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Wikipedia

Constructed language

A constructed language (often called a conlang)[2] is a language whose phonology, grammar, and vocabulary, instead of having developed naturally, are consciously devised for some purpose, which may include being devised for a work of fiction. A constructed language may also be referred to as an artificial, planned or invented language,[3] or (in some cases) a fictional language. Planned languages (or engineered languages/engelangs) are languages that have been purposefully designed; they are the result of deliberate, controlling intervention and are thus of a form of language planning.[4]

The Conlang Flag, a symbol of language construction created by subscribers to the CONLANG mailing list, which represents the Tower of Babel against a rising sun.[1]

There are many possible reasons to create a constructed language, such as to ease human communication (see international auxiliary language and code); to give fiction or an associated constructed setting an added layer of realism; for experimentation in the fields of linguistics, cognitive science, and machine learning; for artistic creation; and for language games. Some people may also make constructed languages as a hobby.

The expression planned language is sometimes used to indicate international auxiliary languages and other languages designed for actual use in human communication. Some prefer it to the adjective artificial, as this term may be perceived as pejorative. Outside Esperanto[a] culture, the term language planning means the prescriptions given to a natural language to standardize it; in this regard, even a "natural language" may be artificial in some respects, meaning some of its words have been crafted by conscious decision. Prescriptive grammars, which date to ancient times for classical languages such as Latin and Sanskrit, are rule-based codifications of natural languages, such codifications being a middle ground between naïve natural selection and development of language and its explicit construction. The term glossopoeia is also used to mean language construction, particularly construction of artistic languages.[5]

Conlang speakers are rare. For example, the Hungarian census of 2011 found 8,397 speakers of Esperanto,[6] and the census of 2001 found 10 of Romanid, two each of Interlingua and Ido and one each of Idiom Neutral and Mundolinco.[7] The Russian census of 2010 found that there were in Russia about 992 speakers of Esperanto (on place 120) and nine of the Esperantido Ido.[8]

Planned, constructed, artificial

The terms "planned", "constructed", and "artificial" are used differently in some traditions. For example, few speakers of Interlingua consider their language artificial, since they assert that it has no invented content: Interlingua's vocabulary is taken from a small set of natural languages, and its grammar is based closely on these source languages, even including some degree of irregularity; its proponents prefer to describe its vocabulary and grammar as standardized rather than artificial or constructed. Similarly, Latino sine flexione (LsF) is a simplification of Latin from which the inflections have been removed. As with Interlingua, some prefer to describe its development as "planning" rather than "constructing". Some speakers of Esperanto and Esperantidoj also avoid the term "artificial language" because they deny that there is anything "unnatural" about the use of their language in human communication.

By contrast, some philosophers have argued that all human languages are conventional or artificial. François Rabelais's fictional giant Pantagruel, for instance, said: "It is a misuse of terms to say that we have natural language; languages exist through arbitrary institutions and the conventions of peoples. Voices, as the dialecticians say, don't signify naturally, but capriciously."[9]

Furthermore, fictional or experimental languages can be considered naturalistic if they model real world languages. For example, if a naturalistic conlang is derived a posteriori from another language (real or constructed), it should imitate natural processes of phonological, lexical, and grammatical change. In contrast with languages such as Interlingua, naturalistic fictional languages are not usually intended for easy learning or communication. Thus, naturalistic fictional languages tend to be more difficult and complex. While Interlingua has simpler grammar, syntax, and orthography than its source languages (though more complex and irregular than Esperanto or its descendants), naturalistic fictional languages typically mimic behaviors of natural languages like irregular verbs and nouns, and complicated phonological processes.[original research?]

Overview

In terms of purpose, most constructed languages can broadly be divided into:

The boundaries between these categories are by no means clear.[11] A constructed language could easily fall into more than one of the above categories. A logical language created for aesthetic reasons would also be classifiable as an artistic language; one created with philosophical motives could include being used as an auxiliary language. There are no rules, either inherent in the process of language construction or externally imposed, that would limit a constructed language to fitting only one of the above categories.

A constructed language can have native speakers if young children learn it from parents who speak it fluently. According to Ethnologue, there are "200–2000 who speak Esperanto as a first language". A member of the Klingon Language Institute, d'Armond Speers, attempted to raise his son as a native (bilingual with English) Klingon speaker.[12][verification needed]

As soon as a constructed language has a community of fluent speakers, especially if it has numerous native speakers, it begins to evolve and hence loses its constructed status. For example, Modern Hebrew and its pronunciation norms were developed from existing traditions of Hebrew, such as Mishnaic Hebrew and Biblical Hebrew following a general Sephardic pronunciation, rather than engineered from scratch, and has undergone considerable changes since the state of Israel was founded in 1948 (Hetzron 1990:693). However, linguist Ghil'ad Zuckermann argues that Modern Hebrew, which he terms "Israeli", is a Semito-European hybrid based not only on Hebrew but also on Yiddish and other languages spoken by revivalists.[13] Zuckermann therefore endorses the translation of the Hebrew Bible into what he calls "Israeli".[14] Esperanto as a living spoken language has evolved significantly from the prescriptive blueprint published in 1887, so that modern editions of the Fundamenta Krestomatio, a 1903 collection of early texts in the language, require many footnotes on the syntactic and lexical differences between early and modern Esperanto.[15]

Proponents of constructed languages often have many reasons for using them. The famous but disputed Sapir–Whorf hypothesis is sometimes cited; this claims that the language one speaks influences the way one thinks. Thus, a "better" language should allow the speaker to think more clearly or intelligently or to encompass more points of view; this was the intention of Suzette Haden Elgin in creating Láadan, a feminist language[16] embodied in her feminist science fiction series Native Tongue.[17] Constructed languages have been included in standardized tests such as the SAT, where they were used to test the applicant's ability to infer and apply grammatical rules.[18][19] By the same token, a constructed language might also be used to restrict thought, as in George Orwell's Newspeak, or to simplify thought, as in Toki Pona. However, linguists such as Steven Pinker argue that ideas exist independently of language. For example, in the book The Language Instinct, Pinker states that children spontaneously re-invent slang and even grammar with each generation. These linguists argue that attempts to control the range of human thought through the reform of language would fail, as concepts like "freedom" will reappear in new words if the old words vanish.

Proponents claim a particular language makes it easier to express and understand concepts in one area, and more difficult in others. An example can be taken from the way various programming languages make it easier to write certain kinds of programs and harder to write others.

Another reason cited for using a constructed language is the telescope rule, which claims that it takes less time to first learn a simple constructed language and then a natural language, than to learn only a natural language. Thus, if someone wants to learn English, some suggest learning Basic English first. Constructed languages like Esperanto and Interlingua are in fact often simpler due to the typical lack of irregular verbs and other grammatical quirks. Some studies have found that learning Esperanto helps in learning a non-constructed language later (see propaedeutic value of Esperanto).

Codes for constructed languages include the ISO 639-2 "art" for conlangs; however, some constructed languages have their own ISO 639 language codes (e.g. "eo" and "epo" for Esperanto, "jbo" for Lojban, "ia" and "ina" for Interlingua, "tlh" for Klingon, "io" and "ido" for Ido, "lfn" for Lingua Franca Nova, and "tok" for Toki Pona).

One constraint on a constructed language is that if it was constructed to be a natural language for use by fictional foreigners or aliens, as with Dothraki and High Valyrian in the Game of Thrones series, which was adapted from the A Song of Ice and Fire book series, the language should be easily pronounced by actors, and should fit with and incorporate any fragments of the language already invented by the book's author, and preferably also fit with any personal names of fictional speakers of the language.[original research?]

A priori and a posteriori languages

An a priori constructed language is one whose features (including vocabulary, grammar, etc.) are not based on an existing language, and an a posteriori language is the opposite.[10] This categorization, however, is not absolute, as many constructed languages may be called a priori when considering some linguistic factors, and at the same time a posteriori when considering other factors.

A priori language

An a priori language (from Latin a priori, "from the former") is any constructed language of which all or a number of features are not based on existing languages, but rather invented or elaborated so as to work in a different way or to allude to different purposes. Some a priori languages are designed to be international auxiliary languages that remove what could be considered an unfair learning advantage for native speakers of a source language that would otherwise exist for a posteriori languages. Others, known as philosophical or taxonomic languages, try to categorize their vocabulary, either to express an underlying philosophy or to make it easier to recognize new vocabulary. Finally, many artistic languages, created for either personal use or for use in a fictional medium, employ consciously constructed grammars and vocabularies, and are best understood as a priori.

Examples of a priori languages

A priori international auxiliary languages
Experimental languages
A priori artistic languages
Community languages

A posteriori language

An a posteriori language (from Latin a posteriori, "from the latter"), according to French linguist Louis Couturat, is any constructed language whose elements are borrowed from or based on existing languages. The term can also be extended to controlled versions of natural languages, and is most commonly used to refer to vocabulary despite other features. Likewise, zonal auxiliary languages (auxiliary languages for speakers of a particular language family) are a posteriori by definition.

While most auxiliary languages are a posteriori due to their intended function as a medium of communication, many artistic languages are fully a posteriori in design—many for the purposes of alternate history. In distinguishing whether the language is a priori or a posteriori, the prevalence and distribution of respectable traits is often the key.

Examples of a posteriori languages

A posteriori artistic languages
Controlled auxiliary languages
A posteriori international auxiliary languages
Zonal auxiliary languages

History

Ancient linguistic experiments

Grammatical speculation dates from Classical Antiquity, appearing for instance in Plato's Cratylus in Hermogenes's contention that words are not inherently linked to what they refer to; that people apply "a piece of their own voice ... to the thing".

Athenaeus tells the story[20] of two figures: Dionysius of Sicily and Alexarchus:

  • Dionysius of Sicily created neologisms like menandros "virgin" (from menei "waiting" and andra "husband") for standard Greek parthenos; menekratēs "pillar" (from menei "it remains in one place" and kratei "it is strong") for standard stulos; and ballantion "javelin" (from balletai enantion "thrown against someone") for standard akon.
  • Alexarchus of Macedon, the brother of King Cassander of Macedon, was the founder of the city of Ouranopolis. Athenaeus recounts a story told by Heracleides of Lembos that Alexarchus "introduced a peculiar vocabulary, referring to a rooster as a "dawn-crier", a barber as a "mortal-shaver", a drachma as "worked silver", ... and a herald as an aputēs [from ēputa "loud-voiced"].

"He [Alexarchus] once wrote something ... to the public authorities in Casandreia ... As for what this letter says, in my opinion not even the Pythian god could make sense of it."[20]

While the mechanisms of grammar suggested by classical philosophers were designed to explain existing languages (Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit), they were not used to construct new grammars. Roughly contemporary to Plato, in his descriptive grammar of Sanskrit, Pāṇini constructed a set of rules for explaining language, so that the text of his grammar may be considered a mixture of natural and constructed language.

Early constructed languages

 
Page 68r of the Voynich manuscript. This three-page foldout from the manuscript includes a chart that appears astronomical.

A legend recorded in the seventh-century Irish work Auraicept na n-Éces claims that Fénius Farsaid visited Shinar after the confusion of tongues, and he and his scholars studied the various languages for ten years, taking the best features of each to create in Bérla tóbaide ("the selected language"), which he named Goídelc—the Irish language. This appears to be the first mention of the concept of a constructed language in literature.

The earliest non-natural languages were considered less "constructed" than "super-natural", mystical, or divinely inspired. The Lingua Ignota, recorded in the 12th century by St. Hildegard of Bingen, is an example, and apparently the first entirely artificial language.[16] It is a form of private mystical cant (see also Enochian). An important example from Middle-Eastern culture is Balaibalan, invented in the 16th century.[5] Kabbalistic grammatical speculation was directed at recovering the original language spoken by Adam and Eve in Paradise, lost in the confusion of tongues. The first Christian project for an ideal language is outlined in Dante Alighieri's De vulgari eloquentia, where he searches for the ideal Italian vernacular suited for literature. Ramon Llull's Ars Magna was a project of a perfect language with which the infidels could be convinced of the truth of the Christian faith. It was basically an application of combinatorics on a given set of concepts.[citation needed] During the Renaissance, Lullian and Kabbalistic ideas were drawn upon in a magical context, resulting in cryptographic applications.

Perfecting language

Renaissance interest in Ancient Egypt, notably the discovery of the Hieroglyphica of Horapollo, and first encounters with the Chinese script directed efforts towards a perfect written language. Johannes Trithemius, in Steganographia and Polygraphia, attempted to show how all languages can be reduced to one. In the 17th century, interest in magical languages was continued by the Rosicrucians and alchemists (like John Dee and his Enochian). Jakob Boehme in 1623 spoke of a "natural language" (Natursprache) of the senses.[citation needed]

Musical languages from the Renaissance were tied up with mysticism, magic and alchemy, sometimes also referred to as the language of the birds. The Solresol project of 1817 re-invented the concept in a more pragmatic context.[citation needed]

17th and 18th century: advent of philosophical languages

The 17th century saw the rise of projects for "philosophical" or "a priori" languages, such as:

  • Francis Lodwick's A Common Writing (1647) and The Groundwork or Foundation laid (or So Intended) for the Framing of a New Perfect Language and a Universal Common Writing (1652)
  • Sir Thomas Urquhart's Ekskybalauron (1651) and Logopandecteision[21] (1652)
  • George Dalgarno's Ars signorum, 1661
  • John Wilkins' Essay towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language, 1668

These early taxonomic conlangs produced systems of hierarchical classification that were intended to result in both spoken and written expression. Leibniz had a similar purpose for his lingua generalis of 1678, aiming at a lexicon of characters upon which the user might perform calculations that would yield true propositions automatically, as a side-effect developing binary calculus. These projects were not only occupied with reducing or modelling grammar, but also with the arrangement of all human knowledge into "characters" or hierarchies, an idea that with the Enlightenment would ultimately lead to the Encyclopédie. Many of these 17th–18th centuries conlangs were pasigraphies, or purely written languages with no spoken form or a spoken form that would vary greatly according to the native language of the reader.[22]

Leibniz and the encyclopedists realized that it is impossible to organize human knowledge unequivocally in a tree diagram, and consequently to construct an a priori language based on such a classification of concepts. Under the entry Charactère, D'Alembert critically reviewed the projects of philosophical languages of the preceding century. After the Encyclopédie, projects for a priori languages moved more and more to the lunatic fringe.[citation needed] Individual authors, typically unaware of the history of the idea, continued to propose taxonomic philosophical languages until the early 20th century (e.g. Ro), but most recent engineered languages have had more modest goals; some are limited to a specific field, like mathematical formalism or calculus (e.g. Lincos and programming languages), others are designed for eliminating syntactical ambiguity (e.g., Loglan and Lojban) or maximizing conciseness (e.g., Ithkuil[16]).

19th and 20th centuries: auxiliary languages

Already in the Encyclopédie attention began to focus on a posteriori auxiliary languages. Joachim Faiguet de Villeneuve in the article on Langue wrote a short proposition of a "laconic" or regularized grammar of French. During the 19th century, a bewildering variety of such International Auxiliary Languages (IALs) were proposed, so that Louis Couturat and Léopold Leau in Histoire de la langue universelle (1903) reviewed 38 projects.

The first of these that made any international impact was Volapük, proposed in 1879 by Johann Martin Schleyer; within a decade, 283 Volapükist clubs were counted all over the globe. However, disagreements between Schleyer and some prominent users of the language led to schism, and by the mid-1890s it fell into obscurity, making way for Esperanto, proposed in 1887 by L. L. Zamenhof, and its descendants. Interlingua, the most recent auxlang to gain a significant number of speakers, emerged in 1951, when the International Auxiliary Language Association published its Interlingua–English Dictionary and an accompanying grammar. The success of Esperanto did not stop others from trying to construct new auxiliary languages, such as Leslie Jones' Eurolengo, which mixes elements of English and Spanish.

Loglan (1955) and its descendants constitute a pragmatic return to the aims of the a priori languages, tempered by the requirement of usability of an auxiliary language. Thus far, these modern a priori languages have garnered only small groups of speakers.

Robot Interaction Language (2010) is a spoken language that is optimized for communication between machines and humans. The major goals of ROILA are that it should be easily learnable by the human user, and optimized for efficient recognition by computer speech recognition algorithms.

Artlangs

Artists may use language as a source of creativity in art, poetry, or calligraphy, or as a metaphor to address themes as cultural diversity and the vulnerability of the individual in a globalized world.

Some people prefer however to take pleasure in constructing, crafting a language by a conscious decision for reasons of literary enjoyment or aesthetic reasons without any claim of usefulness. Such artistic languages begin to appear in Early Modern literature (in Pantagruel, and in Utopian contexts), but they only seem to gain notability as serious projects beginning in the 20th century.[5] A Princess of Mars (1912) by Edgar Rice Burroughs was possibly the first fiction of that century to feature a constructed language. J. R. R. Tolkien developed families of related fictional languages and discussed artistic languages publicly, giving a lecture entitled "A Secret Vice" in 1931 at a congress. (Orwell's Newspeak is considered a satire of an international auxiliary language rather than an artistic language proper.)

By the beginning of the first decade of the 21st century, it had become common for science-fiction and fantasy works set in other worlds to feature constructed languages, or more commonly, an extremely limited but defined vocabulary which suggests the existence of a complete language, or whatever portions of the language are needed for the story, and constructed languages are a regular part of the genre, appearing in Star Wars, Star Trek, The Lord of the Rings (Elvish), Stargate SG-1, Atlantis: The Lost Empire, Game of Thrones (Dothraki language and Valyrian languages), The Expanse, Avatar, Dune and the Myst series of computer adventure games.

Ownership of constructed languages

The matter of whether or not a constructed language can be owned or protected by intellectual property laws, or if it would even be possible to enforce those laws, is contentious.

In a 2015 lawsuit, CBS and Paramount Pictures challenged a fan film project called Axanar, stating the project infringed upon their intellectual property, which included the Klingon language, among other creative elements. During the controversy, Marc Okrand, the language's original designer expressed doubt as to whether Paramount's claims of ownership were valid.[23][24]

David J. Peterson, a linguist who created multiple well-known constructed languages including the Valyrian languages and Dothraki, advocated a similar opinion, saying that "Theoretically, anyone can publish anything using any language I created, and, in my opinion, neither I nor anyone else should be able to do anything about it."[25]

However, Peterson also expressed concern that the respective rights-holders—regardless of whether or not their ownership of the rights is legitimate—would be likely to sue individuals who publish material in said languages, especially if the author might profit from said material.

Furthermore, comprehensive learning material for such constructed languages as High Valyrian and Klingon has been published and made freely accessible on the language-learning platform Duolingo—but those courses are licensed by the respective copyright holders.[25] Because only a few such disputes have occurred thus far, the legal consensus on ownership of languages remains uncertain.

The Tasmanian Aboriginal Center claims ownership of Palawa kani, an attempted composite reconstruction of up to a dozen extinct Tasmanian indigenous languages, and has asked Wikipedia to remove its page on the project. However, there is no current legal backing for the claim. [26]

Modern conlang organizations

Various paper zines on constructed languages were published from the 1970s through the 1990s, such as Glossopoeic Quarterly, Taboo Jadoo, and The Journal of Planned Languages.[27] The Conlang Mailing List was founded in 1991, and later split off an AUXLANG mailing list dedicated to international auxiliary languages. In the early to mid-1990s a few conlang-related zines were published as email or websites, such as Vortpunoj[28] and Model Languages. The Conlang mailing list has developed a community of conlangers with its own customs, such as translation challenges and translation relays,[29] and its own terminology. Sarah Higley reports from results of her surveys that the demographics of the Conlang list are primarily men from North America and western Europe, with a smaller number from Oceania, Asia, the Middle East, and South America, with an age range from thirteen to over sixty; the number of women participating has increased over time.

More recently founded online communities include the Zompist Bulletin Board (ZBB; since 2001) and the Conlanger Bulletin Board. Discussion on these forums includes presentation of members' conlangs and feedback from other members, discussion of natural languages, whether particular conlang features have natural language precedents, and how interesting features of natural languages can be repurposed for conlangs, posting of interesting short texts as translation challenges, and meta-discussion about the philosophy of conlanging, conlangers' purposes, and whether conlanging is an art or a hobby.[5] Another 2001 survey by Patrick Jarrett showed an average age of 30.65, with the average time since starting to invent languages 11.83 years.[30] A more recent thread on the ZBB showed that many conlangers spend a relatively small amount of time on any one conlang, moving from one project to another; about a third spend years on developing the same language.[31]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Adrian Morgan (20 November 2006). "Conlanging and phonetics". The Outer Hoard. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) "The colours represent creative energy, and the layers of the tower imply that a conlang is built piece by piece, never completed. The tower itself also alludes to the Tower of Babel, as it has long been a tradition to demonstrate a constructed language by translating the Babel legend. The Conlang flag was decided on by a vote between many competing designs, and one of my own contributions to the conlanging world is that I was the person who facilitated this election. The winning design was drawn by Christian Thalmann, who introduced the layers. The idea of including the Tower of Babel on the flag had been introduced by Jan van Steenbergen, and the idea of placing the sun on the horizon behind it by Leland Paul. The idea of having the rising sun on the flag had been introduced by David Peterson, who saw it as representing the rise of conlanging from obscurity to popularity and notoriety."
  2. ^ Artificial languages are informally called conlangs (constructed languages), and the study of artificial languages and related matters is interlinguistics.
  3. ^ "Ishtar for Belgium to Belgrade". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
  4. ^ Klaus Schubert, Designed Languages for Communicative Needs within and between Language Communities, in: Planned languages and language planning (PDF), Austrian National Library, 2019
  5. ^ a b c d Sarah L. Higley: Hildegard of Bingen's Unknown Language. Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
  6. ^ "Hungarian Central Statistical Office". www.ksh.hu. Retrieved 2019-08-18.
  7. ^ . www.nepszamlalas2001.hu. Archived from the original on 2018-06-17. Retrieved 2013-03-10.
  8. ^ "Kiom da esperantistoj en Ruslando? Ne malpli ol 992 – La Ondo de Esperanto". Dec 18, 2011.
  9. ^ François Rabelais, Œuvres complètes, III, 19 (Paris: Seuil, 1973). Also cited in Claude Piron, Le Défi des Langues (L'Harmattan, 1994) ISBN 2-7384-2432-5.
  10. ^ a b Peterson, David (2015). The Art of Language Invention (1st ed.). Penguin Books. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-0143126461.
  11. ^ The "Conlang Triangle" by Raymond Brown. Accessed 8 August 2008
  12. ^ Derian, James Der (Aug 1, 1999). "Hollywood at War: The Sequel". Wired – via www.wired.com.
  13. ^ Hybridity versus Revivability: Multiple Causation, Forms and Patterns, Ghil'ad Zuckermann, Journal of Language Contact, Varia 2, pp. 40–67 (2009).
  14. ^ Let my people know! 2011-09-16 at the Wayback Machine, Ghil'ad Zuckermann, Jerusalem Post, May 18, 2009.
  15. ^ Fundamenta Krestomatio, ed. L. L. Zamenhof, 1903; 18th edition with footnotes by Gaston Waringhien, UEA 1992.
  16. ^ a b c Joshua Foer, "John Quijada and Ithkuil, the Language He Invented", The New Yorker, Dec. 24, 2012.
  17. ^ "My hypothesis was that if I constructed a language designed specifically to provide a more adequate mechanism for expressing women's perceptions, women would (a) embrace it and begin using it, or (b) embrace the idea but not the language, say "Elgin, you've got it all wrong!" and construct some other "women's language" to replace it." Glatzer, Jenna (2007). . Archived from the original on 2007-06-12. Retrieved 2007-03-20.
  18. ^ Garber, Megan (2013-04-16). "The First SAT Tested Students Using a Fake Language". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
  19. ^ "Artificial language tests". What's in a Brain. 2013-08-26. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
  20. ^ a b Athenaeus of Naucratis. Deipnosophistae. Book III.
  21. ^ "Logopandecteision". uchicago.edu.
  22. ^ Leopold Einstein, "Al la historio de la Provoj de Lingvoj Tutmondaj de Leibnitz ĝis la Nuna Tempo", 1884. Reprinted in Fundamenta Krestomatio, UEA 1992 [1903].
  23. ^ Bhana, Yusuf, Can you copyright a language? Translate Media, June 6, 2019
  24. ^ Gardner, Eriq, Crowdfunded 'Star Trek' Movie Draws Lawsuit from Paramount, CBS Hollywood Reporter, December 30, 2015
  25. ^ a b Owen, Becky,Can you copyright a fictional language? Copyright Licensing Agency, 26 September 2019
  26. ^ Robertson, Adi (13 August 2014). "Can you own a language?". The Verge. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  27. ^ "How did you find out that there were other conlangers?" Conlang list posting by And Rosta, 14 October 2007
  28. ^ Archives of Vortpunoj at Steve Brewer's website
  29. ^ Audience, Uglossia, and Conlang: Inventing Languages on the Internet by Sarah L. Higley. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3.1 (2000). ( June 16, 2005, at the Wayback Machine, media-culture.org.au site sometimes has problems.)
  30. ^ "Update mailing list statistics—FINAL", Conlang list posting by Patrick Jarrett, 13 September 2001
  31. ^ "Average life of a conlang" 2011-06-14 at the Wayback Machine thread on Zompist Bulletin Board, 15 August 2008; accessed 26 August 2008.
    "Average life of a conlang" thread on Conlang mailing list, 27 August 2008 (should be archived more persistently than the ZBB thread)
  1. ^ Esperanto is the world's most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language.

References

  • Eco, Umberto (1995). The search for the perfect language. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-17465-6.
  • Comrie, Bernard (1990). The World's Major Languages. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-506511-5.
  • Couturat, Louis (1907). Les nouvelles langues internationales. Paris: Hachette. With Léopold Leau. Republished 2001, Olms.
  • Couturat, Louis (1910). Étude sur la dérivation dans la langue internationales. Paris: Delagrave. 100 p.
  • Libert, Alan (2000). A priori artificial languages (Languages of the world). Lincom Europa. ISBN 3-89586-667-9.
  • Okrent, Arika (2009). In the Land of Invented Languages: Esperanto Rock Stars, Klingon Poets, Loglan Lovers, and the Mad Dreamers Who Tried to Build A Perfect Language. Spiegel & Grau. pp. 352. ISBN 978-0-385-52788-0.
  • Peterson, David (2015). The Art of Language Invention (1st ed.). Penguin Books. p. 22. ISBN 978-0143126461.
  • "Babel's modern architects", by Amber Dance. The Los Angeles Times, 24 August 2007 (Originally published as "In their own words -- literally")

External links

  • Language Creation Society, a nonprofit dedicated to all forms of language creation.
  • Constructed language at Curlie
  • Conlang Atlas of Language Structures, a typological database of conlangs, based on the World Atlas of Language Structures.
  • , focusing on international auxiliary languages.
  • ConWorkShop, a conlanging tools website, with documentation for over 5000 constructed languages.
  • Garrett's Links to Logical Languages
  • of the Austrian National Library.
  • The Conlanger's Library
  • Henrik Theiling's (Con)Language Resources
  • Jörg Rhiemeier's Conlang Page
  • Create a sentence most people understand, by using common words between languages.

constructed, language, this, article, about, creation, planned, artificial, human, languages, information, about, linguistic, field, language, planning, policy, language, planning, languages, that, naturally, emerge, computer, simulations, controlled, psycholo. This article is about the creation of planned or artificial human languages For information about the linguistic field of language planning and policy see language planning For languages that naturally emerge in computer simulations or controlled psychological experiments with humans see artificial language For language with a high morpheme per word ratio see synthetic language A constructed language often called a conlang 2 is a language whose phonology grammar and vocabulary instead of having developed naturally are consciously devised for some purpose which may include being devised for a work of fiction A constructed language may also be referred to as an artificial planned or invented language 3 or in some cases a fictional language Planned languages or engineered languages engelangs are languages that have been purposefully designed they are the result of deliberate controlling intervention and are thus of a form of language planning 4 The Conlang Flag a symbol of language construction created by subscribers to the CONLANG mailing list which represents the Tower of Babel against a rising sun 1 There are many possible reasons to create a constructed language such as to ease human communication see international auxiliary language and code to give fiction or an associated constructed setting an added layer of realism for experimentation in the fields of linguistics cognitive science and machine learning for artistic creation and for language games Some people may also make constructed languages as a hobby The expression planned language is sometimes used to indicate international auxiliary languages and other languages designed for actual use in human communication Some prefer it to the adjective artificial as this term may be perceived as pejorative Outside Esperanto a culture the term language planning means the prescriptions given to a natural language to standardize it in this regard even a natural language may be artificial in some respects meaning some of its words have been crafted by conscious decision Prescriptive grammars which date to ancient times for classical languages such as Latin and Sanskrit are rule based codifications of natural languages such codifications being a middle ground between naive natural selection and development of language and its explicit construction The term glossopoeia is also used to mean language construction particularly construction of artistic languages 5 Conlang speakers are rare For example the Hungarian census of 2011 found 8 397 speakers of Esperanto 6 and the census of 2001 found 10 of Romanid two each of Interlingua and Ido and one each of Idiom Neutral and Mundolinco 7 The Russian census of 2010 found that there were in Russia about 992 speakers of Esperanto on place 120 and nine of the Esperantido Ido 8 Contents 1 Planned constructed artificial 2 Overview 3 A priori and a posteriori languages 3 1 A priori language 3 1 1 Examples of a priori languages 3 1 1 1 A priori international auxiliary languages 3 1 1 2 Experimental languages 3 1 1 3 A priori artistic languages 3 1 1 4 Community languages 3 2 A posteriori language 3 2 1 Examples of a posteriori languages 3 2 1 1 A posteriori artistic languages 3 2 1 2 Controlled auxiliary languages 3 2 1 3 A posteriori international auxiliary languages 3 2 1 4 Zonal auxiliary languages 4 History 4 1 Ancient linguistic experiments 4 2 Early constructed languages 4 3 Perfecting language 4 4 17th and 18th century advent of philosophical languages 4 5 19th and 20th centuries auxiliary languages 4 6 Artlangs 5 Ownership of constructed languages 6 Modern conlang organizations 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External linksPlanned constructed artificial EditThe terms planned constructed and artificial are used differently in some traditions For example few speakers of Interlingua consider their language artificial since they assert that it has no invented content Interlingua s vocabulary is taken from a small set of natural languages and its grammar is based closely on these source languages even including some degree of irregularity its proponents prefer to describe its vocabulary and grammar as standardized rather than artificial or constructed Similarly Latino sine flexione LsF is a simplification of Latin from which the inflections have been removed As with Interlingua some prefer to describe its development as planning rather than constructing Some speakers of Esperanto and Esperantidoj also avoid the term artificial language because they deny that there is anything unnatural about the use of their language in human communication By contrast some philosophers have argued that all human languages are conventional or artificial Francois Rabelais s fictional giant Pantagruel for instance said It is a misuse of terms to say that we have natural language languages exist through arbitrary institutions and the conventions of peoples Voices as the dialecticians say don t signify naturally but capriciously 9 Furthermore fictional or experimental languages can be considered naturalistic if they model real world languages For example if a naturalistic conlang is derived a posteriori from another language real or constructed it should imitate natural processes of phonological lexical and grammatical change In contrast with languages such as Interlingua naturalistic fictional languages are not usually intended for easy learning or communication Thus naturalistic fictional languages tend to be more difficult and complex While Interlingua has simpler grammar syntax and orthography than its source languages though more complex and irregular than Esperanto or its descendants naturalistic fictional languages typically mimic behaviors of natural languages like irregular verbs and nouns and complicated phonological processes original research Overview EditIn terms of purpose most constructed languages can broadly be divided into Engineered languages engelangs ˈɛnd ʒlaeŋz further subdivided into logical languages loglangs philosophical languages and experimental languages devised for experimentation in logic philosophy or linguistics Auxiliary languages auxlangs or IALs for International Auxiliary Languages devised for interlinguistic or international communication Artistic languages artlangs devised to create aesthetic pleasure or humorous effect secret languages and mystical languages are also usually classified as artlangs 10 The boundaries between these categories are by no means clear 11 A constructed language could easily fall into more than one of the above categories A logical language created for aesthetic reasons would also be classifiable as an artistic language one created with philosophical motives could include being used as an auxiliary language There are no rules either inherent in the process of language construction or externally imposed that would limit a constructed language to fitting only one of the above categories A constructed language can have native speakers if young children learn it from parents who speak it fluently According to Ethnologue there are 200 2000 who speak Esperanto as a first language A member of the Klingon Language Institute d Armond Speers attempted to raise his son as a native bilingual with English Klingon speaker 12 verification needed As soon as a constructed language has a community of fluent speakers especially if it has numerous native speakers it begins to evolve and hence loses its constructed status For example Modern Hebrew and its pronunciation norms were developed from existing traditions of Hebrew such as Mishnaic Hebrew and Biblical Hebrew following a general Sephardic pronunciation rather than engineered from scratch and has undergone considerable changes since the state of Israel was founded in 1948 Hetzron 1990 693 However linguist Ghil ad Zuckermann argues that Modern Hebrew which he terms Israeli is a Semito European hybrid based not only on Hebrew but also on Yiddish and other languages spoken by revivalists 13 Zuckermann therefore endorses the translation of the Hebrew Bible into what he calls Israeli 14 Esperanto as a living spoken language has evolved significantly from the prescriptive blueprint published in 1887 so that modern editions of the Fundamenta Krestomatio a 1903 collection of early texts in the language require many footnotes on the syntactic and lexical differences between early and modern Esperanto 15 Proponents of constructed languages often have many reasons for using them The famous but disputed Sapir Whorf hypothesis is sometimes cited this claims that the language one speaks influences the way one thinks Thus a better language should allow the speaker to think more clearly or intelligently or to encompass more points of view this was the intention of Suzette Haden Elgin in creating Laadan a feminist language 16 embodied in her feminist science fiction series Native Tongue 17 Constructed languages have been included in standardized tests such as the SAT where they were used to test the applicant s ability to infer and apply grammatical rules 18 19 By the same token a constructed language might also be used to restrict thought as in George Orwell s Newspeak or to simplify thought as in Toki Pona However linguists such as Steven Pinker argue that ideas exist independently of language For example in the book The Language Instinct Pinker states that children spontaneously re invent slang and even grammar with each generation These linguists argue that attempts to control the range of human thought through the reform of language would fail as concepts like freedom will reappear in new words if the old words vanish Proponents claim a particular language makes it easier to express and understand concepts in one area and more difficult in others An example can be taken from the way various programming languages make it easier to write certain kinds of programs and harder to write others Another reason cited for using a constructed language is the telescope rule which claims that it takes less time to first learn a simple constructed language and then a natural language than to learn only a natural language Thus if someone wants to learn English some suggest learning Basic English first Constructed languages like Esperanto and Interlingua are in fact often simpler due to the typical lack of irregular verbs and other grammatical quirks Some studies have found that learning Esperanto helps in learning a non constructed language later see propaedeutic value of Esperanto Codes for constructed languages include the ISO 639 2 a href Codes for constructed languages html title Codes for constructed languages art a for conlangs however some constructed languages have their own ISO 639 language codes e g eo and epo for Esperanto jbo for Lojban ia and ina for Interlingua tlh for Klingon io and ido for Ido lfn for Lingua Franca Nova and tok for Toki Pona One constraint on a constructed language is that if it was constructed to be a natural language for use by fictional foreigners or aliens as with Dothraki and High Valyrian in the Game of Thrones series which was adapted from the A Song of Ice and Fire book series the language should be easily pronounced by actors and should fit with and incorporate any fragments of the language already invented by the book s author and preferably also fit with any personal names of fictional speakers of the language original research A priori and a posteriori languages EditAn a priori constructed language is one whose features including vocabulary grammar etc are not based on an existing language and an a posteriori language is the opposite 10 This categorization however is not absolute as many constructed languages may be called a priori when considering some linguistic factors and at the same time a posteriori when considering other factors A priori language Edit An a priori language from Latin a priori from the former is any constructed language of which all or a number of features are not based on existing languages but rather invented or elaborated so as to work in a different way or to allude to different purposes Some a priori languages are designed to be international auxiliary languages that remove what could be considered an unfair learning advantage for native speakers of a source language that would otherwise exist for a posteriori languages Others known as philosophical or taxonomic languages try to categorize their vocabulary either to express an underlying philosophy or to make it easier to recognize new vocabulary Finally many artistic languages created for either personal use or for use in a fictional medium employ consciously constructed grammars and vocabularies and are best understood as a priori Examples of a priori languages Edit A priori international auxiliary languages Edit Balaibalan attributed to Fazlallah Astarabadi or Muhyi Gulshani 14th century Solresol by Francois Sudre 1827 Ro by Edward Foster 1906 Sona by Kenneth Searight 1935 Babm by Rikichi Okamoto 1962 Kotava by Staren Fetcey 1978 Mirad aka Unilingua by Noubar Agopoff 1966 Experimental languages Edit Laadan by Suzette Haden Elgin 1982 Ithkuil by John Quijada 2011 A priori artistic languages Edit Quenya and Sindarin by J R R Tolkien for The Lord of the Rings published 1954 aUI by W John Weilgart 1962 Klingon by Marc Okrand for the science fiction franchise Star Trek 1985 Kelen by Sylvia Sotomayor 1998 Naʼvi by Paul Frommer for the movie Avatar 2009 Dothraki and Valyrian by David Peterson for the television series Game of Thrones 2011 Kiliki by Madhan Karky for the Baahubali films 2015 Community languages Edit Damin Yangkaal and Lardil people 19th century or earlier Eskayan Eskaya ca 1920 Medefaidrin Ibibio 1930s Palawa kani Palawa 1990s A posteriori language Edit An a posteriori language from Latin a posteriori from the latter according to French linguist Louis Couturat is any constructed language whose elements are borrowed from or based on existing languages The term can also be extended to controlled versions of natural languages and is most commonly used to refer to vocabulary despite other features Likewise zonal auxiliary languages auxiliary languages for speakers of a particular language family are a posteriori by definition While most auxiliary languages are a posteriori due to their intended function as a medium of communication many artistic languages are fully a posteriori in design many for the purposes of alternate history In distinguishing whether the language is a priori or a posteriori the prevalence and distribution of respectable traits is often the key Examples of a posteriori languages Edit A posteriori artistic languages Edit Brithenig by Andrew Smith 1996 Atlantean by Marc Okrand for the film Atlantis The Lost Empire 2001 Toki Pona by Sonja Lang 2001 Wenedyk by Jan van Steenbergen 2002 Trigedasleng by David Peterson for the TV series The 100 2014 Controlled auxiliary languages Edit Latino sine flexione Latin 1911 Basic English English 1925 N Ko Manding 1949 Learning English English 1959 Kitara SW Ugandan Bantu 1990 Globish English 2004 A posteriori international auxiliary languages Edit 1868 Universalglot 1879 Volapuk 1887 Esperanto 1902 Idiom Neutral 1907 Ido 1922 Interlingue 1928 Novial 1951 Interlingua 1965 Lingua Franca Nova 1970 Afrihili ca 1979 Glosa 1986 Uropi 2007 Sambahsa 2010 Lingwa de planetaZonal auxiliary languages Edit Main article Zonal auxiliary language Efatese C Vanuatu Oceanic 19th century Romanid Romance 1956 Folkspraak Germanic 1995 Budinos Finno Ugric 2000s Interslavic Slavic 2011 Palawa kani Aboriginal Australian 1992 History EditAncient linguistic experiments Edit Grammatical speculation dates from Classical Antiquity appearing for instance in Plato s Cratylus in Hermogenes s contention that words are not inherently linked to what they refer to that people apply a piece of their own voice to the thing Athenaeus tells the story 20 of two figures Dionysius of Sicily and Alexarchus Dionysius of Sicily created neologisms like menandros virgin from menei waiting and andra husband for standard Greek parthenos menekrates pillar from menei it remains in one place and kratei it is strong for standard stulos and ballantion javelin from balletai enantion thrown against someone for standard akon Alexarchus of Macedon the brother of King Cassander of Macedon was the founder of the city of Ouranopolis Athenaeus recounts a story told by Heracleides of Lembos that Alexarchus introduced a peculiar vocabulary referring to a rooster as a dawn crier a barber as a mortal shaver a drachma as worked silver and a herald as an aputes from eputa loud voiced He Alexarchus once wrote something to the public authorities in Casandreia As for what this letter says in my opinion not even the Pythian god could make sense of it 20 While the mechanisms of grammar suggested by classical philosophers were designed to explain existing languages Latin Greek and Sanskrit they were not used to construct new grammars Roughly contemporary to Plato in his descriptive grammar of Sanskrit Paṇini constructed a set of rules for explaining language so that the text of his grammar may be considered a mixture of natural and constructed language Early constructed languages Edit Page 68r of the Voynich manuscript This three page foldout from the manuscript includes a chart that appears astronomical A legend recorded in the seventh century Irish work Auraicept na n Eces claims that Fenius Farsaid visited Shinar after the confusion of tongues and he and his scholars studied the various languages for ten years taking the best features of each to create in Berla tobaide the selected language which he named Goidelc the Irish language This appears to be the first mention of the concept of a constructed language in literature The earliest non natural languages were considered less constructed than super natural mystical or divinely inspired The Lingua Ignota recorded in the 12th century by St Hildegard of Bingen is an example and apparently the first entirely artificial language 16 It is a form of private mystical cant see also Enochian An important example from Middle Eastern culture is Balaibalan invented in the 16th century 5 Kabbalistic grammatical speculation was directed at recovering the original language spoken by Adam and Eve in Paradise lost in the confusion of tongues The first Christian project for an ideal language is outlined in Dante Alighieri s De vulgari eloquentia where he searches for the ideal Italian vernacular suited for literature Ramon Llull s Ars Magna was a project of a perfect language with which the infidels could be convinced of the truth of the Christian faith It was basically an application of combinatorics on a given set of concepts citation needed During the Renaissance Lullian and Kabbalistic ideas were drawn upon in a magical context resulting in cryptographic applications Perfecting language Edit Renaissance interest in Ancient Egypt notably the discovery of the Hieroglyphica of Horapollo and first encounters with the Chinese script directed efforts towards a perfect written language Johannes Trithemius in Steganographia and Polygraphia attempted to show how all languages can be reduced to one In the 17th century interest in magical languages was continued by the Rosicrucians and alchemists like John Dee and his Enochian Jakob Boehme in 1623 spoke of a natural language Natursprache of the senses citation needed Musical languages from the Renaissance were tied up with mysticism magic and alchemy sometimes also referred to as the language of the birds The Solresol project of 1817 re invented the concept in a more pragmatic context citation needed 17th and 18th century advent of philosophical languages Edit The 17th century saw the rise of projects for philosophical or a priori languages such as Francis Lodwick s A Common Writing 1647 and The Groundwork or Foundation laid or So Intended for the Framing of a New Perfect Language and a Universal Common Writing 1652 Sir Thomas Urquhart s Ekskybalauron 1651 and Logopandecteision 21 1652 George Dalgarno s Ars signorum 1661 John Wilkins Essay towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language 1668These early taxonomic conlangs produced systems of hierarchical classification that were intended to result in both spoken and written expression Leibniz had a similar purpose for his lingua generalis of 1678 aiming at a lexicon of characters upon which the user might perform calculations that would yield true propositions automatically as a side effect developing binary calculus These projects were not only occupied with reducing or modelling grammar but also with the arrangement of all human knowledge into characters or hierarchies an idea that with the Enlightenment would ultimately lead to the Encyclopedie Many of these 17th 18th centuries conlangs were pasigraphies or purely written languages with no spoken form or a spoken form that would vary greatly according to the native language of the reader 22 Leibniz and the encyclopedists realized that it is impossible to organize human knowledge unequivocally in a tree diagram and consequently to construct an a priori language based on such a classification of concepts Under the entry Charactere D Alembert critically reviewed the projects of philosophical languages of the preceding century After the Encyclopedie projects for a priori languages moved more and more to the lunatic fringe citation needed Individual authors typically unaware of the history of the idea continued to propose taxonomic philosophical languages until the early 20th century e g Ro but most recent engineered languages have had more modest goals some are limited to a specific field like mathematical formalism or calculus e g Lincos and programming languages others are designed for eliminating syntactical ambiguity e g Loglan and Lojban or maximizing conciseness e g Ithkuil 16 19th and 20th centuries auxiliary languages Edit Main article International auxiliary language Already in the Encyclopedie attention began to focus on a posteriori auxiliary languages Joachim Faiguet de Villeneuve in the article on Langue wrote a short proposition of a laconic or regularized grammar of French During the 19th century a bewildering variety of such International Auxiliary Languages IALs were proposed so that Louis Couturat and Leopold Leau in Histoire de la langue universelle 1903 reviewed 38 projects The first of these that made any international impact was Volapuk proposed in 1879 by Johann Martin Schleyer within a decade 283 Volapukist clubs were counted all over the globe However disagreements between Schleyer and some prominent users of the language led to schism and by the mid 1890s it fell into obscurity making way for Esperanto proposed in 1887 by L L Zamenhof and its descendants Interlingua the most recent auxlang to gain a significant number of speakers emerged in 1951 when the International Auxiliary Language Association published its Interlingua English Dictionary and an accompanying grammar The success of Esperanto did not stop others from trying to construct new auxiliary languages such as Leslie Jones Eurolengo which mixes elements of English and Spanish Loglan 1955 and its descendants constitute a pragmatic return to the aims of the a priori languages tempered by the requirement of usability of an auxiliary language Thus far these modern a priori languages have garnered only small groups of speakers Robot Interaction Language 2010 is a spoken language that is optimized for communication between machines and humans The major goals of ROILA are that it should be easily learnable by the human user and optimized for efficient recognition by computer speech recognition algorithms Artlangs Edit Main article Artistic language Artists may use language as a source of creativity in art poetry or calligraphy or as a metaphor to address themes as cultural diversity and the vulnerability of the individual in a globalized world Some people prefer however to take pleasure in constructing crafting a language by a conscious decision for reasons of literary enjoyment or aesthetic reasons without any claim of usefulness Such artistic languages begin to appear in Early Modern literature in Pantagruel and in Utopian contexts but they only seem to gain notability as serious projects beginning in the 20th century 5 A Princess of Mars 1912 by Edgar Rice Burroughs was possibly the first fiction of that century to feature a constructed language J R R Tolkien developed families of related fictional languages and discussed artistic languages publicly giving a lecture entitled A Secret Vice in 1931 at a congress Orwell s Newspeak is considered a satire of an international auxiliary language rather than an artistic language proper By the beginning of the first decade of the 21st century it had become common for science fiction and fantasy works set in other worlds to feature constructed languages or more commonly an extremely limited but defined vocabulary which suggests the existence of a complete language or whatever portions of the language are needed for the story and constructed languages are a regular part of the genre appearing in Star Wars Star Trek The Lord of the Rings Elvish Stargate SG 1 Atlantis The Lost Empire Game of Thrones Dothraki language and Valyrian languages The Expanse Avatar Dune and the Myst series of computer adventure games Ownership of constructed languages EditThe matter of whether or not a constructed language can be owned or protected by intellectual property laws or if it would even be possible to enforce those laws is contentious In a 2015 lawsuit CBS and Paramount Pictures challenged a fan film project called Axanar stating the project infringed upon their intellectual property which included the Klingon language among other creative elements During the controversy Marc Okrand the language s original designer expressed doubt as to whether Paramount s claims of ownership were valid 23 24 David J Peterson a linguist who created multiple well known constructed languages including the Valyrian languages and Dothraki advocated a similar opinion saying that Theoretically anyone can publish anything using any language I created and in my opinion neither I nor anyone else should be able to do anything about it 25 However Peterson also expressed concern that the respective rights holders regardless of whether or not their ownership of the rights is legitimate would be likely to sue individuals who publish material in said languages especially if the author might profit from said material Furthermore comprehensive learning material for such constructed languages as High Valyrian and Klingon has been published and made freely accessible on the language learning platform Duolingo but those courses are licensed by the respective copyright holders 25 Because only a few such disputes have occurred thus far the legal consensus on ownership of languages remains uncertain The Tasmanian Aboriginal Center claims ownership of Palawa kani an attempted composite reconstruction of up to a dozen extinct Tasmanian indigenous languages and has asked Wikipedia to remove its page on the project However there is no current legal backing for the claim 26 Modern conlang organizations EditVarious paper zines on constructed languages were published from the 1970s through the 1990s such as Glossopoeic Quarterly Taboo Jadoo and The Journal of Planned Languages 27 The Conlang Mailing List was founded in 1991 and later split off an AUXLANG mailing list dedicated to international auxiliary languages In the early to mid 1990s a few conlang related zines were published as email or websites such as Vortpunoj 28 and Model Languages The Conlang mailing list has developed a community of conlangers with its own customs such as translation challenges and translation relays 29 and its own terminology Sarah Higley reports from results of her surveys that the demographics of the Conlang list are primarily men from North America and western Europe with a smaller number from Oceania Asia the Middle East and South America with an age range from thirteen to over sixty the number of women participating has increased over time More recently founded online communities include the Zompist Bulletin Board ZBB since 2001 and the Conlanger Bulletin Board Discussion on these forums includes presentation of members conlangs and feedback from other members discussion of natural languages whether particular conlang features have natural language precedents and how interesting features of natural languages can be repurposed for conlangs posting of interesting short texts as translation challenges and meta discussion about the philosophy of conlanging conlangers purposes and whether conlanging is an art or a hobby 5 Another 2001 survey by Patrick Jarrett showed an average age of 30 65 with the average time since starting to invent languages 11 83 years 30 A more recent thread on the ZBB showed that many conlangers spend a relatively small amount of time on any one conlang moving from one project to another about a third spend years on developing the same language 31 See also Edit Constructed languages portalList of constructed languages Interlinguistics Aboriginal constructed languages Damin Eskayan Idioglossia Cant language ISO SIL and BCP language codes for constructed languages Language construction Artificial script Langmaker Language Construction Kit Language game Language regulator List of language inventors Language modelling and translation Knowledge representation Language translation Metalanguage Universal grammar Mystical languages Glossolalia Language of the birds Spontaneous emergence of grammar Artificial language June and Jennifer Gibbons Nicaraguan Sign Language Origin of language Pidgin Poto and Cabengo Linguistic determinism Linguistic relativity Pasigraphy Universal language Basic EnglishNotes Edit Adrian Morgan 20 November 2006 Conlanging and phonetics The Outer Hoard a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help The colours represent creative energy and the layers of the tower imply that a conlang is built piece by piece never completed The tower itself also alludes to the Tower of Babel as it has long been a tradition to demonstrate a constructed language by translating the Babel legend The Conlang flag was decided on by a vote between many competing designs and one of my own contributions to the conlanging world is that I was the person who facilitated this election The winning design was drawn by Christian Thalmann who introduced the layers The idea of including the Tower of Babel on the flag had been introduced by Jan van Steenbergen and the idea of placing the sun on the horizon behind it by Leland Paul The idea of having the rising sun on the flag had been introduced by David Peterson who saw it as representing the rise of conlanging from obscurity to popularity and notoriety Artificial languages are informally called conlangs constructed languages and the study of artificial languages and related matters is interlinguistics Ishtar for Belgium to Belgrade European Broadcasting Union Retrieved 19 May 2013 Klaus Schubert Designed Languages for Communicative Needs within and between Language Communities in Planned languages and language planning PDF Austrian National Library 2019 a b c d Sarah L Higley Hildegard of Bingen s Unknown Language Palgrave Macmillan 2007 Hungarian Central Statistical Office www ksh hu Retrieved 2019 08 18 18 Demografiai adatok Kozponti Statisztikai Hivatal www nepszamlalas2001 hu Archived from the original on 2018 06 17 Retrieved 2013 03 10 Kiom da esperantistoj en Ruslando Ne malpli ol 992 La Ondo de Esperanto Dec 18 2011 Francois Rabelais Œuvres completes III 19 Paris Seuil 1973 Also cited in Claude Piron Le Defi des Langues L Harmattan 1994 ISBN 2 7384 2432 5 a b Peterson David 2015 The Art of Language Invention 1st ed Penguin Books pp 21 22 ISBN 978 0143126461 The Conlang Triangle by Raymond Brown Accessed 8 August 2008 Derian James Der Aug 1 1999 Hollywood at War The Sequel Wired via www wired com Hybridity versus Revivability Multiple Causation Forms and Patterns Ghil ad Zuckermann Journal of Language Contact Varia 2 pp 40 67 2009 Let my people know Archived 2011 09 16 at the Wayback Machine Ghil ad Zuckermann Jerusalem Post May 18 2009 Fundamenta Krestomatio ed L L Zamenhof 1903 18th edition with footnotes by Gaston Waringhien UEA 1992 a b c Joshua Foer John Quijada and Ithkuil the Language He Invented The New Yorker Dec 24 2012 My hypothesis was that if I constructed a language designed specifically to provide a more adequate mechanism for expressing women s perceptions women would a embrace it and begin using it or b embrace the idea but not the language say Elgin you ve got it all wrong and construct some other women s language to replace it Glatzer Jenna 2007 Interview With Suzette Haden Elgin Archived from the original on 2007 06 12 Retrieved 2007 03 20 Garber Megan 2013 04 16 The First SAT Tested Students Using a Fake Language The Atlantic Retrieved 2021 06 21 Artificial language tests What s in a Brain 2013 08 26 Retrieved 2021 06 21 a b Athenaeus of Naucratis Deipnosophistae Book III Logopandecteision uchicago edu Leopold Einstein Al la historio de la Provoj de Lingvoj Tutmondaj de Leibnitz ĝis la Nuna Tempo 1884 Reprinted in Fundamenta Krestomatio UEA 1992 1903 Bhana Yusuf Can you copyright a language Translate Media June 6 2019 Gardner Eriq Crowdfunded Star Trek Movie Draws Lawsuit from Paramount CBS Hollywood Reporter December 30 2015 a b Owen Becky Can you copyright a fictional language Copyright Licensing Agency 26 September 2019 Robertson Adi 13 August 2014 Can you own a language The Verge Retrieved 25 February 2021 How did you find out that there were other conlangers Conlang list posting by And Rosta 14 October 2007 Archives of Vortpunoj at Steve Brewer s website Audience Uglossia and Conlang Inventing Languages on the Internet by Sarah L Higley M C A Journal of Media and Culture 3 1 2000 Archived June 16 2005 at the Wayback Machine media culture org au site sometimes has problems Update mailing list statistics FINAL Conlang list posting by Patrick Jarrett 13 September 2001 Average life of a conlang Archived 2011 06 14 at the Wayback Machine thread on Zompist Bulletin Board 15 August 2008 accessed 26 August 2008 Average life of a conlang thread on Conlang mailing list 27 August 2008 should be archived more persistently than the ZBB thread Esperanto is the world s most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language References EditEco Umberto 1995 The search for the perfect language Oxford Blackwell ISBN 0 631 17465 6 Comrie Bernard 1990 The World s Major Languages Oxford Oxfordshire Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 506511 5 Couturat Louis 1907 Les nouvelles langues internationales Paris Hachette With Leopold Leau Republished 2001 Olms Couturat Louis 1910 Etude sur la derivation dans la langue internationales Paris Delagrave 100 p Libert Alan 2000 A priori artificial languages Languages of the world Lincom Europa ISBN 3 89586 667 9 Okrent Arika 2009 In the Land of Invented Languages Esperanto Rock Stars Klingon Poets Loglan Lovers and the Mad Dreamers Who Tried to Build A Perfect Language Spiegel amp Grau pp 352 ISBN 978 0 385 52788 0 Peterson David 2015 The Art of Language Invention 1st ed Penguin Books p 22 ISBN 978 0143126461 Babel s modern architects by Amber Dance The Los Angeles Times 24 August 2007 Originally published as In their own words literally External links Edit Look up conlang in Wiktionary the free dictionary Constructed language at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Textbooks from Wikibooks Data from Wikidata Language Creation Society a nonprofit dedicated to all forms of language creation Constructed language at Curlie Conlang Atlas of Language Structures a typological database of conlangs based on the World Atlas of Language Structures Blueprints For Babel focusing on international auxiliary languages ConWorkShop a conlanging tools website with documentation for over 5000 constructed languages Garrett s Links to Logical Languages Department of Planned Languages Esperanto Museum of the Austrian National Library The Conlanger s Library Henrik Theiling s Con Language Resources Jorg Rhiemeier s Conlang Page Create a sentence most people understand by using common words between languages Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Constructed language amp oldid 1145529151, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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