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Gagauz language

February 16, 2024

Not to be confused with Balkan Gagauz Turkish.

Gagauz (gagauz dili or gagauzça) is a Turkic language spoken by the Gagauz people of Moldova, Ukraine, Russia and Turkey and it is an official language of the Autonomous Region of Gagauzia in Moldova. Gagauz belongs to the Oghuz branch of Turkic languages, alongside Azerbaijani, Turkmen, and Turkish. Gagauz is a distinct language from Balkan Gagauz Turkish to some degree.[3][4]

Gagauz
Gagauz dili
Gagauzça
Gagauz in Latin and Cyrillic scripts
Pronunciation[ɡɑɡɑˈuzt͡ʃɑ]
Native toMoldova, Ukraine, Russia, Turkey
RegionGagauzia
EthnicityGagauz
Native speakers
148,720 (total speakers), 115,000 (in Moldova) (2014)[1]
Turkic
Latin (Gagauz alphabet, current)
Cyrillic (historical)
Greek (historical)[2]
Official status
Official language in
Gagauzia (Moldova)
Recognised minority
language in
Language codes
ISO 639-3gag
Glottologgaga1249
ELPGagauz
Linguaspherepart of 44-AAB-a
Gagauz is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010)
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Though it was established as a written language in 1957, Gagauz was not used in schools until 1959.[5] Gagauz is a language derived from Balkan Gagauz Turkish; Balkan linguistics was the first to view the consequences of language contact as normal rather than corrupt.[6] The term "Gagauz language" and the identification of one's language as "Gagauz" were established concurrently with or even after the creation of national self-awareness.[7] About 150,000 Gagauz resided in Moldova in 1986, where they lived in settlements within the Comrat, Ceadîr-Lunga and Vulcănești Rayons.[8] Along with the majority of the Gagauz living in Moldova, there are four other cities in Bulgaria in which the Gagauz reside.[9]

History edit

Between 1750[citation needed] and 1846, ancestors of the Gagauz today emigrated from the current-day Bulgarian Black Sea coast north of Varna to Russia and settled in the region that is now the current-day Republic of Moldova, allowed to do so on the condition that they converted to Orthodox Christianity by Empress Catherine.[10] In the aftermath of the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the 1994 law on Special Legal Status of Gagauzia was passed in Moldova, which was put into effect in 1995, granting the Gagauz territorial autonomy.[11][12]

Phonology edit

Consonants edit

Vowels edit

Vowel phonemes of Gagauz
Front Central Back
Close i y ɯ u
Mid e ø ə o
Open æ ɑ

Orthography edit

Main article: Gagauz alphabet

It appears that the first alphabet to be used for the language was the Greek alphabet[13] in the late 19th century. For example, orientalist Otto Blau claims that plays of Euripides had been translated into the Gagauz language and had been written with Greek letters.[14]

Beginning in 1957, Cyrillic was used until 1993. On May 13, 1993, the parliament of the Republic of Moldova passed a decision providing for the official adoption of the Latin-based alphabet for the Gagauz language.[15] This was subsequently amended in 1996.[16] The Gagauz alphabet adopted is modelled on the modern Turkish alphabet, with the addition of three letters: ⟨ä⟩ to represent the sound of [æ] (as ⟨ə⟩ in Azeri), ⟨ê⟩ to represent the [ə] (schwa) sound, which does not exist in Turkish, and ⟨ţ⟩ to represent the sound [ts] from the Romanian alphabet. On the other hand, unlike Crimean Tatar, Turkish, and some other Turkic languages, Gagauz does not have the letter ⟨ğ⟩, which had become completely silent in the Gagauz language.

Dotted and dotless I are separate letters, each with its own uppercase and lowercase form. I is the capital form of ı, and İ is the capital form of i. The Gagauz alphabet has no q, w or x. Instead, those characters are transliterated into Gagauz as k, v and ks.

Modern Gagauz alphabet:

A a Ä ä B b C c Ç ç D d E e Ê ê
F f G g H h I ı İ i J j K k L l
M m N n O o Ö ö P p R r S s Ş ş
T t Ţ ţ U u Ü ü V v Y y Z z

Current situation edit

A study in 2012 was conducted on the Gagauz community to assess the current situation and sociocultural context. The findings show that within Gagauzia, official documents, printed publications, and official web sites are only in Russian. The National Passport System in Moldova does not allow the spelling of names in Gagauz. Signposts in Gagauzia are mostly in Romanian, and the names of squares and streets have not changed since the time of the Soviet Union.[17]

Education edit

Despite various laws that support the rights of citizens to education in their native language, almost all instruction in Gagauzian schools is in Russian. Gagauz, while the native language of all students, is only taught as a "native language" class for a few hours per week.[18] Research has also shown that there are not serious desires or attempts to institute Gagauz as a language of instruction. In a study, 80.6% of respondents preferred Russian as the medium of instruction at schools.[18] There are, however, some notable efforts to increase Gagauz language education.[19] Todur Zanet, editor-in-chief of the Ana Sözü local newspaper, has played an active role in encouraging readers and local authorities to promote instruction in their mother tongue. Zanet has also contributed significantly to efforts to standardize the language and increase its accessibility through print and other mediums.

Media edit

Ana Sözü is the largest local newspaper in Gagauzia. It is also the only local newspaper still written entirely in Gagauz, and was the first newspaper of any kind published in the Gagauz language. Apart from Ana Sözü, there are various newspapers published in the Autonomous Territorial Unit of Gagauzia, including Açık Göz, Gagauz Yeri, Gagauz Sesi, Halk Birlii, Novıy Vzgliad, Vesti Gagauzii, and Znamea.

In addition to printed materials, the company Gagauz Radio Televisionu (GRT) produces radio and television broadcasts in Gagauz.

References edit

  1. ^ Gagauz at Ethnologue (23rd ed., 2020)  
  2. ^ Ciachir, M. (1933). Basarabialâ gagauzlarân istoriassi. Chișinău. p. 133.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  3. ^ Lewis, M. Paul, ed. (2009). "Language Family Trees: Altaic, Turkic, Southern, Turkish". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
  4. ^ Higgins, Andrew (2023-10-04). "'Our Language Is Dying'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-10-04.
  5. ^ Menz, Astrid (2000). "Indirectivity in Gagauz". In Johanson, Lars; Utas, Bo (eds.). Evidentials: Turkic, Iranian and Neighbouring Languages. Mouton de Gruyter. p. 103. ISBN 978-3-11-080528-4.
  6. ^ Friedman, Victor A. (2011). "The Balkan Languages and Balkan Linguistics". Annual Review of Anthropology. 40: 275–291. doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-081309-145932. JSTOR 41287733.
  7. ^ Kvilinkova, E. N. (2013). "The Gagauz Language Through the Prism of Gagauz Ethnic Identity". Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia. 52: 74–94. doi:10.2753/AAE1061-1959520105. S2CID 144122722.
  8. ^ Varsahr, A. M.; Spitsyn, V. A.; Bychcovscaya, L. S.; Kravchuk, O. I. (2001). "To the research of the gene pool of the Gagauz population of Moldavia". Anthropologischer Anzeiger. 59 (1): 11–17. doi:10.1127/anthranz/59/2001/11. JSTOR 29540987. PMID 11360805.
  9. ^ Chinn, Jeff; Roper, Steven D. (1998). "Territorial Autonomy in Gagauzia". Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity. 26 (1): 87–101. doi:10.1080/00905999808408552. S2CID 154359743.
  10. ^ Nasidze, I.; Quinque, D.; Udina, I.; Kunizheva, S.; Stoneking, M. (2007). "The Gagauz, a Linguistic Enclave, are not a genetic isolate". Annals of Human Genetics. 71 (3): 379–389. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2006.00330.x. PMID 17147693. S2CID 21390260.
  11. ^ Protsyk, Oleh (2010). "Gagauz Autonomy in Moldova: The Real and the Virtual in Post-Soviet State Design". In Weller, Marc; Nobbs, Katherine (eds.). Asymmetric Autonomy and the Settlement of Ethnic Conflicts. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 231–251. ISBN 9780812222388. JSTOR j.ctt3fhcx2.13.
  12. ^ Neukirch, Claus (2002), Autonomy and Conflict Transformation: The Case of the Gagauz Territorial Autonomy In the Republic of Moldova, S2CID 31174219
  13. ^ Ciachir, M. (1933). Basarabialâ gagauzlarân istoriassi. Chișinău. p. 133.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  14. ^ Măcriș, Anatol (2008). Găgăuzii (in Romanian). Bucharest: Editura PACO. p. 71.
  15. ^ Hotărîre Nr. 1421 din 13.05.1993 "pentru trecerea scrisului limbii găgăuze la grafia latină" [Parliament Decision No. 1421 of 13 May 1993 "for the passage of the writing of the Gagauz language in the Latin spelling"] (in Romanian), retrieved 2019-11-03 – via lex.justice.md
  16. ^ Hotărîre Nr. 816 din 24.04.1996 "privind modificarea şi completarea Hotărîrii Parlamentului pentru trecerea scrisului limbii găgăuze la grafia latină" [Parliament Decision No. 816 of 24 April 1996 "on amending and supplementing the Parliament's Decision on the transfer of the Gagauzian writing to the Latin spelling"] (in Romanian), retrieved 2019-11-03 – via lex.justice.md
  17. ^ Sirkeli, M. & Lisenco, S. (2012). "Policy Brief: Implementation of linguistic rights of the Gagauz of Moldova. Integration of the Gagauz Community into the Society of Moldova."
  18. ^ a b Dağdeviren Kırmızı, Gülin (2015). Emotional and Functional Attitudes of Native Speakers Towards Gagauz as an Endangered Language (PhD thesis). Hacettepe University. hdl:11655/1251.
  19. ^ Kahl, Thede. "Die Gagausen und ihre Autonomie. Eine kritische Betrachtung aus der Perspektive der Mehrsprachigkeit (Moldauisch/Rumänisch, Russisch, Gagausisch/Türkisch)". Wiener Romanistische Landeswissenschaft(en), Bachelor Master Studies. Vienna: Praesens. 1: 147–165.

Further reading edit

  • Ulutaş, İsmail. 2004. Relative clauses in Gagauz syntax. Istanbul: Isis Press. ISBN 975-428-283-8
  • Shabashov A.V., 2002, Odesa, Astroprint, "Gagauzes: terms of kinship system and origin of the people", (Шабашов А.В., "Гагаузы: система терминов родства и происхождение народа")
  • Kortmann, Bernd; Van der Auwera, Johan. 2011. The Languages and Linguistics of Europe: A Comprehensive Guide. Walter de Gruyter.
  • Pokrovskaja, Ljudmila A. 1964. Grammatika gagauzskogo jazyka: fonetika i morfologija. Moskva: Nauka.
  • Pokrovskaja, Ljudmila A. 1997. Gagauzskij jazyk. Jazyki mira: Tjurkskie jazyki, 224–235. Moscow: Indrik.

External links edit

 
Gagauz edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  • "A Concise Gagauz-English dictionary with etymologies and Azerbaijani and Turkmen cognates" by Andras Rajki (download)
  • Russian-Gagauz Gagauz-Russian Dictionary
  • anasozu.com Gagauz language web site

February 16, 2024
gagauz, language, confused, with, balkan, gagauz, turkish, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, help, expand, this, article, with, text, translated, from, co. Not to be confused with Balkan Gagauz Turkish This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian September 2023 Click show for important translation instructions Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 1 148 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at ru Gagauzskij yazyk see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated ru Gagauzskij yazyk to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Ukrainian September 2023 Click show for important translation instructions Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 301 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Ukrainian Wikipedia article at uk Gagauzka mova see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated uk Gagauzka mova to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Learn how and when to remove this template message Gagauz gagauz dili or gagauzca is a Turkic language spoken by the Gagauz people of Moldova Ukraine Russia and Turkey and it is an official language of the Autonomous Region of Gagauzia in Moldova Gagauz belongs to the Oghuz branch of Turkic languages alongside Azerbaijani Turkmen and Turkish Gagauz is a distinct language from Balkan Gagauz Turkish to some degree 3 4 GagauzGagauz diliGagauzcaGagauz in Latin and Cyrillic scriptsPronunciation ɡɑɡɑˈuzt ʃɑ Native toMoldova Ukraine Russia TurkeyRegionGagauziaEthnicityGagauzNative speakers148 720 total speakers 115 000 in Moldova 2014 1 Language familyTurkic Common TurkicOghuzWestern OghuzGagauzWriting systemLatin Gagauz alphabet current Cyrillic historical Greek historical 2 Official statusOfficial language inGagauzia Moldova Recognised minoritylanguage inUkraineLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code gag class extiw title iso639 3 gag gag a Glottologgaga1249ELPGagauzLinguaspherepart of a href Oghuz languages html title Oghuz languages 44 AAB a a Gagauz is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World s Languages in Danger 2010 This article contains IPA phonetic symbols Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Unicode characters For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA Though it was established as a written language in 1957 Gagauz was not used in schools until 1959 5 Gagauz is a language derived from Balkan Gagauz Turkish Balkan linguistics was the first to view the consequences of language contact as normal rather than corrupt 6 The term Gagauz language and the identification of one s language as Gagauz were established concurrently with or even after the creation of national self awareness 7 About 150 000 Gagauz resided in Moldova in 1986 where they lived in settlements within the Comrat Ceadir Lunga and Vulcănești Rayons 8 Along with the majority of the Gagauz living in Moldova there are four other cities in Bulgaria in which the Gagauz reside 9 Contents 1 History 2 Phonology 2 1 Consonants 2 2 Vowels 3 Orthography 4 Current situation 4 1 Education 4 2 Media 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksHistory editBetween 1750 citation needed and 1846 ancestors of the Gagauz today emigrated from the current day Bulgarian Black Sea coast north of Varna to Russia and settled in the region that is now the current day Republic of Moldova allowed to do so on the condition that they converted to Orthodox Christianity by Empress Catherine 10 In the aftermath of the dissolution of the Soviet Union the 1994 law on Special Legal Status of Gagauzia was passed in Moldova which was put into effect in 1995 granting the Gagauz territorial autonomy 11 12 Phonology editConsonants edit Consonant phonemes of Gagauz Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar GlottalNasal m nPlosive Affricate voiceless p t t s t ʃ kvoiced b d d ʒ ɡFricative voiceless f s ʃ hvoiced v z ʒRhotic ɾ rApproximant l jVowels edit Vowel phonemes of Gagauz Front Central BackClose i y ɯ uMid e o e oOpen ae ɑOrthography editMain article Gagauz alphabet It appears that the first alphabet to be used for the language was the Greek alphabet 13 in the late 19th century For example orientalist Otto Blau claims that plays of Euripides had been translated into the Gagauz language and had been written with Greek letters 14 Beginning in 1957 Cyrillic was used until 1993 On May 13 1993 the parliament of the Republic of Moldova passed a decision providing for the official adoption of the Latin based alphabet for the Gagauz language 15 This was subsequently amended in 1996 16 The Gagauz alphabet adopted is modelled on the modern Turkish alphabet with the addition of three letters a to represent the sound of ae as e in Azeri e to represent the e schwa sound which does not exist in Turkish and ţ to represent the sound ts from the Romanian alphabet On the other hand unlike Crimean Tatar Turkish and some other Turkic languages Gagauz does not have the letter g which had become completely silent in the Gagauz language Dotted and dotless I are separate letters each with its own uppercase and lowercase form I is the capital form of i and I is the capital form of i The Gagauz alphabet has no q w or x Instead those characters are transliterated into Gagauz as k v and ks Modern Gagauz alphabet A a A a B b C c C c D d E e E eF f G g H h I i I i J j K k L lM m N n O o O o P p R r S s S sT t Ţ ţ U u U u V v Y y Z zCurrent situation editA study in 2012 was conducted on the Gagauz community to assess the current situation and sociocultural context The findings show that within Gagauzia official documents printed publications and official web sites are only in Russian The National Passport System in Moldova does not allow the spelling of names in Gagauz Signposts in Gagauzia are mostly in Romanian and the names of squares and streets have not changed since the time of the Soviet Union 17 Education edit Despite various laws that support the rights of citizens to education in their native language almost all instruction in Gagauzian schools is in Russian Gagauz while the native language of all students is only taught as a native language class for a few hours per week 18 Research has also shown that there are not serious desires or attempts to institute Gagauz as a language of instruction In a study 80 6 of respondents preferred Russian as the medium of instruction at schools 18 There are however some notable efforts to increase Gagauz language education 19 Todur Zanet editor in chief of the Ana Sozu local newspaper has played an active role in encouraging readers and local authorities to promote instruction in their mother tongue Zanet has also contributed significantly to efforts to standardize the language and increase its accessibility through print and other mediums Media edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed January 2024 Learn how and when to remove this template message Ana Sozu is the largest local newspaper in Gagauzia It is also the only local newspaper still written entirely in Gagauz and was the first newspaper of any kind published in the Gagauz language Apart from Ana Sozu there are various newspapers published in the Autonomous Territorial Unit of Gagauzia including Acik Goz Gagauz Yeri Gagauz Sesi Halk Birlii Noviy Vzgliad Vesti Gagauzii and Znamea In addition to printed materials the company Gagauz Radio Televisionu GRT produces radio and television broadcasts in Gagauz References edit Gagauz at Ethnologue 23rd ed 2020 nbsp Ciachir M 1933 Basarabiala gagauzlaran istoriassi Chișinău p 133 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Lewis M Paul ed 2009 Language Family Trees Altaic Turkic Southern Turkish Ethnologue Languages of the World Dallas Texas SIL International Retrieved 2011 04 29 Higgins Andrew 2023 10 04 Our Language Is Dying The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 2023 10 04 Menz Astrid 2000 Indirectivity in Gagauz In Johanson Lars Utas Bo eds Evidentials Turkic Iranian and Neighbouring Languages Mouton de Gruyter p 103 ISBN 978 3 11 080528 4 Friedman Victor A 2011 The Balkan Languages and Balkan Linguistics Annual Review of Anthropology 40 275 291 doi 10 1146 annurev anthro 081309 145932 JSTOR 41287733 Kvilinkova E N 2013 The Gagauz Language Through the Prism of Gagauz Ethnic Identity Anthropology amp Archeology of Eurasia 52 74 94 doi 10 2753 AAE1061 1959520105 S2CID 144122722 Varsahr A M Spitsyn V A Bychcovscaya L S Kravchuk O I 2001 To the research of the gene pool of the Gagauz population of Moldavia Anthropologischer Anzeiger 59 1 11 17 doi 10 1127 anthranz 59 2001 11 JSTOR 29540987 PMID 11360805 Chinn Jeff Roper Steven D 1998 Territorial Autonomy in Gagauzia Nationalities Papers The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity 26 1 87 101 doi 10 1080 00905999808408552 S2CID 154359743 Nasidze I Quinque D Udina I Kunizheva S Stoneking M 2007 The Gagauz a Linguistic Enclave are not a genetic isolate Annals of Human Genetics 71 3 379 389 doi 10 1111 j 1469 1809 2006 00330 x PMID 17147693 S2CID 21390260 Protsyk Oleh 2010 Gagauz Autonomy in Moldova The Real and the Virtual in Post Soviet State Design In Weller Marc Nobbs Katherine eds Asymmetric Autonomy and the Settlement of Ethnic Conflicts University of Pennsylvania Press pp 231 251 ISBN 9780812222388 JSTOR j ctt3fhcx2 13 Neukirch Claus 2002 Autonomy and Conflict Transformation The Case of the Gagauz Territorial Autonomy In the Republic of Moldova S2CID 31174219 Ciachir M 1933 Basarabiala gagauzlaran istoriassi Chișinău p 133 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Măcriș Anatol 2008 Găgăuzii in Romanian Bucharest Editura PACO p 71 Hotărire Nr 1421 din 13 05 1993 pentru trecerea scrisului limbii găgăuze la grafia latină Parliament Decision No 1421 of 13 May 1993 for the passage of the writing of the Gagauz language in the Latin spelling in Romanian retrieved 2019 11 03 via lex justice md Hotărire Nr 816 din 24 04 1996 privind modificarea si completarea Hotăririi Parlamentului pentru trecerea scrisului limbii găgăuze la grafia latină Parliament Decision No 816 of 24 April 1996 on amending and supplementing the Parliament s Decision on the transfer of the Gagauzian writing to the Latin spelling in Romanian retrieved 2019 11 03 via lex justice md Sirkeli M amp Lisenco S 2012 Policy Brief Implementation of linguistic rights of the Gagauz of Moldova Integration of the Gagauz Community into the Society of Moldova a b Dagdeviren Kirmizi Gulin 2015 Emotional and Functional Attitudes of Native Speakers Towards Gagauz as an Endangered Language PhD thesis Hacettepe University hdl 11655 1251 Kahl Thede Die Gagausen und ihre Autonomie Eine kritische Betrachtung aus der Perspektive der Mehrsprachigkeit Moldauisch Rumanisch Russisch Gagausisch Turkisch Wiener Romanistische Landeswissenschaft en Bachelor Master Studies Vienna Praesens 1 147 165 Further reading editUlutas Ismail 2004 Relative clauses in Gagauz syntax Istanbul Isis Press ISBN 975 428 283 8 Shabashov A V 2002 Odesa Astroprint Gagauzes terms of kinship system and origin of the people Shabashov A V Gagauzy sistema terminov rodstva i proishozhdenie naroda Kortmann Bernd Van der Auwera Johan 2011 The Languages and Linguistics of Europe A Comprehensive Guide Walter de Gruyter Pokrovskaja Ljudmila A 1964 Grammatika gagauzskogo jazyka fonetika i morfologija Moskva Nauka Pokrovskaja Ljudmila A 1997 Gagauzskij jazyk Jazyki mira Tjurkskie jazyki 224 235 Moscow Indrik External links edit nbsp Gagauz edition of Wikipedia the free encyclopedia A Gagauz song Yasa Halkim by Andrey IVANOV A Concise Gagauz English dictionary with etymologies and Azerbaijani and Turkmen cognates by Andras Rajki download Russian Gagauz Gagauz Russian Dictionary anasozu com Gagauz language web site Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gagauz language amp oldid 1199339496, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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