Kyrgyz was originally written in Göktürk script,[3] gradually replaced by the Perso-Arabic alphabet (in use until 1928 in the USSR, still in use in China). Between 1928 and 1940 a Latin-script alphabet, the Uniform Turkic Alphabet, was used. In 1940, Soviet authorities replaced the Latin script with the Cyrillic alphabet for all Turkic languages on its territory. When Kyrgyzstan became independent following the Soviet Union's collapse in 1991, a plan to adopt the Latin alphabet became popular. Although the plan has not been implemented, it remains in occasional discussion.[4]
Kyrgyz is a Common Turkic language belonging to the Kipchak branch of the family. It is considered to be an East Kipchak language, forming a subfamily with the Southern Altai language within the greater Kipchak branch. Internally, Kyrgyz has three distinct varieties; Northern and Southern Kyrgyz.[5]
History
In 925 when the Liao dynasty defeated the Yenisei Kyrgyz and expelled them from the Mongolian steppes, some Ancient Kyrgyz elites settled in Altai and Xinjiang where they mixed with the local Kipchaks, resulting in a language shift.
After the Mongol conquest in 1207 and a series of revolts against the Yuan dynasty, Kyrgyz-speaking tribes started to migrate to Tian Shan, which was already populated by various Turco-Mongol tribes. As Chaghatai Ulus subjects, the Kyrgyz converted to Islam. Persian and Arabic vocabulary loaned to the Kyrgyz language, but to a much lesser extent than Kazakh, Uzbek and Uighur.
/a/ appears only in borrowings from Persian or when followed by a front vowel later in the word (regressive assimilation), e.g. /ajdøʃ/ 'sloping' instead of */ɑjdøʃ/.[7] Note that in most dialects, its status as a vowel distinct from /ɑ/ is questionable.[8]
Vowel Harmony (Peace Corps Method)
Left Shift (<)
Right Shift (>)
Shift Direction
а
ы
Straight Across Left-Right Shift
о
у
("y" Left-shifts up-diagonally to "a")
е
и
Straight Across Left-Right Shift
ө (э)
ү
Straight Across Left-Right Shift
The United States Peace Corps trains its volunteers using a "Left-Right Shift" method when carrying out language training in the Kyrgyzstan.
Between 1928 and 1940 a Latin alphabet was used for many minority languages in the USSR, including Kyrgyz. There have been attempts after 1990 to introduce other Latin alphabets which are closer to the Turkish alphabet, e.g. the Common Turkic Alphabet.
Cyrillic
Perso-Arabic
Latin
IPA
English
Бардык адамдар өз беделинде жана укуктарында эркин жана тең укуктуу болуп жаралат. Алардын аң-сезими менен абийири бар жана бири-бирине бир туугандык мамиле кылууга тийиш.
Bardıq adamdar öz bedelinde jana uquqtarında erkin jana teŋ uquqtuu bolup jaralat. Alardın aŋ-sezimi menen abiyiri bar jana biri-birine bir tuuğandıq mamile qıluuğa tiyiş.
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Normally the decision between the velar ([ɡ ~ ɣ], [k]) and uvular ([ɢ ~ ʁ] and [χ ~ q]) pronunciation of ⟨г⟩ and ⟨к⟩ is based on the backness of the following vowel—i.e. back vowels imply a uvular rendering and front vowels imply a velar rendering—and the vowel in suffixes is decided based on the preceding vowel in the word. However, with the dative suffix in Kyrgyz, the vowel is decided normally, but the decision between velars and uvulars can be decided based on a contacting consonant, for example банк /bank/ 'bank' + GA yields банкка /bankka/, not /bankqa/ as predicted by the following vowel.
Pronouns
Kyrgyz has eight personal pronouns:
Personal pronouns
singular
plural
1st person
Мен (Men)
Биз (Biz)
2nd person
informal
Сен (Sen)
Силер (Siler)
formal
Сиз (Siz)
Сиздер (Sizder)
3rd person
Ал (Al)
Алар (Alar)
The declension of the pronouns is outlined in the following chart. Singular pronouns (with the exception of сиз, which used to be plural) exhibit irregularities, while plural pronouns don't. Irregular forms are highlighted in bold.
Declension of pronouns
Singular
Plural
1st
2nd inf
2nd frm
3rd
1st
2nd inf
2nd frm
3rd
Nom
мен
сен
сиз
ал
биз
силер
сиздер
алар
Acc
мени
сени
сизди
аны
бизди
силерди
сиздерди
аларды
Gen
менин
сенин
сиздин
анын
биздин
силердин
сиздердин
алардын
Dat
мага
сага
сизге
ага
бизге
силерге
сиздерге
аларга
Loc
менде
сенде
сизде
анда
бизде
силерде
сиздерде
аларда
Abl
менден
сенден
сизден
андан
бизден
силерден
сиздерден
алардан
In addition to the pronouns, there are several more sets of morphemes dealing with person.
Morphemes indicating person
pronouns
copulas
present tense
possessive endings
past/conditional
imperative
1st sg
мен
-mIn
-mIn
-(I)m
-(I)m
-AyIN
2nd sg
informal
сен
-sIŋ
-sIŋ
-(I)ŋ
-(I)ŋ
—, -GIn
formal
сиз
-sIz
-sIz
-(I)ŋIz
-(I)ŋIz
-GIlA
3rd sg
ал
—
-t
-(s)I(n)
—
-sIn
1st pl
биз
-BIz
-BIz
-(I)bIz
-(I)K
-AyIK
2nd pl
informal
силер
-sIŋAr
-sIŋAr
-(I)ŋAr
-(I)ŋAr
formal
сиздер
-sIzdAr
-sIzdAr
-(I)ŋIzdAr
-(I)nIzdAr
3rd pl
алар
—
-(I)şAt
-(s)I(n)
—
-sIn, -IşsIn
Verbs
Verbs are conjugated by analyzing the root verb: 1) determine whether the end letter is a vowel or consonant 2) add appropriate suffix while following vowel-harmony/shift rules.
Simple-Present Tense Conjugations (Peace Corps)
Per. Pronoun
Vowel
Consonant
1st sg
Мен
-м
-м
2nd pl
informal
Сен
-йс<ң
-йс<ң
formal
Сиз
-йс<з
-йс<з
3rd sg
Ал
-йт
-йт
1st pl
Биз
-йб>з
-<б>з
2nd pl
informal
Силер
formal
Сизлер
3rd pl
Алар
Subordinate clauses
To form complement clauses, Kyrgyz nominalises verb phrases. For example, "I don't know what I saw" would be rendered as:
Мен
Men
I
эмнени
emneni
what-ACC.DEF
көргөнүмдү
körgönümdü
see-ing-1SG-ACC.DEF
билбейм
bilbeym
know-NEG-1SG
Мен эмнени көргөнүмдү билбейм
Men emneni körgönümdü bilbeym
I what-ACC.DEF see-ing-1SG-ACC.DEF know-NEG-1SG
roughly "I don't know my having seen what," where the verb phrase "I saw what" is treated as a nominal object of the verb "to know."
The sentence above is also an excellent example of Kyrgyz vowel harmony; notice that all the vowel sounds are front vowels.
Several nominalisation strategies are used depending on the temporal properties of the relativised verb phrase: -GAn(dIK) for general past tense, -AAr for future/potential unrealised events, and -A turgan(dɯq) for non-perfective events are the most common. The copula has an irregular relativised form экен(дик) which may be used equivalently to forms of the verb бол- be (болгон(дук), болоор). Relativised verb forms may, and often do, take nominal possessive endings as well as case endings.
^Кызласов И. Л., Рунические письменности евразийских степей (Kyzlasov I.L. Runic scripts of Eurasian steppes), Восточная литература (Eastern Literature), Moscow, 1994, pp. 80 on, ISBN978-5-02-017741-3, with further bibliography.
^Altynbayev, By Kanat. "Kyrgyzstan considers switch to Latin alphabet from Cyrillic". Caravanserai. Retrieved 2022-07-29.
Krippes, Karl A. (1998). Kyrgyz: Kyrgyz-English/English-Kyrgyz: Glossary of Terms. Hippocrene Books, New York. ISBN978-0-7818-0641-1.
Library of Congress, Country Studies, Kyrgyzstan.
Comrie, Bernard. 1983. The languages of the Soviet Union. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Beckwith, Christopher I. 1987/1993. "The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia." Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Tchoroev, Tyntchtykbek. 2003. The Kyrgyz.; in: The History of Civilisations of Central Asia, Vol. 5, Development in contrast: from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century /Editors: Ch. Adle and Irfan Habib. Co-editor: Karl M. Baipakov. – UNESCO Publishing. Multiple History Series. Paris. – Chapter 4, p. 109–125. (ISBN978-92-3-103876-1).
Washington, Jonathan North (2006b), (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-01-13, retrieved 2007-04-12
Washington, Jonathan North (2007), (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-01-13, retrieved 2015-06-29
External links
Kyrgyz edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Kyrgyz.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kyrgyz language.
Кербен Translit - Easy Kyrgyz-Cyrillic–Latin converter
Kyrgyz Cyrillic–Arabic–Latin converter
Kyrgyz Latin Alphabet
Kyrgyz<>Turkish dictionary (Pamukkale University)
Kyrgyz - Apertium
January 08, 2023
kyrgyz, language, confused, with, fuyu, kyrgyz, english, ɪər, autonym, Кыргыз, тили, kyrgyz, tili, qɯɾʁɯz, tili, turkic, language, kipchak, branch, spoken, central, asia, kyrgyz, official, language, kyrgyzstan, significant, minority, language, kizilsu, kyrgyz,. Not to be confused with Fuyu Kyrgyz language Kyrgyz English ˈ k ɪer ɡ ɪ z ˌ k er ˈ ɡ iː z 2 autonym Kyrgyz tili tr Kyrgyz tili qɯɾʁɯz tili is a Turkic language of the Kipchak branch spoken in Central Asia Kyrgyz is the official language of Kyrgyzstan and a significant minority language in the Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture in Xinjiang China and in the Gorno Badakhshan Autonomous Region of Tajikistan There is a very high level of mutual intelligibility between Kyrgyz Kazakh and Altay A dialect of Kyrgyz known as Pamiri Kyrgyz is spoken in Afghanistan and Pakistan KyrgyzKyrgyz tili قیرغیزچاKyrgyz in Cyrillic and Arabic scripts Pronunciation qɯɾʁɯzˈtʃɑ Native toKyrgyzstan Afghanistan Tajikistan Pakistan XinjiangEthnicityKyrgyzNative speakers4 5 million 2009 census 1 Language familyTurkic Common TurkicKipchakKyrgyz KipchakKyrgyzWriting systemKyrgyz alphabets Cyrillic script Perso Arabic script Kyrgyz Braille Official statusOfficial language inKyrgyzstan China Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous PrefectureOrganisations Organization of Turkic StatesCollective Security Treaty OrganizationLanguage codesISO 639 1 span class plainlinks ky span ISO 639 2 span class plainlinks kir span ISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code kir class extiw title iso639 3 kir kir a Glottologkirg1245Linguasphere44 AAB cdThis article contains IPA phonetic symbols Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Unicode characters For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA source source source source source source source source source source source source source source A speaker of the Kyrgyz language in traditional dress recorded on the Chunkurchak pasture on the outskirts of Bishkek during an interview source source source source source source source source source source track Azim a speaker of the Kyrgyz language recorded in Taiwan Kyrgyz is also spoken by many ethnic Kyrgyz through the former Soviet Union Afghanistan Turkey parts of northern Pakistan and Russia Kyrgyz was originally written in Gokturk script 3 gradually replaced by the Perso Arabic alphabet in use until 1928 in the USSR still in use in China Between 1928 and 1940 a Latin script alphabet the Uniform Turkic Alphabet was used In 1940 Soviet authorities replaced the Latin script with the Cyrillic alphabet for all Turkic languages on its territory When Kyrgyzstan became independent following the Soviet Union s collapse in 1991 a plan to adopt the Latin alphabet became popular Although the plan has not been implemented it remains in occasional discussion 4 Contents 1 Classification 2 History 3 Phonology 4 Writing system 5 Morphology and syntax 5 1 Case 5 2 Pronouns 5 3 Verbs 5 3 1 Subordinate clauses 6 See also 7 Notes and references 8 Bibliography 9 External linksClassification EditKyrgyz is a Common Turkic language belonging to the Kipchak branch of the family It is considered to be an East Kipchak language forming a subfamily with the Southern Altai language within the greater Kipchak branch Internally Kyrgyz has three distinct varieties Northern and Southern Kyrgyz 5 History EditIn 925 when the Liao dynasty defeated the Yenisei Kyrgyz and expelled them from the Mongolian steppes some Ancient Kyrgyz elites settled in Altai and Xinjiang where they mixed with the local Kipchaks resulting in a language shift After the Mongol conquest in 1207 and a series of revolts against the Yuan dynasty Kyrgyz speaking tribes started to migrate to Tian Shan which was already populated by various Turco Mongol tribes As Chaghatai Ulus subjects the Kyrgyz converted to Islam Persian and Arabic vocabulary loaned to the Kyrgyz language but to a much lesser extent than Kazakh Uzbek and Uighur Phonology EditMain article Kyrgyz phonology Kyrgyz vowel phonemes 6 Front Backunrounded rounded unrounded roundedClose i y ɯ uMid e o oOpen a ɑ a appears only in borrowings from Persian or when followed by a front vowel later in the word regressive assimilation e g ajdoʃ sloping instead of ɑjdoʃ 7 Note that in most dialects its status as a vowel distinct from ɑ is questionable 8 Vowel Harmony Peace Corps Method Left Shift lt Right Shift gt Shift Directiona y Straight Across Left Right Shifto u y Left shifts up diagonally to a e i Straight Across Left Right Shifto e ү Straight Across Left Right ShiftThe United States Peace Corps trains its volunteers using a Left Right Shift method when carrying out language training in the Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz consonant phonemes 9 Labial Dental alveolar Post alveolar DorsalNasal m n ŋPlosive voiceless p t kvoiced b d ɡAffricate voiceless t s a t ʃvoiced d ʒFricative voiceless f a s ʃ x a voiced v a zApproximant l jTrill r a b c d f v t s x occur only in foreign borrowings from Russian Arabic and English 9 Writing system EditMain article Kyrgyz alphabets The Kyrgyz in Kyrgyzstan use a Cyrillic alphabet which uses all the Russian letters plus n o and ү In the Xinjiang region of China an Arabic alphabet is used Between 1928 and 1940 a Latin alphabet was used for many minority languages in the USSR including Kyrgyz There have been attempts after 1990 to introduce other Latin alphabets which are closer to the Turkish alphabet e g the Common Turkic Alphabet Cyrillic Perso Arabic Latin IPA EnglishBardyk adamdar oz bedelinde zhana ukuktarynda erkin zhana ten ukuktuu bolup zharalat Alardyn an sezimi menen abijiri bar zhana biri birine bir tuugandyk mamile kyluuga tijish باردیق ادامدار ۅز بەدەلينده جانا و قو قتاریندا ەرکین جانا تهڭ ۇقۇقتۇۇ بولۇپ جارالات الاردین اڭ سەزیمی مەنەن ابئییری بار جانا بئرى بئرینه بئر تو و عاندیق مامئلە قیلو و غا تئییش Bardiq adamdar oz bedelinde jana uquqtarinda erkin jana teŋ uquqtuu bolup jaralat Alardin aŋ sezimi menen abiyiri bar jana biri birine bir tuugandiq mamile qiluuga tiyis bɑrdɯq ɑdɑmdɑr oz bedelinde d ʒɑnɑ uquqtɑrɯndɑ erkin d ʒɑnɑ teŋ uquqtuː boɫup d ʒɑrɑɫɑt ɑɫɑrdɯn ɑɴsezimi menen ɑbijiri bɑr d ʒɑnɑ biribirine bir tuːʁɑndɯq mɑmile qɯɫuːʁɑ tijiʃ All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood Morphology and syntax EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed January 2008 Learn how and when to remove this template message Case Edit Nouns in Kyrgyz take a number of case endings that change based on vowel harmony and the sort of consonant they follow see the section on phonology Case Underlying form Possible forms boat air bucket hand head salt eye Nominative keme aba chelek kol bash tuz kozGenitive NIn nyn nin dyn din tyn tin nun nүn dun dүn tun tүn kemenin abanyn chelektin koldun bashtyn tuzdun kozdүnDative GA ga ka ge ke go ko go ko kemege abaga chelekke kolgo bashka tuzga kozgoAccusative NI ny ni dy di ty ti nu nү du dү tu tү kemeni abany chelekti koldu bashty tuzdu kozdүLocative DA da de ta te do do to to kemede abada chelekte koldo bashta tuzda kozdoAblative DAn dan den tan ten don don ton ton kemeden abadan chelekten koldon bashtan tuzdan kozdonNormally the decision between the velar ɡ ɣ k and uvular ɢ ʁ and x q pronunciation of g and k is based on the backness of the following vowel i e back vowels imply a uvular rendering and front vowels imply a velar rendering and the vowel in suffixes is decided based on the preceding vowel in the word However with the dative suffix in Kyrgyz the vowel is decided normally but the decision between velars and uvulars can be decided based on a contacting consonant for example bank bank bank GA yields bankka bankka not bankqa as predicted by the following vowel Pronouns Edit Kyrgyz has eight personal pronouns Personal pronouns singular plural1st person Men Men Biz Biz 2nd person informal Sen Sen Siler Siler formal Siz Siz Sizder Sizder 3rd person Al Al Alar Alar The declension of the pronouns is outlined in the following chart Singular pronouns with the exception of siz which used to be plural exhibit irregularities while plural pronouns don t Irregular forms are highlighted in bold Declension of pronouns Singular Plural1st 2nd inf 2nd frm 3rd 1st 2nd inf 2nd frm 3rdNom men sen siz al biz siler sizder alarAcc meni seni sizdi any bizdi silerdi sizderdi alardyGen menin senin sizdin anyn bizdin silerdin sizderdin alardynDat maga saga sizge aga bizge silerge sizderge alargaLoc mende sende sizde anda bizde silerde sizderde alardaAbl menden senden sizden andan bizden silerden sizderden alardanIn addition to the pronouns there are several more sets of morphemes dealing with person Morphemes indicating person pronouns copulas present tense possessive endings past conditional imperative1st sg men mIn mIn I m I m AyIN2nd sg informal sen sIŋ sIŋ I ŋ I ŋ GInformal siz sIz sIz I ŋIz I ŋIz GIlA3rd sg al t s I n sIn1st pl biz BIz BIz I bIz I K AyIK2nd pl informal siler sIŋAr sIŋAr I ŋAr I ŋArformal sizder sIzdAr sIzdAr I ŋIzdAr I nIzdAr3rd pl alar I sAt s I n sIn IssInVerbs Edit Verbs are conjugated by analyzing the root verb 1 determine whether the end letter is a vowel or consonant 2 add appropriate suffix while following vowel harmony shift rules Simple Present Tense Conjugations Peace Corps Per Pronoun Vowel Consonant1st sg Men m m2nd pl informal Sen js lt n js lt nformal Siz js lt z js lt z3rd sg Al jt jt1st pl Biz jb gt z lt b gt z2nd pl informal Silerformal Sizler3rd pl AlarSubordinate clauses Edit To form complement clauses Kyrgyz nominalises verb phrases For example I don t know what I saw would be rendered as MenMenIemneniemneniwhat ACC DEFkorgonүmdүkorgonumdusee ing 1SG ACC DEFbilbejmbilbeymknow NEG 1SGMen emneni korgonүmdү bilbejmMen emneni korgonumdu bilbeymI what ACC DEF see ing 1SG ACC DEF know NEG 1SGroughly I don t know my having seen what where the verb phrase I saw what is treated as a nominal object of the verb to know The sentence above is also an excellent example of Kyrgyz vowel harmony notice that all the vowel sounds are front vowels Several nominalisation strategies are used depending on the temporal properties of the relativised verb phrase GAn dIK for general past tense AAr for future potential unrealised events and A turgan dɯq for non perfective events are the most common The copula has an irregular relativised form eken dik which may be used equivalently to forms of the verb bol be bolgon duk boloor Relativised verb forms may and often do take nominal possessive endings as well as case endings See also EditBGN PCGN romanization of Kyrgyz Kyrgyz people Romanization of KyrgyzNotes and references Edit Kyrgyz at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Kyrgyz Kyzlasov I L Runicheskie pismennosti evrazijskih stepej Kyzlasov I L Runic scripts of Eurasian steppes Vostochnaya literatura Eastern Literature Moscow 1994 pp 80 on ISBN 978 5 02 017741 3 with further bibliography Altynbayev By Kanat Kyrgyzstan considers switch to Latin alphabet from Cyrillic Caravanserai Retrieved 2022 07 29 Glottolog 4 3 Kirghiz glottolog org Retrieved 2021 05 03 Kara 2003 10 Washington 2007 11 Washington 2006b 2 a b Kara 2003 11 Bibliography EditKara David Somfai 2003 Kyrgyz Lincom Europa ISBN 978 3 89586 843 6 Krippes Karl A 1998 Kyrgyz Kyrgyz English English Kyrgyz Glossary of Terms Hippocrene Books New York ISBN 978 0 7818 0641 1 Library of Congress Country Studies Kyrgyzstan Comrie Bernard 1983 The languages of the Soviet Union Cambridge Cambridge University Press Beckwith Christopher I 1987 1993 The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia Princeton Princeton University Press Tchoroev Tyntchtykbek 2003 The Kyrgyz in The History of Civilisations of Central Asia Vol 5 Development in contrast from the sixteenth to the mid nineteenth century Editors Ch Adle and Irfan Habib Co editor Karl M Baipakov UNESCO Publishing Multiple History Series Paris Chapter 4 p 109 125 ISBN 978 92 3 103876 1 Washington Jonathan North 2006b Root Vowels and Affix Vowels Height Effects in Kyrgyz Vowel Harmony PDF archived from the original PDF on 2007 01 13 retrieved 2007 04 12 Washington Jonathan North 2007 Phonetic and Phonological Problems in Kyrgyz A Fulbrighter s plans for gathering data in the field PDF archived from the original PDF on 2016 01 13 retrieved 2015 06 29External links Edit Kyrgyz edition of Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Kyrgyz Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kyrgyz language El Sozduk English Kyrgyz online dictionary phrasebook Android app 1 Ferdinand S amp Komlosi F 2016 Vitality of the Kyrgyz Language in Bishkek IJORS 5 2 pp 210 226 Kyrgyz language Root Vowels and Affix Vowels Height Effects in Kyrgyz Vowel Harmony in Japanese 事前学習補助教材Kyrgyz tili キルギス語 Kyrgyz exercises Archive Japan International Cooperation Agency The Talking Kyrgyz Phrasebook Kyrgyz tili Kyrgyz language resources in Russian Kerben Translit Easy Kyrgyz Cyrillic Latin converter Kyrgyz Cyrillic Arabic Latin converter Kyrgyz Russian English Dictionary Kyrgyz Latin Alphabet Kyrgyz Turkish Dictionary Kyrgyz lt gt Turkish dictionary Pamukkale University Russian Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Russian Dictionary Kyrgyz Apertium Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kyrgyz language amp oldid 1130908656, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
