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Bergen

December 29, 2022

This article is about the city in Norway. For other uses, see Bergen (disambiguation).

Bergen (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈbæ̀rɡn̩] (listen)), historically Bjørgvin, is a city and municipality in Vestland county on the west coast of Norway. As of 2021, its population is roughly 285,900.[2] Bergen is the second-largest city in Norway. The municipality covers 465 square kilometres (180 sq mi) and is on the peninsula of Bergenshalvøyen. The city centre and northern neighbourhoods are on Byfjorden, 'the city fjord', and the city is surrounded by mountains; Bergen is known as the "city of seven mountains". Many of the extra-municipal suburbs are on islands. Bergen is the administrative centre of Vestland county. The city consists of eight boroughs: Arna, Bergenhus, Fana, Fyllingsdalen, Laksevåg, Ytrebygda, Årstad, and Åsane.

Bergen
City and municipality
Flag
Coat of arms
Location of Bergen
Bergen (Vestland)
Bergen (Europe)
Coordinates: 60°23′22″N 5°19′48″E / 60.38944°N 5.33000°E / 60.38944; 5.33000Coordinates: 60°23′22″N 5°19′48″E / 60.38944°N 5.33000°E / 60.38944; 5.33000
Country Norway
RegionWestern Norway
CountyVestland
DistrictMidhordland
MunicipalityBergen
Establishedbefore 1070
Government
 • MayorRune Bakervik (Ap)
 • Governing mayorRoger Valhammer (Ap)
Area
 • City and municipality464.71 km2 (179.43 sq mi)
 • Land444.99 km2 (171.81 sq mi)
 • Water19.72 km2 (7.61 sq mi)  4.2%
 • Urban
94.03 km2 (36.31 sq mi)
 • Metro
2,755 km2 (1,064 sq mi)
Highest elevation
987 m (3,238 ft)
Lowest elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Population
 (2021)
 • City and municipality285,911
DemonymBergenser/Bergensar
Postal code
5003–5268 (P.O.box 5802–5899)
Area code(+47) 5556
Websitewww.bergen.kommune.no
Municipality
Coat of arms
Vestland within
Norway
Bergen within Vestland
CountryNorway
CountyVestland
DistrictMidhordland
Established1 January 1838
Administrative centreBergen
Official language
[1]
 • Norwegian formNeutral
ISO 3166 codeNO-4601
Data from Statistics Norway
official name

Trading in Bergen may have started as early as the 1020s. According to tradition, the city was founded in 1070 by King Olav Kyrre and was named Bjørgvin, 'the green meadow among the mountains'. It served as Norway's capital in the 13th century, and from the end of the 13th century became a bureau city of the Hanseatic League. Until 1789, Bergen enjoyed exclusive rights to mediate trade between Northern Norway and abroad and it was the largest city in Norway until the 1830s when it was overtaken by the capital, Christiania (now known as Oslo). What remains of the quays, Bryggen, is a World Heritage Site. The city was hit by numerous fires over the years. The Bergen School of Meteorology was developed at the Geophysical Institute starting in 1917, the Norwegian School of Economics was founded in 1936, and the University of Bergen in 1946. From 1831 to 1972, Bergen was its own county. In 1972 the municipality absorbed four surrounding municipalities and became a part of Hordaland county.

The city is an international center for aquaculture, shipping, the offshore petroleum industry and subsea technology, and a national centre for higher education, media, tourism and finance. Bergen Port is Norway's busiest in terms of both freight and passengers, with over 300 cruise ship calls a year bringing nearly a half a million passengers to Bergen,[3] a number that has doubled in 10 years.[4] Almost half of the passengers are German or British.[4] The city's main football team is SK Brann and a unique tradition of the city is the buekorps. Natives speak a distinct dialect, known as Bergensk. The city features Bergen Airport, Flesland and Bergen Light Rail, and is the terminus of the Bergen Line. Four large bridges connect Bergen to its suburban municipalities.

Bergen has a mild winter climate, though with a lot of precipitation. From December to March, Bergen can, in rare cases, be up to 20 °C warmer than Oslo, even though both cities are at about 60° North. The Gulf Stream keeps the sea relatively warm, considering the latitude, and the mountains protect the city from cold winds from the north, north-east and east.

History

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Bergen.
 
Hieronymus Scholeus's impression of Bergen. The drawing was made in about 1580 and was published in an atlas with drawings of many different cities (Civitaes orbis terrarum).[5]

The city of Bergen was traditionally thought to have been founded by king Olav Kyrre, son of Harald Hardråde in 1070 AD,[6] four years after the Viking Age in England ended with the Battle of Stamford Bridge. Modern research has, however, discovered that a trading settlement had already been established in the 1020s or 1030s.[7]

Bergen gradually assumed the function of capital of Norway in the early 13th century, as the first city where a rudimentary central administration was established. The city's cathedral was the site of the first royal coronation in Norway in the 1150s, and continued to host royal coronations throughout the 13th century. Bergenhus fortress dates from the 1240s and guards the entrance to the harbour in Bergen. The functions of the capital city were lost to Oslo during the reign of King Haakon V (1299–1319).

In the middle of the 14th century, North German merchants, who had already been present in substantial numbers since the 13th century, founded one of the four Kontore of the Hanseatic League at Bryggen in Bergen. The principal export traded from Bergen was dried cod from the northern Norwegian coast,[8] which started around 1100. The city was granted a monopoly for trade from the north of Norway by King Håkon Håkonsson (1217–1263).[9] Stockfish was the main reason that the city became one of North Europe's largest centres for trade.[9] By the late 14th century, Bergen had established itself as the centre of the trade in Norway.[10] The Hanseatic merchants lived in their own separate quarter of the town, where Middle Low German was used, enjoying exclusive rights to trade with the northern fishermen who each summer sailed to Bergen.[11] The Hansa community resented Scottish merchants who settled in Bergen, and on 9 November 1523 several Scottish households were targeted by German residents.[12] Today, Bergen's old quayside, Bryggen, is on UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites.[13]

 
An historic photochrom of Bergen near the end of the 19th century. Visible are Bergen Cathedral (Domkirken) in the bottom left corner, Holy Cross Church in the middle, the bay (Vågen) with its many boats and the Bergenhus Fortress to the right of the opening of Vågen.

In 1349, the Black Death was brought to Norway by an English ship arriving in Bergen.[14] Later outbreaks occurred in 1618, 1629 and 1637, on each occasion taking about 3,000 lives.[15] In the 15th century, the city was attacked several times by the Victual Brothers,[16] and in 1429 they succeeded in burning the royal castle and much of the city. In 1665, the city's harbour was the site of the Battle of Vågen, when an English naval flotilla attacked a Dutch merchant and treasure fleet supported by the city's garrison. Accidental fires sometimes got out of control, and one in 1702 reduced most of the town to ashes.

Throughout the 15th and 16th centuries, Bergen remained one of the largest cities in Scandinavia, and it was Norway's biggest city until the 1830s,[17] when the capital city of Oslo became the largest. From around 1600, the Hanseatic dominance of the city's trade gradually declined in favour of Norwegian merchants (often of Hanseatic ancestry), and in the 1750s, the Hanseatic Kontor[clarification needed] finally closed. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Bergen was involved in the Atlantic slave trade. Bergen-based slave trader Jørgen Thormøhlen, the largest shipowner in Norway, was the main owner of the slave ship Cornelia, which made two slave-trading voyages in 1673 and 1674 respectively; he also developed the city's industrial sector, particularly in the neighbourhood of Møhlenpris, which is named after him.[18] Bergen retained its monopoly of trade with northern Norway until 1789.[19] The Bergen stock exchange, the Bergen børs, was established in 1813.

Modern history

Bergen was separated from Hordaland as a county of its own in 1831.[20] It was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt). The rural municipality of Bergen landdistrikt was merged with Bergen on 1 January 1877.[21] The rural municipality of Årstad was merged with Bergen on 1 July 1915.

During World War II, Bergen was occupied on the first day of the German invasion on 9 April 1940, after a brief fight between German ships and the Norwegian coastal artillery. The Norwegian resistance movement groups in Bergen were Saborg, Milorg, "Theta-gruppen", Sivorg, Stein-organisasjonen and the Communist Party.[22] On 20 April 1944, during the German occupation, the Dutch cargo ship Voorbode anchored off the Bergenhus Fortress, loaded with over 120 tons of explosives, and blew up, killing at least 150 people and damaging historic buildings. The city was subject to some Allied bombing raids, aimed at German naval installations in the harbour. Some of these caused Norwegian civilian casualties numbering about 100.

Bergen is also well known in Norway for the Isdal Woman (Norwegian: Isdalskvinnen), an unidentified person who was found dead at Isdalen ("Ice Valley") on 29 November 1970.[23] The unsolved case encouraged international speculation over the years and it remains one of the most profound mysteries in recent Norwegian history.[24][25]

The rural municipalities of Arna, Fana, Laksevåg, and Åsane were merged with Bergen on 1 January 1972. The city lost its status as a separate county on the same date,[26] and Bergen is now a municipality, in the county of Vestland.

Fires

The city's history is marked by numerous great fires. In 1198, the Bagler faction set fire to the city in connection with a battle against the Birkebeiner faction during the civil war. In 1248, Holmen and Sverresborg burned, and 11 churches were destroyed. In 1413 another fire struck the city, and 14 churches were destroyed. In 1428 the city was plundered by the Victual Brothers, and in 1455, Hanseatic merchants were responsible for burning down Munkeliv Abbey. In 1476, Bryggen burned down in a fire started by a drunk trader. In 1582, another fire hit the city centre and Strandsiden. In 1675, 105 buildings burned down in Øvregaten. In 1686 another great fire hit Strandsiden, destroying 231 city blocks and 218 boathouses. The greatest fire in history was in 1702, when 90% of the city was burned to ashes. In 1751, there was a great fire at Vågsbunnen. In 1756, yet another fire at Strandsiden burned down 1,500 buildings, and further great fires hit Strandsiden in 1771 and 1901. In 1916, 300 buildings burned down in the city centre including the Swan pharmacy, the oldest pharmacy in Norway, and in 1955 parts of Bryggen burned down.

Toponymy

Bergen is pronounced in English /ˈbɜːrɡən/ or /ˈbɛərɡən/ and in Norwegian [ˈbæ̀rɡn̩] ( listen) (in the local dialect [ˈbæ̂ʁɡɛn]). The Old Norse forms of the name were Bergvin [ˈberɡˌwin] and Bjǫrgvin [ˈbjɔrɡˌwin] (and in Icelandic and Faroese the city is still called Björgvin). The first element is berg (n.) or bjǫrg (n.), which translates as 'mountain(s)'. The last element is vin (f.), which means a new settlement where there used to be a pasture or meadow. The full meaning is then "the meadow among the mountains".[27] This is a suitable name: Bergen is often called "the city among the seven mountains". It was the playwright Ludvig Holberg who felt so inspired by the seven hills of Rome, that he decided that his home town must be blessed with a corresponding seven mountains – and locals still argue which seven they are.

In 1918, there was a campaign to reintroduce the Norse form Bjørgvin as the name of the city. This was turned down – but as a compromise, the name of the diocese was changed to Bjørgvin bispedømme.[28]

Geography

 
Bergen: Urban areas (Statistics Norway)

Bergen occupies most of the peninsula of Bergenshalvøyen in the district of Midthordland in mid-western Hordaland. The municipality covers an area of 465 square kilometres (180 square miles). Most of the urban area is on or close to a fjord or bay, although the urban area has several mountains. The city centre is surrounded by the Seven Mountains, although there is disagreement as to which of the nine mountains constitute these. Ulriken, Fløyen, Løvstakken and Damsgårdsfjellet are always included as well as three of Lyderhorn, Sandviksfjellet, Blåmanen, Rundemanen and Kolbeinsvarden.[29] Gullfjellet is Bergen's highest mountain, at 987 metres (3,238 ft) above mean sea level.[30]

Bergen is sheltered from the North Sea by the islands Askøy, Holsnøy (the municipality of Meland) and Sotra (the municipalities of Fjell and Sund). Bergen borders the municipalities Alver and Osterøy to the north, Vaksdal and Samnanger to the east, Os (Bjørnafjorden) and Austevoll to the south, and Øygarden and Askøy to the west.

 
View of the city centre from Mt. Fløyen

Climate

 
Bergen on a rainy day

Bergen has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb), with plentiful rainfall in all seasons; with intermittent snowfall during winter, but the snow usually melts quickly in the city. Average annual precipitation during 1961–90 was 2,250 mm (89 in).[31] This is because Bergen is surrounded by mountains that cause moist North Atlantic air to undergo orographic lift, yielding abundant rainfall. It rained every day from 29 October 2006 to 21 January 2007: 85 consecutive days.[32] The highest temperature ever recorded was 33.4 °C (92.1 °F) on 26 July 2019,[33] beating the previous record from 2018 at 32.6 degrees, and the lowest was −16.3 °C (2.7 °F) in January 1987.[34] Bergen is considered the rainiest city in Europe, although it is not the wettest "place" on the continent.[35][36][37]

Bergen's weather is much warmer than the city's latitude (60.4° N) might suggest. Temperatures below −10 °C (14 °F) are rare. Summer temperatures sometimes reach the upper 20s, temperatures over 30 °C were previously only seen a few days each decade. The growing season in Bergen is exceptionally long for its latitude, with more than 200 days. Its mild winters and proximity to the Gulf stream move the plant hardiness zone between 8b and 9a depending on location. The average date for the last overnight freeze (low below 0 °C (32.0 °F)) in spring is April 4[38] and average date for first freeze in autumn is November 7[39] giving a frost-free season of 216 days (Bergen-Florida 1981-2010 average; Bergen airport has 185 days).

The high precipitation is often used in the marketing of the city, and features to a degree on postcards sold in the city. Compared to areas behind the mountains on the Scandinavian peninsula, Bergen is much wetter and has a more narrow range of temperature, with mild summers and cool winters. In fact, winters are very mild considering its high latitude, though not warmer than Denmark despite its coastal location and as much as 6 °C (11 °F) milder than on the Baltic Sea coasts of Sweden and Finland on the same latitude. Summers tend to be significantly more variable. The old sunshine hours data was from the met office in the city; at this location sunlight is obscured by mountains, especially by Ulriken.[40] A new sunrecorder was established by met.no at Bergen Airport Flesland (less terrain obscuring the sun) in December 2015, and this recorded on average 1,598 hours of sun annually during 2016–2020.[41]

Climate data for Bergen – Florida (met.office); average temperatures and precipitation 1981–2010;
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.9
(62.4) 		13.5
(56.3) 		19.8
(67.6) 		25.5
(77.9) 		31.2
(88.2) 		30.3
(86.5) 		33.4
(92.1) 		31.0
(87.8) 		27.1
(80.8) 		23.8
(74.8) 		17.9
(64.2) 		13.9
(57.0) 		33.4
(92.1)
Average high °C (°F) 4.3
(39.7) 		4.5
(40.1) 		6.5
(43.7) 		10.4
(50.7) 		14.7
(58.5) 		17.3
(63.1) 		19.1
(66.4) 		18.6
(65.5) 		15.4
(59.7) 		11.4
(52.5) 		7.3
(45.1) 		4.8
(40.6) 		11.2
(52.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 2.2
(36.0) 		2.2
(36.0) 		3.8
(38.8) 		7
(45) 		10.9
(51.6) 		13.6
(56.5) 		15.6
(60.1) 		15.4
(59.7) 		12.4
(54.3) 		8.8
(47.8) 		5.1
(41.2) 		2.7
(36.9) 		8.3
(47.0)
Average low °C (°F) 0.1
(32.2) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		1.1
(34.0) 		3.6
(38.5) 		7
(45) 		9.9
(49.8) 		12.2
(54.0) 		12.1
(53.8) 		9.4
(48.9) 		6.2
(43.2) 		2.8
(37.0) 		0.6
(33.1) 		5.4
(41.8)
Record low °C (°F) −16.3
(2.7) 		−13.4
(7.9) 		−12.0
(10.4) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		0.8
(33.4) 		2.5
(36.5) 		2.5
(36.5) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		−10.0
(14.0) 		−13.0
(8.6) 		−16.3
(2.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 252.7
(9.95) 		197.8
(7.79) 		200.3
(7.89) 		133.7
(5.26) 		104.5
(4.11) 		119.4
(4.70) 		151.1
(5.95) 		198.4
(7.81) 		254.9
(10.04) 		270.8
(10.66) 		261.4
(10.29) 		267.8
(10.54) 		2,412.8
(94.99)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 19.1 16.4 17.4 14.0 12.8 12.8 14.5 15.9 17.0 19.1 18.1 18.5 195.6
Average relative humidity (%) 78 76 73 72 72 76 77 78 79 79 78 79 76
Source: Meteoclimat (temperatures)[42]
Climate data for Bergen Airport Flesland; average temperatures and precipitation 1981–2010; sunshine 1961–1990
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.9
(62.4) 		13.5
(56.3) 		17.2
(63.0) 		22.5
(72.5) 		31.2
(88.2) 		29.9
(85.8) 		33.4
(92.1) 		31.0
(87.8) 		27.1
(80.8) 		23.8
(74.8) 		17.9
(64.2) 		13.9
(57.0) 		33.4
(92.1)
Average high °C (°F) 3.9
(39.0) 		3.9
(39.0) 		5.6
(42.1) 		9.4
(48.9) 		13.3
(55.9) 		16.1
(61.0) 		17.8
(64.0) 		17.8
(64.0) 		14.4
(57.9) 		10.6
(51.1) 		6.7
(44.1) 		4.4
(39.9) 		10.3
(50.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 1.4
(34.5) 		1.4
(34.5) 		2.8
(37.0) 		5.8
(42.4) 		9.5
(49.1) 		12.5
(54.5) 		14.5
(58.1) 		14.5
(58.1) 		11.4
(52.5) 		8.1
(46.6) 		4.2
(39.6) 		1.9
(35.4) 		7.3
(45.2)
Average low °C (°F) −1.1
(30.0) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		0.0
(32.0) 		2.2
(36.0) 		5.6
(42.1) 		8.9
(48.0) 		11.1
(52.0) 		11.1
(52.0) 		8.3
(46.9) 		5.6
(42.1) 		1.7
(35.1) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		4.3
(39.8)
Record low °C (°F) −16.3
(2.7) 		−13.4
(7.9) 		−12.0
(10.4) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		0.8
(33.4) 		2.5
(36.5) 		2.5
(36.5) 		0.0
(32.0) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		−10.0
(14.0) 		−13.0
(8.6) 		−16.3
(2.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 225.5
(8.88) 		169.4
(6.67) 		188.8
(7.43) 		144.5
(5.69) 		110.8
(4.36) 		111.6
(4.39) 		157.0
(6.18) 		189.7
(7.47) 		272.7
(10.74) 		257.5
(10.14) 		296.1
(11.66) 		223.9
(8.81) 		2,347.6
(92.43)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 19.1 16.4 17.3 14.0 12.8 12.7 14.5 15.9 17.0 19.1 18.1 18.5 195.4
Average relative humidity (%) 78 76 73 72 72 76 77 78 79 79 78 79 76
Mean monthly sunshine hours 19 56 94 147 186 189 167 144 86 60 27 12 1,187
Source 1: NOAA (temperatures)[43] NOAA (humidity and sunshine)[44]
Source 2: Voodoo Skies for extremes[45] Naturen[46]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
15005,500—    
176918,827+242.3%
185537,015+96.6%
190094,485+155.3%
1910104,224+10.3%
1920118,490+13.7%
1930129,118+9.0%
1940—    
1950162,381—    
1960185,822+14.4%
1970209,066+12.5%
1980207,674−0.7%
1990212,944+2.5%
2000229,496+7.8%
2010256,580+11.8%
2014271,949+6.0%
2016278,121+2.3%
Source: Statistics Norway.[47][48] Note: The municipalities of Arna, Fana, Laksevåg and Åsane were merged with Bergen 1 January 1972.

As of the start of 2022, the municipality had a population of 286,930,[2] making the population density 599 people per km2. Urban areas, as defined by Statistics Norway, consist of Indre Arna (6,536 residents on 1 January 2012), Fanahammeren (3,690), Ytre Arna (2,626), Hylkje (2,277) and Espeland (2,182).[49]

Minorities (first and second generation) in Bergen by country of origin, 1 January 2021[50]
Ancestry Number
Total 52,919
  Poland 6,883
  Lithuania 2,340
  Somalia 2,026
  Iraq 1,940
  Syria 1,668
  Germany 1,587
  Eritrea 1,557
  Vietnam 1,358
  Romania 1,346
  Philippines 1,280

People of Norwegian origin (those who have two parents born in Norway) make up 84.5% of Bergen's residents. In addition, 8.1% were first or second generation immigrants of Western background and 7.4% were first or second generation immigrants of non-Western background.[51] The population grew by 4,549 people in 2009, a growth rate of 1,8%. Ninety-six percent of the population lives in urban areas. As of 2002, the average gross income for men above the age of 17 is 426,000 Norwegian krone (NOK), the average gross income for women above the age of 17 is NOK 238,000, with the total average gross income being NOK 330,000.[51] In 2007, there were 104.6 men for every 100 women in the age group of 20–39.[51] 22.8% of the population were under 17 years of age, while 4.5% were 80 and above.

The immigrant population (those with two foreign-born parents) in Bergen, includes 42,169 individuals with backgrounds from more than 200 countries representing 15.5% of the city's population (2014). Of these, 50.2% have background from Europe, 28.9% from Asia, 13.1% from Africa, 5.5% from Latin America, 1.9% from North America, and 0.4% from Oceania. The immigrant population in Bergen in the period 1993–2008 increased by 119.7%, while the ethnic Norwegian population grew by 8.1% during the same period. The national average is 138.0% and 4.2%. The immigrant population has thus accounted for 43.6% of Bergen's population growth and 60.8% of Norway's population growth during the period 1993–2008, compared with 84.5% in Oslo.[52]

The immigrant population in Bergen has changed a lot since 1970. As of 1 January 1986, there were 2,870 people with a non-Western immigrant background in Bergen. In 2006, this figure had increased to 14,630, so the non-Western immigrant population in Bergen was five times higher than in 1986. This is a slightly slower growth than the national average, which has sextupled during the same period. Also in relation to the total population in Bergen, the proportion of non-Westerns increased significantly. In 1986, the proportion of the total population in the municipality of non-Western background was 3.6%. In January 2006, people with a non-Western immigrant background accounted for 6 percent of the population in Bergen. The share of Western immigrants has remained stable at around 2% in the period. The number of Poles in Bergen rose from 697 in 2006 to 3,128 in 2010.[53]

The Church of Norway is the largest denomination in Bergen, with 201,006 (79.74%) registered adherents in 2012. Bergen is the seat of the Diocese of Bjørgvin with Bergen Cathedral as its centrepiece, while St John's Church is the city's most prominent. As of 2012, the state church is followed by 52,059 irreligious,[54] 4,947 members of various Protestant free churches, 3,873 actively registered Catholics,[55][56] 2,707 registered Muslims, 816 registered Hindus, 255 registered Russian Orthodox and 147 registered Oriental Orthodox.

Cityscape

Bergen
UNESCO World Heritage Site
 
Bryggen in Bergen, built after 1702
LocationBergen Municipality, Bergen, Norway
CriteriaCultural: (iii)
Reference59
Inscription1979 (3rd Session)
Area1.196 ha (128,700 sq ft)
Websitewww.stiftelsenbryggen.no
 
Night view of Bergen from Mount Floyen

The city centre of Bergen lies in the west of the municipality, facing the fjord of Byfjorden. It is among a group of mountains known as the Seven Mountains, although the number is a matter of definition. From here, the urban area of Bergen extends to the north, west and south, and to its east is a large mountain massif. Outside the city centre and the surrounding neighbourhoods (i.e. Årstad, inner Laksevåg and Sandviken), the majority of the population lives in relatively sparsely populated residential areas built after 1950. While some are dominated by apartment buildings and modern terraced houses (e.g. Fyllingsdalen), others are dominated by single-family homes.[57]

 
View of the city centre with Torgallmenningen

The oldest part of Bergen is the area around the bay of Vågen in the city centre. Originally centred on the bay's eastern side, Bergen eventually expanded west and southwards. Few buildings from the oldest period remain, the most significant being St Mary's Church from the 12th century. For several hundred years, the extent of the city remained almost constant. The population was stagnant, and the city limits were narrow.[58] In 1702, seven-eighths of the city burned. Most of the old buildings of Bergen, including Bryggen (which was rebuilt in a mediaeval style), were built after the fire. The fire marked a transition from tar covered houses, as well as the remaining log houses, to painted and some brick-covered wooden buildings.[59]

The last half of the 19th century saw a period of rapid expansion and modernisation. The fire of 1855 west of Torgallmenningen led to the development of regularly sized city blocks in this area of the city centre. The city limits were expanded in 1876, and Nygård, Møhlenpris and Sandviken were urbanized with large-scale construction of city blocks housing both the poor and the wealthy.[60] Their architecture is influenced by a variety of styles; historicism, classicism and Art Nouveau.[61] The wealthy built villas between Møhlenpris and Nygård, and on the side of Mount Fløyen; these areas were also added to Bergen in 1876. Simultaneously, an urbanization process was taking place in Solheimsviken in Årstad, at that time outside the Bergen municipality, centred on the large industrial activity in the area.[62] The workers' homes in this area were poorly built, and little remains after large-scale redevelopment in the 1960s–1980s.

After Årstad became a part of Bergen in 1916, a development plan was applied to the new area. Few city blocks akin to those in Nygård and Møhlenpris were planned. Many of the worker class built their own homes, and many small, detached apartment buildings were built. After World War II, Bergen had again run short of land to build on, and, contrary to the original plans, many large apartment buildings were built in Landås in the 1950s and 1960s. Bergen acquired Fyllingsdalen from Fana municipality in 1955. Like similar areas in Oslo (e.g. Lambertseter), Fyllingsdalen was developed into a modern suburb with large apartment buildings, mid-rises, and some single-family homes, in the 1960s and 1970s. Similar developments took place beyond Bergen's city limits, for example in Loddefjord.[63]

 
View from the Nordnes part of Bergen.

At the same time as planned city expansion took place inside Bergen, its extra-municipal suburbs also grew rapidly. Wealthy citizens of Bergen had been living in Fana since the 19th century, but as the city expanded it became more convenient to settle in the municipality. Similar processes took place in Åsane and Laksevåg. Most of the homes in these areas are detached row houses,[clarification needed] single family homes or small apartment buildings.[63] After the surrounding municipalities were merged with Bergen in 1972, expansion has continued in largely the same manner, although the municipality encourages condensing near commercial centres, future Bergen Light Rail stations, and elsewhere.[64][65]

As part of the modernisation wave of the 1950s and 1960s, and due to damage caused by World War II, the city government ambitiously planned redevelopment of many areas in central Bergen. The plans involved demolition of several neighbourhoods of wooden houses, namely Nordnes, Marken, and Stølen. None of the plans was carried out in its original form; the Marken and Stølen redevelopment plans were discarded and that of Nordnes only carried out in the area that had been most damaged by war. The city council of Bergen had in 1964 voted to demolish the entirety of Marken, however, the decision proved to be highly controversial and the decision was reversed in 1974. Bryggen was under threat of being wholly or partly demolished after the fire of 1955, when a large number of the buildings burned to the ground. Instead of being demolished, the remaining buildings were restored and accompanied by reconstructions of some of the burned buildings.[63]

Demolition of old buildings and occasionally whole city blocks is still taking place, the most recent major example being the 2007 razing of Jonsvollskvartalet at Nøstet.[66]

Billboards are banned in the city.[67]

 
Panorama of the reconstructed Hanseatic buildings of Bryggen, a World Heritage Site

Administration

Further information: List of mayors of Bergen

Since 2000, the city of Bergen has been governed by a city government (byråd) based on the principle of parliamentarism.[68] The government consists of seven government members called commissioners, and is appointed by the city council, the supreme authority of the city.

This is the political party breakdown of the current and historical city councils:

Bergen bystyre 2020–2023 [69]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)13
 People's Action No to More Road Tolls
(Folkeaksjonen nei til mer bompenger)		11
 Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet)3
 Green Party (Miljøpartiet De Grønne)7
 Conservative Party (Høyre)14
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)2
 Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet)1
 Red Party (Rødt)3
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)4
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)6
 Liberal Party (Venstre)3
Total number of members:67
Bergen bystyre 2016–2019 [70]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)28
 Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet)6
 Green Party (Miljøpartiet De Grønne)4
 Conservative Party (Høyre)15
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)6
 Red Party (Rødt)2
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)1
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)5
 Liberal Party (Venstre)6
Total number of members:73
Bergen bystyre 2012–2015 [71]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)19
 Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet)7
 Green Party (Miljøpartiet De Grønne)1
 Conservative Party (Høyre)24
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)4
 Red Party (Rødt)2
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)1
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)3
 Liberal Party (Venstre)5
 City Air List (Byluftlisten)1
Total number of members:67
Bergen bystyre 2008–2011 [70]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)16
 Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet)14
 Conservative Party (Høyre)18
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)4
 Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet)1
 Red Party (Rødt)3
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)2
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)5
 Liberal Party (Venstre)4
Total number of members:67
Bergen bystyre 2004–2007 [70]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)15
 Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet)12
 Conservative Party (Høyre)18
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)4
 Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet)3
 Red Electoral Alliance (Rød Valgallianse)4
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)1
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)8
 Liberal Party (Venstre)2
Total number of members:67
Bergen bystyre 2000–2003 [70]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)20
 Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet)13
 Conservative Party (Høyre)14
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)7
 Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet)1
 Red Electoral Alliance (Rød Valgallianse)4
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)1
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)5
 Liberal Party (Venstre)2
Total number of members:67
Bergen bystyre 1996–1999 [72]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)24
 Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet)14
 Conservative Party (Høyre)19
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)9
 Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet)1
 Red Electoral Alliance (Rød Valgallianse)4
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)3
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)5
 Liberal Party (Venstre)6
Total number of members:85
Bergen bystyre 1992–1995 [73]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)30
 Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet)10
 Conservative Party (Høyre)16
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)7
 Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet)3
 Red Electoral Alliance (Rød Valgallianse)2
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)4
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)10
 Liberal Party (Venstre)3
Total number of members:85
Bergen bystyre 1988–1991 [74]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)29
 Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet)17
 Conservative Party (Høyre)22
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)7
 Red Electoral Alliance (Rød Valgallianse)1
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)5
 Joint list of the Liberal Party (Venstre) and
Liberal People's Party (Liberale Folkepartiet)		4
Total number of members:85
Bergen bystyre 1984–1987 [75]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)30
 Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet)9
 Conservative Party (Høyre)27
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)8
 Liberal People's Party (Liberale Folkepartiet)1
 Red Electoral Alliance (Rød Valgallianse)1
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)1
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)5
 Liberal Party (Venstre)3
Total number of members:85
Bergen bystyre 1980–1983 [76]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)26
 Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet)4
 Conservative Party (Høyre)35
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)9
 Liberal People's Party (Liberale Folkepartiet)1
 Red Electoral Alliance (Rød Valgallianse)1
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)1
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)3
 Liberal Party (Venstre)5
Total number of members:85
Bergen bystyre 1976–1979 [77]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)29
 Anders Lange's Party (Anders Langes parti)2
 Conservative Party (Høyre)28
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)11
 New People's Party (Nye Folkepartiet)5
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)2
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)5
 Liberal Party (Venstre)3
Total number of members:85
Bergen bystyre 1972–1975 [78]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)33
 Conservative Party (Høyre)20
 Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti)3
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)7
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)3
 Socialist People's Party (Sosialistisk Folkeparti)4
 Liberal Party (Venstre)15
Total number of members:85
Bergen bystyre 1968–1971 [79]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)36
 Conservative Party (Høyre)20
 Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti)1
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)5
 Socialist People's Party (Sosialistisk Folkeparti)3
 Liberal Party (Venstre)12
Total number of members:77
Bergen bystyre 1964–1967 [80]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)37
 Conservative Party (Høyre)22
 Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti)1
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)4
 Socialist People's Party (Sosialistisk Folkeparti)2
 Liberal Party (Venstre)11
Total number of members:77
Bergen bystyre 1960–1963 [81]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)34
 Conservative Party (Høyre)20
 Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti)4
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)7
 Liberal Party (Venstre)12
Total number of members:77
Bergen bystyre 1956–1959 [82]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)34
 Conservative Party (Høyre)18
 Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti)6
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)7
 Liberal Party (Venstre)12
Total number of members:77
Bergen bystyre 1952–1955 [83]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)35
 Conservative Party (Høyre)15
 Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti)6
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)7
 Liberal Party (Venstre)13
Total number of members:76
Bergen bystyre 1948–1951 [84]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)25
 Conservative Party (Høyre)14
 Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti)13
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)7
 Liberal Party (Venstre)16
 Local List(s) (Lokale lister)1
Total number of members:76
Bergen bystyre 1945–1947 [85]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)24
 Conservative Party (Høyre)11
 Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti)21
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)6
 Liberal Party (Venstre)12
 Local List(s) (Lokale lister)2
Total number of members:76
Bergen bystyre 1938–1941* [86]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)27
 Temperance Party (Avholdspartiet)7
 Free-minded People's Party (Frisinnede Folkeparti)5
 Conservative Party (Høyre)13
 Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti)7
 Liberal Party (Venstre)17
Total number of members:76
Note: Due to the German occupation of Norway during World War II, no elections were held for new municipal councils until after the war ended in 1945.
Bergen bystyre 1935–1937 [87]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)27
 Temperance Party (Avholdspartiet)8
 Free-minded People's Party (Frisinnede Folkeparti)9
 Conservative Party (Høyre)10
 Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti)9
 Liberal Party (Venstre)13
Total number of members:76
Bergen bystyre 1932–1934 [88]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)21
 Temperance Party (Avholdspartiet)4
 Free-minded People's Party (Frisinnede Folkeparti)13
 Conservative Party (Høyre)13
 Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti)11
 Liberal Party (Venstre)14
Total number of members:76
Bergen bystyre 1929–1931 [89]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)21
 Temperance Party (Avholdspartiet)6
 Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti)16
 Liberal Party (Venstre)11
 Joint list of the Conservative Party (Høyre)
and the Free-minded Liberal Party (Frisinnede Venstre)		22
Total number of members:76
Bergen bystyre 1926–1928 [90]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)2
 Temperance Party (Avholdspartiet)6
 Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti)22
 Social Democratic Labour Party
(Socialdemokratiske Arbeiderparti)		8
 Liberal Party (Venstre)9
 Joint list of the Conservative Party (Høyre)
and the Free-minded Liberal Party (Frisinnede Venstre)		26
 Homeowners' list (Huseiere liste)3
Total number of members:76
Bergen bystyre 1923–1925 [91]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)28
 Temperance Party (Avholdspartiet)6
 Social Democratic Labour Party
(Socialdemokratiske Arbeiderparti)		6
 Liberal Party (Venstre)5
 Joint list of the Conservative Party (Høyre)
and the Free-minded Liberal Party (Frisinnede Venstre)		26
 Local List(s) (Lokale lister)5
Total number of members:76
Bergen bystyre 1920–1922 [92]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)24
 Temperance Party (Avholdspartiet)8
 Free-minded Liberal Party (Frisinnede Venstre)3
 Conservative Party (Høyre)28
 Liberal Party (Venstre)7
 Local List(s) (Lokale lister)6
Total number of members:76

Boroughs

 
Boroughs of Bergen

Bergen is divided into eight boroughs,[93] as seen on the map to the right. Clockwise, starting with the northernmost, the boroughs are Åsane, Arna, Fana, Ytrebygda, Fyllingsdalen, Laksevåg, Årstad and Bergenhus. The city centre is located in Bergenhus. Parts of Fana, Ytrebygda, Åsane and Arna are not part of the Bergen urban area, explaining why the municipality has approximately 20,000 more inhabitants than the urban area.[94]

Local borough administrations have varied since Bergen's expansion in 1972. From 1974, each borough had a politically chosen administration. From 1989, Bergen was divided into 12 health and social districts, each locally administered. From 2000 to 2004, the former organizational form with eight politically chosen local administrations was again in use and from 2008 through to 2010, a similar form existed where the local administrations had less power than previously.[95]

Borough Population[96] % Area (km2) % Density
(/km2)
Arna 12,680 4.9 102.44 22.0 123
Bergenhus1 38,544 14.8 26.58 5.7 4.415
Fana 38,317 14.8 159.70 34.3 239
Fyllingsdalen 28,844 11.1 18.84 4.0 1.530
Laksevåg 38,391 14.8 32.72 7.0 1.173
Ytrebygda 25,710 9.9 39.61 8.5 649
Årstad2 37,614 14.5 14.78 3.2 4.440
Åsane 39,534 15.2 71.01 15.2 556
Not stated 758
Total 260,392 100 465.68 100 559

(Pertaining to the table above: The acreage figures include fresh water and uninhabited mountain areas, except:
1 1 The borough Bergenhus is 8.73 km2 (3.37 sq mi), the rest is water and uninhabited mountain areas.
2 2 The borough Årstad is 8.47 km2 (3.27 sq mi), the rest is water and uninhabited mountain areas.)

Former borough: Sentrum
Sentrum (literally, "Centre") was a borough (with the same name as a present-day neighbourhood). The borough was numbered 01, and its perimeter was from Store Lungegårdsvann and Strømmen along Puddefjorden around Nordnes and over to Skuteviken, up Mt. Fløyen east of Langelivannet, on to Skansemyren and over Forskjønnelsen to Store Lungegårdsvann, south of the railroad tracks.[97]

The population of the (now defunct) borough, numbered in 1994 more than 18,000 people.[97]

Education

 
The male choir of the University of Bergen

There are 64 elementary schools,[98] 18 lower secondary schools[99] and 20 upper secondary schools[100] in Bergen, as well as 11 combined elementary and lower secondary schools.[101] Bergen Cathedral School is the oldest school in Bergen and was founded by Pope Adrian IV in 1153.[102]

The "Bergen School of Meteorology" was developed at the Geophysical Institute beginning in 1917, the Norwegian School of Economics was founded in 1936, and the University of Bergen in 1946.[103][104]

The University of Bergen has 16,000 students and 3,000 staff, making it the third-largest educational institution in Norway.[105] Research in Bergen dates back to activity at Bergen Museum in 1825, although the university was not founded until 1946. The university has a broad range of courses and research in academic fields and three national centres of excellence, in climate research, petroleum research and medieval studies.[106] The main campus is located in the city centre. The university co-operates with Haukeland University Hospital within medical research. The Chr. Michelsen Institute is an independent research foundation established in 1930 focusing on human rights and development issues.[107]

The Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, which has its main campus in Kronstad, has 16,000 students and 1800 staff.[108] It focuses on professional education, such as teaching, healthcare and engineering. The college was created through amalgamation in 1994; campuses are spread around town but will be co-located at Kronstad. The Norwegian School of Economics is located in outer Sandviken and is the leading business school in Norway,[109] having produced three Economy Nobel Prize laureates.[110] The school has more than 3,000 students and approximately 400 staff.[111] Other tertiary education institutions include the Bergen School of Architecture, the Bergen National Academy of the Arts, located in the city centre with 300 students,[112] and the Norwegian Naval Academy located in Laksevåg. The Norwegian Institute of Marine Research has been located in Bergen since 1900. It provides research and advice relating to ecosystems and aquaculture. It has a staff of 700 people.[113]

Economy

 
Strandgaten is a shopping street in Bergen.
 
The stock exchange, Bergen Børs (est. 1813) erected its new building in 1861–1862; the building was sold in 1967.

In August 2004, Time magazine named the city one of Europe's 14 "secret capitals"[114] where Bergen's capital reign is acknowledged within maritime businesses and activities such as aquaculture and marine research, with the Institute of Marine Research (IMR) (the second-largest oceanography research centre in Europe) as a leading institution. Some of the world's largest aquaculture companies, such as Mowi and Lerøy are headquartered in the city. Shipowners based in Bergen control a significant portion of the Norwegian merchant fleet, including shipowners such as Wilson, Odfjell and Gearbulk. The city has a large presence of financial institutions. Banks Sbanken and Sparebanken Vest are headquartered in the city. The Norwegian branches of insurance companies Tryg, DNB Livsforsikring and Nordea Liv are headquartered in Bergen, along with a significant presence of marine insurance companies, including Norwegian Hull Club. A number of banks maintain large corporate banking divisions in connection with shipping and aquaculture in the city.

Bergen is the main base for the Royal Norwegian Navy (at Haakonsvern) and its international airport Flesland is the main heliport for the Norwegian North Sea oil and gas industry, from where thousands of offshore workers commute to their work places onboard oil and gas rigs and platforms.[115]

Tourism is an important income source for the city. The hotels in the city may be full at times,[116][117] due to the increasing number of tourists and conferences. Bergen is recognized as the unofficial capital of the region known as Western Norway, and recognized and marketed as the gateway city to the world-famous fjords of Norway, and for that reason, it has become Norway's largest – and one of Europe's largest – cruise ship ports of call.[118]

Further information: Elprice
 
Office buildings in Bergen.

Transport

Bergen Airport, Flesland, is located 18 kilometres (11 mi) from the city centre, at Flesland.[119] In 2013, the Avinor-operated airport served 6 million passengers. The airport serves as a hub for Scandinavian Airlines, Norwegian Air Shuttle and Widerøe; there are direct flights to 20 domestic and 53 international destinations.[120] Bergen Port, operated by Bergen Port Authority, is the largest seaport in Norway.[121] In 2011, the port saw 264 cruise calls with 350,248 visitors,[122] In 2009, the port handled 56 million tonnes of cargo, making it the ninth-busiest cargo port in Europe.[123] There are plans to move the port out of the city centre, but no location has been chosen.[124] Fjord Line operates a cruiseferry service to Hirtshals, Denmark. Bergen is the southern terminus of Hurtigruten, the Coastal Express, which operates with daily services along the coast to Kirkenes.[119] Passenger catamarans run from Bergen south to Leirvik and Sunnhordland, and north to Sognefjord and Nordfjord.[125]

 
Bergen Railway Station

The city centre is surrounded by an electronic toll collection ring using the Autopass system.[126] The main motorways consist of E39, which runs north–south through the municipality, E16, which runs eastwards, and National Road 555, which runs westwards. There are four major bridges connecting Bergen to neighbouring municipalities: the Nordhordland Bridge,[127] the Askøy Bridge,[128] the Sotra Bridge[129] and the Osterøy Bridge. Bergen connects to the island of Bjorøy via the subsea Bjorøy Tunnel.[130]

Bergen Station is the terminus of the Bergen Line, which runs 496 kilometres (308 mi) to Oslo.[131] Vy operates express trains to Oslo and the Bergen Commuter Rail to Voss. Between Bergen and Arna Station, the train runs about every 30 minutes through the Ulriken Tunnel; there is no corresponding road tunnel, forcing road vehicles to travel via Åsane or Nesttun.[132]

 
Fløybanen is a funicular which runs up Mount Fløyen

Bergen is one of the smallest cities in Europe to have both tram and trolleybus electric urban transport systems simultaneously. Public transport in Hordaland is managed by Skyss, which operates an extensive city bus network in Bergen and to many neighbouring municipalities,[133] including one route which operates as a trolleybus. The trolleybus system in Bergen is the only one still in operation in Norway and one of two trolleybus systems in Scandinavia.[134]

The modern tram Bergen Light Rail (Bybanen) opened between the city centre and Nesttun in 2010,[135] extended to Rådal (Lagunen Storsenter) in 2013 and to the Bergen airport Flesland in 2017.[136] Extensions to other boroughs may occur later.[137] Fløibanen is a funicular which runs from the city centre to Mount Fløyen and Ulriksbanen is an aerial tramway which runs to Mount Ulriken.

Culture and sports

 
The Markens and Mathismarkens Buekorps at Bryggen

Bergens Tidende (BT) and Bergensavisen (BA) are the largest newspapers, with circulations of 87,076 and 30,719 in 2006,[138] BT is a regional newspaper covering all of Vestland, while BA focuses on metropolitan Bergen. Other newspapers published in Bergen include the Christian national Dagen, with a circulation of 8.936,[138] and TradeWinds, an international shipping newspaper. Local newspapers are Fanaposten for Fana, Sydvesten for Laksevåg and Fyllingsdalen and Bygdanytt for Arna and the neighbouring municipality Osterøy.[138] TV 2, Norway's largest private television company, is based in Bergen.

The 1,500-seat Grieg Hall is the city's main cultural venue,[139] and home of the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra, founded in 1765,[140] and the Bergen Woodwind Quintet. The city also features Carte Blanche, the Norwegian national company of contemporary dance. The annual Bergen International Festival is the main cultural festival, which is supplemented by the Bergen International Film Festival. Two internationally renowned composers from Bergen are Edvard Grieg and Ole Bull. Grieg's home, Troldhaugen, has been converted to a museum. During the 1990s and early 2000s, Bergen produced a series of successful pop, rock and black metal artists,[141] collectively known as the Bergen Wave.[142][143]

Den Nationale Scene is Bergen's main theatre. Founded in 1850, it had Henrik Ibsen as one of its first in-house playwrights and art directors. Bergen's contemporary art scene is centred on BIT Teatergarasjen, Bergen Kunsthall, United Sardines Factory (USF) and Bergen Center for Electronic Arts (BEK). Bergen was a European Capital of Culture in 2000.[144] Buekorps is a unique feature of Bergen culture, consisting of boys aged from 7 to 21 parading with imitation weapons and snare drums.[145][146] The city's Hanseatic heritage is documented in the Hanseatic Museum located at Bryggen.[147]

SK Brann is Bergen's premier football team; founded in 1908, they have played in the (men's) Norwegian Premier League for all but seven years since 1963 and consecutively, except one season after relegation in 2014, since 1987. The team were the football champions in 1961–1962, 1963, and 2007,[148] and reached the quarter-finals of the Cup Winners' Cup in 1996–1997. Brann play their home games at the 17,824-seat Brann Stadion.[149] FK Fyllingsdalen is the city's second-best team, playing in the Second Division at Varden Amfi. Its predecessor, Fyllingen, played in the Norwegian Premier League in 1990, 1991 and 1993. Arna-Bjørnar and Sandviken play in the Women's Premier League.

Bergen IK is the premier men's ice hockey team, playing at Bergenshallen in the First Division. Tertnes play in the Women's Premier Handball League, and Fyllingen in the Men's Premier Handball League. In athletics, the city is dominated by IL Norna-Salhus, IL Gular and FIK BFG Fana, formerly also Norrøna IL and TIF Viking.

Bergensk is the native dialect of Bergen. It was strongly influenced by Low German-speaking merchants from the mid-14th to mid-18th centuries. During the Dano-Norwegian period from 1536 to 1814, Bergen was more influenced by Danish than other areas of Norway. The Danish influence removed the female grammatical gender in the 16th century, making Bergensk one of very few Norwegian dialects with only two instead of three grammatical genders. The Rs are uvular trills, as in French, which probably spread to Bergen some time in the 18th century, overtaking the alveolar trill in the time span of two to three generations. Owing to an improved literacy rate, Bergensk was influenced by riksmål and bokmål in the 19th and 20th centuries. This led to large parts of the German-inspired vocabulary disappearing and pronunciations shifting slightly towards East Norwegian.[150]

The 1986 edition of the Eurovision Song Contest took place in Bergen. Bergen was the host city for the 2017 UCI Road World Championships. The city is also a member of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network in the category of gastronomy since 2015.[151]

 
Picture of Bryggen from the opposite pier during night time. On the upper right side (hidden by fog) the Fløibanen up to Mt. Fløyen.

Music

 
Aurora performing in London, 2016

Bergen has been the home of several notable alternative bands, collectively referred to as the Bergen Wave. These bands include Röyksopp and Kings of Convenience on the small, Bergen-based record label Tellé Records, as well as related side-projects, such as The Whitest Boy Alive and Kommode, on independent labels. Other internationally well-received artists also originating from Bergen include Sondre Lerche, Magnet, Kygo, Boy Pablo and Alan Walker. Bergen is also known as the "black metal capital of Norway", due to its role in the early Norwegian black metal scene and the amount of acts to come from the city in the early 1990s.[152]

Bergen is also the birthplace of composer Edvard Grieg.

Street art

Bergen is considered to be the street art capital of Norway.[153] Famed artist Banksy visited the city in 2000[154] and inspired many to start creating street art. Soon after, the city brought up the most famous street artist in Norway: Dolk.[155][156] His art can still be seen in several places in the city, and in 2009 the city council choose to preserve Dolk's work "Spray" with protective glass.[157] In 2011, Bergen council launched a plan of action for street art in Bergen from 2011 to 2015 to ensure that "Bergen will lead the fashion for street art as an expression both in Norway and Scandinavia".[158]

The Madam Felle (1831–1908) monument in Sandviken, is in honour of a Norwegian woman of German origin, who in the mid-19th century managed, against the will of the council, to maintain a counter of beer. A well-known restaurant of the same name is now situated at another location in Bergen. The monument was erected in 1990 by sculptor Kari Rolfsen, supported by an anonymous donor. Madam Felle, civil name Oline Fell, was remembered after her death in a popular song, possibly originally a folksong,[159] "Kjenner Dokker Madam Felle?" by Lothar Lindtner and Rolf Berntzen on an album in 1977.

Neighbourhoods

The traditional neighbourhoods of Bergen include Bryggen, Eidemarken, Engen, Fjellet,

Kalfaret, Ladegården, Løvstakksiden,[160] Marken, Minde,

Møhlenpris, Nordnes, Nygård, Nøstet, Sandviken,

Sentrum, Skansen, Skuteviken, Strandsiden, Stølen, Sydnes,

Verftet, Vågsbunnen, Wergeland,[161] and Ytre Sandviken.

Grunnkretser

The various addresses in Bergen, each belong to one of the various grunnkrets.

International business

Each year Bergen sells the Christmas Tree seen in Newcastle's Haymarket as a sign of the ongoing friendship between the sister cities.[162] The Nordic friendship cities of Bergen, Gothenburg, Turku and Aarhus arrange inter-Nordic camps each year by registering tenth grade school classes from each of the other cities to school camps, for a profit. Bergen received a totem pole as a gift of friendship from the city of Seattle on the city's 900th anniversary in 1970. It is now placed in the Nordnes Park and gazes out over the sea towards the friendship city far to the west.

Sister (town) cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Norway

Planned partner city relations:

Notable people from Bergen

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Bibliography

See also: Bibliography of the history of Bergen

External links

 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Bergen.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bergen, Norway.
 
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Bergen".

December 29, 2022
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This article is about the city in Norway For other uses see Bergen disambiguation Bergen Norwegian pronunciation ˈbae rɡn listen historically Bjorgvin is a city and municipality in Vestland county on the west coast of Norway As of 2021 update its population is roughly 285 900 2 Bergen is the second largest city in Norway The municipality covers 465 square kilometres 180 sq mi and is on the peninsula of Bergenshalvoyen The city centre and northern neighbourhoods are on Byfjorden the city fjord and the city is surrounded by mountains Bergen is known as the city of seven mountains Many of the extra municipal suburbs are on islands Bergen is the administrative centre of Vestland county The city consists of eight boroughs Arna Bergenhus Fana Fyllingsdalen Laksevag Ytrebygda Arstad and Asane BergenCity and municipalityFlagCoat of armsLocation of BergenShow map of NorwayBergen Vestland Show map of VestlandBergen Europe Show map of EuropeCoordinates 60 23 22 N 5 19 48 E 60 38944 N 5 33000 E 60 38944 5 33000 Coordinates 60 23 22 N 5 19 48 E 60 38944 N 5 33000 E 60 38944 5 33000Country NorwayRegionWestern NorwayCountyVestlandDistrictMidhordlandMunicipalityBergenEstablishedbefore 1070Government MayorRune Bakervik Ap Governing mayorRoger Valhammer Ap Area City and municipality464 71 km2 179 43 sq mi Land444 99 km2 171 81 sq mi Water19 72 km2 7 61 sq mi 4 2 Urban94 03 km2 36 31 sq mi Metro2 755 km2 1 064 sq mi Highest elevation987 m 3 238 ft Lowest elevation0 m 0 ft Population 2021 City and municipality285 911DemonymBergenser BergensarPostal code5003 5268 P O box 5802 5899 Area code 47 5556Websitewww wbr bergen wbr kommune wbr noMunicipalityCoat of armsVestland within NorwayBergen within VestlandCountryNorwayCountyVestlandDistrictMidhordlandEstablished1 January 1838Administrative centreBergenOfficial language 1 Norwegian formNeutralISO 3166 codeNO 4601Data from Statistics Norwayofficial nameTrading in Bergen may have started as early as the 1020s According to tradition the city was founded in 1070 by King Olav Kyrre and was named Bjorgvin the green meadow among the mountains It served as Norway s capital in the 13th century and from the end of the 13th century became a bureau city of the Hanseatic League Until 1789 Bergen enjoyed exclusive rights to mediate trade between Northern Norway and abroad and it was the largest city in Norway until the 1830s when it was overtaken by the capital Christiania now known as Oslo What remains of the quays Bryggen is a World Heritage Site The city was hit by numerous fires over the years The Bergen School of Meteorology was developed at the Geophysical Institute starting in 1917 the Norwegian School of Economics was founded in 1936 and the University of Bergen in 1946 From 1831 to 1972 Bergen was its own county In 1972 the municipality absorbed four surrounding municipalities and became a part of Hordaland county The city is an international center for aquaculture shipping the offshore petroleum industry and subsea technology and a national centre for higher education media tourism and finance Bergen Port is Norway s busiest in terms of both freight and passengers with over 300 cruise ship calls a year bringing nearly a half a million passengers to Bergen 3 a number that has doubled in 10 years 4 Almost half of the passengers are German or British 4 The city s main football team is SK Brann and a unique tradition of the city is the buekorps Natives speak a distinct dialect known as Bergensk The city features Bergen Airport Flesland and Bergen Light Rail and is the terminus of the Bergen Line Four large bridges connect Bergen to its suburban municipalities Bergen has a mild winter climate though with a lot of precipitation From December to March Bergen can in rare cases be up to 20 C warmer than Oslo even though both cities are at about 60 North The Gulf Stream keeps the sea relatively warm considering the latitude and the mountains protect the city from cold winds from the north north east and east Contents 1 History 1 1 Modern history 1 2 Fires 1 3 Toponymy 2 Geography 3 Climate 4 Demographics 5 Cityscape 6 Administration 6 1 Boroughs 7 Education 8 Economy 9 Transport 10 Culture and sports 10 1 Music 10 2 Street art 11 Neighbourhoods 11 1 Grunnkretser 12 International business 13 Sister town cities 14 Notable people from Bergen 15 References 16 Bibliography 17 External linksHistory EditFor a chronological guide see Timeline of Bergen Hieronymus Scholeus s impression of Bergen The drawing was made in about 1580 and was published in an atlas with drawings of many different cities Civitaes orbis terrarum 5 The city of Bergen was traditionally thought to have been founded by king Olav Kyrre son of Harald Hardrade in 1070 AD 6 four years after the Viking Age in England ended with the Battle of Stamford Bridge Modern research has however discovered that a trading settlement had already been established in the 1020s or 1030s 7 Bergen gradually assumed the function of capital of Norway in the early 13th century as the first city where a rudimentary central administration was established The city s cathedral was the site of the first royal coronation in Norway in the 1150s and continued to host royal coronations throughout the 13th century Bergenhus fortress dates from the 1240s and guards the entrance to the harbour in Bergen The functions of the capital city were lost to Oslo during the reign of King Haakon V 1299 1319 In the middle of the 14th century North German merchants who had already been present in substantial numbers since the 13th century founded one of the four Kontore of the Hanseatic League at Bryggen in Bergen The principal export traded from Bergen was dried cod from the northern Norwegian coast 8 which started around 1100 The city was granted a monopoly for trade from the north of Norway by King Hakon Hakonsson 1217 1263 9 Stockfish was the main reason that the city became one of North Europe s largest centres for trade 9 By the late 14th century Bergen had established itself as the centre of the trade in Norway 10 The Hanseatic merchants lived in their own separate quarter of the town where Middle Low German was used enjoying exclusive rights to trade with the northern fishermen who each summer sailed to Bergen 11 The Hansa community resented Scottish merchants who settled in Bergen and on 9 November 1523 several Scottish households were targeted by German residents 12 Today Bergen s old quayside Bryggen is on UNESCO s list of World Heritage Sites 13 An historic photochrom of Bergen near the end of the 19th century Visible are Bergen Cathedral Domkirken in the bottom left corner Holy Cross Church in the middle the bay Vagen with its many boats and the Bergenhus Fortress to the right of the opening of Vagen In 1349 the Black Death was brought to Norway by an English ship arriving in Bergen 14 Later outbreaks occurred in 1618 1629 and 1637 on each occasion taking about 3 000 lives 15 In the 15th century the city was attacked several times by the Victual Brothers 16 and in 1429 they succeeded in burning the royal castle and much of the city In 1665 the city s harbour was the site of the Battle of Vagen when an English naval flotilla attacked a Dutch merchant and treasure fleet supported by the city s garrison Accidental fires sometimes got out of control and one in 1702 reduced most of the town to ashes Throughout the 15th and 16th centuries Bergen remained one of the largest cities in Scandinavia and it was Norway s biggest city until the 1830s 17 when the capital city of Oslo became the largest From around 1600 the Hanseatic dominance of the city s trade gradually declined in favour of Norwegian merchants often of Hanseatic ancestry and in the 1750s the Hanseatic Kontor clarification needed finally closed During the 17th and 18th centuries Bergen was involved in the Atlantic slave trade Bergen based slave trader Jorgen Thormohlen the largest shipowner in Norway was the main owner of the slave ship Cornelia which made two slave trading voyages in 1673 and 1674 respectively he also developed the city s industrial sector particularly in the neighbourhood of Mohlenpris which is named after him 18 Bergen retained its monopoly of trade with northern Norway until 1789 19 The Bergen stock exchange the Bergen bors was established in 1813 Modern history Edit Bergen was separated from Hordaland as a county of its own in 1831 20 It was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 see formannskapsdistrikt The rural municipality of Bergen landdistrikt was merged with Bergen on 1 January 1877 21 The rural municipality of Arstad was merged with Bergen on 1 July 1915 During World War II Bergen was occupied on the first day of the German invasion on 9 April 1940 after a brief fight between German ships and the Norwegian coastal artillery The Norwegian resistance movement groups in Bergen were Saborg Milorg Theta gruppen Sivorg Stein organisasjonen and the Communist Party 22 On 20 April 1944 during the German occupation the Dutch cargo ship Voorbode anchored off the Bergenhus Fortress loaded with over 120 tons of explosives and blew up killing at least 150 people and damaging historic buildings The city was subject to some Allied bombing raids aimed at German naval installations in the harbour Some of these caused Norwegian civilian casualties numbering about 100 Bergen is also well known in Norway for the Isdal Woman Norwegian Isdalskvinnen an unidentified person who was found dead at Isdalen Ice Valley on 29 November 1970 23 The unsolved case encouraged international speculation over the years and it remains one of the most profound mysteries in recent Norwegian history 24 25 The rural municipalities of Arna Fana Laksevag and Asane were merged with Bergen on 1 January 1972 The city lost its status as a separate county on the same date 26 and Bergen is now a municipality in the county of Vestland Fires Edit The city s history is marked by numerous great fires In 1198 the Bagler faction set fire to the city in connection with a battle against the Birkebeiner faction during the civil war In 1248 Holmen and Sverresborg burned and 11 churches were destroyed In 1413 another fire struck the city and 14 churches were destroyed In 1428 the city was plundered by the Victual Brothers and in 1455 Hanseatic merchants were responsible for burning down Munkeliv Abbey In 1476 Bryggen burned down in a fire started by a drunk trader In 1582 another fire hit the city centre and Strandsiden In 1675 105 buildings burned down in Ovregaten In 1686 another great fire hit Strandsiden destroying 231 city blocks and 218 boathouses The greatest fire in history was in 1702 when 90 of the city was burned to ashes In 1751 there was a great fire at Vagsbunnen In 1756 yet another fire at Strandsiden burned down 1 500 buildings and further great fires hit Strandsiden in 1771 and 1901 In 1916 300 buildings burned down in the city centre including the Swan pharmacy the oldest pharmacy in Norway and in 1955 parts of Bryggen burned down Toponymy Edit Bergen is pronounced in English ˈ b ɜːr ɡ en or ˈ b ɛer ɡ en and in Norwegian ˈbae rɡn listen in the local dialect ˈbae ʁɡɛn The Old Norse forms of the name were Bergvin ˈberɡˌwin and Bjǫrgvin ˈbjɔrɡˌwin and in Icelandic and Faroese the city is still called Bjorgvin The first element is berg n or bjǫrg n which translates as mountain s The last element is vin f which means a new settlement where there used to be a pasture or meadow The full meaning is then the meadow among the mountains 27 This is a suitable name Bergen is often called the city among the seven mountains It was the playwright Ludvig Holberg who felt so inspired by the seven hills of Rome that he decided that his home town must be blessed with a corresponding seven mountains and locals still argue which seven they are In 1918 there was a campaign to reintroduce the Norse form Bjorgvin as the name of the city This was turned down but as a compromise the name of the diocese was changed to Bjorgvin bispedomme 28 Geography Edit Bergen Urban areas Statistics Norway Bergen occupies most of the peninsula of Bergenshalvoyen in the district of Midthordland in mid western Hordaland The municipality covers an area of 465 square kilometres 180 square miles Most of the urban area is on or close to a fjord or bay although the urban area has several mountains The city centre is surrounded by the Seven Mountains although there is disagreement as to which of the nine mountains constitute these Ulriken Floyen Lovstakken and Damsgardsfjellet are always included as well as three of Lyderhorn Sandviksfjellet Blamanen Rundemanen and Kolbeinsvarden 29 Gullfjellet is Bergen s highest mountain at 987 metres 3 238 ft above mean sea level 30 Bergen is sheltered from the North Sea by the islands Askoy Holsnoy the municipality of Meland and Sotra the municipalities of Fjell and Sund Bergen borders the municipalities Alver and Osteroy to the north Vaksdal and Samnanger to the east Os Bjornafjorden and Austevoll to the south and Oygarden and Askoy to the west View of the city centre from Mt FloyenClimate Edit Bergen on a rainy day Bergen has an oceanic climate Koppen Cfb with plentiful rainfall in all seasons with intermittent snowfall during winter but the snow usually melts quickly in the city Average annual precipitation during 1961 90 was 2 250 mm 89 in 31 This is because Bergen is surrounded by mountains that cause moist North Atlantic air to undergo orographic lift yielding abundant rainfall It rained every day from 29 October 2006 to 21 January 2007 85 consecutive days 32 The highest temperature ever recorded was 33 4 C 92 1 F on 26 July 2019 33 beating the previous record from 2018 at 32 6 degrees and the lowest was 16 3 C 2 7 F in January 1987 34 Bergen is considered the rainiest city in Europe although it is not the wettest place on the continent 35 36 37 Bergen s weather is much warmer than the city s latitude 60 4 N might suggest Temperatures below 10 C 14 F are rare Summer temperatures sometimes reach the upper 20s temperatures over 30 C were previously only seen a few days each decade The growing season in Bergen is exceptionally long for its latitude with more than 200 days Its mild winters and proximity to the Gulf stream move the plant hardiness zone between 8b and 9a depending on location The average date for the last overnight freeze low below 0 C 32 0 F in spring is April 4 38 and average date for first freeze in autumn is November 7 39 giving a frost free season of 216 days Bergen Florida 1981 2010 average Bergen airport has 185 days The high precipitation is often used in the marketing of the city and features to a degree on postcards sold in the city Compared to areas behind the mountains on the Scandinavian peninsula Bergen is much wetter and has a more narrow range of temperature with mild summers and cool winters In fact winters are very mild considering its high latitude though not warmer than Denmark despite its coastal location and as much as 6 C 11 F milder than on the Baltic Sea coasts of Sweden and Finland on the same latitude Summers tend to be significantly more variable The old sunshine hours data was from the met office in the city at this location sunlight is obscured by mountains especially by Ulriken 40 A new sunrecorder was established by met no at Bergen Airport Flesland less terrain obscuring the sun in December 2015 and this recorded on average 1 598 hours of sun annually during 2016 2020 41 Climate data for Bergen Florida met office average temperatures and precipitation 1981 2010 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 16 9 62 4 13 5 56 3 19 8 67 6 25 5 77 9 31 2 88 2 30 3 86 5 33 4 92 1 31 0 87 8 27 1 80 8 23 8 74 8 17 9 64 2 13 9 57 0 33 4 92 1 Average high C F 4 3 39 7 4 5 40 1 6 5 43 7 10 4 50 7 14 7 58 5 17 3 63 1 19 1 66 4 18 6 65 5 15 4 59 7 11 4 52 5 7 3 45 1 4 8 40 6 11 2 52 1 Daily mean C F 2 2 36 0 2 2 36 0 3 8 38 8 7 45 10 9 51 6 13 6 56 5 15 6 60 1 15 4 59 7 12 4 54 3 8 8 47 8 5 1 41 2 2 7 36 9 8 3 47 0 Average low C F 0 1 32 2 0 2 31 6 1 1 34 0 3 6 38 5 7 45 9 9 49 8 12 2 54 0 12 1 53 8 9 4 48 9 6 2 43 2 2 8 37 0 0 6 33 1 5 4 41 8 Record low C F 16 3 2 7 13 4 7 9 12 0 10 4 5 5 22 1 3 2 26 2 0 8 33 4 2 5 36 5 2 5 36 5 0 1 31 8 5 5 22 1 10 0 14 0 13 0 8 6 16 3 2 7 Average precipitation mm inches 252 7 9 95 197 8 7 79 200 3 7 89 133 7 5 26 104 5 4 11 119 4 4 70 151 1 5 95 198 4 7 81 254 9 10 04 270 8 10 66 261 4 10 29 267 8 10 54 2 412 8 94 99 Average precipitation days 1 0 mm 19 1 16 4 17 4 14 0 12 8 12 8 14 5 15 9 17 0 19 1 18 1 18 5 195 6Average relative humidity 78 76 73 72 72 76 77 78 79 79 78 79 76Source Meteoclimat temperatures 42 Climate data for Bergen Airport Flesland average temperatures and precipitation 1981 2010 sunshine 1961 1990Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 16 9 62 4 13 5 56 3 17 2 63 0 22 5 72 5 31 2 88 2 29 9 85 8 33 4 92 1 31 0 87 8 27 1 80 8 23 8 74 8 17 9 64 2 13 9 57 0 33 4 92 1 Average high C F 3 9 39 0 3 9 39 0 5 6 42 1 9 4 48 9 13 3 55 9 16 1 61 0 17 8 64 0 17 8 64 0 14 4 57 9 10 6 51 1 6 7 44 1 4 4 39 9 10 3 50 6 Daily mean C F 1 4 34 5 1 4 34 5 2 8 37 0 5 8 42 4 9 5 49 1 12 5 54 5 14 5 58 1 14 5 58 1 11 4 52 5 8 1 46 6 4 2 39 6 1 9 35 4 7 3 45 2 Average low C F 1 1 30 0 1 1 30 0 0 0 32 0 2 2 36 0 5 6 42 1 8 9 48 0 11 1 52 0 11 1 52 0 8 3 46 9 5 6 42 1 1 7 35 1 0 6 30 9 4 3 39 8 Record low C F 16 3 2 7 13 4 7 9 12 0 10 4 5 5 22 1 0 1 31 8 0 8 33 4 2 5 36 5 2 5 36 5 0 0 32 0 5 5 22 1 10 0 14 0 13 0 8 6 16 3 2 7 Average precipitation mm inches 225 5 8 88 169 4 6 67 188 8 7 43 144 5 5 69 110 8 4 36 111 6 4 39 157 0 6 18 189 7 7 47 272 7 10 74 257 5 10 14 296 1 11 66 223 9 8 81 2 347 6 92 43 Average precipitation days 1 0 mm 19 1 16 4 17 3 14 0 12 8 12 7 14 5 15 9 17 0 19 1 18 1 18 5 195 4Average relative humidity 78 76 73 72 72 76 77 78 79 79 78 79 76Mean monthly sunshine hours 19 56 94 147 186 189 167 144 86 60 27 12 1 187Source 1 NOAA temperatures 43 NOAA humidity and sunshine 44 Source 2 Voodoo Skies for extremes 45 Naturen 46 Demographics EditThis section needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information December 2015 Historical populationYearPop 15005 500 176918 827 242 3 185537 015 96 6 190094 485 155 3 1910104 224 10 3 1920118 490 13 7 1930129 118 9 0 1940 1950162 381 1960185 822 14 4 1970209 066 12 5 1980207 674 0 7 1990212 944 2 5 2000229 496 7 8 2010256 580 11 8 2014271 949 6 0 2016278 121 2 3 Source Statistics Norway 47 48 Note The municipalities of Arna Fana Laksevag and Asane were merged with Bergen 1 January 1972 As of the start of 2022 update the municipality had a population of 286 930 2 making the population density 599 people per km2 Urban areas as defined by Statistics Norway consist of Indre Arna 6 536 residents on 1 January 2012 Fanahammeren 3 690 Ytre Arna 2 626 Hylkje 2 277 and Espeland 2 182 49 Minorities first and second generation in Bergen by country of origin 1 January 2021 50 Ancestry NumberTotal 52 919 Poland 6 883 Lithuania 2 340 Somalia 2 026 Iraq 1 940 Syria 1 668 Germany 1 587 Eritrea 1 557 Vietnam 1 358 Romania 1 346 Philippines 1 280People of Norwegian origin those who have two parents born in Norway make up 84 5 of Bergen s residents In addition 8 1 were first or second generation immigrants of Western background and 7 4 were first or second generation immigrants of non Western background 51 The population grew by 4 549 people in 2009 a growth rate of 1 8 Ninety six percent of the population lives in urban areas As of 2002 the average gross income for men above the age of 17 is 426 000 Norwegian krone NOK the average gross income for women above the age of 17 is NOK 238 000 with the total average gross income being NOK 330 000 51 In 2007 there were 104 6 men for every 100 women in the age group of 20 39 51 22 8 of the population were under 17 years of age while 4 5 were 80 and above The immigrant population those with two foreign born parents in Bergen includes 42 169 individuals with backgrounds from more than 200 countries representing 15 5 of the city s population 2014 Of these 50 2 have background from Europe 28 9 from Asia 13 1 from Africa 5 5 from Latin America 1 9 from North America and 0 4 from Oceania The immigrant population in Bergen in the period 1993 2008 increased by 119 7 while the ethnic Norwegian population grew by 8 1 during the same period The national average is 138 0 and 4 2 The immigrant population has thus accounted for 43 6 of Bergen s population growth and 60 8 of Norway s population growth during the period 1993 2008 compared with 84 5 in Oslo 52 The immigrant population in Bergen has changed a lot since 1970 As of 1 January 1986 there were 2 870 people with a non Western immigrant background in Bergen In 2006 this figure had increased to 14 630 so the non Western immigrant population in Bergen was five times higher than in 1986 This is a slightly slower growth than the national average which has sextupled during the same period Also in relation to the total population in Bergen the proportion of non Westerns increased significantly In 1986 the proportion of the total population in the municipality of non Western background was 3 6 In January 2006 people with a non Western immigrant background accounted for 6 percent of the population in Bergen The share of Western immigrants has remained stable at around 2 in the period The number of Poles in Bergen rose from 697 in 2006 to 3 128 in 2010 53 The Church of Norway is the largest denomination in Bergen with 201 006 79 74 registered adherents in 2012 Bergen is the seat of the Diocese of Bjorgvin with Bergen Cathedral as its centrepiece while St John s Church is the city s most prominent As of 2012 the state church is followed by 52 059 irreligious 54 4 947 members of various Protestant free churches 3 873 actively registered Catholics 55 56 2 707 registered Muslims 816 registered Hindus 255 registered Russian Orthodox and 147 registered Oriental Orthodox Cityscape EditBergenUNESCO World Heritage Site Bryggen in Bergen built after 1702LocationBergen Municipality Bergen NorwayCriteriaCultural iii Reference59Inscription1979 3rd Session Area1 196 ha 128 700 sq ft Websitewww wbr stiftelsenbryggen wbr no Night view of Bergen from Mount Floyen The city centre of Bergen lies in the west of the municipality facing the fjord of Byfjorden It is among a group of mountains known as the Seven Mountains although the number is a matter of definition From here the urban area of Bergen extends to the north west and south and to its east is a large mountain massif Outside the city centre and the surrounding neighbourhoods i e Arstad inner Laksevag and Sandviken the majority of the population lives in relatively sparsely populated residential areas built after 1950 While some are dominated by apartment buildings and modern terraced houses e g Fyllingsdalen others are dominated by single family homes 57 View of the city centre with Torgallmenningen The oldest part of Bergen is the area around the bay of Vagen in the city centre Originally centred on the bay s eastern side Bergen eventually expanded west and southwards Few buildings from the oldest period remain the most significant being St Mary s Church from the 12th century For several hundred years the extent of the city remained almost constant The population was stagnant and the city limits were narrow 58 In 1702 seven eighths of the city burned Most of the old buildings of Bergen including Bryggen which was rebuilt in a mediaeval style were built after the fire The fire marked a transition from tar covered houses as well as the remaining log houses to painted and some brick covered wooden buildings 59 St Mary s Church The last half of the 19th century saw a period of rapid expansion and modernisation The fire of 1855 west of Torgallmenningen led to the development of regularly sized city blocks in this area of the city centre The city limits were expanded in 1876 and Nygard Mohlenpris and Sandviken were urbanized with large scale construction of city blocks housing both the poor and the wealthy 60 Their architecture is influenced by a variety of styles historicism classicism and Art Nouveau 61 The wealthy built villas between Mohlenpris and Nygard and on the side of Mount Floyen these areas were also added to Bergen in 1876 Simultaneously an urbanization process was taking place in Solheimsviken in Arstad at that time outside the Bergen municipality centred on the large industrial activity in the area 62 The workers homes in this area were poorly built and little remains after large scale redevelopment in the 1960s 1980s After Arstad became a part of Bergen in 1916 a development plan was applied to the new area Few city blocks akin to those in Nygard and Mohlenpris were planned Many of the worker class built their own homes and many small detached apartment buildings were built After World War II Bergen had again run short of land to build on and contrary to the original plans many large apartment buildings were built in Landas in the 1950s and 1960s Bergen acquired Fyllingsdalen from Fana municipality in 1955 Like similar areas in Oslo e g Lambertseter Fyllingsdalen was developed into a modern suburb with large apartment buildings mid rises and some single family homes in the 1960s and 1970s Similar developments took place beyond Bergen s city limits for example in Loddefjord 63 View from the Nordnes part of Bergen At the same time as planned city expansion took place inside Bergen its extra municipal suburbs also grew rapidly Wealthy citizens of Bergen had been living in Fana since the 19th century but as the city expanded it became more convenient to settle in the municipality Similar processes took place in Asane and Laksevag Most of the homes in these areas are detached row houses clarification needed single family homes or small apartment buildings 63 After the surrounding municipalities were merged with Bergen in 1972 expansion has continued in largely the same manner although the municipality encourages condensing near commercial centres future Bergen Light Rail stations and elsewhere 64 65 As part of the modernisation wave of the 1950s and 1960s and due to damage caused by World War II the city government ambitiously planned redevelopment of many areas in central Bergen The plans involved demolition of several neighbourhoods of wooden houses namely Nordnes Marken and Stolen None of the plans was carried out in its original form the Marken and Stolen redevelopment plans were discarded and that of Nordnes only carried out in the area that had been most damaged by war The city council of Bergen had in 1964 voted to demolish the entirety of Marken however the decision proved to be highly controversial and the decision was reversed in 1974 Bryggen was under threat of being wholly or partly demolished after the fire of 1955 when a large number of the buildings burned to the ground Instead of being demolished the remaining buildings were restored and accompanied by reconstructions of some of the burned buildings 63 Demolition of old buildings and occasionally whole city blocks is still taking place the most recent major example being the 2007 razing of Jonsvollskvartalet at Nostet 66 Billboards are banned in the city 67 Panorama of the reconstructed Hanseatic buildings of Bryggen a World Heritage SiteAdministration EditFurther information List of mayors of Bergen Kong Oscars gateSince 2000 the city of Bergen has been governed by a city government byrad based on the principle of parliamentarism 68 The government consists of seven government members called commissioners and is appointed by the city council the supreme authority of the city This is the political party breakdown of the current and historical city councils Bergen bystyre 2020 2023 69 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 13 People s Action No to More Road Tolls Folkeaksjonen nei til mer bompenger 11 Progress Party Fremskrittspartiet 3 Green Party Miljopartiet De Gronne 7 Conservative Party Hoyre 14 Christian Democratic Party Kristelig Folkeparti 2 Pensioners Party Pensjonistpartiet 1 Red Party Rodt 3 Centre Party Senterpartiet 4 Socialist Left Party Sosialistisk Venstreparti 6 Liberal Party Venstre 3Total number of members 67Bergen bystyre 2016 2019 70 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 28 Progress Party Fremskrittspartiet 6 Green Party Miljopartiet De Gronne 4 Conservative Party Hoyre 15 Christian Democratic Party Kristelig Folkeparti 6 Red Party Rodt 2 Centre Party Senterpartiet 1 Socialist Left Party Sosialistisk Venstreparti 5 Liberal Party Venstre 6Total number of members 73Bergen bystyre 2012 2015 71 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 19 Progress Party Fremskrittspartiet 7 Green Party Miljopartiet De Gronne 1 Conservative Party Hoyre 24 Christian Democratic Party Kristelig Folkeparti 4 Red Party Rodt 2 Centre Party Senterpartiet 1 Socialist Left Party Sosialistisk Venstreparti 3 Liberal Party Venstre 5 City Air List Byluftlisten 1Total number of members 67Bergen bystyre 2008 2011 70 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 16 Progress Party Fremskrittspartiet 14 Conservative Party Hoyre 18 Christian Democratic Party Kristelig Folkeparti 4 Pensioners Party Pensjonistpartiet 1 Red Party Rodt 3 Centre Party Senterpartiet 2 Socialist Left Party Sosialistisk Venstreparti 5 Liberal Party Venstre 4Total number of members 67Bergen bystyre 2004 2007 70 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 15 Progress Party Fremskrittspartiet 12 Conservative Party Hoyre 18 Christian Democratic Party Kristelig Folkeparti 4 Pensioners Party Pensjonistpartiet 3 Red Electoral Alliance Rod Valgallianse 4 Centre Party Senterpartiet 1 Socialist Left Party Sosialistisk Venstreparti 8 Liberal Party Venstre 2Total number of members 67Bergen bystyre 2000 2003 70 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 20 Progress Party Fremskrittspartiet 13 Conservative Party Hoyre 14 Christian Democratic Party Kristelig Folkeparti 7 Pensioners Party Pensjonistpartiet 1 Red Electoral Alliance Rod Valgallianse 4 Centre Party Senterpartiet 1 Socialist Left Party Sosialistisk Venstreparti 5 Liberal Party Venstre 2Total number of members 67Bergen bystyre 1996 1999 72 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 24 Progress Party Fremskrittspartiet 14 Conservative Party Hoyre 19 Christian Democratic Party Kristelig Folkeparti 9 Pensioners Party Pensjonistpartiet 1 Red Electoral Alliance Rod Valgallianse 4 Centre Party Senterpartiet 3 Socialist Left Party Sosialistisk Venstreparti 5 Liberal Party Venstre 6Total number of members 85Bergen bystyre 1992 1995 73 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 30 Progress Party Fremskrittspartiet 10 Conservative Party Hoyre 16 Christian Democratic Party Kristelig Folkeparti 7 Pensioners Party Pensjonistpartiet 3 Red Electoral Alliance Rod Valgallianse 2 Centre Party Senterpartiet 4 Socialist Left Party Sosialistisk Venstreparti 10 Liberal Party Venstre 3Total number of members 85Bergen bystyre 1988 1991 74 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 29 Progress Party Fremskrittspartiet 17 Conservative Party Hoyre 22 Christian Democratic Party Kristelig Folkeparti 7 Red Electoral Alliance Rod Valgallianse 1 Socialist Left Party Sosialistisk Venstreparti 5 Joint list of the Liberal Party Venstre andLiberal People s Party Liberale Folkepartiet 4Total number of members 85Bergen bystyre 1984 1987 75 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 30 Progress Party Fremskrittspartiet 9 Conservative Party Hoyre 27 Christian Democratic Party Kristelig Folkeparti 8 Liberal People s Party Liberale Folkepartiet 1 Red Electoral Alliance Rod Valgallianse 1 Centre Party Senterpartiet 1 Socialist Left Party Sosialistisk Venstreparti 5 Liberal Party Venstre 3Total number of members 85Bergen bystyre 1980 1983 76 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 26 Progress Party Fremskrittspartiet 4 Conservative Party Hoyre 35 Christian Democratic Party Kristelig Folkeparti 9 Liberal People s Party Liberale Folkepartiet 1 Red Electoral Alliance Rod Valgallianse 1 Centre Party Senterpartiet 1 Socialist Left Party Sosialistisk Venstreparti 3 Liberal Party Venstre 5Total number of members 85Bergen bystyre 1976 1979 77 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 29 Anders Lange s Party Anders Langes parti 2 Conservative Party Hoyre 28 Christian Democratic Party Kristelig Folkeparti 11 New People s Party Nye Folkepartiet 5 Centre Party Senterpartiet 2 Socialist Left Party Sosialistisk Venstreparti 5 Liberal Party Venstre 3Total number of members 85Bergen bystyre 1972 1975 78 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 33 Conservative Party Hoyre 20 Communist Party Kommunistiske Parti 3 Christian Democratic Party Kristelig Folkeparti 7 Centre Party Senterpartiet 3 Socialist People s Party Sosialistisk Folkeparti 4 Liberal Party Venstre 15Total number of members 85Bergen bystyre 1968 1971 79 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 36 Conservative Party Hoyre 20 Communist Party Kommunistiske Parti 1 Christian Democratic Party Kristelig Folkeparti 5 Socialist People s Party Sosialistisk Folkeparti 3 Liberal Party Venstre 12Total number of members 77Bergen bystyre 1964 1967 80 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 37 Conservative Party Hoyre 22 Communist Party Kommunistiske Parti 1 Christian Democratic Party Kristelig Folkeparti 4 Socialist People s Party Sosialistisk Folkeparti 2 Liberal Party Venstre 11Total number of members 77Bergen bystyre 1960 1963 81 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 34 Conservative Party Hoyre 20 Communist Party Kommunistiske Parti 4 Christian Democratic Party Kristelig Folkeparti 7 Liberal Party Venstre 12Total number of members 77Bergen bystyre 1956 1959 82 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 34 Conservative Party Hoyre 18 Communist Party Kommunistiske Parti 6 Christian Democratic Party Kristelig Folkeparti 7 Liberal Party Venstre 12Total number of members 77Bergen bystyre 1952 1955 83 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 35 Conservative Party Hoyre 15 Communist Party Kommunistiske Parti 6 Christian Democratic Party Kristelig Folkeparti 7 Liberal Party Venstre 13Total number of members 76Bergen bystyre 1948 1951 84 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 25 Conservative Party Hoyre 14 Communist Party Kommunistiske Parti 13 Christian Democratic Party Kristelig Folkeparti 7 Liberal Party Venstre 16 Local List s Lokale lister 1Total number of members 76Bergen bystyre 1945 1947 85 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 24 Conservative Party Hoyre 11 Communist Party Kommunistiske Parti 21 Christian Democratic Party Kristelig Folkeparti 6 Liberal Party Venstre 12 Local List s Lokale lister 2Total number of members 76Bergen bystyre 1938 1941 86 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 27 Temperance Party Avholdspartiet 7 Free minded People s Party Frisinnede Folkeparti 5 Conservative Party Hoyre 13 Communist Party Kommunistiske Parti 7 Liberal Party Venstre 17Total number of members 76Note Due to the German occupation of Norway during World War II no elections were held for new municipal councils until after the war ended in 1945 Bergen bystyre 1935 1937 87 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 27 Temperance Party Avholdspartiet 8 Free minded People s Party Frisinnede Folkeparti 9 Conservative Party Hoyre 10 Communist Party Kommunistiske Parti 9 Liberal Party Venstre 13Total number of members 76Bergen bystyre 1932 1934 88 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 21 Temperance Party Avholdspartiet 4 Free minded People s Party Frisinnede Folkeparti 13 Conservative Party Hoyre 13 Communist Party Kommunistiske Parti 11 Liberal Party Venstre 14Total number of members 76Bergen bystyre 1929 1931 89 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 21 Temperance Party Avholdspartiet 6 Communist Party Kommunistiske Parti 16 Liberal Party Venstre 11 Joint list of the Conservative Party Hoyre and the Free minded Liberal Party Frisinnede Venstre 22Total number of members 76Bergen bystyre 1926 1928 90 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 2 Temperance Party Avholdspartiet 6 Communist Party Kommunistiske Parti 22 Social Democratic Labour Party Socialdemokratiske Arbeiderparti 8 Liberal Party Venstre 9 Joint list of the Conservative Party Hoyre and the Free minded Liberal Party Frisinnede Venstre 26 Homeowners list Huseiere liste 3Total number of members 76Bergen bystyre 1923 1925 91 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 28 Temperance Party Avholdspartiet 6 Social Democratic Labour Party Socialdemokratiske Arbeiderparti 6 Liberal Party Venstre 5 Joint list of the Conservative Party Hoyre and the Free minded Liberal Party Frisinnede Venstre 26 Local List s Lokale lister 5Total number of members 76Bergen bystyre 1920 1922 92 Party Name in Norwegian Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 24 Temperance Party Avholdspartiet 8 Free minded Liberal Party Frisinnede Venstre 3 Conservative Party Hoyre 28 Liberal Party Venstre 7 Local List s Lokale lister 6Total number of members 76 Boroughs Edit Boroughs of Bergen Bergen is divided into eight boroughs 93 as seen on the map to the right Clockwise starting with the northernmost the boroughs are Asane Arna Fana Ytrebygda Fyllingsdalen Laksevag Arstad and Bergenhus The city centre is located in Bergenhus Parts of Fana Ytrebygda Asane and Arna are not part of the Bergen urban area explaining why the municipality has approximately 20 000 more inhabitants than the urban area 94 Local borough administrations have varied since Bergen s expansion in 1972 From 1974 each borough had a politically chosen administration From 1989 Bergen was divided into 12 health and social districts each locally administered From 2000 to 2004 the former organizational form with eight politically chosen local administrations was again in use and from 2008 through to 2010 a similar form existed where the local administrations had less power than previously 95 Borough Population 96 Area km2 Density km2 Arna 12 680 4 9 102 44 22 0 123Bergenhus1 38 544 14 8 26 58 5 7 4 415Fana 38 317 14 8 159 70 34 3 239Fyllingsdalen 28 844 11 1 18 84 4 0 1 530Laksevag 38 391 14 8 32 72 7 0 1 173Ytrebygda 25 710 9 9 39 61 8 5 649Arstad2 37 614 14 5 14 78 3 2 4 440Asane 39 534 15 2 71 01 15 2 556Not stated 758Total 260 392 100 465 68 100 559 Pertaining to the table above The acreage figures include fresh water and uninhabited mountain areas except 1 1 The borough Bergenhus is 8 73 km2 3 37 sq mi the rest is water and uninhabited mountain areas 2 2 The borough Arstad is 8 47 km2 3 27 sq mi the rest is water and uninhabited mountain areas Former borough Sentrum Sentrum literally Centre was a borough with the same name as a present day neighbourhood The borough was numbered 01 and its perimeter was from Store Lungegardsvann and Strommen along Puddefjorden around Nordnes and over to Skuteviken up Mt Floyen east of Langelivannet on to Skansemyren and over Forskjonnelsen to Store Lungegardsvann south of the railroad tracks 97 The population of the now defunct borough numbered in 1994 more than 18 000 people 97 Education Edit The male choir of the University of Bergen There are 64 elementary schools 98 18 lower secondary schools 99 and 20 upper secondary schools 100 in Bergen as well as 11 combined elementary and lower secondary schools 101 Bergen Cathedral School is the oldest school in Bergen and was founded by Pope Adrian IV in 1153 102 The Bergen School of Meteorology was developed at the Geophysical Institute beginning in 1917 the Norwegian School of Economics was founded in 1936 and the University of Bergen in 1946 103 104 The University of Bergen has 16 000 students and 3 000 staff making it the third largest educational institution in Norway 105 Research in Bergen dates back to activity at Bergen Museum in 1825 although the university was not founded until 1946 The university has a broad range of courses and research in academic fields and three national centres of excellence in climate research petroleum research and medieval studies 106 The main campus is located in the city centre The university co operates with Haukeland University Hospital within medical research The Chr Michelsen Institute is an independent research foundation established in 1930 focusing on human rights and development issues 107 The Western Norway University of Applied Sciences which has its main campus in Kronstad has 16 000 students and 1800 staff 108 It focuses on professional education such as teaching healthcare and engineering The college was created through amalgamation in 1994 campuses are spread around town but will be co located at Kronstad The Norwegian School of Economics is located in outer Sandviken and is the leading business school in Norway 109 having produced three Economy Nobel Prize laureates 110 The school has more than 3 000 students and approximately 400 staff 111 Other tertiary education institutions include the Bergen School of Architecture the Bergen National Academy of the Arts located in the city centre with 300 students 112 and the Norwegian Naval Academy located in Laksevag The Norwegian Institute of Marine Research has been located in Bergen since 1900 It provides research and advice relating to ecosystems and aquaculture It has a staff of 700 people 113 Economy Edit Strandgaten is a shopping street in Bergen The stock exchange Bergen Bors est 1813 erected its new building in 1861 1862 the building was sold in 1967 In August 2004 Time magazine named the city one of Europe s 14 secret capitals 114 where Bergen s capital reign is acknowledged within maritime businesses and activities such as aquaculture and marine research with the Institute of Marine Research IMR the second largest oceanography research centre in Europe as a leading institution Some of the world s largest aquaculture companies such as Mowi and Leroy are headquartered in the city Shipowners based in Bergen control a significant portion of the Norwegian merchant fleet including shipowners such as Wilson Odfjell and Gearbulk The city has a large presence of financial institutions Banks Sbanken and Sparebanken Vest are headquartered in the city The Norwegian branches of insurance companies Tryg DNB Livsforsikring and Nordea Liv are headquartered in Bergen along with a significant presence of marine insurance companies including Norwegian Hull Club A number of banks maintain large corporate banking divisions in connection with shipping and aquaculture in the city Bergen is the main base for the Royal Norwegian Navy at Haakonsvern and its international airport Flesland is the main heliport for the Norwegian North Sea oil and gas industry from where thousands of offshore workers commute to their work places onboard oil and gas rigs and platforms 115 Tourism is an important income source for the city The hotels in the city may be full at times 116 117 due to the increasing number of tourists and conferences Bergen is recognized as the unofficial capital of the region known as Western Norway and recognized and marketed as the gateway city to the world famous fjords of Norway and for that reason it has become Norway s largest and one of Europe s largest cruise ship ports of call 118 Further information Elprice Office buildings in Bergen Transport Edit Hurtigruten Bergen Airport Flesland is located 18 kilometres 11 mi from the city centre at Flesland 119 In 2013 the Avinor operated airport served 6 million passengers The airport serves as a hub for Scandinavian Airlines Norwegian Air Shuttle and Wideroe there are direct flights to 20 domestic and 53 international destinations 120 Bergen Port operated by Bergen Port Authority is the largest seaport in Norway 121 In 2011 the port saw 264 cruise calls with 350 248 visitors 122 In 2009 the port handled 56 million tonnes of cargo making it the ninth busiest cargo port in Europe 123 There are plans to move the port out of the city centre but no location has been chosen 124 Fjord Line operates a cruiseferry service to Hirtshals Denmark Bergen is the southern terminus of Hurtigruten the Coastal Express which operates with daily services along the coast to Kirkenes 119 Passenger catamarans run from Bergen south to Leirvik and Sunnhordland and north to Sognefjord and Nordfjord 125 Bergen Railway StationThe city centre is surrounded by an electronic toll collection ring using the Autopass system 126 The main motorways consist of E39 which runs north south through the municipality E16 which runs eastwards and National Road 555 which runs westwards There are four major bridges connecting Bergen to neighbouring municipalities the Nordhordland Bridge 127 the Askoy Bridge 128 the Sotra Bridge 129 and the Osteroy Bridge Bergen connects to the island of Bjoroy via the subsea Bjoroy Tunnel 130 Bergen Station is the terminus of the Bergen Line which runs 496 kilometres 308 mi to Oslo 131 Vy operates express trains to Oslo and the Bergen Commuter Rail to Voss Between Bergen and Arna Station the train runs about every 30 minutes through the Ulriken Tunnel there is no corresponding road tunnel forcing road vehicles to travel via Asane or Nesttun 132 Floybanen is a funicular which runs up Mount FloyenBergen is one of the smallest cities in Europe to have both tram and trolleybus electric urban transport systems simultaneously Public transport in Hordaland is managed by Skyss which operates an extensive city bus network in Bergen and to many neighbouring municipalities 133 including one route which operates as a trolleybus The trolleybus system in Bergen is the only one still in operation in Norway and one of two trolleybus systems in Scandinavia 134 The modern tram Bergen Light Rail Bybanen opened between the city centre and Nesttun in 2010 135 extended to Radal Lagunen Storsenter in 2013 and to the Bergen airport Flesland in 2017 136 Extensions to other boroughs may occur later 137 Floibanen is a funicular which runs from the city centre to Mount Floyen and Ulriksbanen is an aerial tramway which runs to Mount Ulriken Culture and sports Edit The Markens and Mathismarkens Buekorps at Bryggen View of the West Norway Museum of Decorative Art Bergen Bergens Tidende BT and Bergensavisen BA are the largest newspapers with circulations of 87 076 and 30 719 in 2006 138 BT is a regional newspaper covering all of Vestland while BA focuses on metropolitan Bergen Other newspapers published in Bergen include the Christian national Dagen with a circulation of 8 936 138 and TradeWinds an international shipping newspaper Local newspapers are Fanaposten for Fana Sydvesten for Laksevag and Fyllingsdalen and Bygdanytt for Arna and the neighbouring municipality Osteroy 138 TV 2 Norway s largest private television company is based in Bergen The 1 500 seat Grieg Hall is the city s main cultural venue 139 and home of the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra founded in 1765 140 and the Bergen Woodwind Quintet The city also features Carte Blanche the Norwegian national company of contemporary dance The annual Bergen International Festival is the main cultural festival which is supplemented by the Bergen International Film Festival Two internationally renowned composers from Bergen are Edvard Grieg and Ole Bull Grieg s home Troldhaugen has been converted to a museum During the 1990s and early 2000s Bergen produced a series of successful pop rock and black metal artists 141 collectively known as the Bergen Wave 142 143 Den Nationale Scene is Bergen s main theatre Founded in 1850 it had Henrik Ibsen as one of its first in house playwrights and art directors Bergen s contemporary art scene is centred on BIT Teatergarasjen Bergen Kunsthall United Sardines Factory USF and Bergen Center for Electronic Arts BEK Bergen was a European Capital of Culture in 2000 144 Buekorps is a unique feature of Bergen culture consisting of boys aged from 7 to 21 parading with imitation weapons and snare drums 145 146 The city s Hanseatic heritage is documented in the Hanseatic Museum located at Bryggen 147 SK Brann is Bergen s premier football team founded in 1908 they have played in the men s Norwegian Premier League for all but seven years since 1963 and consecutively except one season after relegation in 2014 since 1987 The team were the football champions in 1961 1962 1963 and 2007 148 and reached the quarter finals of the Cup Winners Cup in 1996 1997 Brann play their home games at the 17 824 seat Brann Stadion 149 FK Fyllingsdalen is the city s second best team playing in the Second Division at Varden Amfi Its predecessor Fyllingen played in the Norwegian Premier League in 1990 1991 and 1993 Arna Bjornar and Sandviken play in the Women s Premier League Bergen IK is the premier men s ice hockey team playing at Bergenshallen in the First Division Tertnes play in the Women s Premier Handball League and Fyllingen in the Men s Premier Handball League In athletics the city is dominated by IL Norna Salhus IL Gular and FIK BFG Fana formerly also Norrona IL and TIF Viking Bergensk is the native dialect of Bergen It was strongly influenced by Low German speaking merchants from the mid 14th to mid 18th centuries During the Dano Norwegian period from 1536 to 1814 Bergen was more influenced by Danish than other areas of Norway The Danish influence removed the female grammatical gender in the 16th century making Bergensk one of very few Norwegian dialects with only two instead of three grammatical genders The Rs are uvular trills as in French which probably spread to Bergen some time in the 18th century overtaking the alveolar trill in the time span of two to three generations Owing to an improved literacy rate Bergensk was influenced by riksmal and bokmal in the 19th and 20th centuries This led to large parts of the German inspired vocabulary disappearing and pronunciations shifting slightly towards East Norwegian 150 The 1986 edition of the Eurovision Song Contest took place in Bergen Bergen was the host city for the 2017 UCI Road World Championships The city is also a member of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network in the category of gastronomy since 2015 151 Picture of Bryggen from the opposite pier during night time On the upper right side hidden by fog the Floibanen up to Mt Floyen Music Edit Aurora performing in London 2016 Bergen has been the home of several notable alternative bands collectively referred to as the Bergen Wave These bands include Royksopp and Kings of Convenience on the small Bergen based record label Telle Records as well as related side projects such as The Whitest Boy Alive and Kommode on independent labels Other internationally well received artists also originating from Bergen include Sondre Lerche Magnet Kygo Boy Pablo and Alan Walker Bergen is also known as the black metal capital of Norway due to its role in the early Norwegian black metal scene and the amount of acts to come from the city in the early 1990s 152 Bergen is also the birthplace of composer Edvard Grieg Street art Edit Bergen is considered to be the street art capital of Norway 153 Famed artist Banksy visited the city in 2000 154 and inspired many to start creating street art Soon after the city brought up the most famous street artist in Norway Dolk 155 156 His art can still be seen in several places in the city and in 2009 the city council choose to preserve Dolk s work Spray with protective glass 157 In 2011 Bergen council launched a plan of action for street art in Bergen from 2011 to 2015 to ensure that Bergen will lead the fashion for street art as an expression both in Norway and Scandinavia 158 The Madam Felle 1831 1908 monument in Sandviken is in honour of a Norwegian woman of German origin who in the mid 19th century managed against the will of the council to maintain a counter of beer A well known restaurant of the same name is now situated at another location in Bergen The monument was erected in 1990 by sculptor Kari Rolfsen supported by an anonymous donor Madam Felle civil name Oline Fell was remembered after her death in a popular song possibly originally a folksong 159 Kjenner Dokker Madam Felle by Lothar Lindtner and Rolf Berntzen on an album in 1977 Neighbourhoods EditThe traditional neighbourhoods of Bergen include Bryggen Eidemarken Engen Fjellet Kalfaret Ladegarden Lovstakksiden 160 Marken Minde Mohlenpris Nordnes Nygard Nostet Sandviken Sentrum Skansen Skuteviken Strandsiden Stolen Sydnes Verftet Vagsbunnen Wergeland 161 and Ytre Sandviken Grunnkretser Edit The various addresses in Bergen each belong to one of the various grunnkrets International business EditEach year Bergen sells the Christmas Tree seen in Newcastle s Haymarket as a sign of the ongoing friendship between the sister cities 162 The Nordic friendship cities of Bergen Gothenburg Turku and Aarhus arrange inter Nordic camps each year by registering tenth grade school classes from each of the other cities to school camps for a profit Bergen received a totem pole as a gift of friendship from the city of Seattle on the city s 900th anniversary in 1970 It is now placed in the Nordnes Park and gazes out over the sea towards the friendship city far to the west Sister town cities EditSee also List of twin towns and sister cities in Norway Aarhus Denmark since 1946 163 164 Asmara Eritrea 163 Gothenburg Sweden since 1946 163 Newcastle United Kingdom since 1968 163 165 Seattle United States since 1967 163 166 Turku Finland since 1946 163 Planned partner city relations Nagykovacsi Hungary 2022 Notable people from Bergen EditList of people from BergenReferences Edit Forskrift om malvedtak i kommunar og fylkeskommunar in Norwegian Lovdata no a b Folketall per 1 januar 2022 SSB 19 May 2021 Retrieved 10 August 2022 Heggemsnes Nils 26 September 2012 Bergen Havn Store norske leksikon in Norwegian Retrieved 8 January 2016 a b Cruisestatistikk Cruise in Norwegian Port of Bergen 2016 Archived from the original on 26 May 2015 Retrieved 8 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2015 Frykter spredning av narkomiljoet Archived from the original on 20 September 2013 Retrieved 14 December 2015 AEresborger av Newcastle kongehuset no 14 November 2008 Retrieved 8 February 2010 a b c d e f Bergen kommune International relations Sister Cities 2 March 2001 Archived from the original on 4 April 2012 Retrieved 10 August 2011 City of Aarhus Sister cities 1 April 2011 Archived from the original on 28 September 2011 Retrieved 10 August 2011 Town Twinning Newcastle City Council Archived from the original on 2 March 2014 Retrieved 26 February 2014 Seattle International Sister City Bergen Norway Retrieved 10 August 2011 Bibliography EditSee also Bibliography of the history of BergenExternal links Edit Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Bergen Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bergen Norway Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica article Bergen Municipality website in Norwegian and English German U Boat Base in Bergen permanent dead link Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bergen amp oldid 1130111045, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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