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Ethnologue

Ethnologue: Languages of the World (stylized as Ethnoloɠue) is an annual reference publication in print and online that provides statistics and other information on the living languages of the world. It is the world's most comprehensive catalogue of languages.[2] It was first issued in 1951, and is now published by SIL International, an American Christian non-profit organization.

Ethnologue
Ethnologue's logo
Three-volume 17th edition
Type of businessNon-profit organization
Type of site
Language database
Available inEnglish
Founded1951
Headquarters,
OwnerSIL International, United States
Founder(s)Richard S. Pittman
EditorsEberhard, David M., Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig
URLethnologue.com
CommercialYes
RegistrationRequired to access most content since 2019[1]
ISSN1946-9675
OCLC number43349556

Overview and content

Ethnologue has been published by SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics), a Christian linguistic service organization with an international office in Dallas, Texas. The organization studies numerous minority languages to facilitate language development, and to work with speakers of such language communities in translating portions of the Bible into their languages.[3] Despite the Christian orientation of its publisher, Ethnologue is not ideologically or theologically biased.[4]

Ethnologue includes alternative names and autonyms, the number of L1 and L2 speakers, language prestige, domains of use, literacy rates, locations, dialects, language classification, linguistic affiliations, typology, language maps, country maps, publication and use in media, availability of the Bible in each language and dialect described, religious affiliations of speakers, a cursory description of revitalization efforts where reported, intelligibility and lexical similarity with other dialects and languages, writing scripts, an estimate of language viability using the Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS), and bibliographic resources.[5][6][7][8][9] Coverage varies depending on languages.[5][6] For instance, as of 2008, information on word order was present for 15% of entries while religious affiliations were mentioned for 38% of languages.[5] According to Lyle Campbell "language maps are highly valuable" and most country maps are of high quality and user-friendly.[5]

Ethnologue gathers information from SIL's thousands of field linguists,[1] surveys done by linguists and literacy specialists, observations of Bible translators, and crowdsourced contributions.[6][10] SIL's field linguists use an online collaborative research system to review current data, update it, or request its removal.[11] SIL has a team of editors by geographical area who prepare reports to Ethnologue's general editor. These reports combine opinions from SIL area experts and feedback solicited from non-SIL linguists. Editors have to find compromises when opinions differ.[12] Most of SIL's linguists have taken three to four semesters of graduate linguistics courses, and half of them have a master's degree. They're trained by 300 PhD linguists in SIL.[13]

The determination of what characteristics define a single language depends upon sociolinguistic evaluation by various scholars; as the preface to Ethnologue states, "Not all scholars share the same set of criteria for what constitutes a 'language' and what features define a 'dialect'."[5] The criteria used by Ethnologue are mutual intelligibility and the existence or absence of a common literature or ethnolinguistic identity.[5][12][14] The number of languages identified has been steadily increasing, from 5,445 in the 10th edition (in 1984) to 6,909 in the 16th (in 2009), partly due to governments according designation as languages to mutually intelligible varieties and partly due to SIL establishing new Bible translation teams.[15] Ethnologue codes were used as the base to create the new ISO 639-3 international standard. Since 2007, Ethnologue relies only rely on this standard, administered by SIL International,[16] to determine what is listed as a language.[5]

In addition to choosing a primary name for a language, Ethnologue provides listings of other name(s) for the language and any dialects that are used by its speakers, government, foreigners and neighbors. Also included are any names that have been commonly referenced historically, regardless of whether a name is considered official, politically correct or offensive; this allows more complete historic research to be done. These lists of names are not necessarily complete.

History

Ethnologue was founded in 1951 by Richard S. Pittman and was initially focused on minority languages, to share information on Bible translation needs.[17][18] The first edition included information on 46 languages.[18][17] Hand-drawn maps were introduced in the fourth edition (1953).[18] The seventh edition (1969) listed 4,493 languages.[18][17] In 1971, Ethnologue expanded its coverage to all known languages of the world.[18][17]

Ethnologue database was created in 1971 at the University of Oklahoma under a grant from the National Science Foundation.[18] In 1974 the database was moved to Cornell University.[18][17] Since 2000, the database has been maintained by SIL International in their Dallas headquarters.[18][17] In 1997 (13th edition), the website became the primary means of access.[18][17]

In 1984, Ethnologue released a three-letter coding system, called an 'SIL code', to identify each language that it described. This set of codes significantly exceeded the scope of other existing standards, e.g. ISO 639-1 and ISO 639-2.[19][18][17]

The 14th edition, published in 2000, included 7,148 language codes. In 2002, Ethnologue was asked to work with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to integrate its codes into a draft international standard. Ethnologue codes have then been adopted by ISO as the international standard, ISO 639-3.[12][5] The 15th edition of Ethnologue was the first edition to use this standard. This standard is now administered separately from Ethnologue. SIL International is the registration authority for languages names and codes,[5] according to rules established by ISO.[16] Since then Ethnologue relies on the standard to determine what is listed as a language.[17] In only one case, Ethnologue and the ISO standards treat languages slightly differently. ISO 639-3 considers Akan to be a macrolanguage consisting of two distinct languages, Twi and Fante, whereas Ethnologue considers Twi and Fante to be dialects of a single language (Akan), since they are mutually intelligible. This anomaly resulted because the ISO 639-2 standard has separate codes for Twi and Fante, which have separate literary traditions, and all 639-2 codes for individual languages are automatically part of 639-3, even though 639-3 would not normally assign them separate codes.

In 2014, with the 17th edition, Ethnologue introduced a numerical code for language status using a framework called EGIDS (Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale), an elaboration of Fishman's GIDS (Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale). It ranks a language from 0 for an international language to 10 for an extinct language, i.e. a language with which no-one retains a sense of ethnic identity.[20]

In 2015, SIL's funds decreased and in December 2015, Ethnologue launched a metered paywall to cover its cost, as it is financially self-sustaining.[1] Users in high-income countries who wanted to refer to more than seven pages of data per month had to buy a paid subscription.[21][1] The 18th edition released that year included a new section on language policy country by country.[22][23]

In 2016, Ethnologue added date about language planning agencies to the 19th edition.[24]

As of 2017, Ethnologue's 20th edition described 237 language families including 86 language isolates and six typological categories, namely sign languages, creoles, pidgins, mixed languages, constructed languages, and as yet unclassified languages.[25]

The early focus of the Ethnologue was on native use (L1) but was gradually expanded to cover L2 use as well.[26]

In 2019, Ethnologue disabled trial views and introduced a hard paywall to cover its nearly $1 million in annual operating costs (website maintenance, security, researchers, and SIL's 5,000 field linguists).[1][27] Subscriptions start at $480 per person per year,[1] while full access costs $2,400 per person per year.[9] Users in low and middle-income countries as defined by the World Bank are eligible for free access.[9] Subscribers are mostly institutions: 40% of the world's top 50 universities subscribe to Ethnologue,[6] and it is also sold to business intelligence firms and Fortune 500 companies.[1] The introduction of the paywall was harshly criticized by the community of linguists who rely on Ethnologue to do their work and cannot afford the subscription[1] The same year, Ethnologue launched its contributor program to fill gaps and improve accuracy,[28][27] allowing contributors to submit corrections and additions and to get a complimentary access to the website.[28] Ethnologue's editors gradually review crowdsourced contributions before publication.[29][6] As 2019 was the International Year of Indigenous Languages, this edition focused on language loss: it added the date when last fluent speaker of the language died, standardized the age range of language users, and improved the EGIDS estimates.[30]

In 2020, the 23rd edition listed 7,117 living languages, an increase of 6 living languages from the 22nd edition. In this edition, Ethnologue expanded its coverage of immigrant languages: previous editions only had full entries for languages considered to be "established" within a country. From this edition, Ethnologue includes data about first and second languages of refugees, temporary foreign workers and immigrants.[31][6]

In 2021, the 24th edition had 7,139 modern languages, an increase of 22 living languages from the 23rd edition. Editors especially improved data about language shift in this edition.[32]

In 2022, the 25th edition listed a total of 7,151 living languages, an increase of 12 living languages from the 24th edition. This edition specifically improved the use of languages in education.[33]

In 2023, the 26th edition listed a total of 7,168 living languages, an increase of 17 living languages from the 25th edition.

Reception, reliability, and use

In 1986, William Bright, then editor of the journal Language, wrote of Ethnologue that it "is indispensable for any reference shelf on the languages of the world".[34] The 2003 International Encyclopedia of Linguistics described Ethnologue as "a comprehensive listing of the world's languages, with genetic classification",[35] and follows Ethnologue's classification.[12] In 2005, linguists Lindsay J. Whaley and Lenore Grenoble considered that Ethnologue "continues to provide the most comprehensive and reliable count of numbers of speakers of the world's languages", still they recognize that "individual language surveys may have far more accurate counts for a specific language, but The Ethnologue is unique in bringing together speaker statistics on a global scale".[36] In 2006, computational linguists John C. Paolillo and Anupam Das conducted a systematic evaluation of available information on language populations for the UNESCO Institute for Statistics. They reported that Ethnologue and Linguasphere were the only comprehensive sources of information about language populations and that Ethnologue had more specific information. They concluded that: "the language statistics available today in the form of the Ethnologue population counts are already good enough to be useful"[37] According to linguist William Poser, Ethnologue was, as of 2006, the "best single source of information" on language classification.[38] In 2008 linguists Lyle Campbell and Verónica Grondona highly commended Ethnologue in Language. They described it as a highly valuable catalogue of the world's languages that "has become the standard reference" and whose "usefulness is hard to overestimate". They concluded that Ethnologue was "truly excellent, highly valuable, and the very best book of its sort available."[5]

In a review of Ethnologue's 2009 edition in Ethnopolitics, Richard Oliver Collin, professor of politics, noted that "Ethnologue has become a standard resource for scholars in the other social sciences: anthropologists, economists, sociologists and, obviously, sociolinguists". According to Collin, Ethnologue is "stronger in languages spoken by indigenous peoples in economically less-developed portions of the world" and "when recent in-depth country-studies have been conducted, information can be very good; unfortunately [...] data are sometimes old".[4]

In 2012, linguist Asya Pereltsvaig described Ethnologue as "a reasonably good source of thorough and reliable geographical and demographic information about the world's languages".[39] She added in 2021 that its maps "are generally fairly accurate although they often depict the linguistic situation as it once was or as someone might imagine it to be but not as it actually is".[40] Linguist George Tucker Childs wrote in 2012 that: "Ethnologue is the most widely referenced source for information on languages of the world", but he added that regarding African languages, "when evaluated against recent field experience [Ethnologue] seems at least out of date".[41] In 2014, Ethnologue admitted that some of its data was out-of-date and switched from a four-year publication cycle (in print and online) to yearly online updates.[42]

In 2017, Robert Phillipson and Tove Skutnabb-Kangas described Ethnologue as "the most comprehensive global source list for (mostly oral) languages".[43] According to the 2018 Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics, Ethnologue is a "comprehensive, frequently updated [database] on languages and language families'.[44] According to quantitative linguists Simon Greenhill, Ethnologue offers, as of 2018, "sufficiently accurate reflections of speaker population size".[45] Linguists Lyle Campbell and Kenneth Lee Rehg wrote in 2018 that Ethnologue was "the best source that list the non-endangered languages of the world".[46] Lyle Campbell and Russell Barlow also noted that the 2017 edition of Ethnologue "improved [its] classification markedly". They note that Ethnologue's genealogy is similar to that of the World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS) but different from that of the Catalogue of Endangered Languages (ELCat) and Glottolog.[47] Linguist Lisa Matthewson commented in 2020 that Ethnologue offers "accurate information about speaker numbers".[48] In a 2021 review of Ethnologue and Glottolog, linguist Shobhana Chelliah noted that "For better or worse, the impact of the site is indeed considerable. [...] Clearly, the site has influence on the field of linguistics and beyond." She added that she, among other linguists, integrated Ethnologue in her linguistics classes."[6]

The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics uses Ethnologue as its primary source for the list of languages and language maps.[49] According to linguist Suzanne Romaine, Ethnologue is also the leading source for research on language diversity.[50] According to The Oxford Handbook of Language and Society, Ethnologue is "the standard reference source for the listing and enumeration of Endangered Languages, and for all known and "living" languages of the world"."[51] Similarly, linguist David Bradley describes Ethnologue as "the most comprehensive effort to document the level of endangerment in languages around the world."[52] The US National Science Foundation uses Ethnologue to determine which languages are endangered.[6] According to Hammarström et al., Ethnologue is, as of 2022, one of the three global databases documenting language endangerment with the Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger and the Catalogue of Endangered Languages (ELCat).[53] The University of Hawaii Kaipuleohone language archive uses Ethnologue's metadata as well.[6] The World Atlas of Language Structures uses Ethnologue's genealogical classification.[54] The Rosetta Project uses Ethnologue's language metadata.[55]

In 2005, linguist Harald Hammarström wrote that Ethnologue was consistent with specialist views most of the time and was a catalog "of very high absolute value and by far the best of its kind".[56][12] In 2011, Hammarström created Glottolog in response to the lack of a comprehensive language bibliography, especially in Ethnologue.[57][58][59] In 2015, Hammarström reviewed the 16th, 17th, and 18th editions of Ethnologue and described the frequent lack of citations as its only "serious fault" from a scientific perspective. He concluded: "Ethnologue is at present still better than any other nonderivative work of the same scope. [It] is an impressively comprehensive catalogue of world languages, and it is far superior to anything else produced prior to 2009. In particular, it is superior by virtue of being explicit."[60] According to Hammarström, as of 2016, Ethnologue and Glottolog are the only global-scale continually maintained inventories of the world's languages. The main difference is that Ethnologue includes additional information (such as speaker numbers or vitality) but lacks systematic sources for the information given. In contrast, Glottolog provides no language context information but points to primary sources for further data.[61][62] Contrary to Ethnologue, Glottolog doesn't run its own surveys,[1] but it uses Ethnologue as one of its primary sources.[1][63] As of 2019, Hammarström uses Ethnologue in his articles, noting that it "has (unsourced, but) detailed information associated with each speech variety, such as speaker numbers and map location".[64] In response to feedback about the lack of references, Ethnologue added in 2013 a link on each language to language resources from the Open Language Archives Community (OLAC)[65] Ethnologue acknowledges that it rarely quotes any source verbatim but cites sources wherever specific statements are directly attributed to them, and corrects missing attributions upon notification.[66] The website provides a list of all of the references cited.[67][68] In her 2021 review, Shobhana Chelliah noted that Glottolog aims to be better than Ethnologue in language classification and genetic and areal relationships by using linguists' original sources.[6]

Editions

Starting with the 17th edition, Ethnologue has been published every year,[23] on February 21, which is International Mother Language Day.[31]

Edition Date Editor Notes
1[69] 1951 Richard S. Pittman 10 mimeographed pages; 40 languages[3]
2[70] 1951 Pittman
3[71] 1952 Pittman
4[72] 1953 Pittman first to include maps[73]
5[74] 1958 Pittman first edition in book format
6[75] 1965 Pittman
7[76] 1969 Pittman 4,493 languages
8[77] 1974 Barbara Grimes [78]
9[79] 1978 Grimes
10[80] 1984 Grimes SIL codes first included
11[81] 1988 Grimes 6,253 languages[82]
12[83] 1992 Grimes 6,662 languages
13[84][85] 1996 Grimes 6,883 languages
14[86] 2000 Grimes 6,809 languages
15[87] 2005 Raymond G. Gordon Jr.[88] 6,912 languages; draft ISO standard; first edition to provide color maps[73]
16[89] 2009 M. Paul Lewis 6,909 languages
17 2013, updated 2014[90] M. Paul Lewis, Gary F. Simons and Charles D. Fennig 7,106 living languages
18 2015 Lewis, Simons & Fennig 7,102 living languages; 7,472 total
19 2016 Lewis, Simons & Fennig 7,097 living languages
20 2017 Simons & Fennig 7,099 living languages
21[91] 2018 Simons & Fennig 7,097 living languages
22[92] 2019 Eberhard, David M., Simons & Fennig 7,111 living languages
23[93] 2020 Eberhard, Simons & Fennig 7,117 living languages
24[32] 2021 Eberhard, Simons & Fennig 7,139 living languages
25[33] 2022 Eberhard, Simons & Fennig 7,151 living languages
26[94] 2023 Eberhard, Simons & Fennig 7,168 living languages

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Bibliography

  • Everaert, Martin; Musgrave, Simon; Dimitriadis, Alexis, eds. (March 26, 2009). The Use of Databases in Cross-Linguistic Studies. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110198744. Retrieved July 13, 2014.

External links

  • Official website

ethnologue, languages, world, stylized, ethnoloɠue, annual, reference, publication, print, online, that, provides, statistics, other, information, living, languages, world, world, most, comprehensive, catalogue, languages, first, issued, 1951, published, inter. Ethnologue Languages of the World stylized as Ethnoloɠue is an annual reference publication in print and online that provides statistics and other information on the living languages of the world It is the world s most comprehensive catalogue of languages 2 It was first issued in 1951 and is now published by SIL International an American Christian non profit organization EthnologueEthnologue s logoThree volume 17th editionType of businessNon profit organizationType of siteLanguage databaseAvailable inEnglishFounded1951HeadquartersDallas TexasOwnerSIL International United StatesFounder s Richard S PittmanEditorsEberhard David M Gary F Simons and Charles D FennigURLethnologue comCommercialYesRegistrationRequired to access most content since 2019 1 ISSN1946 9675OCLC number43349556 Contents 1 Overview and content 2 History 3 Reception reliability and use 4 Editions 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External linksOverview and content EditEthnologue has been published by SIL International formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics a Christian linguistic service organization with an international office in Dallas Texas The organization studies numerous minority languages to facilitate language development and to work with speakers of such language communities in translating portions of the Bible into their languages 3 Despite the Christian orientation of its publisher Ethnologue is not ideologically or theologically biased 4 Ethnologue includes alternative names and autonyms the number of L1 and L2 speakers language prestige domains of use literacy rates locations dialects language classification linguistic affiliations typology language maps country maps publication and use in media availability of the Bible in each language and dialect described religious affiliations of speakers a cursory description of revitalization efforts where reported intelligibility and lexical similarity with other dialects and languages writing scripts an estimate of language viability using the Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale EGIDS and bibliographic resources 5 6 7 8 9 Coverage varies depending on languages 5 6 For instance as of 2008 information on word order was present for 15 of entries while religious affiliations were mentioned for 38 of languages 5 According to Lyle Campbell language maps are highly valuable and most country maps are of high quality and user friendly 5 Ethnologue gathers information from SIL s thousands of field linguists 1 surveys done by linguists and literacy specialists observations of Bible translators and crowdsourced contributions 6 10 SIL s field linguists use an online collaborative research system to review current data update it or request its removal 11 SIL has a team of editors by geographical area who prepare reports to Ethnologue s general editor These reports combine opinions from SIL area experts and feedback solicited from non SIL linguists Editors have to find compromises when opinions differ 12 Most of SIL s linguists have taken three to four semesters of graduate linguistics courses and half of them have a master s degree They re trained by 300 PhD linguists in SIL 13 The determination of what characteristics define a single language depends upon sociolinguistic evaluation by various scholars as the preface to Ethnologue states Not all scholars share the same set of criteria for what constitutes a language and what features define a dialect 5 The criteria used by Ethnologue are mutual intelligibility and the existence or absence of a common literature or ethnolinguistic identity 5 12 14 The number of languages identified has been steadily increasing from 5 445 in the 10th edition in 1984 to 6 909 in the 16th in 2009 partly due to governments according designation as languages to mutually intelligible varieties and partly due to SIL establishing new Bible translation teams 15 Ethnologue codes were used as the base to create the new ISO 639 3 international standard Since 2007 Ethnologue relies only rely on this standard administered by SIL International 16 to determine what is listed as a language 5 In addition to choosing a primary name for a language Ethnologue provides listings of other name s for the language and any dialects that are used by its speakers government foreigners and neighbors Also included are any names that have been commonly referenced historically regardless of whether a name is considered official politically correct or offensive this allows more complete historic research to be done These lists of names are not necessarily complete History EditEthnologue was founded in 1951 by Richard S Pittman and was initially focused on minority languages to share information on Bible translation needs 17 18 The first edition included information on 46 languages 18 17 Hand drawn maps were introduced in the fourth edition 1953 18 The seventh edition 1969 listed 4 493 languages 18 17 In 1971 Ethnologue expanded its coverage to all known languages of the world 18 17 Ethnologue database was created in 1971 at the University of Oklahoma under a grant from the National Science Foundation 18 In 1974 the database was moved to Cornell University 18 17 Since 2000 the database has been maintained by SIL International in their Dallas headquarters 18 17 In 1997 13th edition the website became the primary means of access 18 17 In 1984 Ethnologue released a three letter coding system called an SIL code to identify each language that it described This set of codes significantly exceeded the scope of other existing standards e g ISO 639 1 and ISO 639 2 19 18 17 The 14th edition published in 2000 included 7 148 language codes In 2002 Ethnologue was asked to work with the International Organization for Standardization ISO to integrate its codes into a draft international standard Ethnologue codes have then been adopted by ISO as the international standard ISO 639 3 12 5 The 15th edition of Ethnologue was the first edition to use this standard This standard is now administered separately from Ethnologue SIL International is the registration authority for languages names and codes 5 according to rules established by ISO 16 Since then Ethnologue relies on the standard to determine what is listed as a language 17 In only one case Ethnologue and the ISO standards treat languages slightly differently ISO 639 3 considers Akan to be a macrolanguage consisting of two distinct languages Twi and Fante whereas Ethnologue considers Twi and Fante to be dialects of a single language Akan since they are mutually intelligible This anomaly resulted because the ISO 639 2 standard has separate codes for Twi and Fante which have separate literary traditions and all 639 2 codes for individual languages are automatically part of 639 3 even though 639 3 would not normally assign them separate codes In 2014 with the 17th edition Ethnologue introduced a numerical code for language status using a framework called EGIDS Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale an elaboration of Fishman s GIDS Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale It ranks a language from 0 for an international language to 10 for an extinct language i e a language with which no one retains a sense of ethnic identity 20 In 2015 SIL s funds decreased and in December 2015 Ethnologue launched a metered paywall to cover its cost as it is financially self sustaining 1 Users in high income countries who wanted to refer to more than seven pages of data per month had to buy a paid subscription 21 1 The 18th edition released that year included a new section on language policy country by country 22 23 In 2016 Ethnologue added date about language planning agencies to the 19th edition 24 As of 2017 Ethnologue s 20th edition described 237 language families including 86 language isolates and six typological categories namely sign languages creoles pidgins mixed languages constructed languages and as yet unclassified languages 25 The early focus of the Ethnologue was on native use L1 but was gradually expanded to cover L2 use as well 26 In 2019 Ethnologue disabled trial views and introduced a hard paywall to cover its nearly 1 million in annual operating costs website maintenance security researchers and SIL s 5 000 field linguists 1 27 Subscriptions start at 480 per person per year 1 while full access costs 2 400 per person per year 9 Users in low and middle income countries as defined by the World Bank are eligible for free access 9 Subscribers are mostly institutions 40 of the world s top 50 universities subscribe to Ethnologue 6 and it is also sold to business intelligence firms and Fortune 500 companies 1 The introduction of the paywall was harshly criticized by the community of linguists who rely on Ethnologue to do their work and cannot afford the subscription 1 The same year Ethnologue launched its contributor program to fill gaps and improve accuracy 28 27 allowing contributors to submit corrections and additions and to get a complimentary access to the website 28 Ethnologue s editors gradually review crowdsourced contributions before publication 29 6 As 2019 was the International Year of Indigenous Languages this edition focused on language loss it added the date when last fluent speaker of the language died standardized the age range of language users and improved the EGIDS estimates 30 In 2020 the 23rd edition listed 7 117 living languages an increase of 6 living languages from the 22nd edition In this edition Ethnologue expanded its coverage of immigrant languages previous editions only had full entries for languages considered to be established within a country From this edition Ethnologue includes data about first and second languages of refugees temporary foreign workers and immigrants 31 6 In 2021 the 24th edition had 7 139 modern languages an increase of 22 living languages from the 23rd edition Editors especially improved data about language shift in this edition 32 In 2022 the 25th edition listed a total of 7 151 living languages an increase of 12 living languages from the 24th edition This edition specifically improved the use of languages in education 33 In 2023 the 26th edition listed a total of 7 168 living languages an increase of 17 living languages from the 25th edition Reception reliability and use EditIn 1986 William Bright then editor of the journal Language wrote of Ethnologue that it is indispensable for any reference shelf on the languages of the world 34 The 2003 International Encyclopedia of Linguistics described Ethnologue as a comprehensive listing of the world s languages with genetic classification 35 and follows Ethnologue s classification 12 In 2005 linguists Lindsay J Whaley and Lenore Grenoble considered that Ethnologue continues to provide the most comprehensive and reliable count of numbers of speakers of the world s languages still they recognize that individual language surveys may have far more accurate counts for a specific language but The Ethnologue is unique in bringing together speaker statistics on a global scale 36 In 2006 computational linguists John C Paolillo and Anupam Das conducted a systematic evaluation of available information on language populations for the UNESCO Institute for Statistics They reported that Ethnologue and Linguasphere were the only comprehensive sources of information about language populations and that Ethnologue had more specific information They concluded that the language statistics available today in the form of the Ethnologue population counts are already good enough to be useful 37 According to linguist William Poser Ethnologue was as of 2006 the best single source of information on language classification 38 In 2008 linguists Lyle Campbell and Veronica Grondona highly commended Ethnologue in Language They described it as a highly valuable catalogue of the world s languages that has become the standard reference and whose usefulness is hard to overestimate They concluded that Ethnologue was truly excellent highly valuable and the very best book of its sort available 5 In a review of Ethnologue s 2009 edition in Ethnopolitics Richard Oliver Collin professor of politics noted that Ethnologue has become a standard resource for scholars in the other social sciences anthropologists economists sociologists and obviously sociolinguists According to Collin Ethnologue is stronger in languages spoken by indigenous peoples in economically less developed portions of the world and when recent in depth country studies have been conducted information can be very good unfortunately data are sometimes old 4 In 2012 linguist Asya Pereltsvaig described Ethnologue as a reasonably good source of thorough and reliable geographical and demographic information about the world s languages 39 She added in 2021 that its maps are generally fairly accurate although they often depict the linguistic situation as it once was or as someone might imagine it to be but not as it actually is 40 Linguist George Tucker Childs wrote in 2012 that Ethnologue is the most widely referenced source for information on languages of the world but he added that regarding African languages when evaluated against recent field experience Ethnologue seems at least out of date 41 In 2014 Ethnologue admitted that some of its data was out of date and switched from a four year publication cycle in print and online to yearly online updates 42 In 2017 Robert Phillipson and Tove Skutnabb Kangas described Ethnologue as the most comprehensive global source list for mostly oral languages 43 According to the 2018 Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics Ethnologue is a comprehensive frequently updated database on languages and language families 44 According to quantitative linguists Simon Greenhill Ethnologue offers as of 2018 sufficiently accurate reflections of speaker population size 45 Linguists Lyle Campbell and Kenneth Lee Rehg wrote in 2018 that Ethnologue was the best source that list the non endangered languages of the world 46 Lyle Campbell and Russell Barlow also noted that the 2017 edition of Ethnologue improved its classification markedly They note that Ethnologue s genealogy is similar to that of the World Atlas of Language Structures WALS but different from that of the Catalogue of Endangered Languages ELCat and Glottolog 47 Linguist Lisa Matthewson commented in 2020 that Ethnologue offers accurate information about speaker numbers 48 In a 2021 review of Ethnologue and Glottolog linguist Shobhana Chelliah noted that For better or worse the impact of the site is indeed considerable Clearly the site has influence on the field of linguistics and beyond She added that she among other linguists integrated Ethnologue in her linguistics classes 6 The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics uses Ethnologue as its primary source for the list of languages and language maps 49 According to linguist Suzanne Romaine Ethnologue is also the leading source for research on language diversity 50 According to The Oxford Handbook of Language and Society Ethnologue is the standard reference source for the listing and enumeration of Endangered Languages and for all known and living languages of the world 51 Similarly linguist David Bradley describes Ethnologue as the most comprehensive effort to document the level of endangerment in languages around the world 52 The US National Science Foundation uses Ethnologue to determine which languages are endangered 6 According to Hammarstrom et al Ethnologue is as of 2022 one of the three global databases documenting language endangerment with the Atlas of the World s Languages in Danger and the Catalogue of Endangered Languages ELCat 53 The University of Hawaii Kaipuleohone language archive uses Ethnologue s metadata as well 6 The World Atlas of Language Structures uses Ethnologue s genealogical classification 54 The Rosetta Project uses Ethnologue s language metadata 55 In 2005 linguist Harald Hammarstrom wrote that Ethnologue was consistent with specialist views most of the time and was a catalog of very high absolute value and by far the best of its kind 56 12 In 2011 Hammarstrom created Glottolog in response to the lack of a comprehensive language bibliography especially in Ethnologue 57 58 59 In 2015 Hammarstrom reviewed the 16th 17th and 18th editions of Ethnologue and described the frequent lack of citations as its only serious fault from a scientific perspective He concluded Ethnologue is at present still better than any other nonderivative work of the same scope It is an impressively comprehensive catalogue of world languages and it is far superior to anything else produced prior to 2009 In particular it is superior by virtue of being explicit 60 According to Hammarstrom as of 2016 Ethnologue and Glottolog are the only global scale continually maintained inventories of the world s languages The main difference is that Ethnologue includes additional information such as speaker numbers or vitality but lacks systematic sources for the information given In contrast Glottolog provides no language context information but points to primary sources for further data 61 62 Contrary to Ethnologue Glottolog doesn t run its own surveys 1 but it uses Ethnologue as one of its primary sources 1 63 As of 2019 Hammarstrom uses Ethnologue in his articles noting that it has unsourced but detailed information associated with each speech variety such as speaker numbers and map location 64 In response to feedback about the lack of references Ethnologue added in 2013 a link on each language to language resources from the Open Language Archives Community OLAC 65 Ethnologue acknowledges that it rarely quotes any source verbatim but cites sources wherever specific statements are directly attributed to them and corrects missing attributions upon notification 66 The website provides a list of all of the references cited 67 68 In her 2021 review Shobhana Chelliah noted that Glottolog aims to be better than Ethnologue in language classification and genetic and areal relationships by using linguists original sources 6 Editions EditStarting with the 17th edition Ethnologue has been published every year 23 on February 21 which is International Mother Language Day 31 Edition Date Editor Notes1 69 1951 Richard S Pittman 10 mimeographed pages 40 languages 3 2 70 1951 Pittman3 71 1952 Pittman4 72 1953 Pittman first to include maps 73 5 74 1958 Pittman first edition in book format6 75 1965 Pittman7 76 1969 Pittman 4 493 languages8 77 1974 Barbara Grimes 78 9 79 1978 Grimes10 80 1984 Grimes SIL codes first included11 81 1988 Grimes 6 253 languages 82 12 83 1992 Grimes 6 662 languages13 84 85 1996 Grimes 6 883 languages14 86 2000 Grimes 6 809 languages15 87 2005 Raymond G Gordon Jr 88 6 912 languages draft ISO standard first edition to provide color maps 73 16 89 2009 M Paul Lewis 6 909 languages17 2013 updated 2014 90 M Paul Lewis Gary F Simons and Charles D Fennig 7 106 living languages18 2015 Lewis Simons amp Fennig 7 102 living languages 7 472 total19 2016 Lewis Simons amp Fennig 7 097 living languages20 2017 Simons amp Fennig 7 099 living languages21 91 2018 Simons amp Fennig 7 097 living languages22 92 2019 Eberhard David M Simons amp Fennig 7 111 living languages23 93 2020 Eberhard Simons amp Fennig 7 117 living languages24 32 2021 Eberhard Simons amp Fennig 7 139 living languages25 33 2022 Eberhard Simons amp Fennig 7 151 living languages26 94 2023 Eberhard Simons amp Fennig 7 168 living languagesReferences Edit a b c d e f g h i j World s largest linguistics database is getting too expensive for some researchers www science org Retrieved November 22 2022 Brunn Stanley D Kehrein Roland eds 2020 Handbook of the Changing World Language Map Vol 1 Cham Switzerland p 46 ISBN 978 3 030 02438 3 OCLC 1125944248 a b Erard Michael July 19 2005 How Linguists and Missionaries Share a Bible of 6 912 Languages The New York Times a b Collin Richard Oliver 2010 Ethnologue Ethnopolitics 9 3 4 425 432 doi 10 1080 17449057 2010 502305 ISSN 1744 9057 S2CID 217507727 a b c d e f g h i j Campbell Lyle Grondona Veronica January 1 2008 Ethnologue Languages of the world review Language 84 3 636 641 doi 10 1353 lan 0 0054 ISSN 1535 0665 S2CID 143663395 a b c d e f g h i j Chelliah Shobhana L 2021 Chelliah Shobhana L ed Supporting Linguistic Vitality Why Language Documentation Matters SpringerBriefs in Linguistics Springer pp 51 67 doi 10 1007 978 3 030 66190 8 5 ISBN 978 3 030 66190 8 S2CID 234332845 retrieved November 23 2022 Lewis M Paul Simons Gary F 2010 Assessing Endangerment Expanding Fishman s GIDS PDF Romanian Review of Linguistics 55 2 103 120 Bickford J Albert Lewis M Paul Simons Gary F 2015 Rating the vitality of sign languages Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 36 5 513 527 doi 10 1080 01434632 2014 966827 S2CID 55788703 a b c Pricing Ethnologue July 22 2019 Retrieved November 23 2022 Careers SIL International March 23 2022 Retrieved November 25 2022 Lewis Paul September 1 2015 What I did on my summer vacation Ethnologue Retrieved November 23 2022 a b c d e Hammarstrom Harald 2005 Review of the Ethnologue 15th edn in R J Gordon Ed SIL International Dallas LINGUIST LIST archived from the original on June 15 2011 Olson Kenneth S 2009 SIL International An Emic View Language 85 3 646 658 doi 10 1353 lan 0 0156 ISSN 0097 8507 JSTOR 40492900 S2CID 144082312 Scope of denotation for language identifiers SIL International Retrieved June 23 2013 Dixon R M W 2012 Basic Linguistic Theory Volume 3 Further Grammatical Topics Oxford University Press pp 463 464 ISBN 978 0 19 957109 3 a b Maintenance agencies and registration authorities ISO a b c d e f g h i Simons Gary F Gordon Raymond G 2006 Ethnologue In Brown Keith ed Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics Vol 4 2nd ed Elsevier pp 250 253 doi 10 1016 B0 08 044854 2 04900 2 ISBN 978 0 08 044299 0 a b c d e f g h i j History of the Ethnologue Ethnologue Retrieved November 23 2022 Everaert Musgrave amp Dimitriadis 2009 p 204 Language status Ethnologue 2014 Retrieved January 24 2015 Lewis Paul December 1 2015 Ethnologue launches subscription service Ethnologue Retrieved February 14 2023 Lewis Paul February 1 2015 What we are working on here at Ethnologue Central Ethnologue Retrieved November 23 2022 a b Lewis Paul February 21 2015 Welcome to the 18th edition Ethnologue Retrieved April 28 2015 Lewis Paul February 1 2016 Looking back and looking ahead Ethnologue Retrieved November 23 2022 Browse by Language Family Ethnologue Retrieved March 5 2015 Olson Kenneth S Lewis M Paul February 15 2018 The Ethnologue and L2 Mapping Vol 1 Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 oso 9780190657543 003 0003 a b Hess Rob October 26 2019 Changes at Ethnologue com Ethnologue Retrieved November 23 2022 a b Updates and Corrections Ethnologue Retrieved November 23 2022 Ethnologue Contributor Community Norms Ethnologue February 12 2014 Retrieved November 23 2022 Simons Gary February 21 2019 Welcome to the 22nd edition Ethnologue Retrieved November 23 2022 a b Welcome to the 23rd edition Ethnologue February 21 2020 Retrieved November 23 2022 a b Welcome to the 24th edition Ethnologue February 22 2021 Retrieved November 23 2022 a b Welcome to the 25th edition Ethnologue February 21 2022 Retrieved February 25 2023 Bright William 1986 Ethnologue Languages of the world Ed by Barbara F Grimes and Index to the Tenth edition of Ethnologue Languages of the world Ed by Barbara F Grimes review Language 62 3 698 doi 10 1353 lan 1986 0027 ISSN 1535 0665 S2CID 143911105 Comrie Bernard 2003 Languages of the World International Encyclopedia of Linguistics Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 acref 9780195139778 001 0001 ISBN 978 0 19 513977 8 retrieved November 22 2022 Grenoble Lenore A Whaley Lindsay J November 3 2005 Saving Languages An Introduction to Language Revitalization 1 ed Cambridge University Press p 164 doi 10 1017 cbo9780511615931 ISBN 978 0 521 81621 2 Paolillo John C Das Anupam 2006 Evaluating Language Statistics The Ethnologue and Beyond PDF UNESCO Institute for Statistics 2 3 53 Poser Bill April 11 2006 Reliable Sources on Classification Language Log Retrieved November 22 2022 Pereltsvaig Asya 2012 Languages of the World An Introduction Cambridge Cambridge University Press p 11 ISBN 978 1 107 00278 4 OCLC 756913021 Pereltsvaig Asya 2021 Languages of the World An Introduction 3rd ed Cambridge p 69 doi 10 1017 9781108783071 ISBN 978 1 108 47932 5 OCLC 1154423212 Childs George Tucker 2017 One language or two Bom and Kim two highly endangered South Atlantic languages In Chibaka Evelyn Fogwe Atindogbe Gratien eds Proceedings of the 7th World Congress of African Linguistics Buea 17 21 August 2012 Vol 2 Oxford African Books Collective p 304 ISBN 978 9956 764 98 3 OCLC 973799450 How NOT to use the Ethnologue Ethnologue October 1 2014 Retrieved November 23 2022 Phillipson Robert Skutnabb Kangas Tove 2017 Filppula Markku Klemola Juhani Sharma Devyani eds The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes New York p 319 ISBN 978 0 19 977771 6 OCLC 964294896 Leben William R February 26 2018 Languages of the World Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 acrefore 9780199384655 013 349 ISBN 978 0 19 938465 5 retrieved November 22 2022 Greenhill Simon J Hua Xia Welsh Caela F Schneemann Hilde Bromham Lindell 2018 Population Size and the Rate of Language Evolution A Test Across Indo European Austronesian and Bantu Languages Frontiers in Psychology 9 576 doi 10 3389 fpsyg 2018 00576 ISSN 1664 1078 PMC 5934942 PMID 29755387 Campbell Lyle Rehg Kenneth L 2018 Introduction The Oxford Handbook of Endangered Languages New York NY ISBN 978 0 19 061002 9 OCLC 1003268966 Barlow Russell Campbell Lyle February 2 2018 Campbell Lyle Belew Anna eds Language Classification and Cataloguing Endangered Languages Cataloguing the World s Endangered Languages 1 ed Routledge pp 23 48 doi 10 4324 9781315686028 3 ISBN 978 1 315 68602 8 Retrieved November 30 2022 UBC Library users now able to access the most authoritative resource on world languages About UBC Library February 10 2020 Retrieved November 22 2022 Brown E Keith Anderson Anne eds 2006 Notes on the List of Languages amp Language Maps Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics 2 ed Amsterdam Elsevier ISBN 978 0 08 044854 1 OCLC 771916896 Romaine Suzanne August 21 2017 Fill Alwin F Penz Hermine eds Language Endangerment and Language Death Routledge Handbooks Online p 40 doi 10 4324 9781315687391 ISBN 978 1 138 92008 8 Moore Robert 2017 Garcia Ofelia Flores Nelson Spotti Massimiliano eds The Oxford Handbook of Language and Society New York NY p 227 ISBN 978 0 19 021289 6 OCLC 964291142 Bradley David 2019 Language endangerment Maya Bradley Cambridge p 4 ISBN 978 1 139 64457 0 OCLC 1130060519 Zariquiey Roberto Arakaki Monica Vera Javier Torres Orihuela Guido Cuba Raime Claret Barrientos Carlos Garcia Aracelli Ingunza Adriano Hammarstrom Harald 2022 Linking endangerment databases and descriptive linguistics An assessment of the use of terms relating to language endangerment in grammars Language Documentation and Conservation 292 hdl 10125 74681 ISSN 1934 5275 WALS Online Home wals info Retrieved November 22 2022 17th Edition of the Ethnologue The Rosetta Project rosettaproject org Retrieved November 22 2022 Gooskens Charlotte 2018 Dialect Intellibility In Boberg Charles Nerbonne John A Landon Watt Dominic James eds The Handbook of Dialectology p 206 ISBN 978 1 118 82758 1 OCLC 1022117457 Nordhoff Sebastian Hammarstrom Harald 2012 Glottolog Langdoc Increasing the visibility of grey literature for low density languages PDF Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation LREC 12 Istanbul European Language Resources Association ELRA 3289 3294 About Glottolog 4 6 Retrieved November 23 2022 Hammarstrom Harald 2015 Kuzmin E ed Glottolog A Free Online Comprehensive Bibliography of the World s Languages Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Linguistic and Cultural Diversity in Cyberspace 183 188 Hammarstrom Harald 2015 Ethnologue 16 17 18th editions A comprehensive review Language 91 3 723 737 doi 10 1353 lan 2015 0038 hdl 11858 00 001M 0000 0014 C719 6 ISSN 1535 0665 S2CID 119977100 Conclusion From a scientific perspective there is really only one serious fault with E16 E17 E18 namely that the source for the information presented is not systematically indicated Hammarstrom Harald January 2016 Linguistic diversity and language evolution Journal of Language Evolution 1 1 19 29 doi 10 1093 jole lzw002 ISSN 2058 4571 Drude Sebastian December 1 2018 Reflections on diversity linguistics Language inventories and atlases University of Hawai i Press p 127 hdl 10125 24814 ISBN 978 0 9973295 3 7 References Information Glottolog 4 6 Retrieved November 23 2022 Hammarstrom Harald 2019 van de Velde Mark Bostoen Koen Nurse Derek Philippson Gerard eds An inventory of Bantu languages The Bantu Languages pp 66 67 doi 10 4324 9781315755946 2 ISBN 9781315755946 S2CID 129471421 retrieved November 22 2022 Lewis Paul June 30 2013 Language Resources Ethnologue Retrieved November 23 2022 Plan of the Site Ethnologue Retrieved November 23 2022 About the Ethnologue Ethnologue September 25 2012 Retrieved November 23 2022 Bibliography of Ethnologue Data Sources Ethnologue September 26 2012 Retrieved November 23 2022 SIL01 1951 Glottolog Retrieved July 13 2014 SIL02 1951 Glottolog Retrieved July 13 2014 SIL03 1952 Glottolog Retrieved July 13 2014 SIL04 1953 Glottolog Retrieved July 13 2014 a b Pinpointing the Languages of the World with GIS Esri Spring 2006 Retrieved July 13 2014 SIL05 1958 Glottolog Retrieved July 13 2014 SIL06 1965 Glottolog 1965 Retrieved July 13 2014 Glottolog 2 3 Glottolog org 1969 Retrieved July 13 2014 Glottolog 2 3 Glottolog org 1974 Retrieved July 13 2014 Barbara F Grimes Richard Saunders Pittman Joseph Evans Grimes eds 1974 Ethnologue Wycliffe Bible Translators Retrieved July 13 2014 Glottolog 2 3 Glottolog org 1978 Retrieved July 13 2014 Glottolog 2 3 Glottolog org 1984 Retrieved July 13 2014 Glottolog 2 3 Glottolog org 1988 Retrieved July 13 2014 Ethnologue volume 11 SIL April 28 2008 ISBN 9780883128251 Retrieved July 13 2014 Glottolog 2 3 Glottolog org 1992 Retrieved July 13 2014 Glottolog 2 3 Glottolog org 1996 Retrieved July 13 2014 Ethnologue 13th edition 1996 www ethnologue com Retrieved January 1 2018 Ethnologue Fourteenth Edition Web Version ethnologue com Retrieved July 13 2014 Ethnologue 15 Web Version ethnologue com Retrieved July 13 2014 Everaert Musgrave amp Dimitriadis 2009 p 61 Ethnologue 16 Web Version ethnologue com Retrieved July 13 2014 Check out the new Ethnologue Ethnologue April 30 2014 Retrieved July 13 2014 Ethnologue 21 Web Version ethnologue com Retrieved February 22 2018 Ethnologue 22 Web Version ethnologue com Retrieved February 22 2019 Ethnologue 23 Web Version ethnologue com Retrieved February 23 2020 Welcome to the 26th edition Ethnologue February 21 2023 Retrieved February 25 2023 Bibliography EditEveraert Martin Musgrave Simon Dimitriadis Alexis eds March 26 2009 The Use of Databases in Cross Linguistic Studies Walter de Gruyter ISBN 9783110198744 Retrieved July 13 2014 External links Edit Language portal Linguistics portalOfficial website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ethnologue amp oldid 1146281933, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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