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Khowar

August 23, 2023

Not to be confused with Khowa, Khovar, or Khuwar.
"Chitrali language" redirects here. For other uses, see Chitrali language (disambiguation).

Khowar (Khowar: کھووار, romanized: khowār), or Chitrali, is an Indo-Aryan language primarily spoken in Chitral and surrounding areas in Pakistan.[3]

Khowar
کھووار
Khowar written in the Khowar alphabet in Nastaliq style.
Native toPakistan
RegionChitral District
EthnicityKho people
Native speakers
c. 800,000 (2021)[1]
Khowar alphabet (In Nastaliq style.)
Official status
Regulated byAssociation for the Promotion of Khowar[2]
Language codes
ISO 639-3khw
Glottologkhow1242
ELPKhowar
Linguasphere59-AAB-aa
Khowar is a minor language of Pakistan which is mainly spoken in Chitral, it is given a space in this map.
Areas where Khowar is spoken.

Khowar is the lingua franca of Chitral,[4] and it is also spoken in the Gupis-Yasin and Ghizer districts of Gilgit-Baltistan, as well in the Upper Swat district.[5]

Speakers of Khowar have also migrated heavily to Pakistan's major urban centres, with Peshawar, Islamabad, Lahore and Karachi having significant populations. It is also spoken as a second language by the Kalash people.[6]

Names

The native name of the language is Khō-wār,[7] meaning "language" (wār) of the Kho people. During the British Raj it was known to the English as Chitrālī (a derived adjective from the name of the Chitral region) or Qāshqārī.[7] Among the Pashtuns and Badakhshanis it is known as Kashkār.[8] Another name, used by Leitner in 1880, is Arnyiá[9] or Arniya, derived from the Shina language name for the part of the Yasin (a valley in Gilgit-Baltistan) where Khowar is spoken.[7]

History

The Khowar language expanded throughout Chitral from the northern part of the region, specifically from the Mulkhow and Torkhow Valley.[10][11] According to Morgenstierne, the original abode of the Khowar language was northern Chitral in the valleys around Mastuj.[10] The Khowar language started expanding into southern Chitral around the early 14th.[10]

Khowar shares a great number of morphological characteristics with neighbouring Iranian languages of Badakhshan, pointing to a very early location of proto-Khowar in its original abode in Upper Chitral, although from its links with the Gandhari language, it likely came from further south in the first millennium BC, possibly through Swat and Dir.[11]

Georg Morgenstierne noted, "Khowar, in many respects [is] the most archaic of all modern Indian languages, retaining a great part of Sanskrit case inflexion, and retaining many words in a nearly Sanskritic form".[12]: 3 

Phonology

Khowar has a variety of dialects, which may vary phonemically.[13] The following tables lay out the basic phonology of Khowar.[14][15][16]

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid ɛ ɔ
Open ɑ

Khowar may also have nasalized vowels and a series of long vowels /ɑː/, /ɛː/, /iː/, /ɔː/, and /uː/. Sources are inconsistent on whether length is phonemic, with one author stating "vowel-length is observed mainly as a substitute one. The vowel-length of phonological value is noted far more rarely."[13] Unlike the neighboring and related Kalasha language, Khowar does not have retroflex vowels.[14]

Consonants

Allophones of /x ɣ h ʋ ɾ/ are heard as sounds [χ ʁ ɦ w ɹ].[16] /q x ɣ f/ are restricted to Perso-Arabic loanwords in most IA languages but they occur natively in Khowar.[17][full citation needed]

Tone

Khowar, like many Dardic languages, has either phonemic tone or stress distinctions.[18]

Further reading

  • Liljegren, Henrik and Khan, Afsar Ali (2017). "Khowar". Illustrations of the IPA. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 47 (2): 219–229. doi:10.1017/S0025100316000220{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link), with supplementary sound recordings.

References

  1. ^ "Khowar language is losing its essence -Faizan Aziz - Chitral Times". 2 December 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2023. Khowar is one of the regional languages of Pakistan. It is spoken in different parts of Pakistan and more than 0.8 million people speak Khowar over in Chitral, Gilgit-Baltistan, and Swat Valley. Meanwhile, in Chitral, Khowar is considered as a lingua franca or the main communicative language of the area.
  2. ^ Faizi, Inayatullah. "Development of Khowar as a Literacy Language, Results of interaction between linguists and language community: Case study in Chitral, Northern Pakistan" (PDF). NWFP-Pakistan: Govt Degree College Chitral.
  3. ^ Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (26 July 2007). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. p. 843. ISBN 978-1-135-79711-9.
  4. ^ Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (26 July 2007). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. p. 843. ISBN 978-1-135-79711-9.
  5. ^ Cardona, George (2007). The Indo-Aryan Languages. p. 843.
  6. ^ Heegård Petersen, Jan (30 September 2015). "Kalasha texts – With introductory grammar". Acta Linguistica Hafniensia. 47 (sup1): 1–275. doi:10.1080/03740463.2015.1069049. ISSN 0374-0463. S2CID 218660179.
  7. ^ a b c Grierson, George A. (1919). Linguistic Survey of India. Vol. VIII, Part 2, Indo-Aryan family. North-western group. Specimens of the Dardic or Piśācha languages (including Kāshmiri). Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India. p. 133.
  8. ^ O'Brien, Donatus James Thomond (1895). Grammar and vocabulary of the K̲h̲owâr dialect (Chitrâli). Lahore: Civil and military gazette press. p. i.
  9. ^ Leitner, Gottlieb William (1880). Kafiristan. Section 1: the Bashgeli Kafirs and their language. Lahore: Dilbagroy. p. 43. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
  10. ^ a b c Rensch, Calvin Ross (1992). Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan: Languages of Chitral (PDF). National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University. pp. 28–29, 98–99.
  11. ^ a b Dani, Ahmad Hasan (2001). History of Northern Areas of Pakistan: Upto 2000 A.D. Sang-e-Meel Publcations. p. 66. ISBN 978-969-35-1231-1.
  12. ^ Morgenstierne, Georg (1974). "Languages of Nuristan and surrounding regions". In Jettmar, Karl; Edelberg, Lennart (eds.). Cultures of the Hindukush: selected papers from the Hindu-Kush Cultural Conference held at Moesgård 1970. Beiträge zur Südasienforschung, Südasien-Institut Universität Heidelberg. Vol. Bd. 1. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner. pp. 1–10. ISBN 978-3-515-01217-1. The main language of Chitral is Khowar, in many respects the most archaic of all modern Indian languages, retaining a great part of Sanskrit case inflexion, and retaining many words in a nearly Sanskritic form.
  13. ^ a b Edelman, D. I. (1983). The Dardic and Nuristani Languages. Moscow: Institut vostokovedenii︠a︡ (Akademii︠a︡ nauk SSSR). p. 210.
  14. ^ a b Bashir, Elena L. (1988), "Topics in Kalasha Syntax: An areal and typological perspective" (PDF), Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan: 37–40
  15. ^ Bashir, Elena L.; Nigah, Maula; Baig, Rahmat Karim (2004), A Digital Khowar-English Dictionary with Audio
  16. ^ a b Liljegren, H.; Khan, A. (2017). "Khowar". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 47 (2): 219–229. doi:10.1017/S0025100316000220. S2CID 232348235.
  17. ^ Cardona, Jain (2003), p. 932.
  18. ^ Baart, Joan L. G. (2003), Tonal features in languages of northern Pakistan (PDF), National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics, pp. 3, 6

Additional references

  • Bashir, Elena (2001) "Spatial Representation in Khowar". Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
  • Decker, D. Kendall (1992). Languages of Chitral. ISBN 969-8023-15-1.
  • L'Homme, Erik (1999) Parlons Khowar. Langue et culture de l'ancien royaume de Chitral au Pakistan. Paris: L'Harmatta
  • Morgenstierne, Georg (1936) "Iranian Elements in Khowar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. VIII, London.
  • Badshah Munir Bukhari (2001) Khowar language. University publisher. Pakistan
  • Morgenstierne, Georg (1947) "Some Features of Khowar Morphology". Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap, Vol. XIV, Oslo.
  • Morgenstierne, Georg (1957) Sanskritic Words in Khowar. Felicitation Volume Presented to S. K. Belvalkar. Benares. 84–98 [Reprinted in Morgenstierne (1973): Irano-Dardica, 267–72]
  • Mohammad Ismail Sloan (1981) Khowar-English Dictionary. Peshawar. ISBN 0-923891-15-3.
  • Decker, Kendall D. (1992). Languages of Chitral (Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 5). National Institute of Pakistani Studies, 257 pp. ISBN 969-8023-15-1.
  • Zeal News

″https://www.chitraltoday.net/2015/06/cultural-diversity-of-chitral/#:~:text=Chitral%20is%20also%20the%20most,lived%20together%20peacefully%20for%20centuries.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Khowar language.
 
Khowar test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
  • "Georg Morgenstierne". National Library of Norway. 2001. Retrieved 11 January 2009.
  • Strand, Richard F. (2011). "Khow'ar Lexicon". Retrieved 16 January 2012.
  • Strand, Richard F. (2012). "The Sound System of Khow'ar". Retrieved 16 January 2012.

August 23, 2023
khowar, confused, with, khowa, khovar, khuwar, chitrali, language, redirects, here, other, uses, chitrali, language, disambiguation, کھووار, romanized, khowār, chitrali, indo, aryan, language, primarily, spoken, chitral, surrounding, areas, pakistan, کھووار, w. Not to be confused with Khowa Khovar or Khuwar Chitrali language redirects here For other uses see Chitrali language disambiguation Khowar Khowar کھووار romanized khowar or Chitrali is an Indo Aryan language primarily spoken in Chitral and surrounding areas in Pakistan 3 KhowarکھووارKhowar written in the Khowar alphabet in Nastaliq style Native toPakistanRegionChitral DistrictEthnicityKho peopleNative speakersc 800 000 2021 1 Language familyIndo European Indo IranianIndo AryanChitraliKhowarWriting systemKhowar alphabet In Nastaliq style Official statusRegulated byAssociation for the Promotion of Khowar 2 Language codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code khw class extiw title iso639 3 khw khw a Glottologkhow1242ELPKhowarLinguasphere59 AAB aaKhowar is a minor language of Pakistan which is mainly spoken in Chitral it is given a space in this map Areas where Khowar is spoken Khowar is the lingua franca of Chitral 4 and it is also spoken in the Gupis Yasin and Ghizer districts of Gilgit Baltistan as well in the Upper Swat district 5 Speakers of Khowar have also migrated heavily to Pakistan s major urban centres with Peshawar Islamabad Lahore and Karachi having significant populations It is also spoken as a second language by the Kalash people 6 Contents 1 Names 2 History 3 Phonology 3 1 Vowels 3 2 Consonants 3 3 Tone 4 Further reading 5 References 5 1 Additional references 6 External linksNames EditThe native name of the language is Khō war 7 meaning language war of the Kho people During the British Raj it was known to the English as Chitrali a derived adjective from the name of the Chitral region or Qashqari 7 Among the Pashtuns and Badakhshanis it is known as Kashkar 8 Another name used by Leitner in 1880 is Arnyia 9 or Arniya derived from the Shina language name for the part of the Yasin a valley in Gilgit Baltistan where Khowar is spoken 7 History EditThe Khowar language expanded throughout Chitral from the northern part of the region specifically from the Mulkhow and Torkhow Valley 10 11 According to Morgenstierne the original abode of the Khowar language was northern Chitral in the valleys around Mastuj 10 The Khowar language started expanding into southern Chitral around the early 14th 10 Khowar shares a great number of morphological characteristics with neighbouring Iranian languages of Badakhshan pointing to a very early location of proto Khowar in its original abode in Upper Chitral although from its links with the Gandhari language it likely came from further south in the first millennium BC possibly through Swat and Dir 11 Georg Morgenstierne noted Khowar in many respects is the most archaic of all modern Indian languages retaining a great part of Sanskrit case inflexion and retaining many words in a nearly Sanskritic form 12 3 Phonology EditKhowar has a variety of dialects which may vary phonemically 13 The following tables lay out the basic phonology of Khowar 14 15 16 Vowels Edit Front Central BackClose i uMid ɛ ɔOpen ɑKhowar may also have nasalized vowels and a series of long vowels ɑː ɛː iː ɔː and uː Sources are inconsistent on whether length is phonemic with one author stating vowel length is observed mainly as a substitute one The vowel length of phonological value is noted far more rarely 13 Unlike the neighboring and related Kalasha language Khowar does not have retroflex vowels 14 Consonants Edit Labial Coronal Retroflex Palatal Velar Post velar GlottalNasal m nStop voiceless p t ʈ k qvoiced b d ɖ gaspirated pʰ tʰ ʈʰ kʰAffricate voiceless ts ʈʂ tɕvoiced dz ɖʐ dʑaspirated tsʰ ʈʂʰ tɕʰFricative voiceless f s ʂ ɕ x hvoiced z ʐ ʑ ɣApproximant ʋ l ʲ ɫ j w Rhotic ɾAllophones of x ɣ h ʋ ɾ are heard as sounds x ʁ ɦ w ɹ 16 q x ɣ f are restricted to Perso Arabic loanwords in most IA languages but they occur natively in Khowar 17 full citation needed Tone Edit Khowar like many Dardic languages has either phonemic tone or stress distinctions 18 Further reading EditLiljegren Henrik and Khan Afsar Ali 2017 Khowar Illustrations of the IPA Journal of the International Phonetic Association 47 2 219 229 doi 10 1017 S0025100316000220 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link with supplementary sound recordings References Edit Khowar language is losing its essence Faizan Aziz Chitral Times 2 December 2021 Retrieved 1 May 2023 Khowar is one of the regional languages of Pakistan It is spoken in different parts of Pakistan and more than 0 8 million people speak Khowar over in Chitral Gilgit Baltistan and Swat Valley Meanwhile in Chitral Khowar is considered as a lingua franca or the main communicative language of the area Faizi Inayatullah Development of Khowar as a Literacy Language Results of interaction between linguists and language community Case study in Chitral Northern Pakistan PDF NWFP Pakistan Govt Degree College Chitral Jain Danesh Cardona George 26 July 2007 The Indo Aryan Languages Routledge p 843 ISBN 978 1 135 79711 9 Jain Danesh Cardona George 26 July 2007 The Indo Aryan Languages Routledge p 843 ISBN 978 1 135 79711 9 Cardona George 2007 The Indo Aryan Languages p 843 Heegard Petersen Jan 30 September 2015 Kalasha texts With introductory grammar Acta Linguistica Hafniensia 47 sup1 1 275 doi 10 1080 03740463 2015 1069049 ISSN 0374 0463 S2CID 218660179 a b c Grierson George A 1919 Linguistic Survey of India Vol VIII Part 2 Indo Aryan family North western group Specimens of the Dardic or Pisacha languages including Kashmiri Calcutta Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing India p 133 O Brien Donatus James Thomond 1895 Grammar and vocabulary of the K h owar dialect Chitrali Lahore Civil and military gazette press p i Leitner Gottlieb William 1880 Kafiristan Section 1 the Bashgeli Kafirs and their language Lahore Dilbagroy p 43 Retrieved 6 June 2016 a b c Rensch Calvin Ross 1992 Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan Languages of Chitral PDF National Institute of Pakistan Studies Quaid i Azam University pp 28 29 98 99 a b Dani Ahmad Hasan 2001 History of Northern Areas of Pakistan Upto 2000 A D Sang e Meel Publcations p 66 ISBN 978 969 35 1231 1 Morgenstierne Georg 1974 Languages of Nuristan and surrounding regions In Jettmar Karl Edelberg Lennart eds Cultures of the Hindukush selected papers from the Hindu Kush Cultural Conference held at Moesgard 1970 Beitrage zur Sudasienforschung Sudasien Institut Universitat Heidelberg Vol Bd 1 Wiesbaden Franz Steiner pp 1 10 ISBN 978 3 515 01217 1 The main language of Chitral is Khowar in many respects the most archaic of all modern Indian languages retaining a great part of Sanskrit case inflexion and retaining many words in a nearly Sanskritic form a b Edelman D I 1983 The Dardic and Nuristani Languages Moscow Institut vostokovedenii a Akademii a nauk SSSR p 210 a b Bashir Elena L 1988 Topics in Kalasha Syntax An areal and typological perspective PDF Ph D Dissertation University of Michigan 37 40 Bashir Elena L Nigah Maula Baig Rahmat Karim 2004 A Digital Khowar English Dictionary with Audio a b Liljegren H Khan A 2017 Khowar Journal of the International Phonetic Association 47 2 219 229 doi 10 1017 S0025100316000220 S2CID 232348235 Cardona Jain 2003 p 932 sfnp error no target CITEREFCardona Jain2003 help Baart Joan L G 2003 Tonal features in languages of northern Pakistan PDF National Institute of Pakistan Studies Quaid i Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics pp 3 6 Additional references Edit Bashir Elena 2001 Spatial Representation in Khowar Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society Chicago Chicago Linguistic Society Decker D Kendall 1992 Languages of Chitral ISBN 969 8023 15 1 L Homme Erik 1999 Parlons Khowar Langue et culture de l ancien royaume de Chitral au Pakistan Paris L HarmattaMorgenstierne Georg 1936 Iranian Elements in Khowar Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies Vol VIII London Badshah Munir Bukhari 2001 Khowar language University publisher Pakistan Morgenstierne Georg 1947 Some Features of Khowar Morphology Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap Vol XIV Oslo Morgenstierne Georg 1957 Sanskritic Words in Khowar Felicitation Volume Presented to S K Belvalkar Benares 84 98 Reprinted in Morgenstierne 1973 Irano Dardica 267 72 Mohammad Ismail Sloan 1981 Khowar English Dictionary Peshawar ISBN 0 923891 15 3 Decker Kendall D 1992 Languages of Chitral Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan 5 National Institute of Pakistani Studies 257 pp ISBN 969 8023 15 1 Zeal News https www chitraltoday net 2015 06 cultural diversity of chitral text Chitral 20is 20also 20the 20most lived 20together 20peacefully 20for 20centuries External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Khowar language Khowar test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator Georg Morgenstierne National Library of Norway 2001 Retrieved 11 January 2009 Strand Richard F 2011 Khow ar Lexicon Retrieved 16 January 2012 Strand Richard F 2012 The Sound System of Khow ar Retrieved 16 January 2012 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Khowar amp oldid 1171113118, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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