Khanty language

Khanty (also spelled Khanti or Hanti), previously known as Ostyak (/ˈɒstiæk/),^[4] is a Uralic language spoken in the Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Okrugs. There were thought to be around 7,500 speakers of Northern Khanty and 2,000 speakers of Eastern Khanty in 2010, with Southern Khanty being extinct since the early 20th century,^[5] however the total amount of speakers in the most recent census was around 13,900.^[6][1]

Khanty
ханты ясаң hantĭ jasaŋ
Native to	Russia
Region	Khanty–Mansi
Ethnicity	31,467 Khanty people (2020 census)^[1]
Native speakers	14,000 (2020 census)^[1]
Language family	Uralic Finno-Ugric Ugric Ob-Ugric Khanty
Dialects	Northern Southern Surgut Far Eastern
Language codes
ISO 639-3	kca
Glottolog	khan1279
Khanty and Mansi languages at the beginning of the 20th century^[2]^[3]
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

The Khanty language has many dialects. The western group includes the Obdorian, Ob, and Irtysh dialects. The eastern group includes the Surgut and Vakh-Vasyugan dialects, which, in turn, are subdivided into thirteen other dialects. All these dialects differ significantly from each other by phonetic, morphological, and lexical features to the extent that the three main "dialects" (northern, southern and eastern) are mutually unintelligible.^[7] Thus, based on their significant multifactorial differences, Eastern, Northern and Southern Khanty could be considered separate but closely related languages.

Alphabet

Cyrillic

Northern Khanty Alphabet^[8]

А а	Ӑ ӑ	В в	И и	Й й	К к	Л л	Ԓ ԓ (Ԯ ԯ)
Љ љ	М м	Н н	Њ њ	Ӈ ӈ (Ң ң)	О о	Ө ө	П п
Р р	С с	Т т	(   )	У у	Ў ў	Х х	Ш ш
Щ щ	Ь ь	Ы ы	Э э	Ә ә

Palatalised consonants are designated by either ь or a yotated character.^[9]

Northern Khanty-IPA correspondence chart^[8][10]

Cyrillic	А а	Ӑ ӑ	В в	Е е	Ё ё	Ә ә	И и	Й й	К к	Л л	Ԯ ԯ ((Ԓ ԓ))	М м	Н н	Ң ң	О о	Ө ө	П п	Р р	С с	Т т	,   (Tje) ^[11]	У у	Ў ў	Х х	Ш ш	Щ щ	Ы ы	Э э	Ю ю	Я я
IPA	ɐ, ə	ɑ	β	je	jɔ	ɵ	i	j	k	l	ɬ	m	n	ŋ	ɔ	ɵ	p	r	s	t	tʲ	u, ə	ʉ	x	ʂ	sʲ	i	e	u, ʉ	jɑ

Literary language

 

The Khanty language is spoken primarily in the Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug in western Siberia

The Khanty written language was first created after the October Revolution on the basis of the Latin script in 1930 and then with the Cyrillic alphabet (with the additional letter ⟨ң⟩ for /ŋ/) from 1937.

Khanty literary works are usually written in three Northern dialects, Kazym, Shuryshkar, and Middle Ob. Newspaper reporting and broadcasting are usually done in the Kazym dialect.

Varieties

 

Dialects of Khanty (and Mansi):

  Obdorsk (Salekhard) dialect

  Ob dialects

  Southern (Irtysh) Khanty

  Surgut dialects

  Far Eastern (Vakh-Vasyugan) dialects

Khanty is divided in three main dialect groups, which are to a large degree mutually unintelligible, and therefore best considered three languages: Northern, Southern and Eastern. Individual dialects are named after the rivers they are or were spoken on. Southern Khanty is probably extinct by now.^[12][13]

• Eastern Khanty^[14]
  • Far Eastern (Vakh, Vasjugan, Verkhne-Kalimsk, Vartovskoe)
  • Surgut (Jugan, Malij Jugan, Pim, Likrisovskoe, Tremjugan, Tromagan)
• transitional: Salym
• Western Khanty
  • Northern Khanty
    • Obdorsk
    • Berjozov (Synja, Muzhi, Shuryshkar), Kazym, Sherkal
    • transitional: Atlym, Nizyam
  • Southern Khanty: Upper Demjanka, Lower Demjanka, Konda, Cingali, Krasnojarsk

The Salym dialect can be classified as transitional between Eastern and Southern (Honti:1998 suggests closer affinity with Eastern, Abondolo:1998 in the same work with Southern). The Atlym and Nizyam dialects also show some Southern features.

Southern and Northern Khanty share various innovations and can be grouped together as Western Khanty. These include loss of full front rounded vowels: *üü, *öö, *ɔ̈ɔ̈ > *ii, *ee, *ää (but *ɔ̈ɔ̈ > *oo adjacent to *k, *ŋ),^[15] loss of vowel harmony, fricativization of *k to /x/ adjacent to back vowels,^[12] and the loss of the *ɣ phoneme.^[16]

Phonology

A general feature of all Khanty varieties is that while long vowels are not distinguished, a contrast between plain vowels (e.g. /o/) vs. reduced or extra-short vowels (e.g. /ŏ/) is found. This corresponds to an actual length distinction in Khanty's close relative Mansi. According to scholars who posit a common Ob-Ugric ancestry for the two, this was also the original Proto-Ob-Ugric situation.

Palatalization of consonants is phonemic in Khanty, as in most other Uralic languages. Retroflex consonants are also found in most varieties of Khanty.

Khanty word stress is usually on the initial syllable.^[17]

Proto-Khanty

		Bilabial	Dental	Palatal(ized)	Retroflex	Velar
Nasal		*m [m]	*n [n]	*ń [nʲ]	*ṇ [ɳ]	*ŋ [ŋ]
Stop/ Affricate		*p [p]	*t [t]	*ć [tsʲ]	*č̣ [ʈʂ]	*k [k]
Fricative	central		*s [s]			*γ [ɣ]
	lateral		*ᴧ [ɬ]
Lateral			*l [l]	*ľ [lʲ]	*ḷ [ɭ]
Trill			*r [r]
Semivowel		*w [w]		*j [j]

19 consonants are reconstructed for Proto-Khanty, listed with the traditional UPA transcription shown above and an IPA transcription shown below.

A major consonant isogloss among the Khanty varieties is the reflexation of the lateral consonants, *ɬ (from Proto-Uralic *s and *š) and *l (from Proto-Uralic *l and *ð).^[16] These generally merge, however with varying results: /l/ in the Obdorsk and Far Eastern dialects, /ɬ/ in the Kazym and Surgut dialects, and /t/ elsewhere. The Vasjugan dialect still retains the distinction word-initially, having instead shifted *ɬ > /j/ in this position. Similarly, the palatalized lateral *ľ developed to /lʲ/ in Far Eastern and Obdorsk, /ɬʲ/ in Kazym and Surgut, and /tʲ/ elsewhere. The retroflex lateral *ḷ remains in Far Eastern, but in /t/-dialects develops into a new plain /l/.

Other dialect isoglosses include the development of original *ć to a palatalized stop /tʲ/ in Eastern and Southern Khanty, but to a palatalized sibilant /sʲ ~ ɕ/ in Northern, and the development of original *č similarly to a sibilant /ʂ/ (= UPA: š) in Northern Khanty, partly also in Southern Khanty.

Eastern Khanty

Far Eastern

The Vakh dialect is divergent. It has rigid vowel harmony and a tripartite (ergative–accusative) case system: The subject of a transitive verb takes the instrumental case suffix -nə-, while the object takes the accusative case suffix. The subject of an intransitive verb, however, is not marked for case and might be said to be absolutive. The transitive verb agrees with the subject, as in nominative–accusative systems.

Vakh has the richest vowel inventory, with five reduced vowels /ĕ ø̆ ə̆ ɑ̆ ŏ/ and full /i y ɯ u e ø o æ ɑ/. Some researchers also report /œ ɔ/.^[18][19]

Vakh Khanty consonants^[16]

	Bilabial	Dental	Palatal/ized	Retroflex	Velar
Nasal	m	n	nʲ	ɳ	ŋ
Plosive	p	t	tʲ		k
Affricate			tʃ
Fricative		s			ɣ
Lateral		l	lʲ	ɭ
Trill		r
Semivowel	w		j

Surgut

Surgut Khanty consonants^[20]

		Bilabial	Dental / Alveolar	Palatal/ized	Post- alveolar	Velar	Uvular
Nasal		m	n̪	nʲ		ŋ
Plosive / Affricate		p	t̪	tʲ ~ tɕ ^[a]	tʃ	k ^[b]	q ^[b]
Fricative	central		s		(ʃ) ^[c]		ʁ
	lateral		ɬ ^[d]	ɬʲ
Approximant		w	l	j			(ʁ̞ʷ) ^[e]
Trill			r

1. /tʲ/ can be realized as an affricate [tɕ] in the Tremjugan and Agan sub-dialects.
2. The velar/uvular contrast is predictable in inherited vocabulary: [q] appears before back vowels, [k] before front and central vowels. However, in loanwords from Russian, [k] may also be found before back vowels.
3. The phonemic status of [ʃ] is not clear. It occurs in some words in variation with [s], in others in variation with [tʃ].
4. In the Pim sub-dialect, /ɬ/ has recently shifted to /t/, a change that has spread from Southern Khanty.
5. The labialized postvelar approximant [ʁ̞ʷ] occurs in the Tremjugan sub-dialect as an allophone of /w/ between back vowels, for some speakers also word-initially before back vowels. Research from the early 20th century also reported two other labialized phonemes: /kʷ~qʷ/ and /ŋʷ/, but these are no longer distinguished.

Northern Khanty

The Kazym dialect distinguishes 18 consonants.

Kazym Khanty consonants^[16]

		Bilabial	Dental		Retroflex	Palatal	Velar
			plain	pal.
Nasal		m	n	nʲ	ɳ		ŋ
Plosive		p	t				k
Fricative	central		s	sʲ	ʂ		x
	lateral		ɬ	ɬʲ
Approximant	central	w				j
	lateral		l
Trill			r

The vowel inventory is much simpler. Eight vowels are distinguished in initial syllables: six full /i e a ɒ o u/ and four reduced /ĭ ă ŏ ŭ/. In unstressed syllables, four values are found: /ɑ ə ĕ ĭ/.^[21][22]

A similarly simple vowel inventory is found in the Nizyam, Sherkal, and Berjozov dialects, which have full /e a ɒ u/ and reduced /ĭ ɑ̆ ŏ ŭ/. Aside from the full vs. reduced contrast rather than one of length, this is identical to that of the adjacent Sosva dialect of Mansi.^[18]

The Obdorsk dialect has retained full close vowels and has a nine-vowel system: full vowels /i e æ ɑ o u/ and reduced vowels /æ̆ ɑ̆ ŏ/).^[18] It however has a simpler consonant inventory, having the lateral approximants /l lʲ/ in place of the fricatives /ɬ ɬʲ/ and having fronted *š *ṇ to /s n/.

Grammar

The noun

The nominal suffixes include dual -ŋən, plural -(ə)t, dative -a, locative/instrumental -nə.

For example:^[23]

xot "house" (cf. Finnish koti "home", or Hungarian "ház")

xotŋəna "to the two houses"

xotətnə "at the houses" (cf. Hungarian otthon, Finnish kotona "at home", an exceptional form using the old, locative meaning of the essive case ending -na).

Singular, dual, and plural possessive suffixes may be added to singular, dual, and plural nouns, in three persons, for 3³ = 27 forms. A few, from məs "cow", are:

məsem "my cow"

məsemən "my two cows"

məsew "my cows"

məstatən "the two of our cows"

məsŋətuw "our two cows"

Pronouns

The personal pronouns are, in the nominative case:

	SG	DU	PL
1st person	ma	min	muŋ
2nd person	naŋ	nən	naŋ
3rd person	tuw	tən	təw

The cases of ma are accusative manət and dative manəm.

The demonstrative pronouns and adjectives are:

tamə "this", tomə "that", sit "that yonder": tam xot "this house".

Basic interrogative pronouns are:

xoy "who?", muy "what?"

Numerals

Khanty numerals, compared with Hungarian and Finnish, are:

Number	Khanty	Hungarian	Finnish
1	yit, yiy	egy	yksi
2	katn, kat	kettő, két	kaksi
3	xutəm	három	kolme
4	nyatə	négy	neljä
5	wet	öt	viisi
6	xut	hat	kuusi
7	tapət	hét	seitsemän
8	nəvət	nyolc	kahdeksan
9	yaryaŋ ^[A]	kilenc	yhdeksän
10	yaŋ	tíz	kymmenen
20	xus	húsz	kaksikymmentä
30	xutəmyaŋ ^[B]	harminc	kolmekymmentä
40	nyatəyaŋ ^[C]	negyven	neljäkymmentä
100	sot	száz	sata

^A Possibly 'short of ten'

^B 'three tens'

^C 'four tens'

The formation of multiples of ten shows Slavic influence in Khanty, whereas Hungarian uses the collective derivative suffix -van (-ven) closely related to the suffix of the adverbial participle which is -va (-ve) today but used to be -ván (-vén). Note also the regularity of [xot]-[haːz] "house" and [sot]-[saːz] "hundred".

Nomen

Case and number inflection of qɒːt ‘house^[24]

Case	Number
	Singular	Dual	Plural
NOM	qɒːt house	qɒːtɣən two houses	qɒːtət houses
DLAT	qɒːtɐ to the house	qɒːtɣənɐ to the two houses	qɒːtətɐ to the houses
LOC	qɒːtnə in the house	qɒːtɣənnə in the two houses	qɒːtətnə in the houses
ABL	qɒːti from the house	qɒːtɣəni from the two houses	qɒːtəti from the houses
APRX	qɒːtnɐm towards the house	qɒːtɣənnɐm towards the two houses	qɒːtətnɐm towards the houses
TRSL	qɒːtɣə as the house	qɒːtɣənɣə as the two houses	qɒːtətɣə as the houses
INSC	qɒːtɐt with the house	qɒːtɣənɐt with the two houses	qɒːtətɐt with the houses
COM	qɒːtnɐt with the house	qɒːtɣənnɐt with the two houses	qɒːtətnɐt with the houses
ABE	qɒːtɬəɣ without the house	qɒːtɣənɬəɣ without the two houses	qɒːtətɬəɣ without the houses

Pronouns

Personal Pronouns in Surgut Kanty^[24]

	Singular			Dual			Plural
	1.	2.	3.	1.	2.	3.	1.	2.	3.
NOM	mɐː	nʉŋ	ɬʉβ, ɬʉɣ	miːn	niːn	ɬiːn	məŋ	nəŋ, niŋ	ɬəɣ, ɬiɣ
ACC	mɐːnt	nʉŋɐt	ɬʉβɐt ɬʉβət	miːnt miːnɐt	niːnɐt	ɬiːnɐt	məŋɐt	nəŋɐt	ɬəɣɐt
DAT	mɐːntem	nʉŋɐti	ɬʉβɐti	miːnɐtem miːntem minɐti	niːnɐti	ɬiːnɐti	məŋɐtem məŋɐti	nəŋɐti niŋɐti	ɬəɣɐti
LAT	mɐːntemɐ	nʉŋɐtinɐ nʉŋɐtenɐ nʉŋɐtijɐ	ɬʉβɐtiɬɐ ɬʉβɐtinɐ ɬʉβɐtɐ	miːnɐtemɐ miːntemɐ	niːnɐtinɐ niːnɐtenɐ niːnɐtijɐ	ɬiːnɐtiɬɐ ɬiːnɐtinɐ	məŋɐtinɐ məŋɐtemɐ	nəŋɐtinɐ nəŋɐtenɐ nəŋɐtijɐ	ɬəɣɐtiɬɐ ɬəɣɐtinɐ
LOC	mɐːntemnə mɐːnə, mɐːnnə mɐːn	nʉŋɐtinə nʉŋnə nʉŋən, nʉŋn	ɬʉβɐtiɬnə ɬʉβɐtinə ɬʉβnə, ɬʉβən	miːnɐtemnə miːntemnə miːnnə, miːnən	niːnɐtinnə niːnən	ɬiːnɐtiɬnə ɬiːnɐtinnə ɬiːnnə, ɬiːnən	məŋɐtemnə məŋɐtinnə məŋnə, məŋən	nəŋɐtinnə nəŋən, niŋnə	ɬəɣɐtiɬnə ɬəɣɐtinnə ɬəɣnə, ɬəɣən
ABL	mɐːntemi mɐːni	nʉŋɐtini nʉŋɐteni nʉŋi	ɬʉβɐtiɬi ɬʉβɐtini ɬʉβɐti, ɬʉβi	miːnɐtemi miːntemi miːnɐti, miːni	niːnɐtini niːnɐteni niːni	ɬiːnɐtiɬi ɬiːnɐtini ɬiːnɐti, ɬiːni	məŋtemi məŋɐtini məŋɐti, məŋi	nəŋɐtini nəŋɐteni niŋɐtiji, nəŋi	ɬəɣɐtiɬi ɬəɣɐtini ɬəɣɐti, ɬəɣi
APRX	mɐːntemnɐm mɐːnnɐm	nʉŋɐtəɬnɐm nʉŋɐtinɐm nʉŋɐtenɐm nʉŋnɐm	ɬʉβɐtiɬnɐm ɬʉβɐtinɐm ɬʉβnɐm	miːnɐtemnɐm miːnɐtimənɐ miːnɐm	niːnɐtinɐm niːnɐtenɐm niːnɐnɐm	ɬiːnɐtiɬnɐm ɬiːnɐtinɐm ɬiːnɐtijɐt	məŋɐtemnɐm məŋɐtinɐm məŋnɐm	nəŋɐtinɐm niŋɐtinɐm nəŋɐtenɐm nəŋɐtijɐ	ɬəɣɐtiɬnɐm ɬəɣɐtinɐm ɬəɣnɐm
TRSL	mɐːntemɣə mɐːnɣə	nʉŋɐtinɣə nʉŋɐtiɣə nʉŋɐtenɣə nʉŋkə	ɬʉβɐtiɬɣə ɬʉβɐtinɣə ɬʉβɐtiɣə ɬʉβkə	miːnɐtemɣə miːnɐtikkə miːnɣə	niːnɐtinɣə niːnɐtiɣə niːnɐtikkə niːnɣə	ɬiːnɐtiɬɣə ɬiːnɐtinɣə ɬiːnɐtikkə ɬiːnɣə	məŋtemɣə məŋɐtinɣə məŋɐtikkə məŋkə	nəŋɐtinɣə nəŋɐtiɣə nəŋɐtikkə nəŋkə	ɬəɣɐtiɬɣə ɬəɣɐtinɣə ɬəɣɐtikkə ɬəɣkə
INSC	mɐːntemɐt	nʉŋɐtinɐt nʉŋɐtenɐt nʉŋɐtijɐt	ɬʉβɐtinɐt ɬʉβɐtiɬɐt ɬʉβɐtijɐt	miːntemɐt	niːnɐtinɐt niːnɐtenɐt niːnɐtijɐt	ɬiːnɐtinɐt ɬiːnɐtiɬɐt ɬiːnɐtijɐt	məŋɐtemɐt məŋɐteβɐt	nəŋɐtinɐt nəŋɐtenɐt nəŋɐtijɐt	ɬəɣɐtinɐt ɬəɣɐtiɬɐt ɬəɣɐtijɐt
COM	mɐːntemnɐt mɐːnnɐt	nʉŋɐtinɐt nʉŋɐtenɐt nʉŋnɐt	ɬʉβɐtiɬnɐt ɬʉβɐtəɬnɐt ɬʉβɐtinɐt ɬʉβnɐt	miːnɐtemnɐt miːntemnɐt miːnnɐt	niːnɐtinɐt niːnɐtenɐt niːnnɐt	ɬiːnɐtiɬɐt ɬiːnɐtinɐt ɬiːnnɐt	məŋɐtinɐt məŋɐtemnɐt məŋɐtiβnɐt məŋnɐt	nəŋɐtinɐt nəŋɐtenɐt nəŋnɐt	ɬəɣɐtiɬnɐt ɬəɣɐtinɐt ɬəɣnɐt
ABE	mɐːntemɬəɣ	nʉŋɐtiɬəɣ nʉŋɐtinɬəɣ	ɬʉβɐtiɬəɣ

Explanation of the case abbreviations

NOM: Nominative case

ACC: Accusative case

DAT: Dative case

LAT: Lative case, collapse of differentiated local cases. Used to indicate the relative location.

LOC: Locative case Used to indicate place and direction.^[25]

ABL: Ablative case, external case meaning: moving away from something.^[26]

APRX: Aproximative case, used to indicate a path towards.^[25]

TRSL: Translative case, used to indicate transformation.^[26]

INSC: Instructive case, related to Instrumental case, as in something is an instrument to an action.^[26]

COM: Comitatative case, meaning with something.^[26]

ABE: Abessive, ised to indicate that something is without x.^[26]

possessee^[27]
possessor	singular	dual	plural
1sg	-əm	-ɣəɬɐm	-ɬɐm
2sg	-ən, -ɐ, -ɛ	-ɣəɬɐ	-ɬɐ
3sg	-əɬ	-ɣəɬ	-ɬɐɬ
1du	-imen	-ɣəɬəmən	-ɬəmən
2du	-n	-ɣəɬən	-ɬən
3du	-in	-ɣəɬən	-ɬən
1pl	-iβ	-ɣəɬəβ	-ɬəβ
2pl	-in	-ɣəɬən	-ɬən
3pl	-iɬ	-ɣəɬ	-ɬɐɬ

Morphology

Verbs^[9]

Khanty verbs have to agree with the subject in person and number. There are two paradigms for conjugation. One where the verb only agrees with the subject (subjective conjugation column in the verbal suffixes table) and one where the verb agrees with both subject and object (objective conjugation in the same table). In a sentence with a subject and an object the subjective conjugation puts the object in focus. The same kind of sentence with objective conjugation leaves the object topically. ^[28]

 

A table of verb suffixes in Khanty

Khanty has the tenses present and past, the moods indicative and imperative and two voices, passive and active. ^[28] Generally, the present tense is marked and the past is unmarked, but for some verbs present and past are distinguished by vowel alternation or consonant insertion.^[28] The order of suffixes is always tense-(passive.)number-person.^[29]

Non-finite verb forms are: infinitve, converb, and four particle verb forms.^[29] Infinitive can complement a modal verb or a motion verb such as go. Standing alone it means necessity or possibility.^[30]

The participles are present, past, negative and conditional. The first two are in use while the latter two are seemingly going extinct.^[30]

Questions

Yes/no questions are marked only by intonation. Indirect yes/no questions are constructed with “or” For example:^[31] S/he asked if Misha was tired [or not]. Wh-questions most often contain a wh-word in the focus position.^[31]

Negation

Negation is marked by the particle əntə, that appears adjecent to the verb and between the particles of particle verbs. ^[31] This is different from some other uralic languages as those thend to have a negation verb or at least a negation particle that is declined in some way.

Syntax

Both Khanty and Mansi are basically nominative–accusative languages but have innovative morphological ergativity. In an ergative construction, the object is given the same case as the subject of an intransitive verb, and the locative is used for the agent of the transitive verb (as an instrumental) . This may be used with some specific verbs, for example "to give": the literal Anglicisation would be "by me (subject) a fish (object) gave to you (indirect object)" for the equivalent of the sentence "I gave you a fish". However, the ergative is only morphological (marked using a case) and not syntactic, so that, in addition, these may be passivized in a way resembling English. For example, in Mansi, "a dog (agent) bit you (object)" could be reformatted as "you (object) were bitten, by a dog (instrument)".

Khanty is an agglutinative language and employs an SOV order.^[32]

Word order

On the phrasal level, the traditional relations are typical for an OV language. For example: PPs can come after the verb. Manner adverbs precede the verb. The verb phrase precedes the auxiliary. The possessor precedes the possessed.^[33]

On the sentence level, case alignment in Surgut Khanty clauses follows a nominative-accusative pattern.^[34] Both the subject and the object can be dropped if they are pragmatically inferable.^[33] This is possible even in the same sentence.

Khanty is a verb final language, but this is not absolute as about 10% of sentences have other phrases behind the verb.^[35] While the word order in matrix clauses is more variable, in embedded clauses it is quite strict.^[36] The constraints are due to grammatical relations and discourse information. In older sources these phrases have content that was already introduced in the discourse while in newer sources newly introduced content can also be placed post verbally. Schön and Gugán speculate that this is because of contact with other languages, namely Russian.^[35]

Imperative

Imperative clauses have the same structure as declarative sentences, apart from complex predicates where the verb may precede the preverb. Prohibitive sentences include a prohibitive particle.^[37]

Passive

In Khanty passive voice is achieved by moving other phrases than the subject into subject position, focus on the agent and indefiniteness of the agent.^[33]

Pro-drop

In Khanty names or pronouns can only be dropped if they are obvious from the context and marked on the verb.^[33]

Lexicon

The lexicon of the Khanty varieties is documented relatively well. The most extensive early source is Toivonen (1948), based on field records by K. F. Karjalainen from 1898 to 1901. An etymological interdialectal dictionary, covering all known material from pre-1940 sources, is Steinitz et al. (1966–1993).

Schiefer (1972)^[38] summarizes the etymological sources of Khanty vocabulary, as per Steinitz et al., as follows:

Inherited	30%	Uralic	5%
		Finno-Ugric	9%
		Ugric	3%
		Ob-Ugric	13%
Borrowed	28%	Komi	7%
		Samoyedic (Selkup and Nenets)	3%
		Tatar	10%
		Russian	8%
unknown	40%

Futaky (1975)^[39] additionally proposes a number of loanwords from the Tungusic languages, mainly Evenki.

Notes

1. RosStat. "Росстат — Итоги ВПН-2020. Том 5 Национальный состав и владение языками. Таблица 6. Население по родному языку" (in Russian). Retrieved 2024-02-04.
2. Rantanen, Timo; Tolvanen, Harri; Roose, Meeli; Ylikoski, Jussi; Vesakoski, Outi (2022-06-08). "Best practices for spatial language data harmonization, sharing and map creation—A case study of Uralic". PLOS ONE. 17 (6): e0269648. Bibcode:2022PLoSO..1769648R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0269648. PMC 9176854. PMID 35675367.
3. Rantanen, Timo, Vesakoski, Outi, Ylikoski, Jussi, & Tolvanen, Harri. (2021). Geographical database of the Uralic languages (v1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4784188
4. Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student's Handbook, Edinburgh
5. Abondolo 2017
6. "Khanty language, alphabet and pronunciation". omniglot.com. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
7. Gulya 1966, pp. 5–6.
8. The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages 2022, p. 97.
9. The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages 2022.
10. The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages 2022, pp. 585–586.
11. "Proposal to encode Cyrillic letter Khanty Tje" (PDF). 2022-06-16.
12. Abondolo 1998, pp. 358–359.
13. Honti 1998, pp. 328–329.
14. Honti, László (1981), "Ostjakin kielen itämurteiden luokittelu", Congressus Quintus Internationalis Fenno-Ugristarum, Turku 20.-27. VIII. 1980, Turku: Suomen kielen seura, pp. 95–100
15. Honti 1998, p. 336.
16. Honti 1998, p. 338.
17. Estill, Dennis (2004). Diachronic change in Erzya word stress. Helsinki: Finno-Ugrian Society. p. 179. ISBN 952-5150-80-1.
18. Abondolo 1998, p. 360.
19. Filchenko 2007.
20. Csepregi 1998, pp. 12–13.
21. Honti 1998, p. 337.
22. Kaksin 2007.
23. Nikolaeva 1999.
24. Schön, Zsófia; Gugán, Katalin (2022-03-24). "East Khanty". The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages. Oxford University PressOxford. pp. 608–635. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198767664.003.0032. ISBN 978-0-19-876766-4. Retrieved 2024-02-04.
25. Nikolaeva 1999, p. 13.
26. Holmberg, Anders; Nikanne, Urpo; Oraviita, Irmeli; Reime, Hannu; Trosterud, Trond (1993). "The structure of INFL and the finite clause in Finnish". Case and other functional categories in Finnish syntax. p. 177. doi:10.1515/9783110902600.177. ISBN 978-3-11-013812-2.
27. Schön, Gugán, Zsófia, Katalin (2022). The Oxford guide to the Uralic languages. Oxford University Press. p. 615.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
28. The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages 2022, p. 616.
29. The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages 2022, p. 618.
30. The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages 2022, p. 619.
31. The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages 2022, p. 625.
32. Grenoble, Lenore A (2003). Language Policy in the Soviet Union. Springer. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-4020-1298-3.
33. The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages 2022, p. 622.
34. The Oxford guide to Uralic languages, page 622
35. The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages 2022, p. 624.
36. Nikolaeva 1999, p. 57.
37. The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages 2022, p. 626.
38. Schiefer, Erhard (1972). "Wolfgang Steinitz. Dialektologisches und etymologisches Wörterbuch der ostjakischen Sprache. Lieferung 1 – 5, Berlin 1966, 1967, 1968, 1970, 1972". Études Finno-Ougriennes. 9: 161–171.
39. Futaky, István (1975). Tungusische Lehnwörter des Ostjakischen. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.

References

• Abondolo, Daniel (1998). "Khanty". In Abondolo, Daniel (ed.). The Uralic Languages.
• Csepregi, Márta (1998). Szurguti osztják chrestomathia (PDF). Studia Uralo-Altaica Supplementum. Vol. 6. Szeged. Retrieved 2014-10-11.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Filchenko, Andrey Yury (2007). A grammar of Eastern Khanty (Doctor of Philosophy thesis). Rice University. hdl:1911/20605.
• Gulya, János (1966). Eastern Ostyak chrestomathy. Indiana University Publications, Uralic and Altaic series. Vol. 51.
• Honti, László (1988). "Die Ob-Ugrischen Sprachen". In Sinor, Denis (ed.). The Uralic Languages.
• Honti, László (1998). "ObUgrian". In Abondolo, Daniel (ed.). The Uralic Languages.
• Kaksin, Andrej D. (2007). Казымский диалект хантыйского языка (in Russian). Khanty-Mansijsk: Obsko-Ugorskij Institut Prikladnykh Issledovanij i Razrabotok.
• Steinitz, Wolfgang, ed. (1966–1993). Dialektologisches und etymologisches Wörterbuch der ostjakischen Sprache. Berlin.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Toivonen, Y. H., ed. (1948). K. F. Karjalainen's Ostjakisches Wörterbuch. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.
• Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena, eds. (2022-03-24). The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages. Oxford University PressOxford. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198767664.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-876766-4.
• Nikolaeva, Irina Alekseevna (1999). Ostyak. Languages of the world: Materials. Lincom Europa. ISBN 3-89586-562-1.
• Holmberg, A., Nikanne, U., Oraviita, I., Reime, H., & Trosterud, T. (1993). The structure of INFL and the finite clause in Finnish. Case and other functional categories in Finnish syntax, 39, 177

External links

 

Khanty language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

• Khanty Language
• Omniglot
• Documentation of Eastern Khanty
• Khanty basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
• Khanty Language and People
• Khanty–Russian Russian–Khanty dictionary (download), mirror (in case the PDF link gets misdirected)
• OLAC resources in and about the Khanty language