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Telugu language

January 10, 2023

Telugu (/ˈtɛlʊɡuː/;[5] తెలుగు, Telugu pronunciation: [ˈteluɡu]) is a Dravidian language spoken by Telugu people predominantly living in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, where it is also the official language. It is the most widely spoken member of the Dravidian language family and one of the twenty-two scheduled languages of the Republic of India.[6][7] It is one of the few languages that has primary official status in more than one Indian state, alongside Hindi and Bengali.[8][9] Telugu is one of six languages designated as a classical language (of India) by the Government of India.[10][11]

Telugu
తెలుగు
The word "Telugu" in Telugu script
Pronunciation[ˈteluɡu]
Native toIndia
EthnicityTelugu people
Native speakers
83 million (2011)[1][2]
L2 speakers: 13 million[1]
Dravidian
  • South-Central
    • Telugu
Early form
Old Telugu
Dialects
Telugu script
Bharati Braille (Telugu)
Signed Telugu
Official status
Official language in
 India
Recognised minority
language in
* South Africa (protected language)[4]
Language codes
ISO 639-1te
ISO 639-2tel
ISO 639-3tel – inclusive code
Individual code:
wbq – Waddar (Vadari)
tel
Glottologtelu1262  Telugu
oldt1249  Old Telugu
Linguasphere49-DBA-aa
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Telugu is also a linguistic minority in the states of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, West Bengal, and the union territories of Puducherry and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. It is also spoken by members of the Telugu diaspora spread across countries like United States, Australia, United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand in the Anglosphere; Myanmar, Malaysia, South Africa, Mauritius; and the Arabian Gulf countries of UAE, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia etc.[12][13][14][15]

With nearly 81 million native speakers as per the 2011 census, Telugu is the fourth most spoken language in India and 15th in the world in the Ethnologue list of languages by number of native speakers.[16][17][18] It is also the fastest-growing language in the United States, where there is a large Telugu-speaking community.[19][20] It is also a protected language in South Africa and is offered as an optional third language in schools in the KwaZulu-Natal province.[4][21] Roughly 10,000 pre-colonial inscriptions exist in the Telugu language.[22]

Etymology

 
 
Bhimeswaram
 
Srisailam
 
Kaleswaram
class=notpageimage|
Locations of Trilinga Kshetras

Speakers of Telugu refer to it as simply Telugu or Telugoo.[23] Older forms of the name include Teluṅgu and Tenuṅgu.[24] Tenugu is derived from the Proto-Dravidian word *ten ("south")[25] to mean "the people who lived in the south/southern direction" (relative to Sanskrit and Prakrit-speaking peoples). The name Telugu, then, is a result of an "n" to "l" alternation established in Telugu.[26][27]

Another view[whose?] holds that Atharvana Acharya in the 13th century wrote a grammar of Telugu, calling it the Trilinga Śabdānusāsana (or Trilinga Grammar).[28] Appa Kavi in the 17th century explicitly wrote that Telugu was derived from Trilinga. Scholar Charles P. Brown made a comment that it was a "strange notion" since the predecessors of Appa Kavi had no knowledge of such a derivation.[29]

George Abraham Grierson and other linguists doubt this derivation, holding rather that Telugu was the older term and Trilinga must be the later Sanskritisation of it.[30][31] If so the derivation itself must have been quite ancient because Triglyphum, Trilingum and Modogalingam are attested in ancient Greek sources, the last of which can be interpreted as a Telugu rendition of "Trilinga".[32]

History

Satavahana bilingual coinage in Prakrit and Dravidian (c.150 CE)
 
 
Bilingual coinage of Satavahana Emperor Sri Vasishthiputra Pulumavi in Prakrit and Dravidian, and transcription of the obverse Prakrit legend.

Obverse: Portrait of the king. Legend in Prakrit in the Brahmi script (starting at 12 o'clock):
𑀭𑀜𑁄 𑀯𑀸𑀲𑀺𑀣𑀺𑀧𑀼𑀢𑀲 𑀲𑀺𑀭𑀺 𑀧𑀼𑀎𑀼𑀫𑀸𑀯𑀺𑀲
Raño Vāsiṭhiputasa Siri-Puḷumāvisa
"Of King Lord Pulumavi, son of Vasishthi"

Reverse: Ujjain and arched-hill symbols. Legend in Dravidian (closer to Tamil than Telugu),[33] and the Dravidian script,[33] similar to the Brahmi script[34] (starting at 12 o'clock):
𑀅𑀭𑀳𑀡𑀓𑀼 𑀯𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀣𑀺 𑀫𑀸𑀓𑀡𑀓𑀼 𑀢𑀺𑀭𑀼 𑀧𑀼𑀮𑀼𑀫𑀸𑀯𑀺𑀓𑀼
Arahaṇaku Vāhitti Mākaṇaku Tiru Pulumāviku[35]
or: Aracanaku Vācitti Makaṇaku Tiru Pulumāviku[36]
"Of King Tiru Pulumavi, son of Vasishthi"[34]

According to linguist Bhadriraju Krishnamurti, Telugu, as a Dravidian language, descends from Proto-Dravidian, a proto-language. Linguistic reconstruction suggests that Proto-Dravidian was spoken around the third millennium BCE.[37] According to the Russian linguist Mikhail S. Andronov, Telugu split from the Proto-Dravidian language between 1500 and 1000 BCE.[38][39]

Earliest records

Prakrit Inscriptions with some Telugu words dating back to between 400 BCE and 100 BCE have been discovered in Bhattiprolu in the Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh.[40] The English translation of an inscription reads, "gift of the slab by venerable Midikilayakha".[41][42][43]

"The Bhattiprolu stone Buddhist casket in proto Telugu belongs to BCE 300,[43]: 232  the Erragudi Asokan Rock Edict in Proto Telugu belongs to 257 BCE (DC Sarkar’s Ashokan Studies, Calcutta 1979 pages 7–8), the Ghantasala Brahmin inscription[44] and the pillar inscription of Vijaya Satakarni, Vijayapuri, and Nagarjuna Konda belong to First Century CE. Further, Tummalagudem inscription of Vishnukundinas belongs to 5th Century CE. (Epigraphia Andhrika, Vol.ii pages 9 to 14.)"[45][46][47][48]

One of the first words in the Telugu language, "Nagabu", was found in a Sanskrit inscription of the 1st century BCE at Amaravathi (not to be confused with the newly planned city of Amaravati).[49][50] Telugu words were also found in the Dharmasila inscription of Emperor Ashoka. A number of Telugu words were found in the Sanskrit and Prakrit inscriptions of the Satavahana dynastys, Vishnukundina dynasty, and Andhra Ikshvaku.

According to Telugu lore, its grammar has a prehistoric past. The Sage Kanva was said to be the language's first grammarian. A. Rajeswara Sarma discussed the historicity and content of Kanva's grammar. He cited twenty grammatical aphorisms ascribed to Kanva, and concluded that Kanva wrote an ancient Telugu Grammar which was lost.[51]

 
Telugu Talli Bomma (statue of Mother Telugu), the personification of Telugu language in Andhra Pradesh.

The coin legends of the Satavahanas, in all areas and all periods, used a Prakrit dialect without exception. Some reverse coin legends are in Tamil,[52] and Telugu languages.[53][54]

Post-Ikshvaku period

Main article: Early Telugu epigraphy

The period from 4th century CE to 1022 CE corresponds to the second phase of Telugu history, after the Andhra Ikshvaku period. This is evidenced by the first inscription that is entirely in Telugu, dated 575 CE, which was found in the Rayalaseema region and is attributed to the Renati Cholas, who broke with the prevailing custom of using Sanskrit and began writing royal proclamations in the local language. During the next fifty years, Telugu inscriptions appeared in Anantapuram and other neighbouring regions.[55] The Madras Museum plates of Balliya-Choda dated to the mid-ninth century CE are the earliest copper plate grants in the Telugu language.[56]

Certain exploration and excavation missions conducted by the Archaeological Department in and around the Keesaragutta temple have brought to light, a number of brick temples, cells and other structures encompassed by brick prakaram along with coins, beads, stucco figures, garbhapatra, pottery, and Brahmi label inscriptions datable to 4th and 5th centuries CE. On top of one of the rock-cut caves, an early Telugu label inscription reading as 'Thulachuvanru' can be noticed. On the basis of palaeography, the inscription is dated around the 4th to 5th centuries CE.[57]

Telugu was more influenced by Sanskrit and Prakrit during this period, which corresponded to the advent of Telugu literature. Telugu literature was initially found in inscriptions and poetry in the courts of the rulers, and later in written works such as Nannayya's Mahabharatam (1022 CE).[58] During the time of Nannayya, the literary language diverged from the popular language. It was also a period of phonetic changes in the spoken language.

Middle Ages

The third phase is marked by further stylization and sophistication of the literary languages. During this period the split of the Telugu from Kannada alphabets took place.[59] Tikkana wrote his works in this script.

Vijayanagara Empire

The Vijayanagara Empire gained dominance from 1336 to the late 17th century, reaching its peak during the rule of Krishnadevaraya in the 16th century, when Telugu literature experienced what is considered its Golden Age.[58]

Delhi Sultanate and Mughal influence

A distinct dialect developed in present-day Telangana region, due to Persian/Arabic influence: the Delhi Sultanate of the Tughlaq dynasty was established earlier in the northern Deccan Plateau during the 14th century. In the latter half of the 17th century, the Mughal Empire extended further south, culminating in the establishment of the Hyderabad State by the dynasty of the Nizam of Hyderabad in 1724. This heralded an era of Persian influence on the Telugu language, especially Hyderabad State. The effect is also evident in the prose of the early 19th century, as in the kaifiyats.[58]

In the princely Hyderabad State, the Andhra Mahasabha was started in 1921 with the main intention of promoting Telugu language, literature, its books and historical research led by Madapati Hanumantha Rao (the founder of the Andhra Mahasabha), Komarraju Venkata Lakshmana Rao (Founder of Library Movement in Hyderabad State), Suravaram Pratapareddy and others.

Colonial period

The 15th-century Venetian explorer Niccolò de' Conti, who visited the Vijayanagara Empire, found that the words in the Telugu language end with vowels, just like those in Italian, and hence referred to it as "The Italian of the East";[60] a saying that has been widely repeated.[61]

In the late 19th and the early 20th centuries, the influence of the English language was seen, and modern communication/printing press arose as an effect of British rule, especially in the areas that were part of the Madras Presidency. Literature from this time had a mix of classical and modern traditions and included works by such scholars as Gidugu Venkata Ramamoorty, Kandukuri Veeresalingam, Gurazada Apparao, Gidugu Sitapati and Panuganti Lakshminarasimha Rao.[58]

Since the 1930s, what was considered an "elite" literary form of the Telugu language has now spread to the common people with the introduction of mass media like movies, television, radio and newspapers. This form of the language is also taught in schools and colleges as a standard.[62]

Post-independence period

Geographic distribution

See also: States of India by Telugu speakers
 
Geographic distribution of Telugu immigrants in light blue; Telugu is native to dark blue.

Telugu is natively spoken in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and Yanam district of Puducherry. Telugu speakers are also found in the neighboring states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, some parts of Jharkhand and the Kharagpur region of West Bengal in India. Many Telugu immigrants are also found in the states of Gujarat, Goa, Bihar, Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan. At 7.2% of the population, Telugu is the fourth-most-spoken language in the Indian subcontinent after Hindi, Bengali and Marathi. In Karnataka, 7.0% of the population speak Telugu, and 5.6% in Tamil Nadu.[68]

There are more than 1,000,000 Telugu Americans in the United States, with the highest concentration in Central New Jersey, also known as Little Andhra.[69] As of 2018, Telugu is the fastest-growing language in the United States, with the number of Telugu speakers in the United States increasing by 86% between 2010 and 2017.[70] Minority Telugus are also found in Australia, New Zealand, Bahrain, Canada, Fiji, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Singapore, Mauritius, Myanmar, Europe (Italy, the United Kingdom), South Africa, Trinidad and Tobago, and the United Arab Emirates.

Legal status

Telugu is the official language of the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. It is one of the 22 languages under schedule 8 of the constitution of India. It is one of the official languages of the union territories of Puducherry. Telugu is a protected language in South Africa. According to the Constitution of South Africa, the Pan South African Language Board must promote and ensure respect for Telugu along with other languages.[71] The Government of South Africa announced that Telugu will be re-included as the official subject in the South African schools after it was removed from the curriculum in state schools.

In addition, with the creation in October 2004 of a legal status for classical languages by the Government of India and following a political campaign supported by several Tamil associations,[72] on 8 August 2008, Telugu was also given the classical language status due to several campaigns.[73][74]

 
Telugu script on Copper plates, Eastern Chalukya, 10th century CE.

Epigraphical records

Main article: Early Telugu epigraphy

According to the famous Japanese historian Noboru Karashima who served as the president of the Epigraphical Society of India in 1985, there are approximately 10,000 inscriptions which exist in the Telugu language as of the year 1996 making it one of the most densely inscribed languages.[22] Telugu inscriptions are found in all the districts of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.[57][75][76][77] They are also found in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Orissa, and Chhattisgarh.[78][77][79][80] According to recent estimates by ASI (Archaeological Survey of India) the number of inscriptions in the Telugu language goes up to 14,000.[75][81] Adilabad, Nizamabad, Hyderabad, Anantapur, and Chittoor produced no more than a handful of Telugu inscriptions in the Kakatiya era between 1175 CE and 1324 CE.[82][83]

Geographical influence

Telugu region boundaries

Andhra is characterised as having its own mother tongue, and its territory has been equated with the extent of the Telugu language. The equivalence between the Telugu linguistic sphere and the geographical boundaries of Andhra is also brought out in an eleventh-century description of Andhra boundaries. Andhra, according to this text, was bounded in north by Mahendra mountain in the modern Ganjam district in Odisha and to the south by Srikalahasteeswara temple in Chittoor district.[citation needed] However, Andhra extended westwards as far as Srisailam in Kurnool district, about halfway across the modern state.[84] According to other sources in the early sixteenth century, the northern boundary is Simhachalam and the southern limit is Tirumala of the Telugu Nation.[85][86][87][88][89][90]

Telugu place names

Main article: Place names in India

Telugu place names are present all around Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. Common suffixes are -ooru, -pudi, -pedu, -peta, -patnam, -wada, -gallu, -cherla, -seema, -gudem, -palle, -palem and -palli. Examples that use this nomenclature are Nellore, Tadepalligudem, Guntur, Chintalapudi, Yerpedu, Narasaraopeta, Sattenapalle, Visakapatnam, Vizianagaram, Ananthagiri, Vijayawada, Vuyyuru, Macherla, Poranki, Ramagundam, Warangal, Mancherial, Peddapalli, Siddipet, Banswada, and Miryalaguda.

Dialects

 
The Old Districts
Main article: Telangana Baasha

There are six major dialects in Modern Telugu:[91]

  • Northern Telangana : The old districts of Telangana: comprising Adilabad, Nizamabad, Karimnagar and Warangal
  • Southern Telangana : The old districts of Telangana comprising Mahabubnagar, Nalgonda, major parts of Ranga Reddy. Slang here is a blend of Northern Telangana and Rayalaseema.
  • Southern AP : The old four districts of Rayalaseema together with Nellore and Prakasham.
  • South-Central AP : The old districts of AP comprising Guntur and Krishna. Parts of Khammam of TS.
  • East-Central AP : The old Godavari districts.
  • Eastern AP : The old Vishakapatnam, Vijayanagaram and Srikakulam districts.

Colloquially, Telangana, Rayalaseema and Coastal Andhra dialects are considered the three Telugu dialects and regions.[92]

Waddar, Chenchu, and Manna-Dora are all closely related to Telugu.[93] Other dialects of Telugu are Berad, Dasari, Dommara, Golari, Kamathi, Komtao, Konda-Reddi, Salewari, Vadaga, Srikakula, Vishakhapatnam, East Godavari, Rayalaseema, Nellore, Guntur, Vadari and Yanadi.[94]

Phonology

The Roman transliteration used for transcribing the Telugu script is the National Library at Kolkata romanisation.

Telugu words generally end in vowels. In Old Telugu, this was absolute; in the modern language m, n, y, w may end a word. Atypically for a Dravidian language, voiced consonants were distinctive even in the oldest recorded form of the language. Sanskrit loans have introduced aspirated and murmured consonants as well.

Telugu does not have contrastive stress, and speakers vary on where they perceive stress. Most place it on the penultimate or final syllable, depending on word and vowel length.[95]

Consonants

The table below lists the consonantal phonemes of Telugu,[96][97] along with the symbols used in the transliteration of the Telugu script used here.

Telugu consonants
Labial Denti-
alveolar 		Retroflex Post-alv./
Palatal 		Velar Glottal
Nasal m m n n ɳ ṇ
Stop/
Affricate 		unaspirated p p t t
t͡s ts 		ʈ ṭ t͡ʃ c k k
voiced b b d d
d͡z dz 		ɖ ḍ d͡ʒ j ɡ g
aspirated* pʰ ph tʰ th ʈʰ ṭh t͡ʃʰ ch kʰ kh
breathy voiced* bʱ bh dʱ dh ɖʱ ḍh d͡ʒʱ jh ɡʱ gh
Fricative* f f s s ʂ ṣ ʃ ś h h
Approximant ʋ v l l ɭ ḷ j y
Tap ɾ r
  • The aspirated and breathy-voiced consonants occur mostly in Sanskrit and Prakrit loanwords, additionally /tʰ/ is used to substitute /θ/ in English loans, the only aspirate which occurs natively is /dʱ/ which occurs only in a few compound numbers e.g. /pɐddʱenimidi/ "18" likely a result of the proto Dravidian laryngeal */H/[98] there is also an unaspirated /pɐddenimidi/ version which is used more commonly. All of the fricatives except for native /s/ also only occurs in loanwords.[97]
  • Perso-Arabic phonemes like /q, x, ɣ, z/ are substituted with /k, kʰ, ɡ, d͡ʒ/ similar to Hindi.[97]
  • /t͡s, d͡z/ occurs only in native words and doesn't have aspirated/breathy forms. Native words with /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/ before non front vowels became /t͡s, d͡z/, the change became phonemized after loaning words with /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/ from other languages. Intervocalically /d͡z/ can become [z] e.g. [rɐːzu, d͡zoːli, ɡudd͡zu].[97]
  • /ʋ/ can be rounded to a [β̞ʷ] around rounded vowels.[97]
  • The common Proto Dravidian approximant */ɻ/ merged with /ɖ/ in Telugu while it was preserved as /ɽ/ in the other Southern II branch languages.[98]
  • Many of the old /ɳ/ and /ɭ/ merged with /n/ and /l/.[98] The Telangana dialect might completely merge /ɳ/ and /ɭ/ with /n/ and /l/.[citation needed]

Most consonants contrast in length in word-medial position, meaning that there are long (geminated) and short phonetic renderings of the sounds. A few examples of words that contrast by length of word-medial consonants:[97]

  • /ɡɐdi/ gadi (room) – /ɡɐdːi/ gaddi (throne)'
  • /ɐʈu/ aṭu (that side) – /ɐʈːu/ aṭṭu (pancake)
  • /moɡɐ/ moga (male) – /moɡːɐ/ mogga (bud)
  • /nɐmɐkɐmu/ namakamu (a vedic hymn) – /nɐmːɐkɐmu/ nammakamu (belief)
  • /kɐnu/ kanu (to give birth to) – /kɐnːu/ kannu (eye)
  • /kɐlɐ/ kala (dream) – /kɐlːɐ/ kalla (falsehood)
  • /mɐɾi/ mari (again) – /mɐɾːi/ marri (banyan tree)

All retroflex consonants occur in intervocalic position and when adjacent to a retroflex consonant, for instance. /ʋɐːɳiː/ vāṇī 'tippet', /kɐʈɳɐm/ kaṭṇam 'dowry', /pɐɳɖu/ paṇḍu 'fruit'; /kɐɭɐ/ kaḷa 'art', /bɐːɭʈi/ bāḷṭi 'bucket' (from Portuguese balde 'bucket'). With the exception of /ɳ/ and /ɭ/, all occur word-initial in a few words, such as /ʈɐkːu/ ṭakku 'pretence', /ʈhiːʋi/ ṭhīvi 'grandeur', /ɖipːɐ/ ḍippā 'half of a spherical object', /ɖɦoːkɐː/ ḍhōkā 'danger', and /ʂoːku/ ṣōku 'fashionable appearance'.[97]

The approximant /j/ occurs in word-initial position only in borrowed words, such as. /jɐnɡu/ yangu, from English 'young', /jɐʃɐsːu/ yaśassu from Sanskrit yaśas /jɑʃɑs/ 'fame'.[citation needed]

Vowels

Vowels in Telugu contrast in length; there are short and long versions of all vowels except for /æ/, which only occurs as long. Long vowels can occur in any position within the word, but native Telugu words do not end in a long vowel. Short vowels occur in all positions of a word, with the exception of /o/, which does not occur word-finally.[97] The vowels of Telugu are illustrated below, along with the Telugu script and romanization.

Vowels (అచ్చులు acchulu)
Front Central Back
Close i⠀ఇ⠀i iː⠀ఈ⠀ī u⠀ఉ⠀u uː⠀ఊ⠀ū
Mid e⠀ఎ⠀e eː⠀ఏ⠀ē o⠀ఒ⠀o oː⠀ఓ⠀ō
Open a ~ ɐ[97]⠀అ⠀a aː ~ ɐː⠀ఆ⠀ā

Allophones

In most dialects, the vowel /æː/ only occurs in loan words. In the Guntur dialect, [æː] is a frequent allophone of /aː/ in certain verbs in the past tense.

Telugu has two diphthongs: /ai/ ఐ ai and /au/ ఔ au.

Roots alter according to whether the first vowel is tense or lax.[99][need illustrations] Also, if the second vowel is open (i.e., /aː/ or /a/), then the first vowel is more open and centralized (e.g., [mɛːka] 'goat', as opposed to [meːku] 'nail').[citation needed] Telugu words also have vowels in inflectional suffixes that are harmonized with the vowels of the preceding syllable.[100]

Grammar

Main article: Telugu grammar

The traditional study of Telugu Grammar is known as vyākaraṇam (వ్యాకరణం). The first treatise on Telugu grammar, the Āndhra Śabda Cinṭāmaṇi, was written in Sanskrit by Nannayya, considered the first Telugu poet and translator, in the 12th century CE. This grammar followed patterns described in grammatical treatises such as Aṣṭādhyāyī and Vālmīkivyākaranam, but unlike Pāṇini, Nannayya divided his work into five chapters, covering samjnā, sandhi, ajanta, halanta and kriya. Every Telugu grammatical rule is derived from Pāṇinian concepts.

In the 19th century, Chinnaya Suri wrote a condensed work on Telugu grammar called Bāla Vyākaraṇam, borrowing concepts and ideas from Nannayya's grammar.

Morphosyntax

Relations between participants in an event are coded in Telugu words through suffixation; there are no prefixes or infixes in the language.[96] There are six word classes in Telugu: nominals (proper nouns, pronouns), verbs (actions or events), modifiers (adjectives, quantifiers, numerals), adverbs (modify the way in which actions or events unfold), and clitics.

Telugu nouns are inflected for number (singular, plural), noun class (three classes traditionally termed masculine, feminine, and neuter) and case (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, vocative, instrumental, and locative).[101]

Word order

The basic word order in Telugu is subject-object-verb (SOV).

అంబేద్కర్

ambedkar

ambedkar-NOM.MASC

Subject

బడికి

baḍiki

school-LOC

Object

వెళ్తాడు.

veḷtāḍu

go-MASC

Verb

అంబేద్కర్ బడికి వెళ్తాడు.

ambedkar baḍiki veḷtāḍu

ambedkar-NOM.MASC school-LOC go-MASC

Subject Object Verb

Ambedkar goes to school.

The example above can also be interpreted as 'Ambedkar will go to school', depending on the context, but it does not affect the SOV order.

Noun classes (gender)

As with other Dravidian languages, gender in Telugu follows a semantic system,[102] in the sense that it is mostly the meaning of the word which defines the noun class to which it belongs. There are three noun classes: masculine (human males, he-gender), feminine (human females, she-gender), and neuter (all non-humans, it-gender). The gender of most nouns is encoded through agreement/indexation in pronominal suffixes rather than overtly on the noun.[96]

anna

older.brother

vach-ā-ḍu

come-past-MASC

anna vach-ā-ḍu

older.brother come-past-MASC

The older brother came

amma

mother

vach-in-di

come-past-FEM

amma vach-in-di

mother come-past-FEM

Mother came

In terms of the verbal agreement system, genders in marking on the Telugu verb only occur in the third person.[96]

Third person Singular Plural
Masculine

terucā-ḍu

terucā-ḍu

He opened

terucā-ru

terucā-ru

They opened

Feminine

terucin-di

terucin-di

She opened

terucā-ru

terucā-ru

They opened

Neuter

terucin-di

terucin-di

It opened

terucā-yi

terucā-yi

They (non-human) opened

The Telugu gender system is different from Dravidian languages like Tamil given that the Telugu feminine shares indexation morphemes with the masculine plural (-ru) and with the neuter singular (-di). What characterizes the three-gender system is then the individual behavior of the singular-plural pairs of suffixes.[102]

Gender Verbal suffixes
(singular/plural)
Masculine -ḍu/ -ru
Feminine -di/ -ru
Neuter -di/ -yi

Pronouns

Telugu pronouns include personal pronouns (the persons speaking, the persons spoken to, or the persons or things spoken about); indefinite pronouns; relative pronouns (connecting parts of sentences); and reciprocal or reflexive pronouns (in which the object of a verb is acted on by the verb's subject).

Personal pronouns

Singular Plural
Person Familiar Inclusive Exclusive
First (speaker) nēnu (నేను)

I

manaṃ(mu)

we

mēmu (మేము)

we but not you

Second (addressee) nīvu/nuvvu

you

mīru (మీరు)

you/you guys/you all

Third (topic) aame (ఆమె)

she

vāḷḷu

they (human)

atanu (అతను)

he

adi (అది)

it

avi (అవి)

they (non-human)

In informal Telugu, personal pronouns distinguish masculine from non-masculine.[103][104]

Demonstratives

There is a wide variety of demonstrative pronouns in Telugu, whose forms depend on both proximity to the speaker and the level of formality. The formal demonstratives may also be used as formal personal pronoun, that is, the polite forms for this woman or this man and that woman or that man can also simply mean she and he in more formal contexts.

In the singular, there are four levels of formality when speaking about males and females, although the most formal/polite form is the same for both human genders. In both singular and plural, Telugu distinguishes two levels of distance from speaker (like in English), basically this and that, and these and those.

Singular
Proximal

(close to speaker, "this")

Distal

(far from speaker, "that")

Gender/Formality Feminine Masculine Neuter Feminine Masculine Neuter
very informal idi vīḍu idi adi vāḍu adi
informal īme itanu āme atanu
formal īviḍa īyana āviḍa āyana
very formal vīru vāru

In the plural, there are no distinctions between formality levels, but once again masculine and feminine forms are the same, while the neuter demonstratives are different.

Plural
Proximal

(close to speaker, "these")

Distal

(far from speaker, "those")

Feminine Masculine Neuter Feminine Masculine Neuter
vīỊỊu/vīru ivi vāỊỊu/vāru avi

Case system

The nominative case (karta), the object of a verb (karma), and the verb are somewhat in a sequence in Telugu sentence construction. "Vibhakti" (case of a noun) and "pratyāyamulu" (an affix to roots and words forming derivatives and inflections) depict the ancient nature and progression of the language. The "Vibhaktis" of Telugu language " డు [ɖu], ము [mu], వు [vu], లు [lu]", etc., are different from those in Sanskrit and have been in use for a long time.

Lexicon

The lexicon of Telugu shows a pervasive influence of Sanskrit that goes back at least 1000 years; there is also evidence suggesting an earlier influence. It's estimated that 80% of Telugu's lexicon is derived from Sanskrit.[105][106] Indologist David Shulman states that "Telugu must have swallowed Sanskrit whole, as it were, even before Nannaya."[107] He further notes that "every Sanskrit word is potentially a Telugu word" and that Telugu speech and literary texts are Sanskritized to an "enormous degree".[107] During the period 1000–1100 CE, Nannaya's re-writing of the Mahābhārata in Telugu (మహాభారతము) established the liberal borrowing of Sanskrit words. Telugu absorbed tatsamas from Sanskrit.[108]

The relexification of Dravidian languages by Indo-Iranian languages is not an uncommon occurrence.[109] Likewise is the case of Brahui —a Dravidian language spoken in the Balochistan and upper Sindh regions of Pakistan— with Indo-Iranian (incl. Perso-Arabic) vocabulary accounting for 40% of its lexicon.[110]

The vocabulary of Telugu, especially in Telangana, has a trove of Persian–Arabic borrowings, which have been modified to fit Telugu phonology. This was due to centuries of Turkic rule in these regions, such as the erstwhile kingdoms of Golkonda and Hyderabad (e.g., కబురు, /kaburu/ for Urdu /xabar/, خبر or జవాబు, /dʒavaːbu/ for Urdu /dʒawɑːb/, جواب).

Modern Telugu vocabulary can be said to constitute a diglossia because the formal, standardised version of the language is either lexically Sanskrit or heavily influenced by Sanskrit, as taught in schools, and used by the government and Hindu religious institutions. However, everyday Telugu varies in such features depending upon region.[citation needed]

Writing system

 
The word Telugu written in the Telugu script
Main articles: Telugu script and Telugu Braille
 
Consonants – hallulu (హల్లులు)

The Telugu script is an abugida consisting of 60 symbols — 16 vowels, 3 vowel modifiers, and 41 consonants. Telugu has a complete set of letters that follow a system to express sounds. The script is derived from the Brahmi script like those of many other Indian languages.[111][circular reference] The Telugu script is written from left to right and consists of sequences of simple and/or complex characters. The script is syllabic in nature—the basic units of writing are syllables. Since the number of possible syllables is very large, syllables are composed of more basic units such as vowels ("acchu" or "swaram") and consonants ("hallu" or "vyanjanam"). Consonants in consonant clusters take shapes that are very different from the shapes they take elsewhere. Consonants are presumed pure consonants, that is, without any vowel sound in them. However, it is traditional to write and read consonants with an implied "a" vowel sound. When consonants combine with other vowel signs, the vowel part is indicated orthographically using signs known as vowel "mātras". The shapes of vowel "mātras" are also very different from the shapes of the corresponding vowels.

Historically, a sentence used to end with either a single bar। ("pūrna virāmam") or a double bar॥ ("dīrgha virāmam"); in handwriting, Telugu words were not separated by spaces. However, in modern times, English punctuation (commas, semicolon, etc.) has virtually replaced the old method of punctuation.[112]

Telugu has full-zero ("anusvāra" or "sunna" ) ( ం ), half-zero ("arthanusvāra" or "candrabindu" or "ara-sunna" ) (ఁ) and visarga ( ః ) to convey various shades of nasal sounds. [la] and [La], [ra] and [Ra] are differentiated.[112]

Telugu has ĉ and ĵ, which are not represented in Sanskrit. Their pronunciation is similar to the "s" sound in the word treasure (i.e., the postalveolar voiced fricative) and "z" sound in zebra, i.e., the alveolar voiced fricative, respectively.

 
Wall painting at a shop in India. It first shows the painted party symbols of all the major political parties in the region during the nationwide elections in India in 2014. It also has a Telugu inscription showing availability of political flags, banners, caps, badges and other election material.

Telugu Guṇintālu (తెలుగు గుణింతాలు)

These are some examples of combining a consonant with different vowels.
క కా కి కీ కు కూ కృ కౄ కె కే కై కొ కో కౌ క్ కం కః
ఖ ఖా ఖి ఖీ ఖు ఖూ ఖృ ఖౄ ఖె ఖే ఖై ఖొ ఖో ఖౌ ఖ్ ఖం ఖః

Number system

Telugu has ten digits employed with the Hindu–Arabic numeral system. However, in modern usage, the Arabic numerals have replaced them.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
౦ ౧ ౨ ౩ ౪ ౫ ౬ ౭ ౮ ౯
sunna (Telugu form of Sanskrit word śūnyam) okaṭi renḍu mūḍu nālugu aidu āru ēḍu enimidi tommidi

Telugu is assigned Unicode codepoints: 0C00-0C7F (3072–3199).[113]

Telugu[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+0C0x ఀ ఁ ం ః ఄ అ ఆ ఇ ఈ ఉ ఊ ఋ ఌ ఎ ఏ
U+0C1x ఐ ఒ ఓ ఔ క ఖ గ ఘ ఙ చ ఛ జ ఝ ఞ ట
U+0C2x ఠ డ ఢ ణ త థ ద ధ న ప ఫ బ భ మ య
U+0C3x ర ఱ ల ళ ఴ వ శ ష స హ ఼ ఽ ా ి
U+0C4x ీ ు ూ ృ ౄ ె ే ై ొ ో ౌ ్
U+0C5x ౕ ౖ ౘ ౙ ౚ ౝ
U+0C6x ౠ ౡ ౢ ౣ ౦ ౧ ౨ ౩ ౪ ౫ ౬ ౭ ౮ ౯
U+0C7x ౷ ౸ ౹ ౺ ౻ ౼ ౽ ౾ ౿
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 15.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

Literature

The Pre-Nannayya Period (before 1020 CE)

In the earliest period Telugu literature existed in the form of inscriptions, precisely from 575 CE onward.

The Jain Literature Phase (850–1000 CE)

Prabandha Ratnavali (1918) & Pre-Nannayya Chandassu (Raja Raja Narendra Pattabhisekha Sanchika) by Veturi Prabhakara Sastry talk about the existence of Jain Telugu literature during 850-1000 CE. A verse from Telugu Jinendra Puranam by Adikavi Pampa, a couple of verses from Telugu Adi Puranam by Sarvadeva and Kavijanasrayam by Malliya Rechana were all authored by Jain poet's and are the examples for Jain contribution to Telugu Literature.

Historically, Vemulawada was a Jain knowledge hub and played a significant role in patronizing Jain literature and poets. Excavations in the 1980s around Vemulawada revealed and affirmed the existence of Telugu Jain literature.

Malliya Rechana is considered to be the first Telugu Author. P.V. Parabrahma Sastry, Nidadavolu Venkata Rao, P.V.P Sastry also pointed out that many Jain works could have been destroyed. Historical rivalry among Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism is well known.

The Age of the Puranas (1020–1400 CE)

This is the period of Kavi Trayam or Trinity of Poets. Nannayya, Tikkana and Yerrapragada (or Errana) are known as the Kavi Trayam.

Nannaya Bhattarakudu or Adi Kavi (1022–1063 CE)

Nannaya Bhattarakudu's (Telugu: నన్నయ) Andhra Mahabharatam, who lived around the 11th century, is commonly referred to as the first Telugu literary composition (aadi kaavyam).[citation needed] Although there is evidence of Telugu literature before Nannaya, he is given the epithet Aadi Kavi ("the first poet"). Nannaya Bhattu acknowledged the help extended to him by his friend Narayana Bhattu in his composition in fields like making choices of grammatical forms, metres, form of the book, etc. and compares it to that extended to Arjuna by God Sri Krishna in the Bharata war. Scholar and poet K. Ayyappa Paniker states that both Nannaya Bhattu and Narayana Bhattu were Kannada origin scholars.[114] Nannaya was the first to establish a formal grammar of written Telugu. This grammar followed the patterns which existed in grammatical treatises like Aṣṭādhyāyī and Vālmīkivyākaranam but unlike Pāṇini, Nannayya divided his work into five chapters, covering samjnā, sandhi, ajanta, halanta and kriya.[14] Nannaya completed the first two chapters and a part of the third chapter of the Mahabharata epic, which is rendered in the Champu style.

Tikkana Somayaji (1205–1288 CE): Nannaya's Andhra Mahabharatam was almost completed by Tikanna Somayaji (Telugu: తిక్కన సోమయాజి) (1205–1288) who wrote chapters 4 to 18.

Yerrapragada: (Telugu: ఎర్రాప్రగడ) who lived in the 14th century, finished the epic by completing the third chapter. He mimics Nannaya's style in the beginning, slowly changes tempo and finishes the chapter in the writing style of Tikkana. These three writers – Nannaya, Tikanna and Yerrapragada – are known as the Kavitraya ("three great poets") of Telugu. Other such translations like Marana's Markandeya Puranam, Ketana's Dasakumara Charita, Yerrapragada's Harivamsam followed. Many scientific works, like Ganitasarasangrahamu by Pavuluri Mallana and Prakirnaganitamu by Eluganti Peddana, were written in the 12th century.[relevant?]

Baddena Bhupala (1220–1280 CE)

Sumati Shatakam, which is a neeti ("moral"), is one of the most famous Telugu Shatakams.[citation needed] Shatakam is composed of more than a 100 padyalu (poems). According to many literary critics[who?] Sumati Shatakam was composed by Baddena Bhupaludu (Telugu: బద్దెన భూపాల) (CE 1220–1280). He was also known as Bhadra Bhupala. He was a Chola prince and a vassal under the Kakatiya empress Rani Rudrama Devi, and a pupil of Tikkana.[citation needed] If we assume that the Sumati Shatakam was indeed written by Baddena, it would rank as one of the earliest Shatakams in Telugu along with the Vrushadhipa Satakam of Palkuriki Somanatha and the Sarveswara Satakam of Yathavakkula Annamayya.[original research?] The Sumatee Shatakam is also one of the earliest Telugu works to be translated into a European language, as C. P. Brown rendered it in English in the 1840s.

Palkuriki Somanatha: Important among his Telugu language writings are the Basava Purana, Panditaradhya charitra, Malamadevipuranamu and Somanatha Stava–in dwipada metre ("couplets"); Anubhavasara, Chennamallu Sisamalu, Vrishadhipa Shataka and Cheturvedasara–in verses; Basavodharana in verses and ragale metre (rhymed couplets in blank verse); and the Basavaragada.

Gona Budda Reddy: His Ranganatha Ramayanam was a pioneering work in the Telugu language on the theme of the Ramayana epic. Most scholars believe he wrote it between 1300 and 1310 A.D., possibly with help from his family. The work has become part of cultural life in Andhra Pradesh and is used in puppet shows.

In the Telugu literature Tikkana was given agraasana (top position) by many famous critics.

Paravastu Chinnayya Soori (1807–1861) is a well-known Telugu writer who dedicated his entire life to the progress and promotion of Telugu language and literature. Sri Chinnayasoori wrote the Bala Vyakaranam in a new style after doing extensive research on Telugu grammar. Other well-known writings by Chinnayasoori are Neethichandrika, Sootandhra Vyaakaranamu, Andhra Dhatumoola, and Neeti Sangrahamu.

Kandukuri Veeresalingam (1848–1919) is generally considered the father of modern Telugu literature.[115] His novel Rajasekhara Charitamu was inspired by the Vicar of Wakefield. His work marked the beginning of a dynamic of socially conscious Telugu literature and its transition to the modern period, which is also part of the wider literary renaissance that took place in Indian culture during this period. Other prominent literary figures from this period are Gurajada Appa Rao, Viswanatha Satyanarayana, Gurram Jashuva, Rayaprolu Subba Rao, Devulapalli Krishnasastri and Srirangam Srinivasa Rao, popularly known as Mahakavi Sri Sri. Sri Sri was instrumental in popularising free verse in spoken Telugu (vaaduka bhasha), as opposed to the pure form of written Telugu used by several poets in his time. Devulapalli Krishnasastri is often referred to as the Shelley of Telugu literature because of his pioneering works in Telugu Romantic poetry.

Viswanatha Satyanarayana won India's national literary honour, the Jnanpith Award for his magnum opus Ramayana Kalpavrukshamu.[116] C. Narayana Reddy won the Jnanpith Award in 1988 for his poetic work, Viswambara. Ravuri Bharadhwaja won the 3rd Jnanpith Award for Telugu literature in 2013 for Paakudu Raallu, a graphic account of life behind the screen in film industry.[117] Kanyasulkam, the first social play in Telugu by Gurajada Appa Rao, was followed by the progressive movement, the free verse movement and the Digambara style of Telugu verse. Other modern Telugu novelists include Unnava Lakshminarayana (Maalapalli), Bulusu Venkateswarulu (Bharatiya Tatva Sastram), Kodavatiganti Kutumba Rao and Buchi Babu.

Media

Telugu support on digital devices

Telugu input, display, and support were initially provided on the Microsoft Windows platform. Subsequently, various browsers, computer applications, operating systems, and user interfaces were localized in Telugu Language for Windows and Linux platforms by vendors and free and open-source software volunteers. Telugu-capable smart phones were also introduced by vendors in 2013.[118]

On 15 February 2018, Apple devices were experiencing crashes of apps and device shutdowns when two particular characters from the Telugu language (specifically జ్ఞా) was rendered on the display. Reports show that this has affected iOS, MacOS, tvOS and watchOS.[119] On 20 February, Apple announced that the bug was fixed with the iOS 11.2.6 update.[120]

See also

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Bibliography

  • Albert Henry Arden, A Progressive Grammar of the Telugu Language (1873).
  • Charles Philip Brown, English–Telugu dictionary (1852; revised ed. 1903);
  • The Linguistic Legacy of Indo-Guyanese The Linguistic Legacy of Indian-Guyanese 13 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine
  • Languages of Mauritius Languages of Mauritius – Mauritius Attractions 24 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  • Charles Philip Brown, A Grammar of the Telugu Language (1857)
  • P. Percival, Telugu–English dictionary: with the Telugu words printed in the Roman as well as in the Telugu Character (1862, Internet Archive edition)
  • Gwynn, J. P. L. (John Peter Lucius). A Telugu–English Dictionary Delhi; New York: Oxford University Press (1991; online edition 26 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine).
  • Uwe Gustafsson, An Adiwasi Oriya–Telugu–English dictionary, Central Institute of Indian Languages Dictionary Series, 6. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Language (1989).
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  • Wilkinson, Robert W. (1974). "Tense/lax vowel harmony in Telugu: The influence of derived contrast on rule application". Linguistic Inquiry. 5 (2): 251–270.

External links

  • Telugu language at Curlie
  • Telugu language at Encyclopædia Britannica
  • English to Telugu online dictionary
  • 'Telugu to English' and 'English to Telugu' Dictionary
  • Dictionary of mixed Telugu By Charles Philip Brown
  • Online English – Telugu dictionary portal that includes many popular dictionaries
  • English–Telugu Dictionary
  • Telugu Hindu literature

January 10, 2023
telugu, language, telugu, telugu, pronunciation, ˈteluɡu, dravidian, language, spoken, telugu, people, predominantly, living, indian, states, andhra, pradesh, telangana, where, also, official, language, most, widely, spoken, member, dravidian, language, family. Telugu ˈ t ɛ l ʊ ɡ uː 5 త ల గ Telugu pronunciation ˈteluɡu is a Dravidian language spoken by Telugu people predominantly living in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana where it is also the official language It is the most widely spoken member of the Dravidian language family and one of the twenty two scheduled languages of the Republic of India 6 7 It is one of the few languages that has primary official status in more than one Indian state alongside Hindi and Bengali 8 9 Telugu is one of six languages designated as a classical language of India by the Government of India 10 11 Teluguత ల గ The word Telugu in Telugu scriptPronunciation ˈteluɡu Native toIndiaEthnicityTelugu peopleNative speakers83 million 2011 1 2 L2 speakers 13 million 1 Language familyDravidian South CentralTeluguEarly formOld TeluguDialectssee Telugu languagesWriting systemTelugu scriptBharati Braille Telugu Signed formsSigned TeluguOfficial statusOfficial language in India Andhra Pradesh Telangana Puducherry Yanam West Bengal additional 3 Recognised minoritylanguage in South Africa protected language 4 Mauritius Malaysia Singapore Fiji USA UK Canada Myanmar Sri LankaLanguage codesISO 639 1 span class plainlinks te span ISO 639 2 span class plainlinks tel span ISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code tel class extiw title iso639 3 tel tel a inclusive codeIndividual code a href https iso639 3 sil org code wbq class extiw title iso639 3 wbq wbq a Waddar Vadari Linguist ListtelGlottologtelu1262 Teluguoldt1249 Old TeluguLinguasphere49 DBA aaThis article contains IPA phonetic symbols Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Unicode characters For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA Part of a series onConstitutionally recognised languages of IndiaCategory22 Official Languages of the Indian RepublicAssamese Bengali Bodo Dogri Gujarati Hindi Kannada Kashmiri Konkani Maithili Malayalam Marathi Meitei Manipuri Nepali Odia Punjabi Sanskrit Santali Sindhi Tamil Telugu UrduRelatedEighth Schedule to the Constitution of India Official Languages Commission List of languages by number of native speakers in India Asia portal India portal Language portal Politics portalTelugu is also a linguistic minority in the states of Karnataka Tamil Nadu Maharashtra Gujarat Chhattisgarh Orissa West Bengal and the union territories of Puducherry and Andaman and Nicobar Islands It is also spoken by members of the Telugu diaspora spread across countries like United States Australia United Kingdom Canada New Zealand in the Anglosphere Myanmar Malaysia South Africa Mauritius and the Arabian Gulf countries of UAE Bahrain Saudi Arabia etc 12 13 14 15 With nearly 81 million native speakers as per the 2011 census Telugu is the fourth most spoken language in India and 15th in the world in the Ethnologue list of languages by number of native speakers 16 17 18 It is also the fastest growing language in the United States where there is a large Telugu speaking community 19 20 It is also a protected language in South Africa and is offered as an optional third language in schools in the KwaZulu Natal province 4 21 Roughly 10 000 pre colonial inscriptions exist in the Telugu language 22 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Earliest records 2 2 Post Ikshvaku period 2 3 Middle Ages 2 4 Vijayanagara Empire 2 5 Delhi Sultanate and Mughal influence 2 6 Colonial period 2 7 Post independence period 3 Geographic distribution 4 Legal status 5 Epigraphical records 6 Geographical influence 6 1 Telugu region boundaries 6 2 Telugu place names 7 Dialects 8 Phonology 8 1 Consonants 8 2 Vowels 8 2 1 Allophones 9 Grammar 9 1 Morphosyntax 9 1 1 Word order 9 1 2 Noun classes gender 9 2 Pronouns 9 2 1 Personal pronouns 9 2 2 Demonstratives 9 3 Case system 10 Lexicon 11 Writing system 11 1 Telugu Guṇintalu త ల గ గ ణ త ల 11 2 Number system 12 Literature 12 1 The Pre Nannayya Period before 1020 CE 12 2 The Jain Literature Phase 850 1000 CE 12 3 The Age of the Puranas 1020 1400 CE 12 4 Nannaya Bhattarakudu or Adi Kavi 1022 1063 CE 12 5 Baddena Bhupala 1220 1280 CE 13 Media 13 1 Telugu support on digital devices 14 See also 15 References 16 Bibliography 17 External linksEtymology Edit Bhimeswaram Srisailam Kaleswaramclass notpageimage Locations of Trilinga Kshetras Speakers of Telugu refer to it as simply Telugu or Telugoo 23 Older forms of the name include Teluṅgu and Tenuṅgu 24 Tenugu is derived from the Proto Dravidian word ten south 25 to mean the people who lived in the south southern direction relative to Sanskrit and Prakrit speaking peoples The name Telugu then is a result of an n to l alternation established in Telugu 26 27 Another view whose holds that Atharvana Acharya in the 13th century wrote a grammar of Telugu calling it the Trilinga Sabdanusasana or Trilinga Grammar 28 Appa Kavi in the 17th century explicitly wrote that Telugu was derived from Trilinga Scholar Charles P Brown made a comment that it was a strange notion since the predecessors of Appa Kavi had no knowledge of such a derivation 29 George Abraham Grierson and other linguists doubt this derivation holding rather that Telugu was the older term and Trilinga must be the later Sanskritisation of it 30 31 If so the derivation itself must have been quite ancient because Triglyphum Trilingum and Modogalingam are attested in ancient Greek sources the last of which can be interpreted as a Telugu rendition of Trilinga 32 History EditSatavahana bilingual coinage in Prakrit and Dravidian c 150 CE Bilingual coinage of Satavahana Emperor Sri Vasishthiputra Pulumavi in Prakrit and Dravidian and transcription of the obverse Prakrit legend Obverse Portrait of the king Legend in Prakrit in the Brahmi script starting at 12 o clock 𑀭𑀜 𑀯 𑀲 𑀣 𑀧 𑀢𑀲 𑀲 𑀭 𑀧 𑀎 𑀫 𑀯 𑀲Rano Vasiṭhiputasa Siri Puḷumavisa Of King Lord Pulumavi son of Vasishthi Reverse Ujjain and arched hill symbols Legend in Dravidian closer to Tamil than Telugu 33 and the Dravidian script 33 similar to the Brahmi script 34 starting at 12 o clock 𑀅𑀭𑀳𑀡𑀓 𑀯 𑀳 𑀣 𑀫 𑀓𑀡𑀓 𑀢 𑀭 𑀧 𑀮 𑀫 𑀯 𑀓 Arahaṇaku Vahitti Makaṇaku Tiru Pulumaviku 35 or Aracanaku Vacitti Makaṇaku Tiru Pulumaviku 36 Of King Tiru Pulumavi son of Vasishthi 34 According to linguist Bhadriraju Krishnamurti Telugu as a Dravidian language descends from Proto Dravidian a proto language Linguistic reconstruction suggests that Proto Dravidian was spoken around the third millennium BCE 37 According to the Russian linguist Mikhail S Andronov Telugu split from the Proto Dravidian language between 1500 and 1000 BCE 38 39 Earliest records Edit Prakrit Inscriptions with some Telugu words dating back to between 400 BCE and 100 BCE have been discovered in Bhattiprolu in the Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh 40 The English translation of an inscription reads gift of the slab by venerable Midikilayakha 41 42 43 The Bhattiprolu stone Buddhist casket in proto Telugu belongs to BCE 300 43 232 the Erragudi Asokan Rock Edict in Proto Telugu belongs to 257 BCE DC Sarkar s Ashokan Studies Calcutta 1979 pages 7 8 the Ghantasala Brahmin inscription 44 and the pillar inscription of Vijaya Satakarni Vijayapuri and Nagarjuna Konda belong to First Century CE Further Tummalagudem inscription of Vishnukundinas belongs to 5th Century CE Epigraphia Andhrika Vol ii pages 9 to 14 45 46 47 48 One of the first words in the Telugu language Nagabu was found in a Sanskrit inscription of the 1st century BCE at Amaravathi not to be confused with the newly planned city of Amaravati 49 50 Telugu words were also found in the Dharmasila inscription of Emperor Ashoka A number of Telugu words were found in the Sanskrit and Prakrit inscriptions of the Satavahana dynastys Vishnukundina dynasty and Andhra Ikshvaku According to Telugu lore its grammar has a prehistoric past The Sage Kanva was said to be the language s first grammarian A Rajeswara Sarma discussed the historicity and content of Kanva s grammar He cited twenty grammatical aphorisms ascribed to Kanva and concluded that Kanva wrote an ancient Telugu Grammar which was lost 51 Telugu Talli Bomma statue of Mother Telugu the personification of Telugu language in Andhra Pradesh The coin legends of the Satavahanas in all areas and all periods used a Prakrit dialect without exception Some reverse coin legends are in Tamil 52 and Telugu languages 53 54 Post Ikshvaku period Edit Main article Early Telugu epigraphy The period from 4th century CE to 1022 CE corresponds to the second phase of Telugu history after the Andhra Ikshvaku period This is evidenced by the first inscription that is entirely in Telugu dated 575 CE which was found in the Rayalaseema region and is attributed to the Renati Cholas who broke with the prevailing custom of using Sanskrit and began writing royal proclamations in the local language During the next fifty years Telugu inscriptions appeared in Anantapuram and other neighbouring regions 55 The Madras Museum plates of Balliya Choda dated to the mid ninth century CE are the earliest copper plate grants in the Telugu language 56 Certain exploration and excavation missions conducted by the Archaeological Department in and around the Keesaragutta temple have brought to light a number of brick temples cells and other structures encompassed by brick prakaram along with coins beads stucco figures garbhapatra pottery and Brahmi label inscriptions datable to 4th and 5th centuries CE On top of one of the rock cut caves an early Telugu label inscription reading as Thulachuvanru can be noticed On the basis of palaeography the inscription is dated around the 4th to 5th centuries CE 57 Telugu was more influenced by Sanskrit and Prakrit during this period which corresponded to the advent of Telugu literature Telugu literature was initially found in inscriptions and poetry in the courts of the rulers and later in written works such as Nannayya s Mahabharatam 1022 CE 58 During the time of Nannayya the literary language diverged from the popular language It was also a period of phonetic changes in the spoken language Middle Ages Edit The third phase is marked by further stylization and sophistication of the literary languages During this period the split of the Telugu from Kannada alphabets took place 59 Tikkana wrote his works in this script Vijayanagara Empire Edit The Vijayanagara Empire gained dominance from 1336 to the late 17th century reaching its peak during the rule of Krishnadevaraya in the 16th century when Telugu literature experienced what is considered its Golden Age 58 Delhi Sultanate and Mughal influence Edit A distinct dialect developed in present day Telangana region due to Persian Arabic influence the Delhi Sultanate of the Tughlaq dynasty was established earlier in the northern Deccan Plateau during the 14th century In the latter half of the 17th century the Mughal Empire extended further south culminating in the establishment of the Hyderabad State by the dynasty of the Nizam of Hyderabad in 1724 This heralded an era of Persian influence on the Telugu language especially Hyderabad State The effect is also evident in the prose of the early 19th century as in the kaifiyats 58 In the princely Hyderabad State the Andhra Mahasabha was started in 1921 with the main intention of promoting Telugu language literature its books and historical research led by Madapati Hanumantha Rao the founder of the Andhra Mahasabha Komarraju Venkata Lakshmana Rao Founder of Library Movement in Hyderabad State Suravaram Pratapareddy and others Colonial period Edit The 15th century Venetian explorer Niccolo de Conti who visited the Vijayanagara Empire found that the words in the Telugu language end with vowels just like those in Italian and hence referred to it as The Italian of the East 60 a saying that has been widely repeated 61 In the late 19th and the early 20th centuries the influence of the English language was seen and modern communication printing press arose as an effect of British rule especially in the areas that were part of the Madras Presidency Literature from this time had a mix of classical and modern traditions and included works by such scholars as Gidugu Venkata Ramamoorty Kandukuri Veeresalingam Gurazada Apparao Gidugu Sitapati and Panuganti Lakshminarasimha Rao 58 Since the 1930s what was considered an elite literary form of the Telugu language has now spread to the common people with the introduction of mass media like movies television radio and newspapers This form of the language is also taught in schools and colleges as a standard 62 Post independence period Edit Telugu is one of the 22 languages with official status in India The Andhra Pradesh Official Language Act 1966 declares Telugu the official language of the state that is currently divided into Andhra Pradesh and Telangana 63 64 Telugu also has official language status in the Yanam district of the union territory of Puducherry Telugu Language Day is celebrated every year on 29 August the birthday of Telugu poet Gidugu Venkata Ramamurthy 65 66 The fourth World Telugu Conference was organised in Tirupati in the last week of December 2012 Issues related to Telugu language policy were deliberated at length Telugu is the 4th most spoken Indian language in India after Hindi Bengali and Marathi The American Community Survey has said that data for 2016 which were released in September 2017 showed Telugu is the third most widely spoken Indian language in the US Hindi tops the list followed by Gujarati as of the 2010 census 67 Geographic distribution EditSee also States of India by Telugu speakers Geographic distribution of Telugu immigrants in light blue Telugu is native to dark blue Telugu is natively spoken in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and Yanam district of Puducherry Telugu speakers are also found in the neighboring states of Tamil Nadu Karnataka Maharashtra Odisha Chhattisgarh some parts of Jharkhand and the Kharagpur region of West Bengal in India Many Telugu immigrants are also found in the states of Gujarat Goa Bihar Kashmir Uttar Pradesh Punjab Haryana and Rajasthan At 7 2 of the population Telugu is the fourth most spoken language in the Indian subcontinent after Hindi Bengali and Marathi In Karnataka 7 0 of the population speak Telugu and 5 6 in Tamil Nadu 68 There are more than 1 000 000 Telugu Americans in the United States with the highest concentration in Central New Jersey also known as Little Andhra 69 As of 2018 Telugu is the fastest growing language in the United States with the number of Telugu speakers in the United States increasing by 86 between 2010 and 2017 70 Minority Telugus are also found in Australia New Zealand Bahrain Canada Fiji Malaysia Sri Lanka Singapore Mauritius Myanmar Europe Italy the United Kingdom South Africa Trinidad and Tobago and the United Arab Emirates Legal status EditTelugu is the official language of the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana It is one of the 22 languages under schedule 8 of the constitution of India It is one of the official languages of the union territories of Puducherry Telugu is a protected language in South Africa According to the Constitution of South Africa the Pan South African Language Board must promote and ensure respect for Telugu along with other languages 71 The Government of South Africa announced that Telugu will be re included as the official subject in the South African schools after it was removed from the curriculum in state schools In addition with the creation in October 2004 of a legal status for classical languages by the Government of India and following a political campaign supported by several Tamil associations 72 on 8 August 2008 Telugu was also given the classical language status due to several campaigns 73 74 Telugu script on Copper plates Eastern Chalukya 10th century CE Epigraphical records EditMain article Early Telugu epigraphyAccording to the famous Japanese historian Noboru Karashima who served as the president of the Epigraphical Society of India in 1985 there are approximately 10 000 inscriptions which exist in the Telugu language as of the year 1996 making it one of the most densely inscribed languages 22 Telugu inscriptions are found in all the districts of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana 57 75 76 77 They are also found in Karnataka Tamil Nadu Orissa and Chhattisgarh 78 77 79 80 According to recent estimates by ASI Archaeological Survey of India the number of inscriptions in the Telugu language goes up to 14 000 75 81 Adilabad Nizamabad Hyderabad Anantapur and Chittoor produced no more than a handful of Telugu inscriptions in the Kakatiya era between 1175 CE and 1324 CE 82 83 Geographical influence EditTelugu region boundaries Edit Andhra is characterised as having its own mother tongue and its territory has been equated with the extent of the Telugu language The equivalence between the Telugu linguistic sphere and the geographical boundaries of Andhra is also brought out in an eleventh century description of Andhra boundaries Andhra according to this text was bounded in north by Mahendra mountain in the modern Ganjam district in Odisha and to the south by Srikalahasteeswara temple in Chittoor district citation needed However Andhra extended westwards as far as Srisailam in Kurnool district about halfway across the modern state 84 According to other sources in the early sixteenth century the northern boundary is Simhachalam and the southern limit is Tirumala of the Telugu Nation 85 86 87 88 89 90 Telugu place names Edit Main article Place names in India Telugu place names are present all around Andhra Pradesh and Telangana Common suffixes are ooru pudi pedu peta patnam wada gallu cherla seema gudem palle palem and palli Examples that use this nomenclature are Nellore Tadepalligudem Guntur Chintalapudi Yerpedu Narasaraopeta Sattenapalle Visakapatnam Vizianagaram Ananthagiri Vijayawada Vuyyuru Macherla Poranki Ramagundam Warangal Mancherial Peddapalli Siddipet Banswada and Miryalaguda Dialects Edit The Old Districts Main article Telangana Baasha There are six major dialects in Modern Telugu 91 Northern Telangana The old districts of Telangana comprising Adilabad Nizamabad Karimnagar and WarangalSouthern Telangana The old districts of Telangana comprising Mahabubnagar Nalgonda major parts of Ranga Reddy Slang here is a blend of Northern Telangana and Rayalaseema Southern AP The old four districts of Rayalaseema together with Nellore and Prakasham South Central AP The old districts of AP comprising Guntur and Krishna Parts of Khammam of TS East Central AP The old Godavari districts Eastern AP The old Vishakapatnam Vijayanagaram and Srikakulam districts Colloquially Telangana Rayalaseema and Coastal Andhra dialects are considered the three Telugu dialects and regions 92 Waddar Chenchu and Manna Dora are all closely related to Telugu 93 Other dialects of Telugu are Berad Dasari Dommara Golari Kamathi Komtao Konda Reddi Salewari Vadaga Srikakula Vishakhapatnam East Godavari Rayalaseema Nellore Guntur Vadari and Yanadi 94 Phonology EditThe Roman transliteration used for transcribing the Telugu script is the National Library at Kolkata romanisation Telugu words generally end in vowels In Old Telugu this was absolute in the modern language m n y w may end a word Atypically for a Dravidian language voiced consonants were distinctive even in the oldest recorded form of the language Sanskrit loans have introduced aspirated and murmured consonants as well Telugu does not have contrastive stress and speakers vary on where they perceive stress Most place it on the penultimate or final syllable depending on word and vowel length 95 Consonants Edit The table below lists the consonantal phonemes of Telugu 96 97 along with the symbols used in the transliteration of the Telugu script used here Telugu consonants Labial Denti alveolar Retroflex Post alv Palatal Velar GlottalNasal m m n n ɳ ṇStop Affricate unaspirated p p t t t s ts ʈ ṭ t ʃ c k kvoiced b b d d d z dz ɖ ḍ d ʒ j ɡ gaspirated pʰ ph tʰ th ʈʰ ṭh t ʃʰ ch kʰ khbreathy voiced bʱ bh dʱ dh ɖʱ ḍh d ʒʱ jh ɡʱ ghFricative f f s s ʂ ṣ ʃ s h hApproximant ʋ v l l ɭ ḷ j yTap ɾ rThe aspirated and breathy voiced consonants occur mostly in Sanskrit and Prakrit loanwords additionally tʰ is used to substitute 8 in English loans the only aspirate which occurs natively is dʱ which occurs only in a few compound numbers e g pɐddʱenimidi 18 likely a result of the proto Dravidian laryngeal H 98 there is also an unaspirated pɐddenimidi version which is used more commonly All of the fricatives except for native s also only occurs in loanwords 97 Perso Arabic phonemes like q x ɣ z are substituted with k kʰ ɡ d ʒ similar to Hindi 97 t s d z occurs only in native words and doesn t have aspirated breathy forms Native words with t ʃ d ʒ before non front vowels became t s d z the change became phonemized after loaning words with t ʃ d ʒ from other languages Intervocalically d z can become z e g rɐːzu d zoːli ɡudd zu 97 ʋ can be rounded to a b ʷ around rounded vowels 97 The common Proto Dravidian approximant ɻ merged with ɖ in Telugu while it was preserved as ɽ in the other Southern II branch languages 98 Many of the old ɳ and ɭ merged with n and l 98 The Telangana dialect might completely merge ɳ and ɭ with n and l citation needed Most consonants contrast in length in word medial position meaning that there are long geminated and short phonetic renderings of the sounds A few examples of words that contrast by length of word medial consonants 97 ɡɐdi gadi room ɡɐdːi gaddi throne ɐʈu aṭu that side ɐʈːu aṭṭu pancake moɡɐ moga male moɡːɐ mogga bud nɐmɐkɐmu namakamu a vedic hymn nɐmːɐkɐmu nammakamu belief kɐnu kanu to give birth to kɐnːu kannu eye kɐlɐ kala dream kɐlːɐ kalla falsehood mɐɾi mari again mɐɾːi marri banyan tree All retroflex consonants occur in intervocalic position and when adjacent to a retroflex consonant for instance ʋɐːɳiː vaṇi tippet kɐʈɳɐm kaṭṇam dowry pɐɳɖu paṇḍu fruit kɐɭɐ kaḷa art bɐːɭʈi baḷṭi bucket from Portuguese balde bucket With the exception of ɳ and ɭ all occur word initial in a few words such as ʈɐkːu ṭakku pretence ʈhiːʋi ṭhivi grandeur ɖipːɐ ḍippa half of a spherical object ɖɦoːkɐː ḍhōka danger and ʂoːku ṣōku fashionable appearance 97 The approximant j occurs in word initial position only in borrowed words such as jɐnɡu yangu from English young jɐʃɐsːu yasassu from Sanskrit yasas jɑʃɑs fame citation needed Vowels Edit Vowels in Telugu contrast in length there are short and long versions of all vowels except for ae which only occurs as long Long vowels can occur in any position within the word but native Telugu words do not end in a long vowel Short vowels occur in all positions of a word with the exception of o which does not occur word finally 97 The vowels of Telugu are illustrated below along with the Telugu script and romanization Vowels అచ చ ల acchulu Front Central BackClose i ఇ i iː ఈ i u ఉ u uː ఊ uMid e ఎ e eː ఏ e o ఒ o oː ఓ ōOpen a ɐ 97 అ a aː ɐː ఆ aAllophones Edit In most dialects the vowel aeː only occurs in loan words In the Guntur dialect aeː is a frequent allophone of aː in certain verbs in the past tense Telugu has two diphthongs ai ఐ ai and au ఔ au Roots alter according to whether the first vowel is tense or lax 99 need illustrations Also if the second vowel is open i e aː or a then the first vowel is more open and centralized e g mɛːka goat as opposed to meːku nail citation needed Telugu words also have vowels in inflectional suffixes that are harmonized with the vowels of the preceding syllable 100 Grammar EditMain article Telugu grammar The traditional study of Telugu Grammar is known as vyakaraṇam వ య కరణ The first treatise on Telugu grammar the Andhra Sabda Cinṭamaṇi was written in Sanskrit by Nannayya considered the first Telugu poet and translator in the 12th century CE This grammar followed patterns described in grammatical treatises such as Aṣṭadhyayi and Valmikivyakaranam but unlike Paṇini Nannayya divided his work into five chapters covering samjna sandhi ajanta halanta and kriya Every Telugu grammatical rule is derived from Paṇinian concepts In the 19th century Chinnaya Suri wrote a condensed work on Telugu grammar called Bala Vyakaraṇam borrowing concepts and ideas from Nannayya s grammar Morphosyntax Edit Relations between participants in an event are coded in Telugu words through suffixation there are no prefixes or infixes in the language 96 There are six word classes in Telugu nominals proper nouns pronouns verbs actions or events modifiers adjectives quantifiers numerals adverbs modify the way in which actions or events unfold and clitics Telugu nouns are inflected for number singular plural noun class three classes traditionally termed masculine feminine and neuter and case nominative accusative genitive dative vocative instrumental and locative 101 Word order Edit The basic word order in Telugu is subject object verb SOV అ బ ద కర ambedkarambedkar NOM MASCSubjectబడ క baḍikischool LOCObjectవ ళ త డ veḷtaḍugo MASCVerbఅ బ ద కర బడ క వ ళ త డ ambedkar baḍiki veḷtaḍuambedkar NOM MASC school LOC go MASCSubject Object VerbAmbedkar goes to school The example above can also be interpreted as Ambedkar will go to school depending on the context but it does not affect the SOV order Noun classes gender Edit As with other Dravidian languages gender in Telugu follows a semantic system 102 in the sense that it is mostly the meaning of the word which defines the noun class to which it belongs There are three noun classes masculine human males he gender feminine human females she gender and neuter all non humans it gender The gender of most nouns is encoded through agreement indexation in pronominal suffixes rather than overtly on the noun 96 annaolder brothervach a ḍucome past MASCanna vach a ḍuolder brother come past MASCThe older brother came ammamothervach in dicome past FEMamma vach in dimother come past FEMMother came In terms of the verbal agreement system genders in marking on the Telugu verb only occur in the third person 96 Third person Singular PluralMasculine teruca ḍuteruca ḍuHe opened teruca ruteruca ruThey openedFeminine terucin diterucin diShe opened teruca ruteruca ruThey openedNeuter terucin diterucin diIt opened teruca yiteruca yiThey non human openedThe Telugu gender system is different from Dravidian languages like Tamil given that the Telugu feminine shares indexation morphemes with the masculine plural ru and with the neuter singular di What characterizes the three gender system is then the individual behavior of the singular plural pairs of suffixes 102 Gender Verbal suffixes singular plural Masculine ḍu ruFeminine di ruNeuter di yiPronouns Edit Telugu pronouns include personal pronouns the persons speaking the persons spoken to or the persons or things spoken about indefinite pronouns relative pronouns connecting parts of sentences and reciprocal or reflexive pronouns in which the object of a verb is acted on by the verb s subject Personal pronouns Edit Singular PluralPerson Familiar Inclusive ExclusiveFirst speaker nenu న న I manaṃ mu we memu మ మ we but not youSecond addressee nivu nuvvu you miru మ ర you you guys you allThird topic aame ఆమ she vaḷḷu they human atanu అతన headi అద it avi అవ they non human In informal Telugu personal pronouns distinguish masculine from non masculine 103 104 Demonstratives Edit There is a wide variety of demonstrative pronouns in Telugu whose forms depend on both proximity to the speaker and the level of formality The formal demonstratives may also be used as formal personal pronoun that is the polite forms for this woman or this man and that woman or that man can also simply mean she and he in more formal contexts In the singular there are four levels of formality when speaking about males and females although the most formal polite form is the same for both human genders In both singular and plural Telugu distinguishes two levels of distance from speaker like in English basically this and that and these and those SingularProximal close to speaker this Distal far from speaker that Gender Formality Feminine Masculine Neuter Feminine Masculine Neutervery informal idi viḍu idi adi vaḍu adiinformal ime itanu ame atanuformal iviḍa iyana aviḍa ayanavery formal viru varuIn the plural there are no distinctions between formality levels but once again masculine and feminine forms are the same while the neuter demonstratives are different PluralProximal close to speaker these Distal far from speaker those Feminine Masculine Neuter Feminine Masculine NeuterviỊỊu viru ivi vaỊỊu varu aviCase system Edit The nominative case karta the object of a verb karma and the verb are somewhat in a sequence in Telugu sentence construction Vibhakti case of a noun and pratyayamulu an affix to roots and words forming derivatives and inflections depict the ancient nature and progression of the language The Vibhaktis of Telugu language డ ɖu మ mu వ vu ల lu etc are different from those in Sanskrit and have been in use for a long time Lexicon EditThe lexicon of Telugu shows a pervasive influence of Sanskrit that goes back at least 1000 years there is also evidence suggesting an earlier influence It s estimated that 80 of Telugu s lexicon is derived from Sanskrit 105 106 Indologist David Shulman states that Telugu must have swallowed Sanskrit whole as it were even before Nannaya 107 He further notes that every Sanskrit word is potentially a Telugu word and that Telugu speech and literary texts are Sanskritized to an enormous degree 107 During the period 1000 1100 CE Nannaya s re writing of the Mahabharata in Telugu మహ భ రతమ established the liberal borrowing of Sanskrit words Telugu absorbed tatsamas from Sanskrit 108 The relexification of Dravidian languages by Indo Iranian languages is not an uncommon occurrence 109 Likewise is the case of Brahui a Dravidian language spoken in the Balochistan and upper Sindh regions of Pakistan with Indo Iranian incl Perso Arabic vocabulary accounting for 40 of its lexicon 110 The vocabulary of Telugu especially in Telangana has a trove of Persian Arabic borrowings which have been modified to fit Telugu phonology This was due to centuries of Turkic rule in these regions such as the erstwhile kingdoms of Golkonda and Hyderabad e g కబ ర kaburu for Urdu xabar خبر or జవ బ dʒavaːbu for Urdu dʒawɑːb جواب Modern Telugu vocabulary can be said to constitute a diglossia because the formal standardised version of the language is either lexically Sanskrit or heavily influenced by Sanskrit as taught in schools and used by the government and Hindu religious institutions However everyday Telugu varies in such features depending upon region citation needed Writing system Edit The word Telugu written in the Telugu script Main articles Telugu script and Telugu Braille Consonants hallulu హల ల ల The Telugu script is an abugida consisting of 60 symbols 16 vowels 3 vowel modifiers and 41 consonants Telugu has a complete set of letters that follow a system to express sounds The script is derived from the Brahmi script like those of many other Indian languages 111 circular reference The Telugu script is written from left to right and consists of sequences of simple and or complex characters The script is syllabic in nature the basic units of writing are syllables Since the number of possible syllables is very large syllables are composed of more basic units such as vowels acchu or swaram and consonants hallu or vyanjanam Consonants in consonant clusters take shapes that are very different from the shapes they take elsewhere Consonants are presumed pure consonants that is without any vowel sound in them However it is traditional to write and read consonants with an implied a vowel sound When consonants combine with other vowel signs the vowel part is indicated orthographically using signs known as vowel matras The shapes of vowel matras are also very different from the shapes of the corresponding vowels Historically a sentence used to end with either a single bar purna viramam or a double bar dirgha viramam in handwriting Telugu words were not separated by spaces However in modern times English punctuation commas semicolon etc has virtually replaced the old method of punctuation 112 Telugu has full zero anusvara or sunna half zero arthanusvara or candrabindu or ara sunna and visarga to convey various shades of nasal sounds la and La ra and Ra are differentiated 112 Telugu has ĉ and ĵ which are not represented in Sanskrit Their pronunciation is similar to the s sound in the word treasure i e the postalveolar voiced fricative and z sound in zebra i e the alveolar voiced fricative respectively Wall painting at a shop in India It first shows the painted party symbols of all the major political parties in the region during the nationwide elections in India in 2014 It also has a Telugu inscription showing availability of political flags banners caps badges and other election material Telugu Guṇintalu త ల గ గ ణ త ల Edit These are some examples of combining a consonant with different vowels క క క క క క క క క క క క క క క క క ఖ ఖ ఖ ఖ ఖ ఖ ఖ ఖ ఖ ఖ ఖ ఖ ఖ ఖ ఖ ఖ ఖ Number system Edit Telugu has ten digits employed with the Hindu Arabic numeral system However in modern usage the Arabic numerals have replaced them 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9౦ ౧ ౨ ౩ ౪ ౫ ౬ ౭ ౮ ౯sunna Telugu form of Sanskrit word sunyam okaṭi renḍu muḍu nalugu aidu aru eḍu enimidi tommidiTelugu is assigned Unicode codepoints 0C00 0C7F 3072 3199 113 Telugu 1 2 Official Unicode Consortium code chart PDF 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E FU 0C0x అ ఆ ఇ ఈ ఉ ఊ ఋ ఌ ఎ ఏU 0C1x ఐ ఒ ఓ ఔ క ఖ గ ఘ ఙ చ ఛ జ ఝ ఞ టU 0C2x ఠ డ ఢ ణ త థ ద ధ న ప ఫ బ భ మ యU 0C3x ర ఱ ల ళ ఴ వ శ ష స హ ఽ U 0C4x U 0C5x ౘ ౙ ౚ U 0C6x ౠ ౡ ౦ ౧ ౨ ౩ ౪ ౫ ౬ ౭ ౮ ౯U 0C7x Notes 1 As of Unicode version 15 0 2 Grey areas indicate non assigned code pointsLiterature EditThe Pre Nannayya Period before 1020 CE Edit In the earliest period Telugu literature existed in the form of inscriptions precisely from 575 CE onward The Jain Literature Phase 850 1000 CE Edit Prabandha Ratnavali 1918 amp Pre Nannayya Chandassu Raja Raja Narendra Pattabhisekha Sanchika by Veturi Prabhakara Sastry talk about the existence of Jain Telugu literature during 850 1000 CE A verse from Telugu Jinendra Puranam by Adikavi Pampa a couple of verses from Telugu Adi Puranam by Sarvadeva and Kavijanasrayam by Malliya Rechana were all authored by Jain poet s and are the examples for Jain contribution to Telugu Literature Historically Vemulawada was a Jain knowledge hub and played a significant role in patronizing Jain literature and poets Excavations in the 1980s around Vemulawada revealed and affirmed the existence of Telugu Jain literature Malliya Rechana is considered to be the first Telugu Author P V Parabrahma Sastry Nidadavolu Venkata Rao P V P Sastry also pointed out that many Jain works could have been destroyed Historical rivalry among Hinduism Jainism and Buddhism is well known The Age of the Puranas 1020 1400 CE Edit This is the period of Kavi Trayam or Trinity of Poets Nannayya Tikkana and Yerrapragada or Errana are known as the Kavi Trayam Nannaya Bhattarakudu or Adi Kavi 1022 1063 CE Edit Nannaya Bhattarakudu s Telugu నన నయ Andhra Mahabharatam who lived around the 11th century is commonly referred to as the first Telugu literary composition aadi kaavyam citation needed Although there is evidence of Telugu literature before Nannaya he is given the epithet Aadi Kavi the first poet Nannaya Bhattu acknowledged the help extended to him by his friend Narayana Bhattu in his composition in fields like making choices of grammatical forms metres form of the book etc and compares it to that extended to Arjuna by God Sri Krishna in the Bharata war Scholar and poet K Ayyappa Paniker states that both Nannaya Bhattu and Narayana Bhattu were Kannada origin scholars 114 Nannaya was the first to establish a formal grammar of written Telugu This grammar followed the patterns which existed in grammatical treatises like Aṣṭadhyayi and Valmikivyakaranam but unlike Paṇini Nannayya divided his work into five chapters covering samjna sandhi ajanta halanta and kriya 14 Nannaya completed the first two chapters and a part of the third chapter of the Mahabharata epic which is rendered in the Champu style Tikkana Somayaji 1205 1288 CE Nannaya s Andhra Mahabharatam was almost completed by Tikanna Somayaji Telugu త క కన స మయ జ 1205 1288 who wrote chapters 4 to 18 Yerrapragada Telugu ఎర ర ప రగడ who lived in the 14th century finished the epic by completing the third chapter He mimics Nannaya s style in the beginning slowly changes tempo and finishes the chapter in the writing style of Tikkana These three writers Nannaya Tikanna and Yerrapragada are known as the Kavitraya three great poets of Telugu Other such translations like Marana s Markandeya Puranam Ketana s Dasakumara Charita Yerrapragada s Harivamsam followed Many scientific works like Ganitasarasangrahamu by Pavuluri Mallana and Prakirnaganitamu by Eluganti Peddana were written in the 12th century relevant Baddena Bhupala 1220 1280 CE Edit Sumati Shatakam which is a neeti moral is one of the most famous Telugu Shatakams citation needed Shatakam is composed of more than a 100 padyalu poems According to many literary critics who Sumati Shatakam was composed by Baddena Bhupaludu Telugu బద ద న భ ప ల CE 1220 1280 He was also known as Bhadra Bhupala He was a Chola prince and a vassal under the Kakatiya empress Rani Rudrama Devi and a pupil of Tikkana citation needed If we assume that the Sumati Shatakam was indeed written by Baddena it would rank as one of the earliest Shatakams in Telugu along with the Vrushadhipa Satakam of Palkuriki Somanatha and the Sarveswara Satakam of Yathavakkula Annamayya original research The Sumatee Shatakam is also one of the earliest Telugu works to be translated into a European language as C P Brown rendered it in English in the 1840s Palkuriki Somanatha Important among his Telugu language writings are the Basava Purana Panditaradhya charitra Malamadevipuranamu and Somanatha Stava in dwipada metre couplets Anubhavasara Chennamallu Sisamalu Vrishadhipa Shataka and Cheturvedasara in verses Basavodharana in verses and ragale metre rhymed couplets in blank verse and the Basavaragada Gona Budda Reddy His Ranganatha Ramayanam was a pioneering work in the Telugu language on the theme of the Ramayana epic Most scholars believe he wrote it between 1300 and 1310 A D possibly with help from his family The work has become part of cultural life in Andhra Pradesh and is used in puppet shows In the Telugu literature Tikkana was given agraasana top position by many famous critics Paravastu Chinnayya Soori 1807 1861 is a well known Telugu writer who dedicated his entire life to the progress and promotion of Telugu language and literature Sri Chinnayasoori wrote the Bala Vyakaranam in a new style after doing extensive research on Telugu grammar Other well known writings by Chinnayasoori are Neethichandrika Sootandhra Vyaakaranamu Andhra Dhatumoola and Neeti Sangrahamu Kandukuri Veeresalingam 1848 1919 is generally considered the father of modern Telugu literature 115 His novel Rajasekhara Charitamu was inspired by the Vicar of Wakefield His work marked the beginning of a dynamic of socially conscious Telugu literature and its transition to the modern period which is also part of the wider literary renaissance that took place in Indian culture during this period Other prominent literary figures from this period are Gurajada Appa Rao Viswanatha Satyanarayana Gurram Jashuva Rayaprolu Subba Rao Devulapalli Krishnasastri and Srirangam Srinivasa Rao popularly known as Mahakavi Sri Sri Sri Sri was instrumental in popularising free verse in spoken Telugu vaaduka bhasha as opposed to the pure form of written Telugu used by several poets in his time Devulapalli Krishnasastri is often referred to as the Shelley of Telugu literature because of his pioneering works in Telugu Romantic poetry Viswanatha Satyanarayana won India s national literary honour the Jnanpith Award for his magnum opus Ramayana Kalpavrukshamu 116 C Narayana Reddy won the Jnanpith Award in 1988 for his poetic work Viswambara Ravuri Bharadhwaja won the 3rd Jnanpith Award for Telugu literature in 2013 for Paakudu Raallu a graphic account of life behind the screen in film industry 117 Kanyasulkam the first social play in Telugu by Gurajada Appa Rao was followed by the progressive movement the free verse movement and the Digambara style of Telugu verse Other modern Telugu novelists include Unnava Lakshminarayana Maalapalli Bulusu Venkateswarulu Bharatiya Tatva Sastram Kodavatiganti Kutumba Rao and Buchi Babu Media EditTelugu support on digital devices Edit Telugu input display and support were initially provided on the Microsoft Windows platform Subsequently various browsers computer applications operating systems and user interfaces were localized in Telugu Language for Windows and Linux platforms by vendors and free and open source software volunteers Telugu capable smart phones were also introduced by vendors in 2013 118 On 15 February 2018 Apple devices were experiencing crashes of apps and device shutdowns when two particular characters from the Telugu language specifically జ ఞ was rendered on the display Reports show that this has affected iOS MacOS tvOS and watchOS 119 On 20 February Apple announced that the bug was fixed with the iOS 11 2 6 update 120 See also Edit Languages portal India portalTelugu grammar Telugu Language Day Telugu people Telugu states Telugu years List of languages by number of native speakers in India List of Telugu language television channels States of India by Telugu speakers Telugu language policyReferences Edit a b Telugu language at Ethnologue 22nd ed 2019 Statement 1 Abstract of speakers strength of languages and mother tongues 2011 censusindia gov in Office of the Registrar General amp Census Commissioner India Archived from the original on 16 July 2019 Retrieved 7 July 2018 West Bengal shows Mamata to Telugus The Hans India 24 December 2020 Archived from the original on 23 December 2020 Retrieved 31 December 2020 a b Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 1996 Chapter 1 Founding Provisions gov za Archived from the original on 28 October 2014 Retrieved 6 December 2014 Laurie Bauer 2007 The Linguistics Student s Handbook Edinburgh Dravidian languages Encyclopaedia Britannica Archived from the original on 9 July 2017 Retrieved 3 September 2018 PART A Languages specified in the Eighth Schedule Scheduled Languages Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 Schools Colleges called for a shutdown in Telugu states Archived from the original on 11 October 2017 Retrieved 7 August 2015 Making Telugu compulsory Mother tongues the last stronghold against Hindi imposition The News Minute 12 December 2017 Archived from the original on 13 May 2022 Retrieved 13 May 2022 Declaration of Telugu and Kannada as classical languages Press Information Bureau Ministry of Tourism and Culture Government of India Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 Retrieved 31 October 2008 Telugu gets classical status The Times of India 1 October 2008 Archived from the original on 4 November 2008 Retrieved 1 November 2008 Oonk Gijsbert 2007 Global Indian Diasporas Exploring Trajectories of Migration and Theory Amsterdam University Press pp 92 116 ISBN 978 90 5356 035 8 Archived from the original on 13 October 2022 Retrieved 14 August 2022 Indian population in Australia increases 30 per cent in less than two years now the third largest migrant group in Australia Special Broadcasting Service Archived from the original on 3 July 2022 Retrieved 5 February 2021 Telugu population dwindling in Myanmar The Hindu Special Correspondent 4 March 2018 ISSN 0971 751X Archived from the original on 13 October 2022 Retrieved 12 August 2022 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint others link Rajan S Irudaya Saxena Prem 10 October 2019 India s Low Skilled Migration to the Middle East Policies Politics and Challenges Springer Nature ISBN 978 981 13 9224 5 Archived from the original on 13 October 2022 Retrieved 14 August 2022 Abstract of speakers strength of languages and mother tongues 2000 Census of India 2001 Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 Infographic A World of Languages Archived from the original on 12 June 2018 Retrieved 2 June 2018 Summary by language size Ethnologue Archived from the original on 11 September 2013 Retrieved 15 July 2019 Do you speak Telugu Welcome to America BBC News 20 October 2018 Archived from the original on 13 December 2019 Retrieved 12 August 2022 Bhattacharya Ananya 24 September 2018 America s fastest growing foreign language is from south India Quartz Archived from the original on 12 August 2022 Retrieved 12 August 2022 Telugu to be an official subject in South African schools The Hans India 21 March 2014 Archived from the original on 13 October 2022 Retrieved 12 August 2022 a b Morrison Kathleen D Lycett Mark T 1997 Inscriptions as Artifacts Precolonial South India and the Analysis of Texts PDF Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory Springer 4 3 4 218 doi 10 1007 BF02428062 S2CID 143958738 Archived from the original PDF on 19 February 2017 Rao amp Shulman 2002 Chapter 2 Parpola Asko 2015 The Roots of Hinduism The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization Oxford University Press p 167 ISBN 978 0190226923 Telugu Basha Charitra Hyderabad Osmania University 1979 pp 6 7 The Dravidian Languages Bhadriraju Krishnamurti Rao amp Shulman 2002 Introduction Chenchiah P Rao Raja M Bhujanga 1988 A History of Telugu Literature Asian Educational Services p 55 ISBN 978 81 206 0313 4 Archived from the original on 13 October 2022 Retrieved 26 January 2017 Brown Charles P 1839 Essay on the Language and Literature of Telugus Madras Journal of Literature and Science vol X Vepery 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and resources for learning Telugu English to Telugu online dictionary Telugu to English and English to Telugu Dictionary Dictionary of mixed Telugu By Charles Philip Brown Origins of Telugu Script Online English Telugu dictionary portal that includes many popular dictionaries English Telugu Dictionary Telugu Hindu literature Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Telugu language amp oldid 1132768447, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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