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Punjabi language

Punjabi (/pʌnˈɑːbi/;[12] پنجابی (Shahmukhi); ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (Gurmukhi), Punjabi: [pəɲˈdʒab̆.bi] (listen)[13]), sometimes spelled Panjabi,[b] is an Indo-Aryan language of the Punjab region of Pakistan and India. It has approximately 113 million native speakers.

Punjabi
  • ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
  • پن٘جابی
'Punjabi' written in Shahmukhi script used in Punjab, Pakistan (top) and Gurmukhi script used in Punjab, India (bottom)
Pronunciation
Native toPakistan and India
RegionPunjab
EthnicityPunjabis
Native speakers
113 million (2011–2017)[1]
Early forms
Dialects
Official status
Official language in
 Pakistan

 India
Regulated byPunjab Institute of Language, Art, and Culture, Pakistan
Department of Languages, Punjab, India[11]
Language codes
ISO 639-1pa
ISO 639-2pan
ISO 639-3Either:
pan – Panjabi
pnb – Western Panjabi
Glottologpanj1256  Eastern Panjabi
west2386  Western Panjabi
Linguasphere59-AAF-e
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Punjabi is the most widely-spoken first language in Pakistan, with 80.5 million native speakers as per the 2017 census, and the 11th most widely-spoken in India, with 31.1 million native speakers, as per the 2011 census. The language is spoken among a significant overseas diaspora, particularly in Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom.

In Pakistan, Punjabi is written using the Shahmukhi alphabet, based on the Perso-Arabic script; in India, it is written using the Gurmukhi alphabet, based on the Indic scripts. Punjabi is unusual among the Indo-Aryan languages and the broader Indo-European language family in its usage of lexical tone.

History

Etymology

The word Punjabi (sometimes spelled Panjabi) has been derived from the word Panj-āb, Persian for 'Five Waters', referring to the five major eastern tributaries of the Indus River. The name of the region was introduced by the Turko-Persian conquerors[14] of South Asia and was a translation of the Sanskrit name for the region, Panchanada, which means 'Land of the Five Rivers'.[15][16]

Panj is cognate with Sanskrit pañca (पञ्च), Greek pénte (πέντε), and Lithuanian Penki, all of which meaning 'five'; āb is cognate with Sanskrit áp (अप्) and with the Av- of Avon. The historical Punjab region, now divided between India and Pakistan, is defined physiographically by the Indus River and these five tributaries. One of the five, the Beas River, is a tributary of another, the Sutlej.

Origin

 
Tilla Jogian, district Jhelum, Punjab, Pakistan a hilltop associated with many Nath jogis (considered among compilers of earlier Punjabi works)

Punjabi developed from Prakrit languages and later Apabhraṃśa (Sanskrit: अपभ्रंश, 'deviated' or 'non-grammatical speech')[17] From 600 BC, Sanskrit developed as the standard literary and administrative language and Prakrit languages evolved into many regional languages in different parts of India. All these languages are called Prakrit languages (Sanskrit: प्राकृत, prākṛta) collectively. Paishachi Prakrit was one of these Prakrit languages, which was spoken in north and north-western India and Punjabi developed from this Prakrit. Later in northern India Paishachi Prakrit gave rise to Paishachi Aparbhsha, a descendant of Prakrit.[18] Punjabi emerged as an Apabhramsha, a degenerated form of Prakrit, in the 7th century AD and became stable by the 10th century. The earliest writings in Punjabi belong to Nath Yogi era from 9th to 14th century.[19] The language of these compositions is morphologically closer to Shauraseni Apbhramsa, though vocabulary and rhythm is surcharged with extreme colloquialism and folklore.[19]

Arabic and Persian influences

The Arabic and modern Persian influence in the historical Punjab region began with the late first millennium Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent.[20] Many Persian and Arabic words were incorporated in Punjabi.[21][22] So Punjabi relies heavily on Persian and Arabic words which are used with a liberal approach to language. Many important words like ਅਰਦਾਸ, ਰਹਿਰਾਸ, ਨਹਿਰ, ਜ਼ਮੀਨ, ਗਜ਼ਲ, etc. are derived from Persian and Arabic. After the fall of the Sikh empire, Urdu was made the official language of Punjab (in Pakistani Punjab, it is still the primary official language), and influenced the language as well.[23]

In fact, the sounds of ਜ਼, ਖ਼, ਸ਼, and ਫ਼ have been borrowed from Persian. Later, it was lexically influenced by Portuguese (words like ਅਲਮਾਰੀ/الماری), Greek (words like ਦਾਮ/دام), Chagatai (words like ਕ਼ੈੰਚੀ, ਸੁਗ਼ਾਤ/قینچی،سوغات), Japanese (words like ਰਿਕਸ਼ਾ/رکشا), Chinese (words like ਚਾਹ, ਲੀਚੀ, ਲੁਕਾਠ/چاہ، لیچی، لکاٹھ) and English (words like ਜੱਜ, ਅਪੀਲ, ਮਾਸਟਰ/جج، اپیل، ماسٹر), though these influences have been minor in comparison to Persian and Arabic.[24]

English Gurmukhi-based (Punjab, India) Shahmukhi-based (Punjab, Pakistan)
President ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰਪਤੀ (rāshtarpatī) صدرمملکت (sadar-e mumlikat)
Article ਲੇਖ (lēkh) مضمون (mazmūn)
Prime Minister ਪਰਧਾਨ ਮੰਤਰੀ (pardhān mantarī)* وزیراعظم (vazīr-e aʿzam)
Family ਪਰਿਵਾਰ (parivār)*
ਟੱਬਰ (ṭabbar)
ਲਾਣਾ (lāṇā)
خاندان (kḥāndān)
ٹبّر (ṭabbar)
Philosophy ਫ਼ਲਸਫ਼ਾ (falsafā)
ਦਰਸ਼ਨ (darshan)
فلسفہ (falsafah)
Capital city ਰਾਜਧਾਨੀ (rājdhānī) دارالحکومت (dār-al ḥakūmat)
Viewer ਦਰਸ਼ਕ (darshak) ناظرین (nāzarīn)
Listener ਸਰੋਤਾ (sarotā) سامع (sāmaʿ)

Note: In more formal contexts, hypercorrect Sanskritized versions of these words (ਪ੍ਰਧਾਨ pradhān for ਪਰਧਾਨ pardhān and ਪਰਿਵਾਰ parivār for ਪਰਵਾਰ parvār) may be used.

Modern times

Punjabi is spoken in many dialects in an area from Delhi to Islamabad. The Majhi dialect has been adopted as standard Punjabi in India and Pakistan for education, media etc. The Majhi dialect originated in the Majha region of the Punjab. The Majha region consists of several eastern districts of Pakistani Punjab and in India around Amritsar, Gurdaspur, Pathankot and Tarn Taran districts. The two most important cities in this area are Lahore and Amritsar.

In India, Punjabi is written in the Gurmukhī script in offices, schools, and media. Gurmukhi is the official standard script for Punjabi, though it is often unofficially written in the Latin scripts due to influence from English, India's two primary official languages at the Union-level.

In Pakistan, Punjabi is generally written using the Shahmukhī script, which in literary standards, is identical to the Urdu alphabet, however various attempts have been made to create certain, distinct characters from a modification of the Persian Nastaʿlīq characters to represent Punjabi phonology, not already found in the Urdu alphabet. In Pakistan, Punjabi loans technical words from Persian and Arabic languages, just like Urdu does.

Geographic distribution

Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan, the eleventh-most widely spoken in India, and also present in the Punjabi diaspora in various countries.

Pakistan

Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan, being the native language of 80.5 million people, or approximately 39% of the country's population.

Census history of Punjabi speakers in Pakistan[25][26]
Year Population of Pakistan Percentage Punjabi speakers
1951 33,740,167 57.08% 22,632,905
1961 42,880,378 56.39% 28,468,282
1972 65,309,340 56.11% 43,176,004
1981 84,253,644 48.17% 40,584,980
1998 132,352,279 44.15% 58,433,431
2017 207,685,000 38.78% 80,540,000

Beginning with the 1981 census, speakers of Saraiki and Hindko were no longer included in the total numbers for Punjabi, which explains the apparent decrease.

India

 
"Jallianwala Bagh" written in Hindi, Punjabi, and English in Amritsar, India.

Punjabi is the official language of the Indian state of Punjab, and has the status of an additional official language in Haryana and Delhi. Some of its major urban centres in northern India are Amritsar, Ludhiana, Chandigarh, Jalandhar, Ambala, Patiala, Bathinda, Hoshiarpur, Firozpur and Delhi.

 
Punjabi in India

In the 2011 census of India, 31.14 million reported their language as Punjabi. The census publications group this with speakers of related "mother tongues" like Bagri and Bhateali to arrive at the figure of 33.12 million.[27]

Census history of Punjabi speakers in India[28]
Year Population of India Punjabi speakers in India Percentage
1971 548,159,652 14,108,443 2.57%
1981 665,287,849 19,611,199 2.95%
1991 838,583,988 23,378,744 2.79%
2001 1,028,610,328 29,102,477 2.83%
2011 1,210,193,422 33,124,726 2.74%
 
Signs in Punjabi (along with English and Chinese) of New Democratic Party of British Columbia, Canada during 2009 elections

Punjabi diaspora

Punjabi is also spoken as a minority language in several other countries where Punjabi people have emigrated in large numbers, such as the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom, and Canada.[29]

There were 0.67 million native Punjabi speakers in Canada in 2021,[30] 0.3 million in the United Kingdom in 2011,[31] 0.28 million in the United States[32] and smaller numbers in other countries.

Major dialects

Standard Punjabi

Standard Punjabi sometimes referred to as Majhi in India or simply Punjabi, is the most widespread and largest dialect of Punjabi. It first developed in the 12th century and gained prominence when Sufi poets such as Shah Hussain, Bulleh Shah among others began to use the Lahore/Amritsar spoken dialect with infused Persian vocabulary in their works in the Shahmukhi script.[33] Later the Gurmukhi script was developed based on Standard Punjabi by the Sikh Gurus.[34]

Standard Punjabi is spoken by the majority of the people in Faisalabad, Lahore, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura, Kasur, Sialkot, Narowal, Gujrat, Okara, Pakpattan, Sahiwal, Hafizabad, Nankana Sahib and Mandi Bahauddin districts of Pakistan's Punjab Province. It also has a large presence in every district in the rest of Pakistani Punjab, and in all large cities in Pakistan's other provinces.

In India it is spoken in Amritsar, Tarn Taran Sahib, Pathankot and Gurdaspur Districts of the State of Punjab.

In Pakistan, the Standard Punjabi dialect is not referred to as the 'Majhi dialect', which may be considered as 'Indian terminology', rather simply as 'Standard Punjabi'. This dialect is widely used in the TV and entertainment industry, which is mainly produced in Lahore.

Phonology

While a vowel length distinction between short and long vowels exists, reflected in modern Gurmukhi orthographical conventions, it is secondary to the vowel quality contrast between centralised vowels /ɪ ə ʊ/ and peripheral vowels /iː eː ɛː aː ɔː oː uː/ in terms of phonetic significance.[35]

Vowels
Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
Close اِی اُو
Near-close ɪ اِ ʊ اُ
Close-mid اے او
Mid ə اَ
Open-mid ɛː اَے ɔː اَو
Open آ

The peripheral vowels have nasal analogues.[36]

Consonants
Labial Dental/
Alveolar
Retroflex Post-alv./
Palatal
Velar Glottal
Nasal m م n ن[37] ɳ ݨ (ɲ) ن (ŋ) ن٘
Stop/
Affricate
tenuis p پ ت ʈ ٹ t͡ʃ چ k ک
aspirated پھ تھ ʈʰ ٹھ t͡ʃʰ چھ کھ
voiced b ب د ɖ ڈ d͡ʒ ج ɡ گ
tonal بھ دھ ڈھ جھ گھ
Fricative voiceless (f ਫ਼ ف) s س ʃ ਸ਼ ش (x ਖ਼ خ)
voiced (z ਜ਼ ز) (ɣ ਗ਼ غ) ɦ ہ
Rhotic ɾ~r ر ɽ ڑ
Approximant ʋ و l ل ɭ ਲ਼ لؕ[38] j ی

Note: for the tonal stops, refer to the next section about Tone.

The three retroflex consonants /ɳ, ɽ, ɭ/ do not occur initially, and the nasals /ŋ, ɲ/ occur only as allophones of /n/ in clusters with velars and palatals. The well-established phoneme /ʃ/ may be realised allophonically as the voiceless retroflex fricative /ʂ/ in learned clusters with retroflexes. The phonemic status of the fricatives /f, z, x, ɣ/ varies with familiarity with Hindustani norms, more so with the Gurmukhi script, with the pairs /f, pʰ/, /z, d͡ʒ/, /x, kʰ/, and /ɣ, g/ systematically distinguished in educated speech.[39] The retroflex lateral is most commonly analysed as an approximant as opposed to a flap.[40][41][42]

Tone

Unusually for an Indo-Aryan language, Punjabi distinguishes lexical tones.[43] In many words there is a choice of up to three tones, high-falling, low-rising, and level (neutral):[44][45][46]

Examples Pronunciation Meaning
Gurmukhi Shahmukhi Transliteration IPA Tone
ਘਰ گھر ghar [kə˨ɾə̆][47] high-falling house
ਕਰ੍ਹ کرھ karh [kə˦ɾə̆] low-rising dandruff
ਕਰ کر kar [kəɾə̆] level do!
ਘੋੜਾ گھوڑا ghoṛā [koː˨.ɽäː] high-falling horse
ਕੋੜ੍ਹਾ کوڑھا koṛhā [koː˦.ɽäː] low-rising leper
ਕੋੜਾ کوڑا koṛā [koːɽäː] level whip
 
Sound & Pronunciation of Punjabi in Gurmukhi

Level tone is found in about 75% of words and is described by some as absence of tone.[44] There are also some words which are said to have rising tone in the first syllable and falling in the second. (Some writers describe this as a fourth tone.)[44] However, a recent acoustic study of six Punjabi speakers in the United States found no evidence of a separate falling tone following a medial consonant.[48]

  • ਮੋਢਾ / موڈھا, móḍà (rising-falling), "shoulder"
Some Punjabi distinct tones for gh, jh, ḍh, dh, bh

It is considered that these tones arose when voiced aspirated consonants (gh, jh, ḍh, dh, bh) lost their aspiration. At the beginning of a word, they became voiceless unaspirated consonants (k, c, ṭ, t, p) followed by a high-falling tone; medially or finally they became voiced unaspirated consonants (g, j, ḍ, d, b), preceded by a low-rising tone. (The development of a high-falling tone apparently did not take place in every word, but only in those which historically had a long vowel.)[46]

The presence of an [h] (although the [h] is now silent or very weakly pronounced except word-initially) word-finally (and sometimes medially) also often causes a rising tone before it, for example cá(h) "tea".[49]

The Gurmukhi script which was developed in the 16th century has separate letters for voiced aspirated sounds, so it is thought that the change in pronunciation of the consonants and development of tones may have taken place since that time.[46]

Some other languages in Pakistan have also been found to have tonal distinctions, including Burushaski, Gujari, Hindko, Kalami, Shina, and Torwali.[50]

Grammar

 
The 35 traditional characters of the Gurmukhi script

Punjabi has a canonical word order of SOV (subject–object–verb).[51] It has postpositions rather than prepositions.[52]

Punjabi distinguishes two genders, two numbers, and five cases of direct, oblique, vocative, ablative, and locative/instrumental. The ablative occurs only in the singular, in free variation with oblique case plus ablative postposition, and the locative/instrumental is usually confined to set adverbial expressions.[53]

Adjectives, when declinable, are marked for the gender, number, and case of the nouns they qualify.[54] There is also a T-V distinction. Upon the inflectional case is built a system of particles known as postpositions, which parallel English's prepositions. It is their use with a noun or verb that is what necessitates the noun or verb taking the oblique case, and it is with them that the locus of grammatical function or "case-marking" then lies. The Punjabi verbal system is largely structured around a combination of aspect and tense/mood. Like the nominal system, the Punjabi verb takes a single inflectional suffix, and is often followed by successive layers of elements like auxiliary verbs and postpositions to the right of the lexical base.[55]

Vocabulary

Being an Indo-Aryan language, the core vocabulary of Punjabi consists of tadbhav words inherited from Sanskrit.[56][57] It contains many loanwords from Persian and Arabic.[56]

Writing systems

 
Gurmukhi writing system on a sample logo

The Punjabi language is written in multiple scripts (a phenomenon known as synchronic digraphia). Each of the major scripts currently in use is typically associated with a particular religious group,[58][59] although the association is not absolute or exclusive.[60] In India, Punjabi Sikhs use Gurmukhi, a script of the Brahmic family, which has official status in the state of Punjab. In Pakistan, Punjabi Muslims use Shahmukhi, a variant of the Perso-Arabic script and closely related to the Urdu alphabet. The Punjabi Hindus in India had a preference for Devanagari, another Brahmic script also used for Hindi, and in the first decades since independence raised objections to the uniform adoption of Gurmukhi in the state of Punjab,[61] but most have now switched to Gurmukhi[62] and so the use of Devanagari is rare.[63] Often in literature, Pakistani Punjabi (written in Shahmukhi) is referred as Western-Punjabi (or West-Punjabi) and Indian Punjabi (written in Gurmukhi) is referred as Eastern-Punjabi (or East-Punjabi), although the underlying language is the same with a very slight shift in vocabulary towards Islamic and Sikh words respectively.[64]

Historically, various local Brahmic scripts including Laṇḍā and its descendants were also in use.[63][65]

The Punjabi Braille is used by the visually impaired.

Sample text

This sample text was taken from the Punjabi Wikipedia article on Lahore.

Gurmukhi

ਲਹੌਰ ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨੀ ਪੰਜਾਬ ਦੀ ਰਾਜਧਾਨੀ ਹੈ। ਲੋਕ ਗਿਣਤੀ ਦੇ ਨਾਲ ਕਰਾਚੀ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਲਹੌਰ ਦੂਜਾ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਡਾ ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਹੈ। ਲਹੌਰ ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ ਦਾ ਸਿਆਸੀ, ਰਹਤਲੀ ਅਤੇ ਪੜ੍ਹਾਈ ਦਾ ਗੜ੍ਹ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਇਸੇ ਲਈ ਇਹਨੂੰ ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ ਦਾ ਦਿਲ ਵੀ ਕਿਹਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਲਹੌਰ ਰਾਵੀ ਦਰਿਆ ਦੇ ਕੰਢੇ 'ਤੇ ਵਸਦਾ ਹੈ। ਇਸਦੀ ਲੋਕ ਗਿਣਤੀ ਇੱਕ ਕਰੋੜ ਦੇ ਨੇੜੇ ਹੈ।

 

Shahmukhi

لہور پاکستانی پن٘جاب دا دارالحکومت ہے۔ لوک گݨتی دے نال کراچی توں بعد لہور دوجا سبھ توں وڈا شہر ہے۔ لہور پاکستان دا سیاسی، رہتلی اتے پڑھائی دا گڑھ ہے اتے، اسے لئی ایہہ نوں پاکستان دا دل وی کہا جاندا اے۔ لہور راوی دریا دے کنڈھے تے وسدا اے۔ ایسدی لوک گݨتی اک کروڑ دے نیڑے اے۔

 

Transliteration

Lahaur Pākistānī Panjāb dī rājtā̀ni/dā dārul hakūmat ài. Lok giṇtī de nāḷ Karācī tõ bāad Lahaur dūjā sáb tõ vaḍḍā šáir ài. Lahaur Pākistān dā siāsī, rátalī ate paṛā̀ī dā gáṛ ài te ise laī ínū̃ Pākistān dā dil vī kihā jāndā ài. Lahaur Rāvī dariā de káṇḍè te vasdā ài. Isdī lok giṇtī ikk karoṛ de neṛe ài.

 

IPA

[ləɔːɾᵊ paːkɪstaːniː pənd͡ʒaːbᵊ diː ɾaːd͡ʒᵊtàːniː /daː daːɾəl hʊkuːmət ɦɛ̀ː ‖ loːkᵊ ɡɪɳᵊtiː de naːlᵊ kəɾaːt͡ʃiː tõː baːədᵊ ləɦɔːɾᵊ duːd͡ʒaː sə́bᵊ tõː ʋəɖːaː ʃəɦɪɾ ɦɛ̀ː ‖ ləɔːɾᵊ paːkɪstaːnᵊ daː sɪaːsiː | ɾə́ɦtəliː əteː pəɽàːiː daː ɡə́ɽ ɦɛ̀ː əteː ɪseː ləiː ɪ́ɦnū̃ paːkɪstaːnᵊ daː dɪlᵊ ʋiː kɪɦaː d͡ʒaːndaː ɛ̀ː ‖ ləɔːɾᵊ ɾaːʋiː dəɾɪaː deː kə́ɳɖeː teː ʋəsᵊdaː ɛ̀ː ‖ ɪsᵊdiː loːkᵊ ɡɪɳᵊtiː ɪkːᵊ kəɾoːɽᵊ deː neːɽeˑ ɛ̀ː ‖]

 

Translation

Lahore is the capital city of Pakistani Punjab. After Karachi, Lahore is the second largest city. Lahore is Pakistan's political, cultural, and educational hub, and so it is also said to be the heart of Pakistan. Lahore lies on the bank of the Ravi River. Its population is close to ten million people.

Literature development

Medieval period

 
Varan Gyan Ratnavali by 16th-century historian Bhai Gurdas.

The Janamsakhis, stories on the life and legend of Guru Nanak (1469–1539), are early examples of Punjabi prose literature.

  • The Punjabi language is famous for its rich literature of qisse, most of which are about love, passion, betrayal, sacrifice, social values and a common man's revolt against a larger system. The qissa of Heer Ranjha by Waris Shah (1706–1798) is among the most popular of Punjabi qissas. Other popular stories include Sohni Mahiwal by Fazal Shah, Mirza Sahiban by Hafiz Barkhudar (1658–1707), Sassui Punnhun by Hashim Shah (c. 1735–c. 1843), and Qissa Puran Bhagat by Qadaryar (1802–1892).[68]
  • Heroic ballads known as Vaar enjoy a rich oral tradition in Punjabi. Famous Vaars are Chandi di Var (1666–1708), Nadir Shah Di Vaar by Najabat and the Jangnama of Shah Mohammad (1780–1862).[69]

Modern period

 
Ghadar di Gunj 1913, newspaper in Punjabi of Ghadar Party, US-based Indian revolutionary party.

The Victorian novel, Elizabethan drama, free verse and Modernism entered Punjabi literature through the introduction of British education during the Raj. Nanak Singh (1897–1971), Vir Singh, Ishwar Nanda, Amrita Pritam (1919–2005), Puran Singh (1881–1931), Dhani Ram Chatrik (1876–1957), Diwan Singh (1897–1944) and Ustad Daman (1911–1984), Mohan Singh (1905–78) and Shareef Kunjahi are some legendary Punjabi writers of this period. After independence of Pakistan and India Najm Hossein Syed, Fakhar Zaman and Afzal Ahsan Randhawa, Shafqat Tanvir Mirza, Ahmad Salim, and Najm Hosain Syed, Munir Niazi, Ali Arshad Mir, Pir Hadi Abdul Mannan enriched Punjabi literature in Pakistan, whereas Jaswant Singh Kanwal (1919–2020), Amrita Pritam (1919–2005), Jaswant Singh Rahi (1930–1996), Shiv Kumar Batalvi (1936–1973), Surjit Patar (1944–) and Pash (1950–1988) are some of the more prominent poets and writers from India.

Status

Despite Punjabi's rich literary history, it was not until 1947 that it would be recognised as an official language. Previous governments in the area of the Punjab had favoured Persian, Hindustani, or even earlier standardised versions of local registers as the language of the court or government. After the annexation of the Sikh Empire by the British East India Company following the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849, the British policy of establishing a uniform language for administration was expanded into the Punjab. The British Empire employed Urdu in its administration of North-Central and Northwestern India, while in the North-East of India, Bengali language was used as the language of administration. Despite its lack of official sanction, the Punjabi language continued to flourish as an instrument of cultural production, with rich literary traditions continuing until modern times. The Sikh religion, with its Gurmukhi script, played a special role in standardising and providing education in the language via Gurdwaras, while writers of all religions continued to produce poetry, prose, and literature in the language.

In India, Punjabi is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India. It is the first official language of the Indian State of Punjab. Punjabi also has second language official status in Delhi along with Urdu, and in Haryana.

In Pakistan, no regional ethnic language has been granted official status at the national level, and as such Punjabi is not an official language at the national level, even though it is the most spoken language in Pakistan. It is, however, the official provincial language of Punjab, Pakistan, the second largest and the most populous province of Pakistan as well as in Islamabad Capital Territory. The only two official languages in Pakistan are Urdu and English.[70]

In Pakistan

 
The proportion of people with Punjabi as their mother tongue in each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census
 
A demonstration by Punjabis at Lahore, Pakistan, demanding to make Punjabi as official language of instruction in schools in Punjab

When Pakistan was created in 1947, despite Punjabi being the majority language in West Pakistan and Bengali the majority in East Pakistan and Pakistan as whole, English and Urdu were chosen as the national languages. The selection of Urdu was due to its association with South Asian Muslim nationalism and because the leaders of the new nation wanted a unifying national language instead of promoting one ethnic group's language over another. Broadcasting in Punjabi language by Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation decreased on TV and radio after 1947. Article 251 of the Constitution of Pakistan declares that these two languages would be the only official languages at the national level, while provincial governments would be allowed to make provisions for the use of other languages.[71] However, in the 1950s the constitution was amended to include the Bengali language. Eventually, Punjabi was granted status as a provincial language in Punjab Province, while the Sindhi language was given official status in 1972 after 1972 Language violence in Sindh.

Despite gaining official recognition at the provincial level, Punjabi is not a language of instruction for primary or secondary school students in Punjab Province (unlike Sindhi and Pashto in other provinces).[72] Pupils in secondary schools can choose the language as an elective, while Punjabi instruction or study remains rare in higher education. One notable example is the teaching of Punjabi language and literature by the University of the Punjab in Lahore which began in 1970 with the establishment of its Punjabi Department.[73][74]

In the cultural sphere, there are many books, plays, and songs being written or produced in the Punjabi-language in Pakistan. Until the 1970s, there were a large number of Punjabi-language films being produced by the Lollywood film industry, however since then Urdu has become a much more dominant language in film production. Additionally, television channels in Punjab Province (centred on the Lahore area) are broadcast in Urdu. The preeminence of Urdu in both broadcasting and the Lollywood film industry is seen by critics as being detrimental to the health of the language.[75][76]

The use of Urdu and English as the near exclusive languages of broadcasting, the public sector, and formal education have led some to fear that Punjabi in Pakistan is being relegated to a low-status language and that it is being denied an environment where it can flourish. Several prominent educational leaders, researchers, and social commentators have echoed the opinion that the intentional promotion of Urdu and the continued denial of any official sanction or recognition of the Punjabi language amounts to a process of "Urdu-isation" that is detrimental to the health of the Punjabi language[77][78][79] In August 2015, the Pakistan Academy of Letters, International Writer's Council (IWC) and World Punjabi Congress (WPC) organised the Khawaja Farid Conference and demanded that a Punjabi-language university should be established in Lahore and that Punjabi language should be declared as the medium of instruction at the primary level.[80][81] In September 2015, a case was filed in Supreme Court of Pakistan against Government of Punjab, Pakistan as it did not take any step to implement the Punjabi language in the province.[82][83] Additionally, several thousand Punjabis gather in Lahore every year on International Mother Language Day. Thinktanks, political organisations, cultural projects, and individuals also demand authorities at the national and provincial level to promote the use of the language in the public and official spheres.[84][85][86]

In India

At the federal level, Punjabi has official status via the Eighth Schedule to the Indian Constitution,[87] earned after the Punjabi Suba movement of the 1950s.[88] At the state level, Punjabi is the sole official language of the state of Punjab, while it has secondary official status in the states of Haryana and Delhi.[89] In 2012, it was also made additional official language of West Bengal in areas where the population exceeds 10% of a particular block, sub-division or district.[10]

Both union and state laws specify the use of Punjabi in the field of education. The state of Punjab uses the Three Language Formula, and Punjabi is required to be either the medium of instruction, or one of the three languages learnt in all schools in Punjab.[90] Punjabi is also a compulsory language in Haryana,[91] and other states with a significant Punjabi speaking minority are required to offer Punjabi medium education.[dubious ]

There are vibrant Punjabi language movie and news industries in India, however Punjabi serials have had a much smaller presence within the last few decades in television due to market forces.[92] Despite Punjabi having far greater official recognition in India, where the Punjabi language is officially admitted in all necessary social functions, while in Pakistan it is used only in a few radio and TV programs, attitudes of the English-educated elite towards the language are ambivalent as they are in neighbouring Pakistan.[87]: 37  There are also claims of state apathy towards the language in non-Punjabi majority areas like Haryana and Delhi.[93][94][95]

Advocacy

  • Punjabi University was established on 30 April 1962, and is only the second university in the world to be named after a language, after Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The Research Centre for Punjabi Language Technology, Punjabi University, Patiala[96] is working for development of core technologies for Punjabi, Digitisation of basic materials, online Punjabi teaching, developing software for office use in Punjabi, providing common platform to Punjabi cyber community.[97] Punjabipedia, an online encyclopaedia was also launched by Patiala university in 2014.[98][99]
  • The Dhahan Prize was created to award literary works produced in Punjabi around the world. The Prize encourages new writing by awarding $25,000 CDN annually to one "best book of fiction" published in either of the two Punjabi scripts, Gurmukhi or Shahmukhi. Two second prizes of $5,000 CDN are also awarded, with the provision that both scripts are represented among the three winners. The Dhahan Prize is awarded by Canada India Education Society (CIES).[100]

Governmental academies and institutes

The Punjabi Sahit academy, Ludhiana, established in 1954[101][102] is supported by the Punjab state government and works exclusively for promotion of the Punjabi language, as does the Punjabi academy in Delhi.[103] The Jammu and Kashmir academy of art, culture and literature[104] in Jammu and Kashmir UT, India works for Punjabi and other regional languages like Urdu, Dogri, Gojri etc. Institutions in neighbouring states[105] as well as in Lahore, Pakistan[106] also advocate for the language.

Software

  • Software is available for the Punjabi language on almost all platforms. This software is mainly in the Gurmukhi script. Nowadays, nearly all Punjabi newspapers, magazines, journals, and periodicals are composed on computers via various Punjabi software programmes, the most widespread of which is InPage Desktop Publishing package. Microsoft has included Punjabi language support in all the new versions of Windows and both Windows Vista, Microsoft Office 2007, 2010 and 2013, are available in Punjabi through the Language Interface Pack[107] support. Most Linux Desktop distributions allow the easy installation of Punjabi support and translations as well.[108] Apple implemented the Punjabi language keyboard across Mobile devices.[109] Google also provides many applications in Punjabi, like Google Search,[110] Google Translate[111] and Google Punjabi Input Tools.[112]

Gallery

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Paishachi, Saurasheni, or Gandhari Prakrits have been proposed as the ancestor Middle Indo-Aryan language to Punjabi.
  2. ^ Punjabi is the British English spelling, and Pañjābī is the Romanized spelling from the native script(s).

References

Citations

  1. ^ 80.5 million in Pakistan (2017), 31.1 in India (2011), 0.5 in Canada (2016), 0.3 in the UK (2011), 0.3 in the US (2017), 0.1 in Australia (2016). See § Geographic distribution below.
  2. ^ Singh, Sikander (April 2019). "The Origin Theories of Punjabi Language: A Context of Historiography of Punjabi Language". International Journal of Sikh Studies.
  3. ^ Haldar, Gopal (2000). Languages of India. New Delhi: National Book Trust, India. p. 149. ISBN 9788123729367. The age of Old Punjabi: up to 1600 A.D. […] It is said that evidence of Old Punjabi can be found in the Granth Sahib.
  4. ^ Bhatia, Tej K. (2013). Punjabi: A Cognitive-Descriptive Grammar (Reprint ed.). London: Routledge. p. XXV. ISBN 9781136894602. As an independent language Punjabi has gone through the following three stages of development: Old Punjabi (10th to 16th century). Medieval Punjabi (16th to 19th century), and Modern Punjabi (19th century to Present).
  5. ^ "The Punjab Institute of Language, Art and Culture Act 2004". punjablaws.gov.pk. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
  6. ^ (PDF). NCLM. 15 November 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
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  8. ^ "All milestones, signboards in Haryana to bear info in English, Hindi and Punjabi: Education Minister". The Indian Express. 3 March 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  9. ^ "Punjabi, Urdu made official languages in Delhi". The Times of India. 25 June 2003. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  10. ^ a b "Multi-lingual Bengal". The Telegraph. 11 December 2012. from the original on 25 March 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  11. ^ India, Tribune (19 August 2020). "Punjabi matric exam on Aug 26". The Tribune. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
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  38. ^ ArLaam (similar to ArNoon) has been added to Unicode since Unicode 13.0.0, which can be found in Unicode Arabic Extended-A 08C7, PDF Pg 73 under "Arabic Letter for Punjabi” 08C7 : ࣇ ARABIC LETTER LAM WITH SMALL ARABIC LETTER TAH ABOVE
  39. ^ Shackle 2003, p. 589.
  40. ^ Masica 1991, p. 97.
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  47. ^ Indian dialect. Pakistani dialects tend to pronounce it as: [käː˨ɾə̆]
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Sources

  • Bhardwaj, Mangat Rai (2016), Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar, Routledge, doi:10.4324/9781315760803, ISBN 9781138793859.
  • Bhatia, Tej K. (2008), "Major regional languages", in Braj B. Kachru; Yamuna Kachru; S.N. Sridhar (eds.), Language in South Asia, Cambridge University Press, pp. 121–131, doi:10.1017/CBO9780511619069.008, ISBN 9780511619069.
  • Grierson, George A. (1916). Linguistic Survey of India. Vol. IX Indo-Aryan family. Central group, Part 1, Specimens of western Hindi and Pañjābī. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India.
  • Jain, Dhanesh (2003), "Sociolinguistics of the Indo-Aryan Languages", in Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, pp. 46–66, ISBN 978-0-415-77294-5.
  • Masica, Colin (1991), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2.
  • Nayar, Baldev Raj (1966), Minority Politics in the Punjab, Princeton University Press, ISBN 9781400875948.
  • Shackle, Christopher (2003), "Panjabi", in Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, pp. 581–621, ISBN 978-0-415-77294-5.

Further reading

  • Bhatia, Tej. 1993 and 2010. Punjabi : a cognitive-descriptive grammar. London: Routledge. Series: Descriptive grammars.
  • Gill H.S. [Harjit Singh] and Gleason, H.A. 1969. A reference grammar of Punjabi. Revised edition. Patiala, Punjab, India: Languages Department, Punjab University.
  • Chopra, R. M., Perso-Arabic Words in Punjabi, in: Indo-Iranica Vol.53 (1–4).
  • Chopra, R. M.., The Legacy of The Punjab, 1997, Punjabee Bradree, Calcutta.
  • Singh, Chander Shekhar (2004). Punjabi Prosody: The Old Tradition and The New Paradigm. Sri Lanka: Polgasowita: Sikuru Prakasakayo.
  • Singh, Chander Shekhar (2014). Punjabi Intonation: An Experimental Study. Muenchen: LINCOM EUROPA.

External links

punjabi, language, punjabi, ɑː, پنجابی, shahmukhi, gurmukhi, punjabi, pəɲˈdʒab, listen, sometimes, spelled, panjabi, indo, aryan, language, punjab, region, pakistan, india, approximately, million, native, speakers, punjabiਪ, پن, جابی, punjabi, written, shahmuk. Punjabi p ʌ n ˈ dʒ ɑː b i 12 پنجابی Shahmukhi ਪ ਜ ਬ Gurmukhi Punjabi peɲˈdʒab bi listen 13 sometimes spelled Panjabi b is an Indo Aryan language of the Punjab region of Pakistan and India It has approximately 113 million native speakers Punjabiਪ ਜ ਬ پن جابی Punjabi written in Shahmukhi script used in Punjab Pakistan top and Gurmukhi script used in Punjab India bottom PronunciationPunjabi peɲˈdʒɑb bi English p ʌ n ˈ dʒ ɑː b i Native toPakistan and IndiaRegionPunjabEthnicityPunjabisNative speakers113 million 2011 2017 1 Language familyIndo European Indo IranianIndo AryanNorthwestern Indo AryanPunjabiEarly formsProto Indo European Proto Indo Iranian Proto Indo Aryan Vedic Sanskrit Classical Sanskrit debated Prakrit a 2 debated Apabhraṃsa Old Punjabi 3 4 DialectsSee Punjabi dialectsWriting systemShahmukhi in Pakistan Gurmukhi in India Punjabi Braille Laṇḍa historical Takri historical Mahajani historical Official statusOfficial language in Pakistan Punjab provincial 5 India Punjab official 6 7 Haryana additional 8 Delhi additional 9 West Bengal additional in blocks and divisions with more than 10 of the population 10 Regulated byPunjab Institute of Language Art and Culture Pakistan Department of Languages Punjab India 11 Language codesISO 639 1 span class plainlinks pa span ISO 639 2 span class plainlinks pan span ISO 639 3Either a href https iso639 3 sil org code pan class extiw title iso639 3 pan pan a Panjabi a href https iso639 3 sil org code pnb class extiw title iso639 3 pnb pnb a Western PanjabiGlottologpanj1256 Eastern Panjabiwest2386 Western PanjabiLinguasphere59 AAF eThis article contains IPA phonetic symbols Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Unicode characters For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA Part of a series onConstitutionally recognised languages of IndiaCategory22 Official Languages of the Indian RepublicAssamese Bengali Bodo Dogri Gujarati Hindi Kannada Kashmiri Konkani Maithili Malayalam Marathi Meitei Manipuri Nepali Odia Punjabi Sanskrit Santali Sindhi Tamil Telugu UrduRelatedEighth Schedule to the Constitution of India Official Languages Commission List of languages by number of native speakers in India Asia portal India portal Language portal Politics portalPunjabi is the most widely spoken first language in Pakistan with 80 5 million native speakers as per the 2017 census and the 11th most widely spoken in India with 31 1 million native speakers as per the 2011 census The language is spoken among a significant overseas diaspora particularly in Canada the United States and the United Kingdom In Pakistan Punjabi is written using the Shahmukhi alphabet based on the Perso Arabic script in India it is written using the Gurmukhi alphabet based on the Indic scripts Punjabi is unusual among the Indo Aryan languages and the broader Indo European language family in its usage of lexical tone Contents 1 History 1 1 Etymology 1 2 Origin 1 3 Arabic and Persian influences 1 4 Modern times 2 Geographic distribution 2 1 Pakistan 2 2 India 2 3 Punjabi diaspora 3 Major dialects 3 1 Standard Punjabi 4 Phonology 4 1 Tone 5 Grammar 6 Vocabulary 7 Writing systems 8 Sample text 9 Literature development 9 1 Medieval period 9 2 Modern period 10 Status 10 1 In Pakistan 10 2 In India 11 Advocacy 11 1 Governmental academies and institutes 11 2 Software 12 Gallery 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 15 1 Citations 15 2 Sources 16 Further reading 17 External linksHistoryEtymology The word Punjabi sometimes spelled Panjabi has been derived from the word Panj ab Persian for Five Waters referring to the five major eastern tributaries of the Indus River The name of the region was introduced by the Turko Persian conquerors 14 of South Asia and was a translation of the Sanskrit name for the region Panchanada which means Land of the Five Rivers 15 16 Panj is cognate with Sanskrit panca पञ च Greek pente pente and Lithuanian Penki all of which meaning five ab is cognate with Sanskrit ap अप and with the Av of Avon The historical Punjab region now divided between India and Pakistan is defined physiographically by the Indus River and these five tributaries One of the five the Beas River is a tributary of another the Sutlej Origin Tilla Jogian district Jhelum Punjab Pakistan a hilltop associated with many Nath jogis considered among compilers of earlier Punjabi works Punjabi developed from Prakrit languages and later Apabhraṃsa Sanskrit अपभ र श deviated or non grammatical speech 17 From 600 BC Sanskrit developed as the standard literary and administrative language and Prakrit languages evolved into many regional languages in different parts of India All these languages are called Prakrit languages Sanskrit प र क त prakṛta collectively Paishachi Prakrit was one of these Prakrit languages which was spoken in north and north western India and Punjabi developed from this Prakrit Later in northern India Paishachi Prakrit gave rise to Paishachi Aparbhsha a descendant of Prakrit 18 Punjabi emerged as an Apabhramsha a degenerated form of Prakrit in the 7th century AD and became stable by the 10th century The earliest writings in Punjabi belong to Nath Yogi era from 9th to 14th century 19 The language of these compositions is morphologically closer to Shauraseni Apbhramsa though vocabulary and rhythm is surcharged with extreme colloquialism and folklore 19 Arabic and Persian influences See also Persian language in the Indian subcontinent The Arabic and modern Persian influence in the historical Punjab region began with the late first millennium Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent 20 Many Persian and Arabic words were incorporated in Punjabi 21 22 So Punjabi relies heavily on Persian and Arabic words which are used with a liberal approach to language Many important words like ਅਰਦ ਸ ਰਹ ਰ ਸ ਨਹ ਰ ਜ ਮ ਨ ਗਜ ਲ etc are derived from Persian and Arabic After the fall of the Sikh empire Urdu was made the official language of Punjab in Pakistani Punjab it is still the primary official language and influenced the language as well 23 In fact the sounds of ਜ ਖ ਸ and ਫ have been borrowed from Persian Later it was lexically influenced by Portuguese words like ਅਲਮ ਰ الماری Greek words like ਦ ਮ دام Chagatai words like ਕ ਚ ਸ ਗ ਤ قینچی سوغات Japanese words like ਰ ਕਸ رکشا Chinese words like ਚ ਹ ਲ ਚ ਲ ਕ ਠ چاہ لیچی لکاٹھ and English words like ਜ ਜ ਅਪ ਲ ਮ ਸਟਰ جج اپیل ماسٹر though these influences have been minor in comparison to Persian and Arabic 24 English Gurmukhi based Punjab India Shahmukhi based Punjab Pakistan President ਰ ਸ ਟਰਪਤ rashtarpati صدرمملکت sadar e mumlikat Article ਲ ਖ lekh مضمون mazmun Prime Minister ਪਰਧ ਨ ਮ ਤਰ pardhan mantari وزیراعظم vazir e aʿzam Family ਪਰ ਵ ਰ parivar ਟ ਬਰ ṭabbar ਲ ਣ laṇa خاندان kḥandan ٹب ر ṭabbar Philosophy ਫ ਲਸਫ falsafa ਦਰਸ ਨ darshan فلسفہ falsafah Capital city ਰ ਜਧ ਨ rajdhani دارالحکومت dar al ḥakumat Viewer ਦਰਸ ਕ darshak ناظرین nazarin Listener ਸਰ ਤ sarota سامع samaʿ Note In more formal contexts hypercorrect Sanskritized versions of these words ਪ ਰਧ ਨ pradhan for ਪਰਧ ਨ pardhan and ਪਰ ਵ ਰ parivar for ਪਰਵ ਰ parvar may be used Modern times Punjabi is spoken in many dialects in an area from Delhi to Islamabad The Majhi dialect has been adopted as standard Punjabi in India and Pakistan for education media etc The Majhi dialect originated in the Majha region of the Punjab The Majha region consists of several eastern districts of Pakistani Punjab and in India around Amritsar Gurdaspur Pathankot and Tarn Taran districts The two most important cities in this area are Lahore and Amritsar In India Punjabi is written in the Gurmukhi script in offices schools and media Gurmukhi is the official standard script for Punjabi though it is often unofficially written in the Latin scripts due to influence from English India s two primary official languages at the Union level In Pakistan Punjabi is generally written using the Shahmukhi script which in literary standards is identical to the Urdu alphabet however various attempts have been made to create certain distinct characters from a modification of the Persian Nastaʿliq characters to represent Punjabi phonology not already found in the Urdu alphabet In Pakistan Punjabi loans technical words from Persian and Arabic languages just like Urdu does Geographic distributionPunjabi is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan the eleventh most widely spoken in India and also present in the Punjabi diaspora in various countries Pakistan Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan being the native language of 80 5 million people or approximately 39 of the country s population Census history of Punjabi speakers in Pakistan 25 26 Year Population of Pakistan Percentage Punjabi speakers1951 33 740 167 57 08 22 632 9051961 42 880 378 56 39 28 468 2821972 65 309 340 56 11 43 176 0041981 84 253 644 48 17 40 584 9801998 132 352 279 44 15 58 433 4312017 207 685 000 38 78 80 540 000Beginning with the 1981 census speakers of Saraiki and Hindko were no longer included in the total numbers for Punjabi which explains the apparent decrease India See also States of India by Punjabi speakers Jallianwala Bagh written in Hindi Punjabi and English in Amritsar India Punjabi is the official language of the Indian state of Punjab and has the status of an additional official language in Haryana and Delhi Some of its major urban centres in northern India are Amritsar Ludhiana Chandigarh Jalandhar Ambala Patiala Bathinda Hoshiarpur Firozpur and Delhi Punjabi in India In the 2011 census of India 31 14 million reported their language as Punjabi The census publications group this with speakers of related mother tongues like Bagri and Bhateali to arrive at the figure of 33 12 million 27 Census history of Punjabi speakers in India 28 Year Population of India Punjabi speakers in India Percentage1971 548 159 652 14 108 443 2 57 1981 665 287 849 19 611 199 2 95 1991 838 583 988 23 378 744 2 79 2001 1 028 610 328 29 102 477 2 83 2011 1 210 193 422 33 124 726 2 74 Signs in Punjabi along with English and Chinese of New Democratic Party of British Columbia Canada during 2009 elections Punjabi diaspora See also Punjabi diaspora Punjabi is also spoken as a minority language in several other countries where Punjabi people have emigrated in large numbers such as the United States Australia the United Kingdom and Canada 29 There were 0 67 million native Punjabi speakers in Canada in 2021 30 0 3 million in the United Kingdom in 2011 31 0 28 million in the United States 32 and smaller numbers in other countries Major dialectsMain article Punjabi dialects and languages Standard Punjabi Standard Punjabi sometimes referred to as Majhi in India or simply Punjabi is the most widespread and largest dialect of Punjabi It first developed in the 12th century and gained prominence when Sufi poets such as Shah Hussain Bulleh Shah among others began to use the Lahore Amritsar spoken dialect with infused Persian vocabulary in their works in the Shahmukhi script 33 Later the Gurmukhi script was developed based on Standard Punjabi by the Sikh Gurus 34 Standard Punjabi is spoken by the majority of the people in Faisalabad Lahore Gujranwala Sheikhupura Kasur Sialkot Narowal Gujrat Okara Pakpattan Sahiwal Hafizabad Nankana Sahib and Mandi Bahauddin districts of Pakistan s Punjab Province It also has a large presence in every district in the rest of Pakistani Punjab and in all large cities in Pakistan s other provinces In India it is spoken in Amritsar Tarn Taran Sahib Pathankot and Gurdaspur Districts of the State of Punjab In Pakistan the Standard Punjabi dialect is not referred to as the Majhi dialect which may be considered as Indian terminology rather simply as Standard Punjabi This dialect is widely used in the TV and entertainment industry which is mainly produced in Lahore PhonologyWhile a vowel length distinction between short and long vowels exists reflected in modern Gurmukhi orthographical conventions it is secondary to the vowel quality contrast between centralised vowels ɪ e ʊ and peripheral vowels iː eː ɛː aː ɔː oː uː in terms of phonetic significance 35 Vowels Front Near front Central Near back BackClose iː ਈ ا ی uː ਊ ا وNear close ɪ ਇ ا ʊ ਉ ا Close mid eː ਏ اے oː ਓ اوMid e ਅ ا Open mid ɛː ਐ ا ے ɔː ਔ ا وOpen aː ਆ آThe peripheral vowels have nasal analogues 36 Consonants Labial Dental Alveolar Retroflex Post alv Palatal Velar GlottalNasal m ਮ م n ਨ ن 37 ɳ ਣ ݨ ɲ ਞ ن ŋ ਙ ن Stop Affricate tenuis p ਪ پ t ਤ ت ʈ ਟ ٹ t ʃ ਚ چ k ਕ کaspirated pʰ ਫ پھ tʰ ਥ تھ ʈʰ ਠ ٹھ t ʃʰ ਛ چھ kʰ ਖ کھvoiced b ਬ ب d ਦ د ɖ ਡ ڈ d ʒ ਜ ج ɡ ਗ گtonal ਭ بھ ਧ دھ ਢ ڈھ ਝ جھ ਘ گھFricative voiceless f ਫ ف s ਸ س ʃ ਸ ش x ਖ خ voiced z ਜ ز ɣ ਗ غ ɦ ਹ ہRhotic ɾ r ਰ ر ɽ ੜ ڑApproximant ʋ ਵ و l ਲ ل ɭ ਲ ل 38 j ਯ یNote for the tonal stops refer to the next section about Tone The three retroflex consonants ɳ ɽ ɭ do not occur initially and the nasals ŋ ɲ occur only as allophones of n in clusters with velars and palatals The well established phoneme ʃ may be realised allophonically as the voiceless retroflex fricative ʂ in learned clusters with retroflexes The phonemic status of the fricatives f z x ɣ varies with familiarity with Hindustani norms more so with the Gurmukhi script with the pairs f pʰ z d ʒ x kʰ and ɣ g systematically distinguished in educated speech 39 The retroflex lateral is most commonly analysed as an approximant as opposed to a flap 40 41 42 Tone Unusually for an Indo Aryan language Punjabi distinguishes lexical tones 43 In many words there is a choice of up to three tones high falling low rising and level neutral 44 45 46 Examples Pronunciation MeaningGurmukhi Shahmukhi Transliteration IPA Toneਘਰ گھر ghar ke ɾe 47 high falling houseਕਰ ਹ کرھ karh ke ɾe low rising dandruffਕਰ کر kar keɾe level do ਘ ੜ گھوڑا ghoṛa koː ɽaː high falling horseਕ ੜ ਹ کوڑھا koṛha koː ɽaː low rising leperਕ ੜ کوڑا koṛa koːɽaː level whip Sound amp Pronunciation of Punjabi in Gurmukhi Level tone is found in about 75 of words and is described by some as absence of tone 44 There are also some words which are said to have rising tone in the first syllable and falling in the second Some writers describe this as a fourth tone 44 However a recent acoustic study of six Punjabi speakers in the United States found no evidence of a separate falling tone following a medial consonant 48 ਮ ਢ موڈھا moḍa rising falling shoulder source source Some Punjabi distinct tones for gh jh ḍh dh bh It is considered that these tones arose when voiced aspirated consonants gh jh ḍh dh bh lost their aspiration At the beginning of a word they became voiceless unaspirated consonants k c ṭ t p followed by a high falling tone medially or finally they became voiced unaspirated consonants g j ḍ d b preceded by a low rising tone The development of a high falling tone apparently did not take place in every word but only in those which historically had a long vowel 46 The presence of an h although the h is now silent or very weakly pronounced except word initially word finally and sometimes medially also often causes a rising tone before it for example ca h tea 49 The Gurmukhi script which was developed in the 16th century has separate letters for voiced aspirated sounds so it is thought that the change in pronunciation of the consonants and development of tones may have taken place since that time 46 Some other languages in Pakistan have also been found to have tonal distinctions including Burushaski Gujari Hindko Kalami Shina and Torwali 50 Grammar The 35 traditional characters of the Gurmukhi script Main article Punjabi grammar Punjabi has a canonical word order of SOV subject object verb 51 It has postpositions rather than prepositions 52 Punjabi distinguishes two genders two numbers and five cases of direct oblique vocative ablative and locative instrumental The ablative occurs only in the singular in free variation with oblique case plus ablative postposition and the locative instrumental is usually confined to set adverbial expressions 53 Adjectives when declinable are marked for the gender number and case of the nouns they qualify 54 There is also a T V distinction Upon the inflectional case is built a system of particles known as postpositions which parallel English s prepositions It is their use with a noun or verb that is what necessitates the noun or verb taking the oblique case and it is with them that the locus of grammatical function or case marking then lies The Punjabi verbal system is largely structured around a combination of aspect and tense mood Like the nominal system the Punjabi verb takes a single inflectional suffix and is often followed by successive layers of elements like auxiliary verbs and postpositions to the right of the lexical base 55 VocabularyBeing an Indo Aryan language the core vocabulary of Punjabi consists of tadbhav words inherited from Sanskrit 56 57 It contains many loanwords from Persian and Arabic 56 Writing systems Gurmukhi writing system on a sample logo The Punjabi language is written in multiple scripts a phenomenon known as synchronic digraphia Each of the major scripts currently in use is typically associated with a particular religious group 58 59 although the association is not absolute or exclusive 60 In India Punjabi Sikhs use Gurmukhi a script of the Brahmic family which has official status in the state of Punjab In Pakistan Punjabi Muslims use Shahmukhi a variant of the Perso Arabic script and closely related to the Urdu alphabet The Punjabi Hindus in India had a preference for Devanagari another Brahmic script also used for Hindi and in the first decades since independence raised objections to the uniform adoption of Gurmukhi in the state of Punjab 61 but most have now switched to Gurmukhi 62 and so the use of Devanagari is rare 63 Often in literature Pakistani Punjabi written in Shahmukhi is referred as Western Punjabi or West Punjabi and Indian Punjabi written in Gurmukhi is referred as Eastern Punjabi or East Punjabi although the underlying language is the same with a very slight shift in vocabulary towards Islamic and Sikh words respectively 64 Historically various local Brahmic scripts including Laṇḍa and its descendants were also in use 63 65 The Punjabi Braille is used by the visually impaired Sample textThis sample text was taken from the Punjabi Wikipedia article on Lahore Gurmukhiਲਹ ਰ ਪ ਕ ਸਤ ਨ ਪ ਜ ਬ ਦ ਰ ਜਧ ਨ ਹ ਲ ਕ ਗ ਣਤ ਦ ਨ ਲ ਕਰ ਚ ਤ ਬ ਅਦ ਲਹ ਰ ਦ ਜ ਸਭ ਤ ਵ ਡ ਸ ਹ ਰ ਹ ਲਹ ਰ ਪ ਕ ਸਤ ਨ ਦ ਸ ਆਸ ਰਹਤਲ ਅਤ ਪੜ ਹ ਈ ਦ ਗੜ ਹ ਹ ਅਤ ਇਸ ਲਈ ਇਹਨ ਪ ਕ ਸਤ ਨ ਦ ਦ ਲ ਵ ਕ ਹ ਜ ਦ ਹ ਲਹ ਰ ਰ ਵ ਦਰ ਆ ਦ ਕ ਢ ਤ ਵਸਦ ਹ ਇਸਦ ਲ ਕ ਗ ਣਤ ਇ ਕ ਕਰ ੜ ਦ ਨ ੜ ਹ Shahmukhiلہور پاکستانی پن جاب دا دارالحکومت ہے لوک گݨتی دے نال کراچی توں بعد لہور دوجا سبھ توں وڈا شہر ہے لہور پاکستان دا سیاسی رہتلی اتے پڑھائی دا گڑھ ہے اتے اسے لئی ایہہ نوں پاکستان دا دل وی کہا جاندا اے لہور راوی دریا دے کنڈھے تے وسدا اے ایسدی لوک گݨتی اک کروڑ دے نیڑے اے TransliterationLahaur Pakistani Panjab di rajta ni da darul hakumat ai Lok giṇti de naḷ Karaci to baad Lahaur duja sab to vaḍḍa sair ai Lahaur Pakistan da siasi ratali ate paṛa i da gaṛ ai te ise lai inu Pakistan da dil vi kiha janda ai Lahaur Ravi daria de kaṇḍe te vasda ai Isdi lok giṇti ikk karoṛ de neṛe ai IPA leɔːɾᵊ paːkɪstaːniː pend ʒaːbᵊ diː ɾaːd ʒᵊtaːniː daː daːɾel hʊkuːmet ɦɛ ː loːkᵊ ɡɪɳᵊtiː de naːlᵊ keɾaːt ʃiː toː baːedᵊ leɦɔːɾᵊ duːd ʒaː se bᵊ toː ʋeɖːaː ʃeɦɪɾ ɦɛ ː leɔːɾᵊ paːkɪstaːnᵊ daː sɪaːsiː ɾe ɦteliː eteː peɽaːiː daː ɡe ɽ ɦɛ ː eteː ɪseː leiː ɪ ɦnu paːkɪstaːnᵊ daː dɪlᵊ ʋiː kɪɦaː d ʒaːndaː ɛ ː leɔːɾᵊ ɾaːʋiː deɾɪaː deː ke ɳɖeː teː ʋesᵊdaː ɛ ː ɪsᵊdiː loːkᵊ ɡɪɳᵊtiː ɪkːᵊ keɾoːɽᵊ deː neːɽeˑ ɛ ː TranslationLahore is the capital city of Pakistani Punjab After Karachi Lahore is the second largest city Lahore is Pakistan s political cultural and educational hub and so it is also said to be the heart of Pakistan Lahore lies on the bank of the Ravi River Its population is close to ten million people Literature developmentMain article Punjabi literature Medieval period Fariduddin Ganjshakar 1179 1266 is generally recognised as the first major poet of the Punjabi language 66 Roughly from the 12th century to the 19th century many great Sufi saints and poets preached in the Punjabi language the most prominent being Bulleh Shah Punjabi Sufi poetry also developed under Shah Hussain 1538 1599 Sultan Bahu 1630 1691 Shah Sharaf 1640 1724 Ali Haider 1690 1785 Waris Shah 1722 1798 Saleh Muhammad Safoori 1747 1826 Mian Muhammad Baksh 1830 1907 and Khwaja Ghulam Farid 1845 1901 The Sikh religion originated in the 15th century in the Punjab region and Punjabi is the predominant language spoken by Sikhs 67 Most portions of the Guru Granth Sahib use the Punjabi language written in Gurmukhi though Punjabi is not the only language used in Sikh scriptures Varan Gyan Ratnavali by 16th century historian Bhai Gurdas The Janamsakhis stories on the life and legend of Guru Nanak 1469 1539 are early examples of Punjabi prose literature The Punjabi language is famous for its rich literature of qisse most of which are about love passion betrayal sacrifice social values and a common man s revolt against a larger system The qissa of Heer Ranjha by Waris Shah 1706 1798 is among the most popular of Punjabi qissas Other popular stories include Sohni Mahiwal by Fazal Shah Mirza Sahiban by Hafiz Barkhudar 1658 1707 Sassui Punnhun by Hashim Shah c 1735 c 1843 and Qissa Puran Bhagat by Qadaryar 1802 1892 68 Heroic ballads known as Vaar enjoy a rich oral tradition in Punjabi Famous Vaars are Chandi di Var 1666 1708 Nadir Shah Di Vaar by Najabat and the Jangnama of Shah Mohammad 1780 1862 69 Modern period Ghadar di Gunj 1913 newspaper in Punjabi of Ghadar Party US based Indian revolutionary party The Victorian novel Elizabethan drama free verse and Modernism entered Punjabi literature through the introduction of British education during the Raj Nanak Singh 1897 1971 Vir Singh Ishwar Nanda Amrita Pritam 1919 2005 Puran Singh 1881 1931 Dhani Ram Chatrik 1876 1957 Diwan Singh 1897 1944 and Ustad Daman 1911 1984 Mohan Singh 1905 78 and Shareef Kunjahi are some legendary Punjabi writers of this period After independence of Pakistan and India Najm Hossein Syed Fakhar Zaman and Afzal Ahsan Randhawa Shafqat Tanvir Mirza Ahmad Salim and Najm Hosain Syed Munir Niazi Ali Arshad Mir Pir Hadi Abdul Mannan enriched Punjabi literature in Pakistan whereas Jaswant Singh Kanwal 1919 2020 Amrita Pritam 1919 2005 Jaswant Singh Rahi 1930 1996 Shiv Kumar Batalvi 1936 1973 Surjit Patar 1944 and Pash 1950 1988 are some of the more prominent poets and writers from India StatusDespite Punjabi s rich literary history it was not until 1947 that it would be recognised as an official language Previous governments in the area of the Punjab had favoured Persian Hindustani or even earlier standardised versions of local registers as the language of the court or government After the annexation of the Sikh Empire by the British East India Company following the Second Anglo Sikh War in 1849 the British policy of establishing a uniform language for administration was expanded into the Punjab The British Empire employed Urdu in its administration of North Central and Northwestern India while in the North East of India Bengali language was used as the language of administration Despite its lack of official sanction the Punjabi language continued to flourish as an instrument of cultural production with rich literary traditions continuing until modern times The Sikh religion with its Gurmukhi script played a special role in standardising and providing education in the language via Gurdwaras while writers of all religions continued to produce poetry prose and literature in the language In India Punjabi is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India It is the first official language of the Indian State of Punjab Punjabi also has second language official status in Delhi along with Urdu and in Haryana In Pakistan no regional ethnic language has been granted official status at the national level and as such Punjabi is not an official language at the national level even though it is the most spoken language in Pakistan It is however the official provincial language of Punjab Pakistan the second largest and the most populous province of Pakistan as well as in Islamabad Capital Territory The only two official languages in Pakistan are Urdu and English 70 In Pakistan The proportion of people with Punjabi as their mother tongue in each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census A demonstration by Punjabis at Lahore Pakistan demanding to make Punjabi as official language of instruction in schools in Punjab When Pakistan was created in 1947 despite Punjabi being the majority language in West Pakistan and Bengali the majority in East Pakistan and Pakistan as whole English and Urdu were chosen as the national languages The selection of Urdu was due to its association with South Asian Muslim nationalism and because the leaders of the new nation wanted a unifying national language instead of promoting one ethnic group s language over another Broadcasting in Punjabi language by Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation decreased on TV and radio after 1947 Article 251 of the Constitution of Pakistan declares that these two languages would be the only official languages at the national level while provincial governments would be allowed to make provisions for the use of other languages 71 However in the 1950s the constitution was amended to include the Bengali language Eventually Punjabi was granted status as a provincial language in Punjab Province while the Sindhi language was given official status in 1972 after 1972 Language violence in Sindh Despite gaining official recognition at the provincial level Punjabi is not a language of instruction for primary or secondary school students in Punjab Province unlike Sindhi and Pashto in other provinces 72 Pupils in secondary schools can choose the language as an elective while Punjabi instruction or study remains rare in higher education One notable example is the teaching of Punjabi language and literature by the University of the Punjab in Lahore which began in 1970 with the establishment of its Punjabi Department 73 74 In the cultural sphere there are many books plays and songs being written or produced in the Punjabi language in Pakistan Until the 1970s there were a large number of Punjabi language films being produced by the Lollywood film industry however since then Urdu has become a much more dominant language in film production Additionally television channels in Punjab Province centred on the Lahore area are broadcast in Urdu The preeminence of Urdu in both broadcasting and the Lollywood film industry is seen by critics as being detrimental to the health of the language 75 76 The use of Urdu and English as the near exclusive languages of broadcasting the public sector and formal education have led some to fear that Punjabi in Pakistan is being relegated to a low status language and that it is being denied an environment where it can flourish Several prominent educational leaders researchers and social commentators have echoed the opinion that the intentional promotion of Urdu and the continued denial of any official sanction or recognition of the Punjabi language amounts to a process of Urdu isation that is detrimental to the health of the Punjabi language 77 78 79 In August 2015 the Pakistan Academy of Letters International Writer s Council IWC and World Punjabi Congress WPC organised the Khawaja Farid Conference and demanded that a Punjabi language university should be established in Lahore and that Punjabi language should be declared as the medium of instruction at the primary level 80 81 In September 2015 a case was filed in Supreme Court of Pakistan against Government of Punjab Pakistan as it did not take any step to implement the Punjabi language in the province 82 83 Additionally several thousand Punjabis gather in Lahore every year on International Mother Language Day Thinktanks political organisations cultural projects and individuals also demand authorities at the national and provincial level to promote the use of the language in the public and official spheres 84 85 86 In India At the federal level Punjabi has official status via the Eighth Schedule to the Indian Constitution 87 earned after the Punjabi Suba movement of the 1950s 88 At the state level Punjabi is the sole official language of the state of Punjab while it has secondary official status in the states of Haryana and Delhi 89 In 2012 it was also made additional official language of West Bengal in areas where the population exceeds 10 of a particular block sub division or district 10 Both union and state laws specify the use of Punjabi in the field of education The state of Punjab uses the Three Language Formula and Punjabi is required to be either the medium of instruction or one of the three languages learnt in all schools in Punjab 90 Punjabi is also a compulsory language in Haryana 91 and other states with a significant Punjabi speaking minority are required to offer Punjabi medium education dubious discuss There are vibrant Punjabi language movie and news industries in India however Punjabi serials have had a much smaller presence within the last few decades in television due to market forces 92 Despite Punjabi having far greater official recognition in India where the Punjabi language is officially admitted in all necessary social functions while in Pakistan it is used only in a few radio and TV programs attitudes of the English educated elite towards the language are ambivalent as they are in neighbouring Pakistan 87 37 There are also claims of state apathy towards the language in non Punjabi majority areas like Haryana and Delhi 93 94 95 AdvocacyPunjabi University was established on 30 April 1962 and is only the second university in the world to be named after a language after Hebrew University of Jerusalem The Research Centre for Punjabi Language Technology Punjabi University Patiala 96 is working for development of core technologies for Punjabi Digitisation of basic materials online Punjabi teaching developing software for office use in Punjabi providing common platform to Punjabi cyber community 97 Punjabipedia an online encyclopaedia was also launched by Patiala university in 2014 98 99 The Dhahan Prize was created to award literary works produced in Punjabi around the world The Prize encourages new writing by awarding 25 000 CDN annually to one best book of fiction published in either of the two Punjabi scripts Gurmukhi or Shahmukhi Two second prizes of 5 000 CDN are also awarded with the provision that both scripts are represented among the three winners The Dhahan Prize is awarded by Canada India Education Society CIES 100 Governmental academies and institutes The Punjabi Sahit academy Ludhiana established in 1954 101 102 is supported by the Punjab state government and works exclusively for promotion of the Punjabi language as does the Punjabi academy in Delhi 103 The Jammu and Kashmir academy of art culture and literature 104 in Jammu and Kashmir UT India works for Punjabi and other regional languages like Urdu Dogri Gojri etc Institutions in neighbouring states 105 as well as in Lahore Pakistan 106 also advocate for the language Punjabi Sahit Academy Ludhiana 1954 Punjabi Academy Delhi 1981 1982 Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art Culture and Literature Punjab Institute of Language Art and Culture Lahore 2004Software Software is available for the Punjabi language on almost all platforms This software is mainly in the Gurmukhi script Nowadays nearly all Punjabi newspapers magazines journals and periodicals are composed on computers via various Punjabi software programmes the most widespread of which is InPage Desktop Publishing package Microsoft has included Punjabi language support in all the new versions of Windows and both Windows Vista Microsoft Office 2007 2010 and 2013 are available in Punjabi through the Language Interface Pack 107 support Most Linux Desktop distributions allow the easy installation of Punjabi support and translations as well 108 Apple implemented the Punjabi language keyboard across Mobile devices 109 Google also provides many applications in Punjabi like Google Search 110 Google Translate 111 and Google Punjabi Input Tools 112 Gallery Guru Granth Sahib in Gurmukhi Punjabi Gurmukhi script Punjabi Shahmukhi script Bulleh Shah poetry in Punjabi Shahmukhi script Munir Niazi poetry in Punjabi Shahmukhi script Gurmukhi alphabet A sign board in Punjabi language along with Hindi at Hanumangarh Rajasthan IndiaSee also Punjab portal Languages portalPunjabi Language Movement Languages of Pakistan Languages of India List of Indian languages by total speakers List of Punjabi language newspapers Punjabi cinemaNotes Paishachi Saurasheni or Gandhari Prakrits have been proposed as the ancestor Middle Indo Aryan language to Punjabi Punjabi is the British English spelling and Panjabi is the Romanized spelling from the native script s ReferencesCitations 80 5 million in Pakistan 2017 31 1 in India 2011 0 5 in Canada 2016 0 3 in the UK 2011 0 3 in the US 2017 0 1 in Australia 2016 See Geographic distribution below Singh Sikander April 2019 The Origin Theories of Punjabi Language A Context of Historiography of Punjabi Language International Journal of Sikh Studies Haldar Gopal 2000 Languages of India New Delhi National Book Trust India p 149 ISBN 9788123729367 The age of Old Punjabi up to 1600 A D It is said that evidence of Old Punjabi can be found in the Granth Sahib Bhatia Tej K 2013 Punjabi A Cognitive Descriptive Grammar Reprint ed London Routledge p XXV ISBN 9781136894602 As an independent language Punjabi has gone through the following three stages of development Old Punjabi 10th to 16th century Medieval Punjabi 16th to 19th century and Modern Punjabi 19th century to Present The Punjab Institute of 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September 2009 Retrieved 17 September 2009 CCI defers approval of census results until elections Dawn 21 March 2021 Retrieved 10 March 2021 The figure of 80 54 million is calculated from the reported 38 78 for the speakers of Punjabi and the 207 685 million total population of Pakistan Statement 1 Abstract of speakers strength of languages and mother tongues 2011 PDF Retrieved 21 March 2021 Growth of Scheduled Languages 1971 1981 1991 and 2001 Census of India Ministry of Home Affairs Government of India Archived from the original on 20 February 2015 Retrieved 22 February 2015 Punjabi is 4th most spoken language in Canada The Times of India 14 February 2008 Archived from the original on 14 November 2016 Government of Canada Statistics Canada 9 February 2022 Profile table Census Profile 2021 Census of Population Canada Country www12 statcan gc ca Retrieved 11 September 2022 273 000 in England and Wales and 23 000 in Scotland 2011 Census Quick Statistics for England and Wales March 2011 Retrieved 24 March 2021 Table AT 002 2011 Language used at home other than English detailed Scotland Archived from the original on 5 March 2021 Retrieved 24 March 2021 US survey puts Punjabi speakers in US at 2 8 lakh Times of India 18 December 2017 Retrieved 11 August 2020 Lal Mohan 1992 Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature Sahitya Academy p 4208 Bhatt Shankarlal 2006 Punjab Bhargava Gopal K Delhi Kalpaz publ p 141 ISBN 81 7835 378 4 OCLC 255107273 Shackle 2003 p 587 Shackle 2003 p 588 Karamat Nayyara Phonemic inventory of Punjabi 182 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 695 1248 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help ArLaam similar to ArNoon has been added to Unicode since Unicode 13 0 0 which can be found in Unicode Arabic Extended A 08C7 PDF Pg 73 under Arabic Letter for Punjabi 08C7 ࣇ ARABIC LETTER LAM WITH SMALL ARABIC LETTER TAH ABOVE Shackle 2003 p 589 Masica 1991 p 97 Arora K K Arora S Singla S R Agrawal S S 2007 SAMPA for Hindi and Punjabi based on their Acoustic and Phonetic Characteristics Proceedings Oriental COCOSDA 4 6 Ladefoged Peter Maddieson Ian 1996 The Sounds of the World s Languages Oxford Blackwell pp 190 191 ISBN 978 0631198154 Bhatia Tej 1999 Lexican Anaphors and Pronouns in Punjabi In Lust Barbara Gair James eds Lexical Anaphors and Pronouns in Selected South Asian Languages Walter de Gruyter p 637 ISBN 978 3 11 014388 1 Other tonal Indo Aryan languages include Hindko Dogri Western Pahari Sylheti and some Dardic languages a b c Bailey T Grahame 1919 English Punjabi Dictionary introduction Singh Sukhvindar Tone Rules and Tone Sandhi in Punjabi a b c Bowden A L 2012 Punjabi Tonemics and the Gurmukhi Script A Preliminary Study Indian dialect Pakistani dialects tend to pronounce it as kaː ɾe Kanwal J Ritchart A V 2015 An experimental investigation of tonogenesis in Punjabi Proceedings of the 18th International of Phonetic Sciences 2015 Lata Swaran Arora Swati 2013 Laryngeal Tonal characteristics of Punjabi An Experimental Study Archived 18 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine Baart J L G Tonal features in languages of northern Pakistan Gill Harjeet Singh and Gleason Jr Henry A 1969 A Reference Grammar of Panjabi Patiala Department of Linguistics Punjabi University WALS Online Language Panjabi wals info Shackle 2003 599 Shackle 2003 601 Masica 1991 257 a b Frawley William 2003 International Encyclopedia of Linguistics 4 Volume Set Oxford University Press p 423 ISBN 978 0 19 513977 8 Hindus and Sikhs generally use the Gurmukhi script but Hindus have also begun to write Punjabi in the Devanagari script as employed for Hindi Muslims tend to write Punjabi in the Perso Arabic script which is also employed for Urdu Muslim speakers borrow a large number of words from Persian and Arabic however the basic Punjabi vocabulary is mainly composed of tadbhava words i e those descended from Sanskrit Bhatia Tej K 1993 Punjabi A Conginitive descriptive Grammar Psychology Press p xxxii ISBN 978 0 415 00320 9 Punjabi vocabulary is mainly composed of tadbhav words i e words derived from Sanskrit Bhatia 2008 p 128 Bhardwaj 2016 pp 12 13 Jain 2003 pp 53 57 8 Nayar 1966 pp 46 ff Bhardwaj 2016 p 12 a b Shackle 2003 p 594 Punjabi Language Structure Writing amp Alphabet MustGo MustGo com Retrieved 8 February 2022 Bhardwaj 2016 p 15 Shiv Kumar Batalvi Archived 10 April 2003 at the Wayback Machine sikh heritage co uk Melvin Ember Carol R Ember Ian A Skoggard eds 2005 Encyclopedia of Diasporas Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World Springer p 1077 ISBN 978 0 306 48321 9 Mir Farina Representations of Piety and Community in Late nineteenth century Punjabi Qisse Columbia University Retrieved 4 July 2008 The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature Volume One A to Devo Volume 1 Amaresh Datta ed Sahitya Akademi 2006 352 FACTS ABOUT PAKISTAN opr gov pk Government of Pakistan Office of the Press Registrar Archived from the original on 4 February 2022 Retrieved 4 February 2022 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Punjabi language Punjab University Vice Chancellor PPI News Agency Inferiority complex declining Punjabi language Punjab University Vice Chancellor Pakistan Press International ppinewsagency com Archived from the original on 27 November 2016 Retrieved 13 January 2017 Urdu isation of Punjab The Express Tribune The Express Tribune 4 May 2015 Archived from the original on 27 November 2016 Retrieved 30 December 2016 Rally for ending 150 year old ban on education in Punjabi The Nation 21 February 2011 Archived from the original on 7 March 2016 Retrieved 15 September 2015 Sufi poets can guarantee unity The Nation 26 August 2015 Archived from the original on 30 October 2015 Supreme Court s Urdu verdict No language can be imposed from above The Nation 15 September 2015 Archived from the original on 16 September 2015 Retrieved 15 September 2015 Two member SC bench refers Punjabi language case to CJP Business Recorder 14 September 2015 Archived from the original on 21 October 2015 Retrieved 15 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respectively 52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India PDF Report National Commission on Linguistic Minorities 2015 p 25 Archived from the original PDF on 25 May 2017 Retrieved 28 April 2017 Languages taught in the State under the Three Language Formula First Language Hindi Second Language Punjabi Third language English Singh Jasmine 13 September 2015 Serial killer The Tribune Archived from the original on 16 September 2015 Retrieved 15 September 2015 SGPC claims Haryana govt ignoring Punjabi language Hindustan Times 30 July 2015 Archived from the original on 25 May 2017 Retrieved 15 September 2015 Aujla Harjap Singh 15 June 2015 Punjabi s of Delhi couldn t get justice for Punjabi language Punjab News Express Retrieved 19 September 2015 permanent dead link Singh Perneet 9 July 2013 Sikh bodies oppose DU s anti Punjabi move Tribune India Retrieved 21 February 2018 final punjabiuniversity ac in Archived from the original on 24 November 2016 Retrieved 13 January 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com 24 October 2016 Retrieved 13 August 2018 Welcome to Punjab Institute of Language Art amp Culture Punjab Institute of Language Art amp Culture pilac punjab gov pk Archived from the original on 11 July 2017 Microsoft Download Center microsoft com Archived from the original on 23 November 2016 Retrieved 13 January 2017 Punjabi Linux punlinux download SourceForge net sourceforge net Archived from the original on 23 November 2016 Retrieved 13 January 2017 Connecting to the iTunes Store itunes apple com Archived from the original on 23 November 2016 Retrieved 13 January 2017 Google Retrieved 13 January 2017 Google ਅਨ ਵ ਦ Archived from the original on 29 December 2016 Retrieved 13 January 2017 Cloud ਇਨਪ ਟ ਔਜ ਰ ਔਨਲ ਈਨ ਅਜਮ ਓ Google ਇਨਪ ਟ ਔਜ ਰ Archived from the original on 12 January 2017 Retrieved 13 January 2017 Sources Bhardwaj Mangat Rai 2016 Panjabi A Comprehensive Grammar Routledge doi 10 4324 9781315760803 ISBN 9781138793859 Bhatia Tej K 2008 Major regional languages in Braj B Kachru Yamuna Kachru S N Sridhar eds Language in South Asia Cambridge University Press pp 121 131 doi 10 1017 CBO9780511619069 008 ISBN 9780511619069 Grierson George A 1916 Linguistic Survey of India Vol IX Indo Aryan family Central group Part 1 Specimens of western Hindi and Panjabi Calcutta Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing India Jain Dhanesh 2003 Sociolinguistics of the Indo Aryan Languages in Cardona George Jain Dhanesh eds The Indo Aryan Languages Routledge pp 46 66 ISBN 978 0 415 77294 5 Masica Colin 1991 The Indo Aryan Languages Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 29944 2 Nayar Baldev Raj 1966 Minority Politics in the Punjab Princeton University Press ISBN 9781400875948 Shackle Christopher 2003 Panjabi in Cardona George Jain Dhanesh eds The Indo Aryan Languages Routledge pp 581 621 ISBN 978 0 415 77294 5 Further readingBhatia Tej 1993 and 2010 Punjabi a cognitive descriptive grammar London Routledge Series Descriptive grammars Gill H S Harjit Singh and Gleason H A 1969 A reference grammar of Punjabi Revised edition Patiala Punjab India Languages Department Punjab University Chopra R M Perso Arabic Words in Punjabi in Indo Iranica Vol 53 1 4 Chopra R M The Legacy of The Punjab 1997 Punjabee Bradree Calcutta Singh Chander Shekhar 2004 Punjabi Prosody The Old Tradition and The New Paradigm Sri Lanka Polgasowita Sikuru Prakasakayo Singh Chander Shekhar 2014 Punjabi Intonation An Experimental Study Muenchen LINCOM EUROPA External links Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Punjabi Wikimedia Commons has media related to Punjabi language Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Punjabi Eastern Punjabi edition of Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Western Punjabi edition of Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Punjabi language at Curlie English to Punjabi Dictionary Archived 10 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Punjabi language amp oldid 1129974827, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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