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Punjabi dialects and languages

March 08, 2023

The Punjabi dialects and languages or Punjabic are a series of dialects and languages spoken around the Punjab region of Pakistan and India with varying degrees of official recognition. They have sometimes been referred to as Greater Punjabi macrolanguage.[7] Punjabi may also be considered as a pluricentric language with more than one standard variety.[8]

Punjabi languages
EthnicityPunjabis
Geographic
distribution		Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Haryana, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh
Linguistic classificationIndo-European
Early form
Glottologlahn1241  (Greater Panjabic)

The varieties of "Greater Punjabi" have a number of characteristics in common, for example the preservation of the Prakrit double consonants in stressed syllables.[9] Nevertheless, there is disagreement on whether they form part of a single language group, with some proposed classifications placing them all within the Northwestern zone of Indo-Aryan, while others reserving this only for the western varieties, and assigning the eastern ones to the Central zone alongside Hindi.[10]

Geographic distribution

The literary languages that have developed on the basis of dialects of this area are Standard Punjabi in eastern and central Punjab, Saraiki in the southwest, and Hindko and Pahari-Pothwari in the northwest.[11] A distinction is usually made between Punjabi in the east and the diverse group of "Lahnda" in the west. "Lahnda" typically subsumes the Saraiki and Hindko varieties, with Jhangvi and Shahpuri intermediate between the two groups.[12] Commonly recognised Eastern Punjabi dialects include Majhi (the standard), Doabi, Malwai, and Puadhi. The "Lahnda" variety of Khetrani in the far west may be intermediate between Saraiki and Sindhi.[13]

Pakistan

Punjabi, Hindko and Saraiki are listed separately in the census enumerations of Pakistan.[14] According to the 2017 Census of Pakistan, there are 80,536,390 Standard Punjabi speakers; 25,324,637 Saraiki speakers and 5,065,879 Hindko speakers.[15]

India

In India, Punjabi is listed as a constitutional language and is counted in the census returns. According to the 2011 Census of India, there are 33,124,726 Punjabi speakers which includes the varieties of Bagri (1,656,588 speakers) Bilaspuri (295,805 speakers) and Bhateali (23,970 speakers).[16] Bagri is spoken in parts of Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan. Bilaspuri and Bhateali are spoken in Himachal Pradesh. The status of Bagri is split between Punjabi and Rajasthani in the census returns with options available under Punjabi and Rajasthani.[17] Gusain (1991) places Bagri as a Rajasthani dialect.[18] Similarly, the identities of Bilaspuri and Bhateali are also split, in their case, between Punjabi and Dogri.[19][20]

Lahnda languages are only enumerated in the census returns in India with 108,791 speakers listed in the 2011 census. The varieties listed under Lahnda are Bahawalpuri (29,253 speakers); Multani which is described as Hindi Multani (61,722 speakers) and unclassified (17,816 speakers). [21] Punchi is spoken in Jammu. The language variety is listed under Lahnda as it, together with Bahwalpuri and Multani satisfies the "criterion of 10,000 or more speakers at the all India level".[22]

Historically, Dogri was considered to be a dialect of Punjabi spoken primarily in Jammu.[23] In the 1941 Census, Dogri was listed under Punjabi.[24] Since 2003, Dogri is listed as an independent language in the constitution of India.[25] According to the 2011 Census - India, there are 2,596,767 Dogri speakers. Similar to Dogri, the Kangri language spoken in Himachal Pradesh was regarded as a Punjabi dialect but since 1971, it has been reclassified under Hindi.[26] There were 1,117,342 Kangri speakers listed in the 2011 Cenus- India. Despite the independent status of Dogri and reclassification of Kangri, both languages are claimed to fall within Punjabi by some writers.[27][28] Others place Dogri and Kangri within the Western Pahari group.[29] Eberle et al (2020) believe Dogri and Kangri are related to Easterm Punjabi and place these languages in a group of related languages descended from an intermediate division of Indo-Aryan languages.[30]

See also

References

  1. ^ Haldar, Gopal (2000). Languages of India. New Delhi: National Book Trust, India. p. 149. ISBN 9788123729367. The age of Old Punjabi: up to 1600 A.D. […] It is said that evidence of Old Punjabi can be found in the Granth Sahib.
  2. ^ Bhatia, Tej K. (2013). Punjabi: A Cognitive-Descriptive Grammar (Reprint ed.). London: Routledge. p. XXV. ISBN 9781136894602. As an independent language Punjabi has gone through the following three stages of development: Old Punjabi (10th to 16th century). Medieval Punjabi (16th to 19th century), and Modern Punjabi (19th century to Present).
  3. ^ Christopher Shackle; Arvind Mandair (2013). "0.2.1 – Form". Teachings of the Sikh Gurus : selections from the Scriptures (First ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 9781136451089. Surpassing them all in the frequent subtlety of his linguistic choices, including the use of dialect forms as well as of frequent loanwords from Sanskrit and Persian, Guru Nanak combined this poetic language of the Sants with his native Old Punjabi. It is this mixture of Old Punjabi and old Hindi which constitutes the core idiom of all the earlier Gurus.
  4. ^ Frawley, William (2003). International encyclopedia of linguistics (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 423. ISBN 9780195139778.
  5. ^ Austin, Peter (2008). One thousand languages : living, endangered, and lost. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 115. ISBN 9780520255609.
  6. ^ Braj B. Kachru; Yamuna Kachru; S. N. Sridhar (2008). Language in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 411. ISBN 9781139465502.
  7. ^ For the use of the term "Greater Panjabi", see Rensch (1992, p. 87) and Rahman (1996, p. 175).
  8. ^ [1]Muhr, Rudoplh (2016) Pluricentric Languages and Non-Dominant Varieties Worldwide. Peter Lang
  9. ^ Shackle 2003, p. 591.
  10. ^ Masica 1991, pp. 446–63.
  11. ^ Shackle 1979, p. 198.
  12. ^ Pothwari has previously been regarded as part of "Lahnda", but Shackle (1979, pp. 201) argues that it shares features with both groups. Jhangvi (Wagha 1997, p. 229) and Shahpuri (Shackle 1979, pp. 201) are transitional between Saraiki and Punjabi.
  13. ^ Birmani & Ahmed 2017.
  14. ^ https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/publications/pds2020/Pakistan_Demographic_Survey-2020.pdf
  15. ^ https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2017/tables/pakistan/Table11n.pdf
  16. ^ https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf
  17. ^ https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458
  18. ^ *Gusain, Lakhan (1999). A Descriptive Grammar of Bagri (PhD). Jawaharlal Nehru University. hdl:10603/16847.
  19. ^ Tiwari, Dr Siyaram. Bhartiya Bhashaon Ki Pahchan (in Hindi). Vani Prakashan. ISBN 978-93-5229-677-4.
  20. ^ Ralph Lilley Turner, A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, p. xii, Wikidata Q115652507
  21. ^ https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10219
  22. ^ https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables
  23. ^ Kli︠u︡ev, B. I. (1981). India, National and Language Problem. India: Sterling.[2]
  24. ^ Census of India, 1941. (1943). India: Manager of publications [3]
  25. ^ Coalition Politics and Hindu Nationalism.(2007). (n.p.): Taylor & Francis[4]
  26. ^ Language Sciences. (1991). Japan: International Christian University Language Sciences Summer Institute.[5]
  27. ^ Grewal, J.S. and Banga, Indu (1998) Punjab in prosperity and violence: administration, politics, and social change, 1947-1997. K.K. Publishers for Institute of Punjab Studies, Chandigarh [6]
  28. ^ "Pushp & Warikoo: Jammu, Kashmir & Ladakh - Linguistic Predicament". koshur.org. Retrieved 2023-02-11.
  29. ^ Jared Klein, Brian Joseph, Matthias Fritz (2017) Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics[7]
  30. ^ Eberle, Ulrich J., et al. “Ethnolinguistic Diversity and Urban Agglomeration.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 117, no. 28, 2020, pp. 16250–57. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26935214. Accessed 12 Feb. 2023.

Sources

  • Birmani, Ali H.; Ahmed, Fasih (2017). "Language of the Khetrans of Barkhan of Pakistani Balochistan: A preliminary description". Lingua. 191–192: 3–21. doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2016.12.003. ISSN 0024-3841.
  • Burling, Robbins. 1970. Man's many voices. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
  • Ethnologue. Indo-Aryan Classification of 219 languages that have been assigned to the Indo-Aryan grouping of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages.
  • Ethnologue. Languages of India
  • Ethnologue. Languages of Pakistan
  • Grierson, George A. (1903–1928). Linguistic Survey of India. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India. Online database
  • Masica, Colin P. (1991). The Indo-Aryan languages. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-23420-7.
  • Rahman, Tariq (1996). Language and politics in Pakistan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-577692-8.
  • Rahman, Tariq. 2006. The role of English in Pakistan with special reference to tolerance and militancy. In Amy Tsui et al., Language, policy, culture and identity in Asian contexts. Routledge. 219-240.
  • Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5.
  • Shackle, C. 1970. Punjabi in Lahore. Modern Asian Studies, 4(3):239–267. Available online at JSTOR.
  • Shackle, Christopher (1979). "Problems of classification in Pakistan Panjab". Transactions of the Philological Society. 77 (1): 191–210. doi:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x. ISSN 0079-1636.
  • Shackle, Christopher (2003). "Panjabi". In Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.). The Indo-Aryan languages. Routledge language family series. Y. London: Routledge. pp. 581–621. ISBN 978-0-7007-1130-7.
  • Wagha, Muhammad Ahsan (1997). The development of Siraiki language in Pakistan (Ph.D.). School of Oriental and African Studies. (requires registration)

External links

March 08, 2023
punjabi, dialects, languages, punjabic, series, dialects, languages, spoken, around, punjab, region, pakistan, india, with, varying, degrees, official, recognition, they, have, sometimes, been, referred, greater, punjabi, macrolanguage, punjabi, also, consider. The Punjabi dialects and languages or Punjabic are a series of dialects and languages spoken around the Punjab region of Pakistan and India with varying degrees of official recognition They have sometimes been referred to as Greater Punjabi macrolanguage 7 Punjabi may also be considered as a pluricentric language with more than one standard variety 8 Punjabi languagesEthnicityPunjabisGeographicdistributionPunjab Jammu and Kashmir Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Haryana Rajasthan and Himachal PradeshLinguistic classificationIndo EuropeanIndo IranianIndo AryanNorthwestern or CentralPunjabi languagesEarly formOld Punjabi 1 2 3 4 5 6 Glottologlahn1241 Greater Panjabic The varieties of Greater Punjabi have a number of characteristics in common for example the preservation of the Prakrit double consonants in stressed syllables 9 Nevertheless there is disagreement on whether they form part of a single language group with some proposed classifications placing them all within the Northwestern zone of Indo Aryan while others reserving this only for the western varieties and assigning the eastern ones to the Central zone alongside Hindi 10 Contents 1 Geographic distribution 1 1 Pakistan 1 2 India 2 See also 3 References 4 Sources 5 External linksGeographic distribution EditThe literary languages that have developed on the basis of dialects of this area are Standard Punjabi in eastern and central Punjab Saraiki in the southwest and Hindko and Pahari Pothwari in the northwest 11 A distinction is usually made between Punjabi in the east and the diverse group of Lahnda in the west Lahnda typically subsumes the Saraiki and Hindko varieties with Jhangvi and Shahpuri intermediate between the two groups 12 Commonly recognised Eastern Punjabi dialects include Majhi the standard Doabi Malwai and Puadhi The Lahnda variety of Khetrani in the far west may be intermediate between Saraiki and Sindhi 13 Pakistan Edit Punjabi Hindko and Saraiki are listed separately in the census enumerations of Pakistan 14 According to the 2017 Census of Pakistan there are 80 536 390 Standard Punjabi speakers 25 324 637 Saraiki speakers and 5 065 879 Hindko speakers 15 India Edit In India Punjabi is listed as a constitutional language and is counted in the census returns According to the 2011 Census of India there are 33 124 726 Punjabi speakers which includes the varieties of Bagri 1 656 588 speakers Bilaspuri 295 805 speakers and Bhateali 23 970 speakers 16 Bagri is spoken in parts of Punjab Haryana and Rajasthan Bilaspuri and Bhateali are spoken in Himachal Pradesh The status of Bagri is split between Punjabi and Rajasthani in the census returns with options available under Punjabi and Rajasthani 17 Gusain 1991 places Bagri as a Rajasthani dialect 18 Similarly the identities of Bilaspuri and Bhateali are also split in their case between Punjabi and Dogri 19 20 Lahnda languages are only enumerated in the census returns in India with 108 791 speakers listed in the 2011 census The varieties listed under Lahnda are Bahawalpuri 29 253 speakers Multani which is described as Hindi Multani 61 722 speakers and unclassified 17 816 speakers 21 Punchi is spoken in Jammu The language variety is listed under Lahnda as it together with Bahwalpuri and Multani satisfies the criterion of 10 000 or more speakers at the all India level 22 Historically Dogri was considered to be a dialect of Punjabi spoken primarily in Jammu 23 In the 1941 Census Dogri was listed under Punjabi 24 Since 2003 Dogri is listed as an independent language in the constitution of India 25 According to the 2011 Census India there are 2 596 767 Dogri speakers Similar to Dogri the Kangri language spoken in Himachal Pradesh was regarded as a Punjabi dialect but since 1971 it has been reclassified under Hindi 26 There were 1 117 342 Kangri speakers listed in the 2011 Cenus India Despite the independent status of Dogri and reclassification of Kangri both languages are claimed to fall within Punjabi by some writers 27 28 Others place Dogri and Kangri within the Western Pahari group 29 Eberle et al 2020 believe Dogri and Kangri are related to Easterm Punjabi and place these languages in a group of related languages descended from an intermediate division of Indo Aryan languages 30 See also EditBengali dialects Sindhi languages Hindi Belt Bazigar languageReferences Edit Haldar Gopal 2000 Languages of India New Delhi National Book Trust India p 149 ISBN 9788123729367 The age of Old Punjabi up to 1600 A D It is said that evidence of Old Punjabi can be found in the Granth Sahib Bhatia Tej K 2013 Punjabi A Cognitive Descriptive Grammar Reprint ed London Routledge p XXV ISBN 9781136894602 As an independent language Punjabi has gone through the following three stages of development Old Punjabi 10th to 16th century Medieval Punjabi 16th to 19th century and Modern Punjabi 19th century to Present Christopher Shackle Arvind Mandair 2013 0 2 1 Form Teachings of the Sikh Gurus selections from the Scriptures First ed Abingdon Oxon Routledge ISBN 9781136451089 Surpassing them all in the frequent subtlety of his linguistic choices including the use of dialect forms as well as of frequent loanwords from Sanskrit and Persian Guru Nanak combined this poetic language of the Sants with his native Old Punjabi It is this mixture of Old Punjabi and old Hindi which constitutes the core idiom of all the earlier Gurus Frawley William 2003 International encyclopedia of linguistics 2nd ed Oxford Oxford University Press p 423 ISBN 9780195139778 Austin Peter 2008 One thousand languages living endangered and lost Berkeley University of California Press p 115 ISBN 9780520255609 Braj B Kachru Yamuna Kachru S N Sridhar 2008 Language in South Asia Cambridge University Press p 411 ISBN 9781139465502 For the use of the term Greater Panjabi see Rensch 1992 p 87 and Rahman 1996 p 175 1 Muhr Rudoplh 2016 Pluricentric Languages and Non Dominant Varieties Worldwide Peter Lang Shackle 2003 p 591 Masica 1991 pp 446 63 Shackle 1979 p 198 Pothwari has previously been regarded as part of Lahnda but Shackle 1979 pp 201 argues that it shares features with both groups Jhangvi Wagha 1997 p 229 and Shahpuri Shackle 1979 pp 201 are transitional between Saraiki and Punjabi Birmani amp Ahmed 2017 https www pbs gov pk sites default files population publications pds2020 Pakistan Demographic Survey 2020 pdf https www pbs gov pk sites default files population 2017 tables pakistan Table11n pdf https censusindia gov in nada index php catalog 42458 download 46089 C 16 25062018 pdf https censusindia gov in nada index php catalog 42458 Gusain Lakhan 1999 A Descriptive Grammar of Bagri PhD Jawaharlal Nehru University hdl 10603 16847 Tiwari Dr Siyaram Bhartiya Bhashaon Ki Pahchan in Hindi Vani Prakashan ISBN 978 93 5229 677 4 Ralph Lilley Turner A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo Aryan Languages p xii Wikidata Q115652507 https censusindia gov in nada index php catalog 10219 https censusindia gov in census website data census tables Kli u ev B I 1981 India National and Language Problem India Sterling 2 Census of India 1941 1943 India Manager of publications 3 Coalition Politics and Hindu Nationalism 2007 n p Taylor amp Francis 4 Language Sciences 1991 Japan International Christian University Language Sciences Summer Institute 5 Grewal J S and Banga Indu 1998 Punjab in prosperity and violence administration politics and social change 1947 1997 K K Publishers for Institute of Punjab Studies Chandigarh 6 Pushp amp Warikoo Jammu Kashmir amp Ladakh Linguistic Predicament koshur org Retrieved 2023 02 11 Jared Klein Brian Joseph Matthias Fritz 2017 Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo European Linguistics 7 Eberle Ulrich J et al Ethnolinguistic Diversity and Urban Agglomeration Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America vol 117 no 28 2020 pp 16250 57 JSTOR https www jstor org stable 26935214 Accessed 12 Feb 2023 Sources EditBirmani Ali H Ahmed Fasih 2017 Language of the Khetrans of Barkhan of Pakistani Balochistan A preliminary description Lingua 191 192 3 21 doi 10 1016 j lingua 2016 12 003 ISSN 0024 3841 Burling Robbins 1970 Man s many voices New York Holt Rinehart and Winston Ethnologue Indo Aryan Classification of 219 languages that have been assigned to the Indo Aryan grouping of the Indo Iranian branch of the Indo European languages Ethnologue Languages of India Ethnologue Languages of Pakistan Grierson George A 1903 1928 Linguistic Survey of India Calcutta Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing India Online database Masica Colin P 1991 The Indo Aryan languages Cambridge language surveys Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 23420 7 Rahman Tariq 1996 Language and politics in Pakistan Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 577692 8 Rahman Tariq 2006 The role of English in Pakistan with special reference to tolerance and militancy In Amy Tsui et al Language policy culture and identity in Asian contexts Routledge 219 240 Rensch Calvin R 1992 The Language Environment of Hindko Speaking People In O Leary Clare F Rensch Calvin R Hallberg Calinda E eds Hindko and Gujari Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan Islamabad National Institute of Pakistan Studies Quaid i Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics ISBN 969 8023 13 5 Shackle C 1970 Punjabi in Lahore Modern Asian Studies 4 3 239 267 Available online at JSTOR Shackle Christopher 1979 Problems of classification in Pakistan Panjab Transactions of the Philological Society 77 1 191 210 doi 10 1111 j 1467 968X 1979 tb00857 x ISSN 0079 1636 Shackle Christopher 2003 Panjabi In Cardona George Jain Dhanesh eds The Indo Aryan languages Routledge language family series Y London Routledge pp 581 621 ISBN 978 0 7007 1130 7 Wagha Muhammad Ahsan 1997 The development of Siraiki language in Pakistan Ph D School of Oriental and African Studies requires registration External links EditMap of Punjabi dialects from Grierson s early 20th century Linguistic Survey of India Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Punjabi dialects and languages amp oldid 1143099911, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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