G C Purnachandra Odia Bhashakosha Odia English dictionary Cuttack Utkal Sahitya Press 1931 1940 A Comprehensive English Oriya Dictionary 1916 1922 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Odia language amp oldid 1137368027, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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