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Wikipedia

Afrikaans

April 06, 2023

For peoples and persons from Africa, see Africans. For white Afrikaans speakers, see Afrikaners.

Afrikaans (UK: /ˌæfrɪˈkɑːns/, US: /ˌɑːf-/)[4][5] is a West Germanic language that evolved in the Dutch Cape Colony from the Dutch vernacular[6][7] of Holland proper (i.e., the Hollandic dialect)[8][9] used by Dutch, French, and German settlers and people enslaved by them. Afrikaans gradually began to develop distinguishing characteristics during the course of the 18th century.[10] Now spoken in South Africa, Namibia and (to a lesser extent) Botswana, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, estimates c. 2010 of the total number of Afrikaans speakers range between 15 and 23 million.[note 1] Most linguists consider Afrikaans to be a partly creole language.[11][12][13]

Afrikaans
Pronunciation[afriˈkɑːns]
Native toSouth Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Ethnicity
Native speakers
7.2 million (2016)[1]
10.3 million L2 speakers in South Africa (2002)[2]
Early forms
Signed Afrikaans[3]
Official status
Official language in
 South Africa

Provinces:

List
Recognised minority
language in
Regulated byDie Taalkommissie
Language codes
ISO 639-1af
ISO 639-2afr
ISO 639-3afr
Glottologafri1274
Linguasphere52-ACB-ba
A map of Afrikaans speakers in southern Africa, shaded by density.
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
Colin speaking Afrikaans.
Alaric speaking Afrikaans.
Rossouw speaking Afrikaans.
Obelisks of the Afrikaans Language Monument near Paarl

An estimated 90 to 95% of the vocabulary is of Dutch origin, with adopted words from other languages including German and the Khoisan languages of Southern Africa.[note 2] Differences with Dutch include a more analytic-type morphology and grammar, and some pronunciations.[14] There is a large degree of mutual intelligibility between the two languages, especially in written form.[15]

About 13.5% of the South African population (7 million people) speak Afrikaans as a first language, making it the third most common natively-spoken language in the country,[16] after Zulu and Xhosa. It has the widest geographic and racial distribution of the 11 official languages and is widely spoken and understood as a second or third language, although Zulu and English are estimated to be understood as a second language by a much larger proportion of the population.[note 3] It is the majority language of the western half of South Africa—the provinces of the Northern Cape and Western Cape—and the first language of 75.8% of Coloured South Africans (4.8 million people), 60.8% of White South Africans (2.7 million people), 1.5% of Black South Africans (600,000 people), and 4.6% of Indian South Africans (58,000 people).[17]

Etymology

The name of the language comes directly from the Dutch word Afrikaansch (now spelled Afrikaans)[18] meaning "African".[19] It was previously referred to as "Cape Dutch" (Kaap-Hollands/Kaap-Nederlands), a term also used to refer to the early Cape settlers collectively, or the derogatory "kitchen Dutch" (kombuistaal) from its use by slaves of colonial settlers "in the kitchen".

History

Origin

The Afrikaans language arose in the Dutch Cape Colony, through a gradual divergence from European Dutch dialects, during the course of the 18th century.[20][21] As early as the mid-18th century and as recently as the mid-20th century, Afrikaans was known in standard Dutch as a "kitchen language" (Afrikaans: kombuistaal), lacking the prestige accorded, for example, even by the educational system in Africa, to languages spoken outside Africa. Other early epithets setting apart Kaaps Hollands ("Cape Dutch", i.e. Afrikaans) as putatively beneath official Dutch standards included geradbraakt, gebroken and onbeschaafd Hollands ("mutilated/broken/uncivilised Dutch"), as well as verkeerd Nederlands ("incorrect Dutch").[22][23]

'Hottentot Dutch'
Dutch-based pidgin
Language codes
ISO 639-3None (mis)
Glottologhott1234

Den Besten theorises that modern Standard Afrikaans derives from two sources:[24]

  • Cape Dutch, a direct transplantation of European Dutch to Southern Africa, and
  • 'Hottentot Dutch',[25] a pidgin that descended from 'Foreigner Talk' and ultimately from the Dutch pidgin spoken by slaves, via a hypothetical Dutch creole.

Thus in his view Afrikaans is neither a creole nor a direct descendant of Dutch, but a fusion of two transmission pathways.

Development

 
Standard Dutch used in a 1916 South African newspaper before Afrikaans replaced it for use in media

Most of the first settlers whose descendants today are the Afrikaners were from the United Provinces (now Netherlands and Flanders),[26] with up to one-sixth of the community of French Huguenot origin, and a seventh from Germany.[27]

African and Asian workers, Cape Coloured children of European settlers and Khoikhoi women,[28] and slaves contributed to the development of Afrikaans. The slave population was made up of people from East Africa, West Africa, India, Madagascar, and the Dutch East Indies (modern Indonesia).[29] A number were also indigenous Khoisan people, who were valued as interpreters, domestic servants, and labourers. Many free and enslaved women married or cohabited with the male Dutch settlers. M. F. Valkhoff argued that 75% of children born to female slaves in the Dutch Cape Colony between 1652 and 1672 had a Dutch father.[30] Sarah Grey Thomason and Terrence Kaufman argue that Afrikaans' development as a separate language was "heavily conditioned by nonwhites who learned Dutch imperfectly as a second language."[31]

Beginning in about 1815, Afrikaans started to replace Malay as the language of instruction in Muslim schools in South Africa, written with the Arabic alphabet: see Arabic Afrikaans. Later, Afrikaans, now written with the Latin script, started to appear in newspapers and political and religious works in around 1850 (alongside the already established Dutch).[20]

In 1875, a group of Afrikaans-speakers from the Cape formed the Genootskap vir Regte Afrikaanders ("Society for Real Afrikaners"),[20] and published a number of books in Afrikaans including grammars, dictionaries, religious materials and histories.

Until the early 20th century, Afrikaans was considered a Dutch dialect, alongside Standard Dutch, which it eventually replaced as an official language.[32] Before the Boer wars, "and indeed for some time afterwards, Afrikaans was regarded as inappropriate for educated discourse. Rather, Afrikaans was described derogatorily as 'a kitchen language' or 'a bastard jargon', suitable for communication mainly between the Boers and their servants."[33][better source needed]

Recognition

 
"Dit is ons erns" ("This is our passion"), at the Afrikaans Language Monument

In 1925, Afrikaans was recognised by the South African government as a distinct language, rather than simply a vernacular of Dutch.[20] On 8 May 1925, twenty-three years after the Second Boer War ended,[33] the Official Languages of the Union Act of 1925 was passed—mostly due to the efforts of the Afrikaans language movement—at a joint sitting of the House of Assembly and the Senate, in which the Afrikaans language was declared a variety of Dutch.[34] The Constitution of 1961 reversed the position of Afrikaans and Dutch, so that English and Afrikaans were the official languages, and Afrikaans was deemed to include Dutch. The Constitution of 1983 removed any mention of Dutch altogether.

The Afrikaans Language Monument is located on a hill overlooking Paarl in the Western Cape Province. Officially opened on 10 October 1975,[35] it was erected on the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Society of Real Afrikaners,[36] and the 50th anniversary of Afrikaans being declared an official language of South Africa in distinction to Dutch.

Standardisation

 
The side view of the Pretoria Art Museum in Arcadia, Pretoria, with its name written in Afrikaans and Xhosa.

The earliest Afrikaans texts were some doggerel verse from 1795 and a dialogue transcribed by a Dutch traveller in 1825. Afrikaans used the Latin alphabet around this time, although the Cape Muslim community used the Arabic script. In 1861, L.H. Meurant published his Zamenspraak tusschen Klaas Waarzegger en Jan Twyfelaar ("Conversation between Claus Truthsayer and John Doubter"), which is considered to be the first book published in Afrikaans.[37]

The first grammar book was published in 1876; a bilingual dictionary was later published in 1902. The main modern Afrikaans dictionary in use is the Verklarende Handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal (HAT). A new authoritative dictionary, called Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal (WAT), was under development as of 2018. The official orthography of Afrikaans is the Afrikaanse Woordelys en Spelreëls, compiled by Die Taalkommissie.[37]

The Afrikaans Bible

Main article: Bible translations into Afrikaans

The Afrikaners primarily were Protestants, of the Dutch Reformed Church of the 17th century. Their religious practices would later be influenced in South Africa by British ministries during the 1800s.[38] A landmark in the development of the language was the translation of the whole Bible into Afrikaans. While significant advances had been made in the textual criticism of the Bible, especially the Greek New Testament, the 1933 translation followed the Textus Receptus and was closely akin to the Statenbijbel. Before this, most Cape Dutch-Afrikaans speakers had to rely on the Dutch Statenbijbel. This Statenvertaling had its origins with the Synod of Dordrecht of 1618 and was thus in an archaic form of Dutch. This was hard for Dutch speakers to understand, and increasingly unintelligible for Afrikaans speakers.

C. P. Hoogehout, Arnoldus Pannevis [af], and Stephanus Jacobus du Toit were the first Afrikaans Bible translators. Important landmarks in the translation of the Scriptures were in 1878 with C. P. Hoogehout's translation of the Evangelie volgens Markus (Gospel of Mark, lit. Gospel according to Mark); however, this translation was never published. The manuscript is to be found in the South African National Library, Cape Town.

The first official translation of the entire Bible into Afrikaans was in 1933 by J. D. du Toit, E. E. van Rooyen, J. D. Kestell, H. C. M. Fourie, and BB Keet.[39][40] This monumental work established Afrikaans as 'n suiwer en ordentlike taal, that is "a pure and proper language" for religious purposes, especially amongst the deeply Calvinist Afrikaans religious community that previously had been sceptical of a Bible translation that varied from the Dutch version that they were used to.

In 1983, a fresh translation marked the 50th anniversary of the 1933 version and provided a much-needed revision. The final editing of this edition was done by E. P. Groenewald, A. H. van Zyl, P. A. Verhoef, J. L. Helberg and W. Kempen. This translation was influenced by Eugene Nida's theory of dynamic equivalence which focused on finding the nearest equivalent in the receptor language to the idea that the Greek, Hebrew or Aramaic wanted to convey. The challenge to this type of translation is that it doesn't take into account that there are shifts in meaning in the receptor language.[citation needed]

A new translation, Die Bybel: 'n Direkte Vertaling was released in November 2020. It is the first truly ecumenical translation of the Bible in Afrikaans as translators from various churches, including the Roman Catholic and Anglican Churches, were involved.[41]

Various commercial translations of the Bible in Afrikaans have also appeared since the 1990s, such as Die Boodskap and the Nuwe Lewende Vertaling. Most of these translations were published by Christelike Uitgewersmaatskappy (CUM).[citation needed][vague]

Classification

 
The simplified relation between the West Germanic languages

Afrikaans descended from Dutch dialects in the 17th century. It belongs to a West Germanic sub-group, the Low Franconian languages.[42] Other West Germanic languages related to Afrikaans are German, English, the Frisian languages, and the unstandardised languages Low German and Yiddish.

Geographic distribution

Statistics

 
The geographical distribution of Afrikaans in South Africa: proportion of the population that speaks Afrikaans at home.
  0–20%
  20–40%
  40–60%
  60–80%
  80–100%
Country Speakers Percentage of speakers Year Reference
  Argentina 650 0.001% 2019 [43]
  Australia 49,375 0.68% 2021 [44]
  Botswana 8,082 0.11% 2011 [44]
  Canada 23,410 0.32% 2016 [45]
  England and   Wales 11,247 0.16% 2011 [46]
  Finland 122 0.002% 2021 [47]
  Ireland 2,228 0.03% 2016 [48]
  Mauritius 36 0.000005% 2011 [44]
  Namibia 219,760 3.05% 2011 [44]
  New Zealand 36,966 0.51% 2018 [49]
  South Africa 6,855,082 94.66% 2011 [44]
  United States 28,406 0.39% 2016 [50]
Total 7,211,537

Sociolinguistics

Some[who?] state that instead of Afrikaners, which refers to an ethnic group, the terms Afrikaanses or Afrikaanssprekendes (lit. Afrikaans speakers) should be used for people of any ethnic origin who speak Afrikaans. Linguistic identity has not yet established which terms shall prevail, and all three are used in common parlance.[51]

 
The geographical distribution of Afrikaans in South Africa: density of Afrikaans home-language speakers.
  <1 /km2
  1–3 /km2
  3–10 /km2
  10–30 /km2
  30–100 /km2
  100–300 /km2
  300–1000 /km2
  1000–3000 /km2
  >3000 /km2
 
The geographical distribution of Afrikaans in Namibia.

Afrikaans is also widely spoken in Namibia. Before independence, Afrikaans had equal status with German as an official language. Since independence in 1990, Afrikaans has had constitutional recognition as a national, but not official, language.[52][53] There is a much smaller number of Afrikaans speakers among Zimbabwe's white minority, as most have left the country since 1980. Afrikaans was also a medium of instruction for schools in Bophuthatswana, an Apartheid-era Bantustan.[54] Eldoret in Kenya was founded by Afrikaners.[55]

Many South Africans living and working in Belgium, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the United States, the UAE and Kuwait are also Afrikaans-speaking. They have access to Afrikaans websites, news sites such as Netwerk24.com and Sake24, and radio broadcasts over the web, such as those from Radio Sonder Grense, Bokradio and Radio Pretoria. There are also many artists that tour to bring Afrikaans to the emigrants.

Afrikaans has been influential in the development of South African English. Many Afrikaans loanwords have found their way into South African English, such as bakkie ("pickup truck"), braai ("barbecue"), naartjie ("tangerine"), tekkies (American "sneakers", British "trainers", Canadian "runners"). A few words in standard English are derived from Afrikaans, such as aardvark (lit. "earth pig"), trek ("pioneering journey", in Afrikaans lit. "pull" but used also for "migrate"), spoor ("animal track"), veld ("Southern African grassland" in Afrikaans, lit. "field"), commando from Afrikaans kommando meaning small fighting unit, boomslang ("tree snake") and apartheid ("segregation"; more accurately "apartness" or "the state or condition of being apart").

In 1976, secondary-school pupils in Soweto began a rebellion in response to the government's decision that Afrikaans be used as the language of instruction for half the subjects taught in non-White schools (with English continuing for the other half). Although English is the mother tongue of only 8.2% of the population, it is the language most widely understood, and the second language of a majority of South Africans.[56] Afrikaans is more widely spoken than English in the Northern and Western Cape provinces, several hundred kilometres from Soweto.[57] The Black community's opposition to Afrikaans and preference for continuing English instruction was underlined when the government rescinded the policy one month after the uprising: 96% of Black schools chose English (over Afrikaans or native languages) as the language of instruction.[57] Afrikaans-medium schools were also accused of using language policy to deter black African parents.[58] Some of these parents, in part supported by provincial departments of education, initiated litigation which enabled enrolment with English as language of instruction. By 2006 there were 300 single-medium Afrikaans schools, compared to 2,500 in 1994, after most converted to dual-medium education.[58] Due to Afrikaans being viewed as the "language of the white oppressor" by some, pressure has been increased to remove Afrikaans as a teaching language in South African universities, resulting in bloody student protests in 2015.[59][60][61]

Under South Africa's Constitution of 1996, Afrikaans remains an official language, and has equal status to English and nine other languages. The new policy means that the use of Afrikaans is now often reduced in favour of English, or to accommodate the other official languages. In 1996, for example, the South African Broadcasting Corporation reduced the amount of television airtime in Afrikaans, while South African Airways dropped its Afrikaans name Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens from its livery. Similarly, South Africa's diplomatic missions overseas now display the name of the country only in English and their host country's language, and not in Afrikaans. Meanwhile, the constitution of the Western Cape, which went into effect in 1998, declares Afrikaans to be an official language of the province alongside English and Xhosa.[62]

In spite of these moves, the language has remained strong, and Afrikaans newspapers and magazines continue to have large circulation figures. Indeed, the Afrikaans-language general-interest family magazine Huisgenoot has the largest readership of any magazine in the country.[63] In addition, a pay-TV channel in Afrikaans called KykNet was launched in 1999, and an Afrikaans music channel, MK (Musiek kanaal) (lit. 'Music Channel'), in 2005. A large number of Afrikaans books are still published every year, mainly by the publishers Human & Rousseau, Tafelberg Uitgewers, Struik, and Protea Boekhuis. The Afrikaans film trilogy Bakgat (first released in 2008) caused a reawakening of the Afrikaans film industry (which had been moribund since the mid to late 1990s[according to whom?]) and Belgian-born singer Karen Zoid's debut single "Afrikaners is Plesierig" (released 2001) caused a resurgence in the Afrikaans music industry, as well as giving rise to the Afrikaans Rock genre.

Afrikaans has two monuments erected in its honour. The first was erected in Burgersdorp, South Africa, in 1893, and the second, nowadays better-known Afrikaans Language Monument (Afrikaanse Taalmonument), was built in Paarl, South Africa, in 1975.

When the British design magazine Wallpaper described Afrikaans as "one of the world's ugliest languages" in its September 2005 article about the monument,[64] South African billionaire Johann Rupert (chairman of the Richemont Group), responded by withdrawing advertising for brands such as Cartier, Van Cleef & Arpels, Montblanc and Alfred Dunhill from the magazine.[65] The author of the article, Bronwyn Davies, was an English-speaking South African.

Mutual intelligibility with Dutch

Main article: Comparison of Afrikaans and Dutch

An estimated 90 to 95% of the Afrikaans lexicon is ultimately of Dutch origin,[66][67][68] and there are few lexical differences between the two languages.[69] Afrikaans has a considerably more regular morphology,[70] grammar, and spelling.[71] There is a high degree of mutual intelligibility between the two languages,[70][72][73] particularly in written form.[71][74][75]

Afrikaans acquired some lexical and syntactical borrowings from other languages such as Malay, Khoisan languages, Portuguese,[76] and Bantu languages,[77] and Afrikaans has also been significantly influenced by South African English.[78] Dutch speakers are confronted with fewer non-cognates when listening to Afrikaans than the other way round.[75] Mutual intelligibility thus tends to be asymmetrical, as it is easier for Dutch speakers to understand Afrikaans than for Afrikaans speakers to understand Dutch.[75]

In general, mutual intelligibility between Dutch and Afrikaans is far better than between Dutch and Frisian[79] or between Danish and Swedish.[75] The South African poet writer Breyten Breytenbach, attempting to visualise the language distance for Anglophones once remarked that the differences between (Standard) Dutch and Afrikaans are comparable to those between the Received Pronunciation and Southern American English.[80]

Current status

Use of Afrikaans as a first language by province
Province 1996[81] 2001[81] 2011[81] 2016[81]
Western Cape 58.5% 55.3% 49.7% 45.7%
Eastern Cape 9.8% 9.6% 10.6% 10.1%
Northern Cape 57.2% 56.6% 53.8% 55.7%
Free State 14.4% 11.9% 12.7% 10.7%
KwaZulu-Natal 1.6% 1.5% 1.6% 1.0%
North West 8.8% 8.8% 9.0% 7.0%
Gauteng 15.6% 13.6% 12.4% 9.9%
Mpumalanga 7.1% 5.5% 7.2% 4.8%
Limpopo 2.6% 2.6% 2.6% 2.2%
  South Africa 14.4%[82] 13.3%[83] 13.5%[16] 12.1%

Post-apartheid South Africa has seen a loss of preferential treatment by the government for Afrikaans, in terms of education, social events, media (TV and radio), and general status throughout the country, given that it now shares its place as official language with ten other languages. Nevertheless, Afrikaans remains more prevalent in the media – radio, newspapers and television[84] – than any of the other official languages, except English. More than 300 book titles in Afrikaans are published annually.[85] South African census figures suggest a growing number of speakers in all nine provinces, a total of 6.85 million in 2011 compared to 5.98 million a decade earlier.[86] The South African Institute of Race Relations (SAIRR) projects that a growing majority will be Coloured Afrikaans speakers.[87] Afrikaans speakers experience higher employment rates than other South African language groups, though as of 2012 half a million remain unemployed.[86]

Despite the challenges of demotion and emigration that it faces in South Africa, the Afrikaans vernacular remains competitive, being popular in DSTV pay channels and several internet sites, while generating high newspaper and music CD sales. A resurgence in Afrikaans popular music since the late 1990s has invigorated the language, especially among a younger generation of South Africans. A recent trend is the increased availability of pre-school educational CDs and DVDs. Such media also prove popular with the extensive Afrikaans-speaking emigrant communities who seek to retain language proficiency in a household context.

After years of slumber, Afrikaans language cinema is showing signs of new vigour. The 2007 film Ouma se slim kind, the first full-length Afrikaans movie since Paljas in 1998, is seen as the dawn of a new era in Afrikaans cinema. Several short films have been created and more feature-length movies, such as Poena is Koning and Bakgat (both in 2008) have been produced, besides the 2011 Afrikaans-language film Skoonheid, which was the first Afrikaans film to screen at the Cannes Film Festival. The film Platteland was also released in 2011.[88] The Afrikaans Film industry started gaining international recognition via the likes of big Afrikaans Hollywood film stars, like Charlize Theron (Monster) and Sharlto Copley (District 9) promoting their mother tongue.

Afrikaans seems to be returning to the SABC. SABC3 announced early in 2009 that it would increase Afrikaans programming due to the "growing Afrikaans-language market and [their] need for working capital as Afrikaans advertising is the only advertising that sells in the current South African television market". In April 2009, SABC3 started screening several Afrikaans-language programmes.[89] Further latent support for the language derives from its de-politicised image in the eyes of younger-generation South Africans, who less and less often view it as "the language of the oppressor".[citation needed] Indeed, there is a groundswell movement within Afrikaans to be inclusive, and to promote itself along with the other indigenous official languages. In Namibia, the percentage of Afrikaans speakers declined from 11.4% (2001 Census) to 10.4% (2011 Census). The major concentrations are in Hardap (41.0%), ǁKaras (36.1%), Erongo (20.5%), Khomas (18.5%), Omaheke (10.0%), Otjozondjupa (9.4%), Kunene (4.2%), and Oshikoto (2.3%).[90]

Many native speakers of Bantu languages and English also speak Afrikaans as a second language. It is widely taught in South African schools, with about 10.3 million second-language students.[1] Even in KwaZulu-Natal (where there are relatively few Afrikaans home-speakers), the majority of pupils opt for Afrikaans as their first additional language because it is regarded as easier than Zulu.[91]

Afrikaans is offered at many universities outside South Africa, for example in the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Poland, Russia, and the United States.[92]

Grammar

Main article: Afrikaans grammar

In Afrikaans grammar, there is no distinction between the infinitive and present forms of verbs, with the exception of the verbs 'to be' and 'to have':

infinitive form present indicative form Dutch English
wees is zijn or wezen be
hê het hebben have

In addition, verbs do not conjugate differently depending on the subject. For example,

Afrikaans Dutch English
ek is ik ben I am
jy/u is jij/u bent you are (sing.)
hy/sy/dit is hij/zij/het is he/she/it is
ons is wij zijn we are
julle is jullie zijn you are (plur.)
hulle is zij zijn they are

Only a handful of Afrikaans verbs have a preterite, namely the auxiliary wees ("to be"), the modal verbs, and the verb dink ("to think"). The preterite of mag ("may") is rare in contemporary Afrikaans.

Afrikaans Dutch English
present past present past present past
ek is ek was ik ben ik was I am I was
ek kan ek kon ik kan ik kon I can I could
ek moet ek moes ik moet ik moest I must (I had to)
ek wil ek wou ik wil ik wilde/wou I want to I wanted to
ek sal ek sou ik zal ik zou I shall I should
ek mag (ek mog) ik mag ik mocht I may I might
ek dink ek dog ik denk ik dacht I think I thought

All other verbs use the perfect tense, het + past participle (ge-), for the past. Therefore, there is no distinction in Afrikaans between I drank and I have drunk. (In colloquial German, the past tense is also often replaced with the perfect.)

Afrikaans Dutch English
ek het gedrink ik dronk I drank
ik heb gedronken I have drunk

When telling a longer story, Afrikaans speakers usually avoid the perfect and simply use the present tense, or historical present tense instead (as is possible, but less common, in English as well).

A particular feature of Afrikaans is its use of the double negative; it is classified in Afrikaans as ontkennende vorm and is something that is absent from the other West Germanic standard languages. For example,

Afrikaans: Hy kan nie Afrikaans praat nie, lit. 'He can not Afrikaans speak not'
Dutch: Hij spreekt geen Afrikaans.
English: He can not speak Afrikaans. / He can't speak Afrikaans.

Both French and San origins have been suggested for double negation in Afrikaans. While double negation is still found in Low Franconian dialects in West Flanders and in some "isolated" villages in the centre of the Netherlands (such as Garderen), it takes a different form, which is not found in Afrikaans. The following is an example:

Afrikaans: Ek wil nie dit doen nie.* (lit. I want not this do not.)
Dutch: Ik wil dit niet doen.
English: I do not want to do this.

* Compare with Ek wil dit nie doen nie, which changes the meaning to "I want not to do this." Whereas Ek wil nie dit doen nie emphasizes a lack of desire to act, Ek wil dit nie doen nie emphasizes the act itself.

The -ne was the Middle Dutch way to negate but it has been suggested that since -ne became highly non-voiced, nie or niet was needed to complement the -ne. With time the -ne disappeared in most Dutch dialects.

The double negative construction has been fully grammaticalised in standard Afrikaans and its proper use follows a set of fairly complex rules as the examples below show:

Afrikaans Dutch (literally translated) More correct Dutch Literal English Idiomatic English
Ek het (nie) geweet dat hy (nie) sou kom (nie). Ik heb (niet) geweten dat hij (niet) zou komen. Ik wist (niet) dat hij (niet) zou komen. I did (not) know that he would (not) come. I did (not) know that he was (not) going to come.
Hy sal nie kom nie, want hy is siek.[note 4] Hij zal niet komen, want hij is ziek. Hij komt niet, want hij is ziek. He will not come, as he is sick. He is sick and is not going to come.
Dis (Dit is) nie so moeilik om Afrikaans te leer nie. Het is niet zo moeilijk (om) Afrikaans te leren. It is not so difficult to learn Afrikaans.

A notable exception to this is the use of the negating grammar form that coincides with negating the English present participle. In this case there is only a single negation.

Afrikaans: Hy is in die hospitaal, maar hy eet nie.
Dutch: Hij is in het ziekenhuis, maar hij eet niet.
English: He is in [the] hospital, though he eats not.

Certain words in Afrikaans arise due to grammar. For example, moet nie, which literally means "must not", usually becomes moenie; although one does not have to write or say it like this, virtually all Afrikaans speakers will change the two words to moenie in the same way as do not shifts to don't in English.

The Dutch word het ("it" in English) does not correspond to het in Afrikaans. The Dutch words corresponding to Afrikaans het are heb, hebt, heeft and hebben.

Afrikaans Dutch English
het heb, hebt, heeft, hebben have, has
die de, het the
dit het it

Phonology

Main article: Afrikaans phonology
A voice recording of Die Stem van Suid-Afrika ('The Voice of South Africa'), the former national anthem, read in poetic form

Vowels

Monophthong phonemes[93][94]
Front Central Back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
short long short long short long short long short long
Close i (iː) y yː u (uː)
Mid e eː ə (əː) œ (œː) o (oː)
Near-open (æ) (æː)
Open a ɑː
  • As phonemes, /iː/ and /uː/ occur only in the words spieël /spiːl/ 'mirror' and koeël /kuːl/ 'bullet', which used to be pronounced with sequences /i.ə/ and /u.ə/, respectively. In other cases, [iː] and [uː] occur as allophones of, respectively, /i/ and /u/ before /r/.[95]
  • /y/ is phonetically long [yː] before /r/.[96]
  • /əː/ is always stressed and occurs only in the word wîe 'wedges'.[97]
  • The closest unrounded counterparts of /œ, œː/ are central /ə, əː/, rather than front /e, eː/.[98]
  • /œː, oː/ occur only in a few words.[99]
  • [æ] occurs as an allophone of /e/ before /k, χ, l, r/, though this occurs primarily dialectally, most commonly in the former Transvaal and Free State provinces.[100]

Diphthongs

Diphthong phonemes[101][102]
Starting point Ending point
Front Central Back
Mid unrounded ɪø, əi ɪə
rounded œi, ɔi ʊə œu
Open unrounded ai, ɑːi
  • /ɔi, ai/ occur mainly in loanwords.[103]

Consonants

  • All obstruents at the ends of words are devoiced, so that e.g. a final /d/ is realized as [t].[104]
  • /ɡ, dʒ, z/ occur only in loanwords. [ɡ] is also an allophone of /χ/ in some environments.[105]
  • /χ/ is most often uvular [χ ~ ʀ̥].[106][107][108] Velar [x] occurs only in some speakers.[107]
  • /r/ is usually an alveolar trill [r] or tap [ɾ].[109] In some parts of the former Cape Province, it is realized uvularly, either as a trill [ʀ] or a fricative [ʁ].[110]

Dialects

 
A warning sign in Afrikaans: Gevaar Slagysters or "Danger, Traps".

Following early dialectal studies of Afrikaans, it was theorised that three main historical dialects probably existed after the Great Trek in the 1830s. These dialects are the Northern Cape, Western Cape, and Eastern Cape dialects.[111] Northern Cape dialect may have resulted from contact between Dutch settlers and the Khoi-Khoi people between the Great Karoo and the Kunene, and Eastern Cape dialect between the Dutch and the Xhosa. Remnants of these dialects still remain in present-day Afrikaans, although the standardising effect of Standard Afrikaans has contributed to a great levelling of differences in modern times.[112][better source needed]

There is also a prison cant, known as Sabela, which is based on Afrikaans, yet heavily influenced by Zulu. This language is used as a secret language in prison and is taught to initiates.[112]

Kaapse Afrikaans

See also: Kaaps

The term Kaapse Afrikaans ("Cape Afrikaans") is sometimes erroneously used to refer to the entire Western Cape dialect; it is more commonly used for a particular sociolect spoken in the Cape Peninsula of South Africa. Kaapse Afrikaans was once spoken by all population groups. However, it became increasingly restricted to the Cape Coloured ethnic group in Cape Town and environs. Kaapse Afrikaans is still understood by the large majority of native Afrikaans speakers in South Africa.

Kaapse Afrikaans preserves some features more similar to Dutch than to Afrikaans.[113]

  • The 1st person singular pronoun ik as in Dutch as opposed to Afrikaans ek
  • The diminutive endings -tje, pronounced as in Dutch and not as /ki/ as in Afrikaans.
  • The use of the form seg (compare Dutch zegt) as opposed to Afrikaans sê

Kaapse Afrikaans has some other features not typically found in Afrikaans.

  • The pronunciation of j, normally /j/ as in Dutch is often a /dz/. This is the strongest feature of Kaapse Afrikaans.
  • The insertion of /j/ after /s/, /t/ and /k/ when followed by /e/, e.g. kjen as opposed to Standard Afrikaans ken.

Kaapse Afrikaans is also characterised by much code-switching between English and Afrikaans, especially in the inner-city and lower socio-economic status areas of Cape Town.

An example of characteristic Kaapse Afrikaans:

Dutch: En ik zeg (tegen) jullie: wat zoeken jullie hier bij mij? Ik zoek jullie niet! Nee, ga nu weg!
Kaapse Afrikaans: En ik seg ve' djille, wat soek djille hie' by my? Ik soek'ie ve' djille nie! Nei, gaat nou weg!
Afrikaans: En ek sê vir julle, wat soek julle hier by my? Ek soek julle nie! Nee, gaan nou weg!
English (literal): And I say to you, what seek you here by me? I seek you not! No, go now away!
English: And I'm telling you, what are you looking for here? I'm not looking for you! No, go away now!

Oranjerivierafrikaans

The term Oranjerivierafrikaans ("Afrikaans of the Orange River") is sometimes erroneously used to refer to the Northern Cape dialect; it is more commonly used for the regional peculiarities of standard Afrikaans spoken in the Upington/Orange River wine district of South Africa.

Some of the characteristics of Oranjerivierafrikaans are the plural form -goed (Ma-goed, meneergoed), variant pronunciation such as in kjerk ("Church") and gjeld ("money") and the ending -se, which indicates possession.

Patagonian Afrikaans dialect

A distinct dialect of Afrikaans is spoken by the 650-strong South African community of Argentina, in the region of Patagonia.[114]

Influences on Afrikaans from other languages

Malay

Due to the early settlement of a Cape Malay community in Cape Town, who are now known as Coloureds, numerous Classical Malay words were brought into Afrikaans. Some of these words entered Dutch via people arriving from what is now known as Indonesia as part of their colonial heritage. Malay words in Afrikaans include:[115]

  • baie, which means 'very'/'much'/'many' (from banyak) is a very commonly used Afrikaans word, different from its Dutch equivalent veel or erg.
  • baadjie, Afrikaans for jacket (from baju, ultimately from Persian), used where Dutch would use jas or vest. The word baadje in Dutch is now considered archaic and only used in written, literary texts.
  • bobotie, a traditional Cape-Malay dish, made from spiced minced meat baked with an egg-based topping.
  • piesang, which means banana. This is different from the common Dutch word banaan. The Indonesian word pisang is also used in Dutch, though usage is more common.
  • piering, which means saucer (from piring, also from Persian).

Portuguese

Some words originally came from Portuguese such as sambreel ("umbrella") from the Portuguese sombreiro, kraal ("pen/cattle enclosure") from the Portuguese curral, mielie ("corn", from milho), pomelo ("grapefruit") from the Portuguese pomelo and interessant ("interesting") from the Portuguese interessante. Also from Portuguese are the names Paul, Maria, Fernando and Ignatius as well as the popular surname Ferreira. These words have become common in South Africa to an extent of being used in many other South African languages. Some of these words also exist in Dutch, like sambreel "parasol",[116] though usage is less common and meanings can slightly differ.

Khoisan languages

Some of these words also exist in Dutch, though with a more specific meaning: assegaai for example means "South-African tribal javelin"[118] and karos means "South-African tribal blanket of animal hides".[119]

Bantu languages

Loanwords from Bantu languages in Afrikaans include the names of indigenous birds, such as mahem and sakaboela, and indigenous plants, such as maroela and tamboekie(gras).[120]

French

The revoking of the Edict of Nantes on 22 October 1685 was a milestone in the history of South Africa, for it marked the beginning of the great Huguenot exodus from France. It is estimated that between 250,000 and 300,000 Protestants left France between 1685 and 1700; out of these, according to Louvois, 100,000 had received military training. A measure of the calibre of these immigrants and of their acceptance by host countries (in particular South Africa) is given by H. V. Morton in his book: In Search of South Africa (London, 1948). The Huguenots were responsible for a great linguistic contribution to Afrikaans, particularly in terms of military terminology as many of them fought on the battlefields during the wars of the Great Trek.

Most of the words in this list are descendants from Dutch borrowings from French, Old French or Latin, and are not direct influences from French on Afrikaans.

Afrikaans Dutch French English
advies advies avis advice
alarm alarm alarme alarm
ammunisie ammunitie, munitie munition ammunition
amusant amusant amusant funny
artillerie artillerie artillerie artillery
ateljee atelier atelier studio
bagasie bagage bagage luggage
bastion bastion bastion bastion
bataljon bataljon bataillon battalion
battery batterij batterie battery
biblioteek bibliotheek bibliothèque library
faktuur factuur facture invoice
fort fort fort fort
frikkadel frikadel fricadelle meatball
garnisoen garnizoen garnison garrison
generaal generaal général general
granaat granaat grenade grenade
infanterie infanterie infanterie infantry
interessant interessant intéressant interesting
kaliber kaliber calibre calibre
kanon kanon canon canon
kanonnier kanonnier canonier gunner
kardoes kardoes, cartouche cartouche cartridge
kaptein kapitein capitaine captain
kolonel kolonel colonel colonel
kommandeur commandeur commandeur commander
kwartier kwartier quartier quarter
lieutenant luitenant lieutenant lieutenant
magasyn magazijn magasin magazine
manier manier manière way
marsjeer marcheer, marcheren marcher (to) march
meubels meubels meubles furniture
militêr militair militaire militarily
morsel morzel morceau piece
mortier mortier mortier mortar
muit muit, muiten mutiner (to) mutiny
musket musket mousquet musket
muur muur mur wall
myn mijn mine mine
offisier officier officier officer
orde orde ordre order
papier papier papier paper
pionier pionier pionnier pioneer
plafon plafond plafond ceiling
plat plat plat flat
pont pont pont ferry
provoos provoost prévôt chief
rondte rondte, ronde ronde round
salvo salvo salve salvo
soldaat soldaat soldat soldier
tante tante tante aunt
tapyt tapijt tapis carpet
tros tros trousse bunch

Orthography

The Afrikaans writing system is based on Dutch, using the 26 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet, plus 16 additional vowels with diacritics. The hyphen (e.g. in a compound like see-eend 'sea duck'), apostrophe (e.g. ma's 'mothers'), and a whitespace character (e.g. in multi-word units like Dooie See 'Dead Sea') is part of the orthography of words, while the indefinite article ʼn is a ligature. All the alphabet letters, including those with diacritics, have capital letters as allographs; the ʼn does not have a capital letter allograph. This means that Afrikaans has 88 graphemes with allographs in total.

Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)
A Á Ä B C D E É È Ê Ë F G H I Í Î Ï J K L M N O Ó Ô Ö P Q R S T U Ú Û Ü V W X Y Ý Z
Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters)
a á ä b c d e é è ê ë f g h i í î ï j k l m n ʼn o ó ô ö p q r s t u ú û ü v w x y ý z

In Afrikaans, many consonants are dropped from the earlier Dutch spelling. For example, slechts ('only') in Dutch becomes slegs in Afrikaans. Also, Afrikaans and some Dutch dialects make no distinction between /s/ and /z/, having merged the latter into the former; while the word for "south" is written zuid in Dutch, it is spelled suid in Afrikaans (as well as dialectal Dutch writings) to represent this merger. Similarly, the Dutch digraph ij, normally pronounced as /ɛi/, corresponds to Afrikaans y, except where it replaces the Dutch suffix –lijk which is pronounced as /lək/, as in waarschijnlijk > waarskynlik.

Another difference is the indefinite article, 'n in Afrikaans and een in Dutch. "A book" is 'n boek in Afrikaans, whereas it is either een boek or 'n boek in Dutch. This 'n is usually pronounced as just a weak vowel, [ə].

The diminutive suffix in Afrikaans is -tjie, -djie or -ie, whereas in Dutch it is -tje or dje, hence a "bit" is ʼn bietjie in Afrikaans and beetje in Dutch.

The letters c, q, x, and z occur almost exclusively in borrowings from French, English, Greek and Latin. This is usually because words that had c and ch in the original Dutch are spelled with k and g, respectively, in Afrikaans. Similarly original qu and x are most often spelt kw and ks, respectively. For example, ekwatoriaal instead of equatoriaal, and ekskuus instead of excuus.

The vowels with diacritics in non-loanword Afrikaans are: á, ä, é, è, ê, ë, í, î, ï, ó, ô, ö, ú, û, ü, ý. Diacritics are ignored when alphabetising, though they are still important, even when typing the diacritic forms may be difficult. For example, geëet ("ate") instead of the 3 e's alongside each other: *geeet, which can never occur in Afrikaans, or sê, which translates to "say", whereas se is a possessive form. The acute's (á, é, í, ó, ú, ý) primary function is to place emphasis on a word (i.e. for emphatic reasons), by adding it to the emphasised syllable of the word. For example, sál ("will" (verb)), néé ('no'), móét ("must"), hý ("he"), gewéét ("knew"). The acute is only placed on the i if it is the only vowel in the emphasised word: wil ('want' (verb)) becomes wíl, but lui ('lazy') becomes lúi. Only a few non-loan words is spelled with acutes, e.g. dié ('this'), ná ('after'), óf ... óf ('either ... or'), nóg ... nóg ('neither ... nor'), etc. Only four non-loan words are spelled with the grave: nè ('yes?', 'right?', 'eh?'), dè ('here, take this!' or '[this is] yours!'), hè ('huh?', 'what?', 'eh?'), and appèl ('(formal) appeal' (noun)).

Initial apostrophes

A few short words in Afrikaans take initial apostrophes. In modern Afrikaans, these words are always written in lower case (except if the entire line is uppercase), and if they occur at the beginning of a sentence, the next word is capitalised. Three examples of such apostrophed words are 'k, 't, 'n. The last (the indefinite article) is the only apostrophed word that is common in modern written Afrikaans, since the other examples are shortened versions of other words (ek and het, respectively) and are rarely found outside of a poetic context.[127]

Here are a few examples:

Apostrophed version Usual version Translation Notes
'k 't Dit gesê Ek het dit gesê I said it Uncommon, more common: Ek't dit gesê
't Jy dit geëet? Het jy dit geëet? Did you eat it? Extremely uncommon
'n Man loop daar A man walks there Standard Afrikaans pronounces 'n as a schwa vowel.

The apostrophe and the following letter are regarded as two separate characters, and are never written using a single glyph, although a single character variant of the indefinite article appears in Unicode, ʼn.

Table of characters

For more on the pronunciation of the letters below, see Help:IPA/Afrikaans.

Afrikaans letters and pronunciation
Grapheme IPA Examples and Notes
a /a/, /ɑː/ appel ('apple'; /a/), tale ('languages'; /ɑː/). Represents /a/ in closed syllables and /ɑː/ in stressed open syllables
á /a/, /ɑ:/ ná (after)
ä /a/, /ɑ:/ sebraägtig ('zebra-like'). The diaeresis indicates the start of new syllable.
aa /ɑː/ aap ('monkey', 'ape'). Only occurs in closed syllables.
aai /ɑːi/ draai ('turn')
ae /ɑːə/ vrae ('questions'); the vowels belong to two separate syllables
ai /ai/ baie ('many', 'much' or 'very'), ai (expression of frustration or resignation)
b /b/, /p/ boom ('tree')
c /s/, /k/ Found only in borrowed words or proper nouns; the former pronunciation occurs before 'e', 'i', or 'y'; featured in the Latinate plural ending -ici (singular form -ikus)
ch /ʃ/, /x/, /k/ chirurg ('surgeon'; /ʃ/; typically sj is used instead), chemie ('chemistry'; /x/), chitien ('chitin'; /k/). Found only in recent loanwords and in proper nouns
d /d/, /t/ dag ('day'), deel ('part', 'divide', 'share')
dj /d͡ʒ/, /k/ djati ('teak'), broodjie ('sandwich'). Used to transcribe foreign words for the former pronunciation, and in the diminutive suffix -djie for the latter in words ending with d
e /e(ː)/, /æ(ː)/, /ɪə/, /ɪ/, /ə/ bed (/e/), mens ('person', /eː/) (lengthened before /n/) ete ('meal', /ɪə/ and /ə/ respectively), ek ('I', /æ/), berg ('mountain', /æː/) (lengthened before /r/). /ɪ/ is the unstressed allophone of /ɪə/
é /e(ː)/, /æ(ː)/, /ɪə/ dié ('this'), mét ('with', emphasised), ék ('I; me', emphasised), wéét ('know', emphasised)
è /e/ Found in loanwords (like crèche) and proper nouns (like Eugène) where the spelling was maintained, and in four non-loanwords: nè ('yes?', 'right?', 'eh?'), dè ('here, take this!' or '[this is] yours!'), hè ('huh?', 'what?', 'eh?'), and appèl ('(formal) appeal' (noun)).
ê /eː/, /æː/ sê ('to say'), wêreld ('world'), lêer ('file') (Allophonically /æː/ before /(ə)r/)
ë - Diaeresis indicates the start of new syllable, thus ë, ëe and ëi are pronounced like 'e', 'ee' and 'ei', respectively
ee /ɪə/ weet ('to know'), een ('one')
eeu /ɪu/ leeu ('lion'), eeu ('century', 'age')
ei /ei/ lei ('to lead')
eu /ɪɵ/ seun ('son' or 'lad')
f /f/ fiets ('bicycle')
g /x/, /ɡ/ /ɡ/ exists as the allophone of /x/ if at the end of a root word preceded by a stressed single vowel + /r/ and suffixed with a schwa, e.g. berg ('mountain') is pronounced as /bæːrx/, and berge is pronounced as /bæːrɡə/
gh /ɡ/ gholf ('golf'). Used for /ɡ/ when it is not an allophone of /x/; found only in borrowed words. If the h instead begins the next syllable, the two letters are pronounced separately.
h /ɦ/ hael ('hail'), hond ('dog')
i /i/, /ə/ kind ('child'; /ə/), ink ('ink'; /ə/), krisis ('crisis'; /i/ and /ə/ respectively), elektrisiteit ('electricity'; /i/ for all three; third 'i' is part of diphthong 'ei')
í /i/, /ə/ krísis ('crisis', emphasised), dít ('that', emphasised)
î /əː/ wîe (plural of wig; 'wedges' or 'quoins')
ï /i/, /ə/ Found in words such as beïnvloed ('to influence'). The diaeresis indicates the start of new syllable.
ie /i(ː)/ iets ('something'), vier ('four')
j /j/ julle (plural 'you')
k /k/ kat ('cat'), kan ('can' (verb) or 'jug')
l /l/ lag ('laugh')
m /m/ man ('man')
n /n/ nael ('nail')
ʼn /ə/ indefinite article ʼn ('a'), styled as a ligature (Unicode character U+0149)
ng /ŋ/ sing ('to sing')
o /o/, /ʊə/, /ʊ/ op ('up(on)'; /o/), grote ('size'; /ʊə/), polisie ('police'; /ʊ/)
ó /o/, /ʊə/ óp ('done, finished', emphasised), gróót ('huge', emphasised)
ô /oː/ môre ('tomorrow')
ö /o/, /ʊə/ Found in words such as koöperasie ('co-operation'). The diaeresis indicates the start of new syllable, thus ö is pronounced the same as 'o' based on the following remainder of the word.
oe /u(ː)/ boek ('book'), koers ('course', 'direction')
oei /ui/ koei ('cow')
oo /ʊə/ oom ('uncle' or 'sir')
ooi /oːi/ mooi ('pretty', 'beautiful'), nooi ('invite')
ou /ɵu/ By itself means ('guy'). Sometimes spelled ouw in loanwords and surnames, for example Louw.
p /p/ pot ('pot'), pers ('purple' — or 'press' indicating the news media; the latter is often spelled with an <ê>)
q /k/ Found only in foreign words with original spelling maintained; typically k is used instead
r /r/ rooi ('red')
s /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/ ses ('six'), stem ('voice' or 'vote'), posisie ('position', /z/ for first 's', /s/ for second 's'), rasioneel ('rational', /ʃ/ (nonstandard; formally /s/ is used instead) visuëel ('visual', /ʒ/ (nonstandard; /z/ is more formal)
sj /ʃ/ sjaal ('shawl'), sjokolade ('chocolate')
t /t/ tafel ('table')
tj /tʃ/, /k/ tjank ('whine like a dog' or 'to cry incessantly'). The latter pronunciation occurs in the common diminutive suffix "-(e)tjie"
u /ɵ/, /y(ː)/ stuk ('piece'), unie ('union'), muur ('wall')
ú /œ/, /y(:)/ búk ('bend over', emphasised), ú ('you', formal, emphasised)
û /ɵː/ brûe ('bridges')
ü - Found in words such as reünie ('reunion'). The diaeresis indicates the start of a new syllable, thus ü is pronounced the same as u, except when found in proper nouns and surnames from German, like Müller.
ui /ɵi/ uit ('out')
uu /y(ː)/ uur ('hour')
v /f/, /v/ vis ('fish'), visuëel ('visual')
w /v/, /w/ water ('water'; /v/); allophonically /w/ after obstruents within a root; an example: kwas ('brush'; /w/)
x /z/, /ks/ xifoïed ('xiphoid'; /z/), x-straal ('x-ray'; /ks/).
y /əi/ byt ('bite')
ý /əi/ hý ('he', emphasised)
z /z/ Zoeloe ('Zulu'). Found only in onomatopoeia and loanwords

Afrikaans phrases

Although there are many different dialects and accents, the transcription would be fairly standard.

Afrikaans IPA Dutch IPA English German
Hallo! Hoe gaan dit? [ɦaləu ɦu χɑːn dət] Hallo! Hoe gaat het (met jou/je/u)?
Also used: Hallo! Hoe is het? 		[ɦɑloː ɦu ɣaːt ɦət] Hello! How goes it? (Hello! How are you?) Hallo! Wie geht's? (Hallo! Wie geht's dir/Ihnen?)
Baie goed, dankie. [baiə χut daŋki] Heel goed, dank je. [ɦeːl ɣut dɑŋk jə] Very well, thank you. Sehr gut, danke.
Praat jy Afrikaans? [prɑːt jəi afrikɑːns] Spreek/Praat jij/je Afrikaans? [spreːk/praːt jɛi̯/jə ɑfrikaːns] Do you speak Afrikaans? Sprichst du Afrikaans?
Praat jy Engels? [prɑːt jəi ɛŋəls] Spreek/Praat jij/je Engels? [spreːk/praːt jɛi̯/jə ɛŋəls] Do you speak English? Sprichst du Englisch?
Ja. [jɑː] Ja. [jaː] Yes. Ja.
Nee. [nɪə] Nee. [neː] No. Nein.
Also: Nee. (Colloquial)
'n Bietjie. [ə biki] Een beetje. [ə beːtjə] A bit. Ein bisschen. Sometimes shortened in text: "'n bisschen"
Wat is jou naam? [vat əs jœu nɑːm] Hoe heet jij/je? / Wat is jouw naam? [ʋɑt ɪs jɑu̯ naːm] What is your name? Wie heißt du? / Wie ist dein Name?
Die kinders praat Afrikaans. [di kən(d̚)ərs prɑːt ˌafriˈkɑːns] De kinderen spreken Afrikaans. [də kɪndərən spreːkən ɑfrikaːns] The children speak Afrikaans. Die Kinder sprechen Afrikaans.
Ek is lief vir jou.
Less common: Ek het jou lief. 		[æk əs lif fər jɵu] Ik hou van jou/je.
Common in Southern Dutch: Ik heb je/jou/u lief. 		[ɪk ɦɑu̯ vɑn jɑu̯/jə], [ɪk ɦɛb jə/jɑu̯/y lif] I love you. Ich liebe dich.
Also: Ich habe dich lieb. (Colloquial; virtually no romantic connotation)

In the Dutch language the word Afrikaans means African, in the general sense. Consequently, Afrikaans is commonly denoted as Zuid-Afrikaans. This ambiguity also exists in Afrikaans itself and is resolved either in the context of its usage, or by using Afrika- in the adjective sense (e.g. Afrika-olifant for African elephant).

A handful of Afrikaans words are exactly the same as in English. The following Afrikaans sentences, for example, are exactly the same in the two languages, in terms of both their meaning and spelling; only their pronunciation differs.

  • My pen was in my hand. ([məi pɛn vas ən məi ɦant])[128]
  • My hand is in warm water. ([məi ɦant əs ən varm vɑːtər])[citation needed]

Sample text

Psalm 23 1983 translation:[129]

Die Here is my Herder, ek kom niks kort nie.
Hy laat my rus in groen weivelde. Hy bring my by waters waar daar vrede is.
Hy gee my nuwe krag. Hy lei my op die regte paaie tot eer van Sy naam.
Selfs al gaan ek deur donker dieptes, sal ek nie bang wees nie, want U is by my. In U hande is ek veilig.

Psalm 23 1953 translation:[130]

Die Here is my Herder, niks sal my ontbreek nie.
Hy laat my neerlê in groen weivelde; na waters waar rus is, lei Hy my heen.
Hy verkwik my siel; Hy lei my in die spore van geregtigheid, om sy Naam ontwil.
Al gaan ek ook in 'n dal van doodskaduwee, ek sal geen onheil vrees nie; want U is met my: u stok en u staf die vertroos my.

Lord's Prayer (Afrikaans New Living translation)[citation needed]

Ons Vader in die hemel, laat U Naam geheilig word.
Laat U koningsheerskappy spoedig kom.
Laat U wil hier op aarde uitgevoer word soos in die hemel.
Gee ons die porsie brood wat ons vir vandag nodig het.
En vergeef ons ons sondeskuld soos ons ook óns skuldenaars vergewe het.
Bewaar ons sodat ons nie aan verleiding sal toegee nie; en bevry ons van die greep van die bose.
Want van U is die koninkryk,
en die krag,
en die heerlikheid,
tot in ewigheid.
Amen

Lord's Prayer (Original translation):

Onse Vader wat in die hemel is,
laat U Naam geheilig word;
laat U koninkryk kom;
laat U wil geskied op die aarde,
net soos in die hemel.
Gee ons vandag ons daaglikse brood;
en vergeef ons ons skulde
soos ons ons skuldenaars vergewe
en laat ons nie in die versoeking nie
maar verlos ons van die bose
Want aan U behoort die koninkryk
en die krag
en die heerlikheid
tot in ewigheid.
Amen

See also

Notes

  1. ^ What follows are estimations. Afrikaans has 16.3 million speakers; see de Swaan 2001, p. 216. Afrikaans has a total of 16 million speakers; see Machan 2009, p. 174. About 9 million people speak Afrikaans as a second or third language; see Alant 2004, p. 45, Proost 2006, p. 402. Afrikaans has over 5 million native speakers and 15 million second-language speakers; see Réguer 2004, p. 20. Afrikaans has about 6 million native and 16 million second language speakers; see Domínguez & López 1995, p. 340. In South Africa, over 23 million people speak Afrikaans, of which a third are first-language speakers; see Page & Sonnenburg 2003, p. 7. L2 "Black Afrikaans" is spoken, with different degrees of fluency, by an estimated 15 million; see Stell 2008–2011, p. 1.
  2. ^ Afrikaans borrowed from other languages such as Portuguese, German, Malay, Bantu and Khoisan languages; see Sebba 1997, p. 160, Niesler, Louw & Roux 2005, p. 459.
    90 to 95% of Afrikaans vocabulary is ultimately of Dutch origin; see Mesthrie 1995, p. 214, Mesthrie 2002, p. 205, Kamwangamalu 2004, p. 203, Berdichevsky 2004, p. 131, Brachin & Vincent 1985, p. 132.
  3. ^ It has the widest geographical and racial distribution of all the official languages of South Africa; see Webb 2003, pp. 7, 8, Berdichevsky 2004, p. 131. It has by far the largest geographical distribution; see Alant 2004, p. 45.
    It is widely spoken and understood as a second or third language; see Deumert & Vandenbussche 2003, p. 16, Kamwangamalu 2004, p. 207, Myers-Scotton 2006, p. 389, Simpson 2008, p. 324, Palmer 2001, p. 141, Webb 2002, p. 74, Herriman & Burnaby 1996, p. 18, Page & Sonnenburg 2003, p. 7, Brook Napier 2007, pp. 69, 71.
    An estimated 40% have at least a basic level of communication; see Webb 2003, p. 7 McLean & McCormick 1996, p. 333.
  4. ^ kan would be best used in this case because kan nie means cannot and since he is sick he is unable to come, whereas sal is "will" in English and is thus not the best word choice.

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  • Réguer, Laurent Philippe (2004), Si loin, si proche ...: Une langue européenne à découvrir : le néerlandais (in French), Sorbonne Nouvelle, ISBN 9782910212308, retrieved 3 June 2010
  • Sebba, Mark (1997), Contact languages: pidgins and creoles, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 9780312175719, retrieved 19 May 2010
  • Sebba, Mark (2007), Spelling and society: the culture and politics of orthography around the world, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9781139462020, retrieved 19 May 2010
  • Simpson, Andrew (2008), Language and national identity in Africa, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780199286751, retrieved 31 May 2010
  • Stell, Gerard (2008–2011), Mapping linguistic communication across colour divides: Black Afrikaans in Central South Africa, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, retrieved 2 June 2010
  • Swanepoel, J. F. (1927), The sounds of Afrikaans. Their Dialectic Variations and the Difficulties They Present to an Englishman (PDF), Longmans, Green & Co, archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022
  • Thomason, Sarah Grey; Kaufman, Terrence (1988), Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics, University of California Press (published 1991), ISBN 0-520-07893-4
  • Webb, Victor N. (2002), Language in South Africa: the role of language in national transformation, reconstruction and development, IMPACT: Studies in Language and Society, vol. 14, John Benjamins Publishing Company, doi:10.1075/impact.14, ISBN 9789027297631
  • Webb, Victor N. (2003), (PDF), Centre for Research in the Politics of Language, University of Pretoria, archived from the original (PDF) on 9 December 2003
  • Namibian Population Census (2001), , Government of Namibia, archived from the original on 16 May 2010, retrieved 28 May 2010
  • Wissing, Daan (2016), , Taalportaal, archived from the original on 15 April 2017, retrieved 16 April 2017
  • CIA (2010), The World Factbook (CIA) — Namibia, Central Intelligence Agency, retrieved 28 May 2010

Further reading

  • Grieshaber, Nicky. 2011. Diacs and Quirks in a Nutshell – Afrikaans spelling explained. Pietermaritzburg. ISBN 978-0-620-51726-3; e-ISBN 978-0-620-51980-9.
  • Roberge, P. T. (2002), "Afrikaans – considering origins", Language in South Africa, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-53383-X
  • Thomas, C. H. (1899), "Boer language", Origin of the Anglo-Boer War revealed, London, England: Hodder and Stoughton

External links

 
Afrikaans edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 
Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Afrikaans.
 
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Afrikaans
 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Afrikaans.
  • afrikaans.com
  • (archived 4 June 2012)
  • Afrikaans-English Online Dictionary at majstro.com
  • Learn Afrikaans Online (Open Learning Environment)
  • Federasie van Afrikaanse Kultuurvereniginge (FAK) – Federation of Afrikaans Cultural Associations
  • Dutch Writers from South Africa: A Cultural-Historical Study, Part I from the World Digital Library
  • Afrikaans Literature and Language Web dossier African Studies Centre, Leiden (2011)

April 06, 2023
afrikaans, peoples, persons, from, africa, africans, white, speakers, afrikaners, ɑː, ɑː, west, germanic, language, that, evolved, dutch, cape, colony, from, dutch, vernacular, holland, proper, hollandic, dialect, used, dutch, french, german, settlers, people,. For peoples and persons from Africa see Africans For white Afrikaans speakers see Afrikaners Afrikaans UK ˌ ae f r ɪ ˈ k ɑː n s US ˌ ɑː f 4 5 is a West Germanic language that evolved in the Dutch Cape Colony from the Dutch vernacular 6 7 of Holland proper i e the Hollandic dialect 8 9 used by Dutch French and German settlers and people enslaved by them Afrikaans gradually began to develop distinguishing characteristics during the course of the 18th century 10 Now spoken in South Africa Namibia and to a lesser extent Botswana Zambia and Zimbabwe estimates c 2010 of the total number of Afrikaans speakers range between 15 and 23 million note 1 Most linguists consider Afrikaans to be a partly creole language 11 12 13 AfrikaansPronunciation afriˈkɑːns Native toSouth Africa Namibia Botswana Zambia ZimbabweEthnicityBoers Cape Coloureds Afrikaners Griqua Cape Malays BastersNative speakers7 2 million 2016 1 10 3 million L2 speakers in South Africa 2002 2 Language familyIndo European GermanicWest GermanicWeser Rhine GermanicLow FranconianDutch Hollandic dialect AfrikaansEarly formsFrankish Old Dutch Middle Dutch Modern DutchWriting systemLatin using Afrikaans alphabetArabic See Arabic Afrikaans Afrikaans BrailleSigned formsSigned Afrikaans 3 Official statusOfficial language in South Africa Provinces List Northern Cape Western CapeCity of Cape TownRecognised minoritylanguage in NamibiaRegulated byDie TaalkommissieLanguage codesISO 639 1 span class plainlinks af span ISO 639 2 span class plainlinks afr span ISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code afr class extiw title iso639 3 afr afr a Glottologafri1274Linguasphere52 ACB baA map of Afrikaans speakers in southern Africa shaded by density This article contains IPA phonetic symbols Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Unicode characters For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA source source source source source source source source source source source source source source Colin speaking Afrikaans source source source source source source source source source source source source Alaric speaking Afrikaans source source source source source source source source source source Rossouw speaking Afrikaans Obelisks of the Afrikaans Language Monument near Paarl An estimated 90 to 95 of the vocabulary is of Dutch origin with adopted words from other languages including German and the Khoisan languages of Southern Africa note 2 Differences with Dutch include a more analytic type morphology and grammar and some pronunciations 14 There is a large degree of mutual intelligibility between the two languages especially in written form 15 About 13 5 of the South African population 7 million people speak Afrikaans as a first language making it the third most common natively spoken language in the country 16 after Zulu and Xhosa It has the widest geographic and racial distribution of the 11 official languages and is widely spoken and understood as a second or third language although Zulu and English are estimated to be understood as a second language by a much larger proportion of the population note 3 It is the majority language of the western half of South Africa the provinces of the Northern Cape and Western Cape and the first language of 75 8 of Coloured South Africans 4 8 million people 60 8 of White South Africans 2 7 million people 1 5 of Black South Africans 600 000 people and 4 6 of Indian South Africans 58 000 people 17 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Origin 2 2 Development 2 3 Recognition 2 4 Standardisation 2 5 The Afrikaans Bible 2 6 Classification 3 Geographic distribution 3 1 Statistics 3 2 Sociolinguistics 3 3 Mutual intelligibility with Dutch 4 Current status 5 Grammar 6 Phonology 6 1 Vowels 6 1 1 Diphthongs 6 2 Consonants 7 Dialects 7 1 Kaapse Afrikaans 7 2 Oranjerivierafrikaans 7 3 Patagonian Afrikaans dialect 8 Influences on Afrikaans from other languages 8 1 Malay 8 2 Portuguese 8 3 Khoisan languages 8 4 Bantu languages 8 5 French 9 Orthography 9 1 Initial apostrophes 9 2 Table of characters 10 Afrikaans phrases 11 Sample text 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 14 1 Citations 14 2 Sources 15 Further reading 16 External linksEtymology EditThe name of the language comes directly from the Dutch word Afrikaansch now spelled Afrikaans 18 meaning African 19 It was previously referred to as Cape Dutch Kaap Hollands Kaap Nederlands a term also used to refer to the early Cape settlers collectively or the derogatory kitchen Dutch kombuistaal from its use by slaves of colonial settlers in the kitchen History EditOrigin Edit The Afrikaans language arose in the Dutch Cape Colony through a gradual divergence from European Dutch dialects during the course of the 18th century 20 21 As early as the mid 18th century and as recently as the mid 20th century Afrikaans was known in standard Dutch as a kitchen language Afrikaans kombuistaal lacking the prestige accorded for example even by the educational system in Africa to languages spoken outside Africa Other early epithets setting apart Kaaps Hollands Cape Dutch i e Afrikaans as putatively beneath official Dutch standards included geradbraakt gebroken and onbeschaafd Hollands mutilated broken uncivilised Dutch as well as verkeerd Nederlands incorrect Dutch 22 23 Hottentot Dutch Language familyDutch based pidginLanguage codesISO 639 3None mis Glottologhott1234Den Besten theorises that modern Standard Afrikaans derives from two sources 24 Cape Dutch a direct transplantation of European Dutch to Southern Africa and Hottentot Dutch 25 a pidgin that descended from Foreigner Talk and ultimately from the Dutch pidgin spoken by slaves via a hypothetical Dutch creole Thus in his view Afrikaans is neither a creole nor a direct descendant of Dutch but a fusion of two transmission pathways Development Edit Standard Dutch used in a 1916 South African newspaper before Afrikaans replaced it for use in media Most of the first settlers whose descendants today are the Afrikaners were from the United Provinces now Netherlands and Flanders 26 with up to one sixth of the community of French Huguenot origin and a seventh from Germany 27 African and Asian workers Cape Coloured children of European settlers and Khoikhoi women 28 and slaves contributed to the development of Afrikaans The slave population was made up of people from East Africa West Africa India Madagascar and the Dutch East Indies modern Indonesia 29 A number were also indigenous Khoisan people who were valued as interpreters domestic servants and labourers Many free and enslaved women married or cohabited with the male Dutch settlers M F Valkhoff argued that 75 of children born to female slaves in the Dutch Cape Colony between 1652 and 1672 had a Dutch father 30 Sarah Grey Thomason and Terrence Kaufman argue that Afrikaans development as a separate language was heavily conditioned by nonwhites who learned Dutch imperfectly as a second language 31 Beginning in about 1815 Afrikaans started to replace Malay as the language of instruction in Muslim schools in South Africa written with the Arabic alphabet see Arabic Afrikaans Later Afrikaans now written with the Latin script started to appear in newspapers and political and religious works in around 1850 alongside the already established Dutch 20 In 1875 a group of Afrikaans speakers from the Cape formed the Genootskap vir Regte Afrikaanders Society for Real Afrikaners 20 and published a number of books in Afrikaans including grammars dictionaries religious materials and histories Until the early 20th century Afrikaans was considered a Dutch dialect alongside Standard Dutch which it eventually replaced as an official language 32 Before the Boer wars and indeed for some time afterwards Afrikaans was regarded as inappropriate for educated discourse Rather Afrikaans was described derogatorily as a kitchen language or a bastard jargon suitable for communication mainly between the Boers and their servants 33 better source needed Recognition Edit Dit is ons erns This is our passion at the Afrikaans Language Monument In 1925 Afrikaans was recognised by the South African government as a distinct language rather than simply a vernacular of Dutch 20 On 8 May 1925 twenty three years after the Second Boer War ended 33 the Official Languages of the Union Act of 1925 was passed mostly due to the efforts of the Afrikaans language movement at a joint sitting of the House of Assembly and the Senate in which the Afrikaans language was declared a variety of Dutch 34 The Constitution of 1961 reversed the position of Afrikaans and Dutch so that English and Afrikaans were the official languages and Afrikaans was deemed to include Dutch The Constitution of 1983 removed any mention of Dutch altogether The Afrikaans Language Monument is located on a hill overlooking Paarl in the Western Cape Province Officially opened on 10 October 1975 35 it was erected on the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Society of Real Afrikaners 36 and the 50th anniversary of Afrikaans being declared an official language of South Africa in distinction to Dutch Standardisation Edit The side view of the Pretoria Art Museum in Arcadia Pretoria with its name written in Afrikaans and Xhosa The earliest Afrikaans texts were some doggerel verse from 1795 and a dialogue transcribed by a Dutch traveller in 1825 Afrikaans used the Latin alphabet around this time although the Cape Muslim community used the Arabic script In 1861 L H Meurant published his Zamenspraak tusschen Klaas Waarzegger en Jan Twyfelaar Conversation between Claus Truthsayer and John Doubter which is considered to be the first book published in Afrikaans 37 The first grammar book was published in 1876 a bilingual dictionary was later published in 1902 The main modern Afrikaans dictionary in use is the Verklarende Handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal HAT A new authoritative dictionary called Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal WAT was under development as of 2018 The official orthography of Afrikaans is the Afrikaanse Woordelys en Spelreels compiled by Die Taalkommissie 37 The Afrikaans Bible Edit Main article Bible translations into Afrikaans The Afrikaners primarily were Protestants of the Dutch Reformed Church of the 17th century Their religious practices would later be influenced in South Africa by British ministries during the 1800s 38 A landmark in the development of the language was the translation of the whole Bible into Afrikaans While significant advances had been made in the textual criticism of the Bible especially the Greek New Testament the 1933 translation followed the Textus Receptus and was closely akin to the Statenbijbel Before this most Cape Dutch Afrikaans speakers had to rely on the Dutch Statenbijbel This Statenvertaling had its origins with the Synod of Dordrecht of 1618 and was thus in an archaic form of Dutch This was hard for Dutch speakers to understand and increasingly unintelligible for Afrikaans speakers C P Hoogehout Arnoldus Pannevis af and Stephanus Jacobus du Toit were the first Afrikaans Bible translators Important landmarks in the translation of the Scriptures were in 1878 with C P Hoogehout s translation of the Evangelie volgens Markus Gospel of Mark lit Gospel according to Mark however this translation was never published The manuscript is to be found in the South African National Library Cape Town The first official translation of the entire Bible into Afrikaans was in 1933 by J D du Toit E E van Rooyen J D Kestell H C M Fourie and BB Keet 39 40 This monumental work established Afrikaans as n suiwer en ordentlike taal that is a pure and proper language for religious purposes especially amongst the deeply Calvinist Afrikaans religious community that previously had been sceptical of a Bible translation that varied from the Dutch version that they were used to In 1983 a fresh translation marked the 50th anniversary of the 1933 version and provided a much needed revision The final editing of this edition was done by E P Groenewald A H van Zyl P A Verhoef J L Helberg and W Kempen This translation was influenced by Eugene Nida s theory of dynamic equivalence which focused on finding the nearest equivalent in the receptor language to the idea that the Greek Hebrew or Aramaic wanted to convey The challenge to this type of translation is that it doesn t take into account that there are shifts in meaning in the receptor language citation needed A new translation Die Bybel n Direkte Vertaling was released in November 2020 It is the first truly ecumenical translation of the Bible in Afrikaans as translators from various churches including the Roman Catholic and Anglican Churches were involved 41 Various commercial translations of the Bible in Afrikaans have also appeared since the 1990s such as Die Boodskap and the Nuwe Lewende Vertaling Most of these translations were published by Christelike Uitgewersmaatskappy CUM citation needed vague Classification Edit The simplified relation between the West Germanic languages Indo European languages Germanic West Germanic Low Franconian Dutch Afrikaans Dutch based creolesAfrikaans descended from Dutch dialects in the 17th century It belongs to a West Germanic sub group the Low Franconian languages 42 Other West Germanic languages related to Afrikaans are German English the Frisian languages and the unstandardised languages Low German and Yiddish Geographic distribution EditStatistics Edit The geographical distribution of Afrikaans in South Africa proportion of the population that speaks Afrikaans at home 0 20 20 40 40 60 60 80 80 100 Country Speakers Percentage of speakers Year Reference Argentina 650 0 001 2019 43 Australia 49 375 0 68 2021 44 Botswana 8 082 0 11 2011 44 Canada 23 410 0 32 2016 45 England and Wales 11 247 0 16 2011 46 Finland 122 0 002 2021 47 Ireland 2 228 0 03 2016 48 Mauritius 36 0 000005 2011 44 Namibia 219 760 3 05 2011 44 New Zealand 36 966 0 51 2018 49 South Africa 6 855 082 94 66 2011 44 United States 28 406 0 39 2016 50 Total 7 211 537Sociolinguistics Edit Some who state that instead of Afrikaners which refers to an ethnic group the terms Afrikaanses or Afrikaanssprekendes lit Afrikaans speakers should be used for people of any ethnic origin who speak Afrikaans Linguistic identity has not yet established which terms shall prevail and all three are used in common parlance 51 The geographical distribution of Afrikaans in South Africa density of Afrikaans home language speakers lt 1 km2 1 3 km2 3 10 km2 10 30 km2 30 100 km2 100 300 km2 300 1000 km2 1000 3000 km2 gt 3000 km2 The geographical distribution of Afrikaans in Namibia Afrikaans is also widely spoken in Namibia Before independence Afrikaans had equal status with German as an official language Since independence in 1990 Afrikaans has had constitutional recognition as a national but not official language 52 53 There is a much smaller number of Afrikaans speakers among Zimbabwe s white minority as most have left the country since 1980 Afrikaans was also a medium of instruction for schools in Bophuthatswana an Apartheid era Bantustan 54 Eldoret in Kenya was founded by Afrikaners 55 Many South Africans living and working in Belgium the Netherlands the United Kingdom Republic of Ireland Australia New Zealand Canada the United States the UAE and Kuwait are also Afrikaans speaking They have access to Afrikaans websites news sites such as Netwerk24 com and Sake24 and radio broadcasts over the web such as those from Radio Sonder Grense Bokradio and Radio Pretoria There are also many artists that tour to bring Afrikaans to the emigrants Afrikaans has been influential in the development of South African English Many Afrikaans loanwords have found their way into South African English such as bakkie pickup truck braai barbecue naartjie tangerine tekkies American sneakers British trainers Canadian runners A few words in standard English are derived from Afrikaans such as aardvark lit earth pig trek pioneering journey in Afrikaans lit pull but used also for migrate spoor animal track veld Southern African grassland in Afrikaans lit field commando from Afrikaans kommando meaning small fighting unit boomslang tree snake and apartheid segregation more accurately apartness or the state or condition of being apart In 1976 secondary school pupils in Soweto began a rebellion in response to the government s decision that Afrikaans be used as the language of instruction for half the subjects taught in non White schools with English continuing for the other half Although English is the mother tongue of only 8 2 of the population it is the language most widely understood and the second language of a majority of South Africans 56 Afrikaans is more widely spoken than English in the Northern and Western Cape provinces several hundred kilometres from Soweto 57 The Black community s opposition to Afrikaans and preference for continuing English instruction was underlined when the government rescinded the policy one month after the uprising 96 of Black schools chose English over Afrikaans or native languages as the language of instruction 57 Afrikaans medium schools were also accused of using language policy to deter black African parents 58 Some of these parents in part supported by provincial departments of education initiated litigation which enabled enrolment with English as language of instruction By 2006 there were 300 single medium Afrikaans schools compared to 2 500 in 1994 after most converted to dual medium education 58 Due to Afrikaans being viewed as the language of the white oppressor by some pressure has been increased to remove Afrikaans as a teaching language in South African universities resulting in bloody student protests in 2015 59 60 61 Under South Africa s Constitution of 1996 Afrikaans remains an official language and has equal status to English and nine other languages The new policy means that the use of Afrikaans is now often reduced in favour of English or to accommodate the other official languages In 1996 for example the South African Broadcasting Corporation reduced the amount of television airtime in Afrikaans while South African Airways dropped its Afrikaans name Suid Afrikaanse Lugdiens from its livery Similarly South Africa s diplomatic missions overseas now display the name of the country only in English and their host country s language and not in Afrikaans Meanwhile the constitution of the Western Cape which went into effect in 1998 declares Afrikaans to be an official language of the province alongside English and Xhosa 62 In spite of these moves the language has remained strong and Afrikaans newspapers and magazines continue to have large circulation figures Indeed the Afrikaans language general interest family magazine Huisgenoot has the largest readership of any magazine in the country 63 In addition a pay TV channel in Afrikaans called KykNet was launched in 1999 and an Afrikaans music channel MK Musiek kanaal lit Music Channel in 2005 A large number of Afrikaans books are still published every year mainly by the publishers Human amp Rousseau Tafelberg Uitgewers Struik and Protea Boekhuis The Afrikaans film trilogy Bakgat first released in 2008 caused a reawakening of the Afrikaans film industry which had been moribund since the mid to late 1990s according to whom and Belgian born singer Karen Zoid s debut single Afrikaners is Plesierig released 2001 caused a resurgence in the Afrikaans music industry as well as giving rise to the Afrikaans Rock genre Afrikaans has two monuments erected in its honour The first was erected in Burgersdorp South Africa in 1893 and the second nowadays better known Afrikaans Language Monument Afrikaanse Taalmonument was built in Paarl South Africa in 1975 When the British design magazine Wallpaper described Afrikaans as one of the world s ugliest languages in its September 2005 article about the monument 64 South African billionaire Johann Rupert chairman of the Richemont Group responded by withdrawing advertising for brands such as Cartier Van Cleef amp Arpels Montblanc and Alfred Dunhill from the magazine 65 The author of the article Bronwyn Davies was an English speaking South African Mutual intelligibility with Dutch Edit Main article Comparison of Afrikaans and Dutch An estimated 90 to 95 of the Afrikaans lexicon is ultimately of Dutch origin 66 67 68 and there are few lexical differences between the two languages 69 Afrikaans has a considerably more regular morphology 70 grammar and spelling 71 There is a high degree of mutual intelligibility between the two languages 70 72 73 particularly in written form 71 74 75 Afrikaans acquired some lexical and syntactical borrowings from other languages such as Malay Khoisan languages Portuguese 76 and Bantu languages 77 and Afrikaans has also been significantly influenced by South African English 78 Dutch speakers are confronted with fewer non cognates when listening to Afrikaans than the other way round 75 Mutual intelligibility thus tends to be asymmetrical as it is easier for Dutch speakers to understand Afrikaans than for Afrikaans speakers to understand Dutch 75 In general mutual intelligibility between Dutch and Afrikaans is far better than between Dutch and Frisian 79 or between Danish and Swedish 75 The South African poet writer Breyten Breytenbach attempting to visualise the language distance for Anglophones once remarked that the differences between Standard Dutch and Afrikaans are comparable to those between the Received Pronunciation and Southern American English 80 Current status EditUse of Afrikaans as a first language by province Province 1996 81 2001 81 2011 81 2016 81 Western Cape 58 5 55 3 49 7 45 7 Eastern Cape 9 8 9 6 10 6 10 1 Northern Cape 57 2 56 6 53 8 55 7 Free State 14 4 11 9 12 7 10 7 KwaZulu Natal 1 6 1 5 1 6 1 0 North West 8 8 8 8 9 0 7 0 Gauteng 15 6 13 6 12 4 9 9 Mpumalanga 7 1 5 5 7 2 4 8 Limpopo 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 2 South Africa 14 4 82 13 3 83 13 5 16 12 1 Post apartheid South Africa has seen a loss of preferential treatment by the government for Afrikaans in terms of education social events media TV and radio and general status throughout the country given that it now shares its place as official language with ten other languages Nevertheless Afrikaans remains more prevalent in the media radio newspapers and television 84 than any of the other official languages except English More than 300 book titles in Afrikaans are published annually 85 South African census figures suggest a growing number of speakers in all nine provinces a total of 6 85 million in 2011 compared to 5 98 million a decade earlier 86 The South African Institute of Race Relations SAIRR projects that a growing majority will be Coloured Afrikaans speakers 87 Afrikaans speakers experience higher employment rates than other South African language groups though as of 2012 half a million remain unemployed 86 Despite the challenges of demotion and emigration that it faces in South Africa the Afrikaans vernacular remains competitive being popular in DSTV pay channels and several internet sites while generating high newspaper and music CD sales A resurgence in Afrikaans popular music since the late 1990s has invigorated the language especially among a younger generation of South Africans A recent trend is the increased availability of pre school educational CDs and DVDs Such media also prove popular with the extensive Afrikaans speaking emigrant communities who seek to retain language proficiency in a household context After years of slumber Afrikaans language cinema is showing signs of new vigour The 2007 film Ouma se slim kind the first full length Afrikaans movie since Paljas in 1998 is seen as the dawn of a new era in Afrikaans cinema Several short films have been created and more feature length movies such as Poena is Koning and Bakgat both in 2008 have been produced besides the 2011 Afrikaans language film Skoonheid which was the first Afrikaans film to screen at the Cannes Film Festival The film Platteland was also released in 2011 88 The Afrikaans Film industry started gaining international recognition via the likes of big Afrikaans Hollywood film stars like Charlize Theron Monster and Sharlto Copley District 9 promoting their mother tongue Afrikaans seems to be returning to the SABC SABC3 announced early in 2009 that it would increase Afrikaans programming due to the growing Afrikaans language market and their need for working capital as Afrikaans advertising is the only advertising that sells in the current South African television market In April 2009 SABC3 started screening several Afrikaans language programmes 89 Further latent support for the language derives from its de politicised image in the eyes of younger generation South Africans who less and less often view it as the language of the oppressor citation needed Indeed there is a groundswell movement within Afrikaans to be inclusive and to promote itself along with the other indigenous official languages In Namibia the percentage of Afrikaans speakers declined from 11 4 2001 Census to 10 4 2011 Census The major concentrations are in Hardap 41 0 ǁKaras 36 1 Erongo 20 5 Khomas 18 5 Omaheke 10 0 Otjozondjupa 9 4 Kunene 4 2 and Oshikoto 2 3 90 Many native speakers of Bantu languages and English also speak Afrikaans as a second language It is widely taught in South African schools with about 10 3 million second language students 1 Even in KwaZulu Natal where there are relatively few Afrikaans home speakers the majority of pupils opt for Afrikaans as their first additional language because it is regarded as easier than Zulu 91 Afrikaans is offered at many universities outside South Africa for example in the Netherlands Belgium Germany Poland Russia and the United States 92 Grammar EditMain article Afrikaans grammar This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed September 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message In Afrikaans grammar there is no distinction between the infinitive and present forms of verbs with the exception of the verbs to be and to have infinitive form present indicative form Dutch Englishwees is zijn or wezen behe het hebben haveIn addition verbs do not conjugate differently depending on the subject For example Afrikaans Dutch Englishek is ik ben I amjy u is jij u bent you are sing hy sy dit is hij zij het is he she it isons is wij zijn we arejulle is jullie zijn you are plur hulle is zij zijn they areOnly a handful of Afrikaans verbs have a preterite namely the auxiliary wees to be the modal verbs and the verb dink to think The preterite of mag may is rare in contemporary Afrikaans Afrikaans Dutch Englishpresent past present past present pastek is ek was ik ben ik was I am I wasek kan ek kon ik kan ik kon I can I couldek moet ek moes ik moet ik moest I must I had to ek wil ek wou ik wil ik wilde wou I want to I wanted toek sal ek sou ik zal ik zou I shall I shouldek mag ek mog ik mag ik mocht I may I mightek dink ek dog ik denk ik dacht I think I thoughtAll other verbs use the perfect tense het past participle ge for the past Therefore there is no distinction in Afrikaans between I drank and I have drunk In colloquial German the past tense is also often replaced with the perfect Afrikaans Dutch Englishek het gedrink ik dronk I drankik heb gedronken I have drunkWhen telling a longer story Afrikaans speakers usually avoid the perfect and simply use the present tense or historical present tense instead as is possible but less common in English as well A particular feature of Afrikaans is its use of the double negative it is classified in Afrikaans as ontkennende vorm and is something that is absent from the other West Germanic standard languages For example Afrikaans Hy kan nie Afrikaans praat nie lit He can not Afrikaans speak not Dutch Hij spreekt geen Afrikaans English He can not speak Afrikaans He can t speak Afrikaans Both French and San origins have been suggested for double negation in Afrikaans While double negation is still found in Low Franconian dialects in West Flanders and in some isolated villages in the centre of the Netherlands such as Garderen it takes a different form which is not found in Afrikaans The following is an example Afrikaans Ek wil nie dit doen nie lit I want not this do not Dutch Ik wil dit niet doen English I do not want to do this Compare with Ek wil dit nie doen nie which changes the meaning to I want not to do this Whereas Ek wil nie dit doen nie emphasizes a lack of desire to act Ek wil dit nie doen nie emphasizes the act itself The ne was the Middle Dutch way to negate but it has been suggested that since ne became highly non voiced nie or niet was needed to complement the ne With time the ne disappeared in most Dutch dialects The double negative construction has been fully grammaticalised in standard Afrikaans and its proper use follows a set of fairly complex rules as the examples below show Afrikaans Dutch literally translated More correct Dutch Literal English Idiomatic EnglishEk het nie geweet dat hy nie sou kom nie Ik heb niet geweten dat hij niet zou komen Ik wist niet dat hij niet zou komen I did not know that he would not come I did not know that he was not going to come Hy sal nie kom nie want hy is siek note 4 Hij zal niet komen want hij is ziek Hij komt niet want hij is ziek He will not come as he is sick He is sick and is not going to come Dis Dit is nie so moeilik om Afrikaans te leer nie Het is niet zo moeilijk om Afrikaans te leren It is not so difficult to learn Afrikaans A notable exception to this is the use of the negating grammar form that coincides with negating the English present participle In this case there is only a single negation Afrikaans Hy is in die hospitaal maar hy eet nie Dutch Hij is in het ziekenhuis maar hij eet niet English He is in the hospital though he eats not Certain words in Afrikaans arise due to grammar For example moet nie which literally means must not usually becomes moenie although one does not have to write or say it like this virtually all Afrikaans speakers will change the two words to moenie in the same way as do not shifts to don t in English The Dutch word het it in English does not correspond to het in Afrikaans The Dutch words corresponding to Afrikaans het are heb hebt heeft and hebben Afrikaans Dutch Englishhet heb hebt heeft hebben have hasdie de het thedit het itPhonology EditMain article Afrikaans phonology source source A voice recording of Die Stem van Suid Afrika The Voice of South Africa the former national anthem read in poetic form Vowels Edit Monophthong phonemes 93 94 Front Central Backunrounded rounded unrounded roundedshort long short long short long short long short longClose i iː y yː u uː Mid e eː e eː œ œː o oː Near open ae aeː Open a ɑːAs phonemes iː and uː occur only in the words spieel spiːl mirror and koeel kuːl bullet which used to be pronounced with sequences i e and u e respectively In other cases iː and uː occur as allophones of respectively i and u before r 95 y is phonetically long yː before r 96 eː is always stressed and occurs only in the word wie wedges 97 The closest unrounded counterparts of œ œː are central e eː rather than front e eː 98 œː oː occur only in a few words 99 ae occurs as an allophone of e before k x l r though this occurs primarily dialectally most commonly in the former Transvaal and Free State provinces 100 Diphthongs Edit Diphthong phonemes 101 102 Starting point Ending pointFront Central BackMid unrounded ɪo ei ɪerounded œi ɔi ʊe œuOpen unrounded ai ɑːi ɔi ai occur mainly in loanwords 103 Consonants Edit Consonant phonemes Labial Alveolar Post alveolar Dorsal GlottalNasal m n ŋPlosive voiceless p t t ʃ kvoiced b d d ʒ ɡ Fricative voiceless f s ʃ ɹ xvoiced v z ʒ ɦApproximant l jRhotic rAll obstruents at the ends of words are devoiced so that e g a final d is realized as t 104 ɡ dʒ z occur only in loanwords ɡ is also an allophone of x in some environments 105 x is most often uvular x ʀ 106 107 108 Velar x occurs only in some speakers 107 r is usually an alveolar trill r or tap ɾ 109 In some parts of the former Cape Province it is realized uvularly either as a trill ʀ or a fricative ʁ 110 Dialects Edit A warning sign in Afrikaans Gevaar Slagysters or Danger Traps Following early dialectal studies of Afrikaans it was theorised that three main historical dialects probably existed after the Great Trek in the 1830s These dialects are the Northern Cape Western Cape and Eastern Cape dialects 111 Northern Cape dialect may have resulted from contact between Dutch settlers and the Khoi Khoi people between the Great Karoo and the Kunene and Eastern Cape dialect between the Dutch and the Xhosa Remnants of these dialects still remain in present day Afrikaans although the standardising effect of Standard Afrikaans has contributed to a great levelling of differences in modern times 112 better source needed There is also a prison cant known as Sabela which is based on Afrikaans yet heavily influenced by Zulu This language is used as a secret language in prison and is taught to initiates 112 Kaapse Afrikaans Edit See also Kaaps The term Kaapse Afrikaans Cape Afrikaans is sometimes erroneously used to refer to the entire Western Cape dialect it is more commonly used for a particular sociolect spoken in the Cape Peninsula of South Africa Kaapse Afrikaans was once spoken by all population groups However it became increasingly restricted to the Cape Coloured ethnic group in Cape Town and environs Kaapse Afrikaans is still understood by the large majority of native Afrikaans speakers in South Africa Kaapse Afrikaans preserves some features more similar to Dutch than to Afrikaans 113 The 1st person singular pronoun ik as in Dutch as opposed to Afrikaans ek The diminutive endings tje pronounced as in Dutch and not as ki as in Afrikaans The use of the form seg compare Dutch zegt as opposed to Afrikaans seKaapse Afrikaans has some other features not typically found in Afrikaans The pronunciation of j normally j as in Dutch is often a dz This is the strongest feature of Kaapse Afrikaans The insertion of j after s t and k when followed by e e g kjen as opposed to Standard Afrikaans ken Kaapse Afrikaans is also characterised by much code switching between English and Afrikaans especially in the inner city and lower socio economic status areas of Cape Town An example of characteristic Kaapse Afrikaans Dutch En ik zeg tegen jullie wat zoeken jullie hier bij mij Ik zoek jullie niet Nee ga nu weg Kaapse Afrikaans En ik seg ve djille wat soek djille hie by my Ik soek ie ve djille nie Nei gaat nou weg Afrikaans En ek se vir julle wat soek julle hier by my Ek soek julle nie Nee gaan nou weg English literal And I say to you what seek you here by me I seek you not No go now away English And I m telling you what are you looking for here I m not looking for you No go away now Oranjerivierafrikaans Edit The term Oranjerivierafrikaans Afrikaans of the Orange River is sometimes erroneously used to refer to the Northern Cape dialect it is more commonly used for the regional peculiarities of standard Afrikaans spoken in the Upington Orange River wine district of South Africa Some of the characteristics of Oranjerivierafrikaans are the plural form goed Ma goed meneergoed variant pronunciation such as in kjerk Church and gjeld money and the ending se which indicates possession Patagonian Afrikaans dialect Edit A distinct dialect of Afrikaans is spoken by the 650 strong South African community of Argentina in the region of Patagonia 114 Influences on Afrikaans from other languages EditMalay Edit Due to the early settlement of a Cape Malay community in Cape Town who are now known as Coloureds numerous Classical Malay words were brought into Afrikaans Some of these words entered Dutch via people arriving from what is now known as Indonesia as part of their colonial heritage Malay words in Afrikaans include 115 baie which means very much many from banyak is a very commonly used Afrikaans word different from its Dutch equivalent veel or erg baadjie Afrikaans for jacket from baju ultimately from Persian used where Dutch would use jas or vest The word baadje in Dutch is now considered archaic and only used in written literary texts bobotie a traditional Cape Malay dish made from spiced minced meat baked with an egg based topping piesang which means banana This is different from the common Dutch word banaan The Indonesian word pisang is also used in Dutch though usage is more common piering which means saucer from piring also from Persian Portuguese Edit Some words originally came from Portuguese such as sambreel umbrella from the Portuguese sombreiro kraal pen cattle enclosure from the Portuguese curral mielie corn from milho pomelo grapefruit from the Portuguese pomelo and interessant interesting from the Portuguese interessante Also from Portuguese are the names Paul Maria Fernando and Ignatius as well as the popular surname Ferreira These words have become common in South Africa to an extent of being used in many other South African languages Some of these words also exist in Dutch like sambreel parasol 116 though usage is less common and meanings can slightly differ Khoisan languages Edit dagga meaning cannabis 115 geitjie meaning lizard diminutive adapted from Khoekhoe word 117 gogga meaning insect from the Khoisan xo xo karos blanket of animal hides kierie walking stick from Khoekhoe 117 Some of these words also exist in Dutch though with a more specific meaning assegaai for example means South African tribal javelin 118 and karos means South African tribal blanket of animal hides 119 Bantu languages Edit Loanwords from Bantu languages in Afrikaans include the names of indigenous birds such as mahem and sakaboela and indigenous plants such as maroela and tamboekie gras 120 fundi from the Zulu word umfundi meaning scholar or student 121 but used to mean someone who is a student of expert on a certain subject i e He is a language fundi lobola meaning bride price from and referring to lobolo of the Nguni languages 122 mahem the grey crowned crane known in Latin as Balearica regulorum maroela medium sized dioecious tree known in Latin as Sclerocarya birrea 123 tamboekiegras species of thatching grass known as Hyparrhenia 124 tambotie deciduous tree also known by its Latin name Spirostachys africana 125 tjaila tjailatyd an adaption of the word chaile meaning to go home or to knock off from work 126 French Edit The revoking of the Edict of Nantes on 22 October 1685 was a milestone in the history of South Africa for it marked the beginning of the great Huguenot exodus from France It is estimated that between 250 000 and 300 000 Protestants left France between 1685 and 1700 out of these according to Louvois 100 000 had received military training A measure of the calibre of these immigrants and of their acceptance by host countries in particular South Africa is given by H V Morton in his book In Search of South Africa London 1948 The Huguenots were responsible for a great linguistic contribution to Afrikaans particularly in terms of military terminology as many of them fought on the battlefields during the wars of the Great Trek Most of the words in this list are descendants from Dutch borrowings from French Old French or Latin and are not direct influences from French on Afrikaans Afrikaans Dutch French Englishadvies advies avis advicealarm alarm alarme alarmammunisie ammunitie munitie munition ammunitionamusant amusant amusant funnyartillerie artillerie artillerie artilleryateljee atelier atelier studiobagasie bagage bagage luggagebastion bastion bastion bastionbataljon bataljon bataillon battalionbattery batterij batterie batterybiblioteek bibliotheek bibliotheque libraryfaktuur factuur facture invoicefort fort fort fortfrikkadel frikadel fricadelle meatballgarnisoen garnizoen garnison garrisongeneraal generaal general generalgranaat granaat grenade grenadeinfanterie infanterie infanterie infantryinteressant interessant interessant interestingkaliber kaliber calibre calibrekanon kanon canon canonkanonnier kanonnier canonier gunnerkardoes kardoes cartouche cartouche cartridgekaptein kapitein capitaine captainkolonel kolonel colonel colonelkommandeur commandeur commandeur commanderkwartier kwartier quartier quarterlieutenant luitenant lieutenant lieutenantmagasyn magazijn magasin magazinemanier manier maniere waymarsjeer marcheer marcheren marcher to marchmeubels meubels meubles furnituremiliter militair militaire militarilymorsel morzel morceau piecemortier mortier mortier mortarmuit muit muiten mutiner to mutinymusket musket mousquet musketmuur muur mur wallmyn mijn mine mineoffisier officier officier officerorde orde ordre orderpapier papier papier paperpionier pionier pionnier pioneerplafon plafond plafond ceilingplat plat plat flatpont pont pont ferryprovoos provoost prevot chiefrondte rondte ronde ronde roundsalvo salvo salve salvosoldaat soldaat soldat soldiertante tante tante aunttapyt tapijt tapis carpettros tros trousse bunchOrthography EditThe Afrikaans writing system is based on Dutch using the 26 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet plus 16 additional vowels with diacritics The hyphen e g in a compound like see eend sea duck apostrophe e g ma s mothers and a whitespace character e g in multi word units like Dooie See Dead Sea is part of the orthography of words while the indefinite article ʼn is a ligature All the alphabet letters including those with diacritics have capital letters as allographs the ʼn does not have a capital letter allograph This means that Afrikaans has 88 graphemes with allographs in total Majuscule forms also called uppercase or capital letters A A A B C D E E E E E F G H I I I I J K L M N O o O O P Q R S T U U U U V W X Y Y ZMinuscule forms also called lowercase or small letters a a a b c d e e e e e f g h i i i i j k l m n ʼn o o o o p q r s t u u u u v w x y y zIn Afrikaans many consonants are dropped from the earlier Dutch spelling For example slechts only in Dutch becomes slegs in Afrikaans Also Afrikaans and some Dutch dialects make no distinction between s and z having merged the latter into the former while the word for south is written zuid in Dutch it is spelled suid in Afrikaans as well as dialectal Dutch writings to represent this merger Similarly the Dutch digraph ij normally pronounced as ɛi corresponds to Afrikaans y except where it replaces the Dutch suffix lijk which is pronounced as lek as in waarschijnlijk gt waarskynlik Another difference is the indefinite article n in Afrikaans and een in Dutch A book is n boek in Afrikaans whereas it is either een boek or n boek in Dutch This n is usually pronounced as just a weak vowel e The diminutive suffix in Afrikaans is tjie djie or ie whereas in Dutch it is tje or dje hence a bit is ʼn bietjie in Afrikaans and beetje in Dutch The letters c q x and z occur almost exclusively in borrowings from French English Greek and Latin This is usually because words that had c and ch in the original Dutch are spelled with k and g respectively in Afrikaans Similarly original qu and x are most often spelt kw and ks respectively For example ekwatoriaal instead of equatoriaal and ekskuus instead of excuus The vowels with diacritics in non loanword Afrikaans are a a e e e e i i i o o o u u u y Diacritics are ignored when alphabetising though they are still important even when typing the diacritic forms may be difficult For example geeet ate instead of the 3 e s alongside each other geeet which can never occur in Afrikaans or se which translates to say whereas se is a possessive form The acute s a e i o u y primary function is to place emphasis on a word i e for emphatic reasons by adding it to the emphasised syllable of the word For example sal will verb nee no moet must hy he geweet knew The acute is only placed on the i if it is the only vowel in the emphasised word wil want verb becomes wil but lui lazy becomes lui Only a few non loan words is spelled with acutes e g die this na after of of either or nog nog neither nor etc Only four non loan words are spelled with the grave ne yes right eh de here take this or this is yours he huh what eh and appel formal appeal noun Initial apostrophes Edit A few short words in Afrikaans take initial apostrophes In modern Afrikaans these words are always written in lower case except if the entire line is uppercase and if they occur at the beginning of a sentence the next word is capitalised Three examples of such apostrophed words are k t n The last the indefinite article is the only apostrophed word that is common in modern written Afrikaans since the other examples are shortened versions of other words ek and het respectively and are rarely found outside of a poetic context 127 Here are a few examples Apostrophed version Usual version Translation Notes k t Dit gese Ek het dit gese I said it Uncommon more common Ek t dit gese t Jy dit geeet Het jy dit geeet Did you eat it Extremely uncommon n Man loop daar A man walks there Standard Afrikaans pronounces n as a schwa vowel The apostrophe and the following letter are regarded as two separate characters and are never written using a single glyph although a single character variant of the indefinite article appears in Unicode ʼn Table of characters Edit For more on the pronunciation of the letters below see Help IPA Afrikaans Afrikaans letters and pronunciation Grapheme IPA Examples and Notesa a ɑː appel apple a tale languages ɑː Represents a in closed syllables and ɑː in stressed open syllablesa a ɑ na after a a ɑ sebraagtig zebra like The diaeresis indicates the start of new syllable aa ɑː aap monkey ape Only occurs in closed syllables aai ɑːi draai turn ae ɑːe vrae questions the vowels belong to two separate syllablesai ai baie many much or very ai expression of frustration or resignation b b p boom tree c s k Found only in borrowed words or proper nouns the former pronunciation occurs before e i or y featured in the Latinate plural ending ici singular form ikus ch ʃ x k chirurg surgeon ʃ typically sj is used instead chemie chemistry x chitien chitin k Found only in recent loanwords and in proper nounsd d t dag day deel part divide share dj d ʒ k djati teak broodjie sandwich Used to transcribe foreign words for the former pronunciation and in the diminutive suffix djie for the latter in words ending with de e ː ae ː ɪe ɪ e bed e mens person eː lengthened before n ete meal ɪe and e respectively ek I ae berg mountain aeː lengthened before r ɪ is the unstressed allophone of ɪe e e ː ae ː ɪe die this met with emphasised ek I me emphasised weet know emphasised e e Found in loanwords like creche and proper nouns like Eugene where the spelling was maintained and in four non loanwords ne yes right eh de here take this or this is yours he huh what eh and appel formal appeal noun e eː aeː se to say wereld world leer file Allophonically aeː before e r e Diaeresis indicates the start of new syllable thus e ee and ei are pronounced like e ee and ei respectivelyee ɪe weet to know een one eeu ɪu leeu lion eeu century age ei ei lei to lead eu ɪɵ seun son or lad f f fiets bicycle g x ɡ ɡ exists as the allophone of x if at the end of a root word preceded by a stressed single vowel r and suffixed with a schwa e g berg mountain is pronounced as baeːrx and berge is pronounced as baeːrɡe gh ɡ gholf golf Used for ɡ when it is not an allophone of x found only in borrowed words If the h instead begins the next syllable the two letters are pronounced separately h ɦ hael hail hond dog i i e kind child e ink ink e krisis crisis i and e respectively elektrisiteit electricity i for all three third i is part of diphthong ei i i e krisis crisis emphasised dit that emphasised i eː wie plural of wig wedges or quoins i i e Found in words such as beinvloed to influence The diaeresis indicates the start of new syllable ie i ː iets something vier four j j julle plural you k k kat cat kan can verb or jug l l lag laugh m m man man n n nael nail ʼn e indefinite article ʼn a styled as a ligature Unicode character U 0149 ng ŋ sing to sing o o ʊe ʊ op up on o grote size ʊe polisie police ʊ o o ʊe op done finished emphasised groot huge emphasised o oː more tomorrow o o ʊe Found in words such as kooperasie co operation The diaeresis indicates the start of new syllable thus o is pronounced the same as o based on the following remainder of the word oe u ː boek book koers course direction oei ui koei cow oo ʊe oom uncle or sir ooi oːi mooi pretty beautiful nooi invite ou ɵu By itself means guy Sometimes spelled ouw in loanwords and surnames for example Louw p p pot pot pers purple or press indicating the news media the latter is often spelled with an lt e gt q k Found only in foreign words with original spelling maintained typically k is used insteadr r rooi red s s z ʃ ʒ ses six stem voice or vote posisie position z for first s s for second s rasioneel rational ʃ nonstandard formally s is used instead visueel visual ʒ nonstandard z is more formal sj ʃ sjaal shawl sjokolade chocolate t t tafel table tj tʃ k tjank whine like a dog or to cry incessantly The latter pronunciation occurs in the common diminutive suffix e tjie u ɵ y ː stuk piece unie union muur wall u œ y buk bend over emphasised u you formal emphasised u ɵː brue bridges u Found in words such as reunie reunion The diaeresis indicates the start of a new syllable thus u is pronounced the same as u except when found in proper nouns and surnames from German like Muller ui ɵi uit out uu y ː uur hour v f v vis fish visueel visual w v w water water v allophonically w after obstruents within a root an example kwas brush w x z ks xifoied xiphoid z x straal x ray ks y ei byt bite y ei hy he emphasised z z Zoeloe Zulu Found only in onomatopoeia and loanwordsAfrikaans phrases EditAlthough there are many different dialects and accents the transcription would be fairly standard Afrikaans IPA Dutch IPA English GermanHallo Hoe gaan dit ɦaleu ɦu xɑːn det Hallo Hoe gaat het met jou je u Also used Hallo Hoe is het ɦɑloː ɦu ɣaːt ɦet Hello How goes it Hello How are you Hallo Wie geht s Hallo Wie geht s dir Ihnen Baie goed dankie baie xut daŋki Heel goed dank je ɦeːl ɣut dɑŋk je Very well thank you Sehr gut danke Praat jy Afrikaans prɑːt jei afrikɑːns Spreek Praat jij je Afrikaans spreːk praːt jɛi je ɑfrikaːns Do you speak Afrikaans Sprichst du Afrikaans Praat jy Engels prɑːt jei ɛŋels Spreek Praat jij je Engels spreːk praːt jɛi je ɛŋels Do you speak English Sprichst du Englisch Ja jɑː Ja jaː Yes Ja Nee nɪe Nee neː No Nein Also Nee Colloquial n Bietjie e biki Een beetje e beːtje A bit Ein bisschen Sometimes shortened in text n bisschen Wat is jou naam vat es jœu nɑːm Hoe heet jij je Wat is jouw naam ʋɑt ɪs jɑu naːm What is your name Wie heisst du Wie ist dein Name Die kinders praat Afrikaans di ken d ers prɑːt ˌafriˈkɑːns De kinderen spreken Afrikaans de kɪnderen spreːken ɑfrikaːns The children speak Afrikaans Die Kinder sprechen Afrikaans Ek is lief vir jou Less common Ek het jou lief aek es lif fer jɵu Ik hou van jou je Common in Southern Dutch Ik heb je jou u lief ɪk ɦɑu vɑn jɑu je ɪk ɦɛb je jɑu y lif I love you Ich liebe dich Also Ich habe dich lieb Colloquial virtually no romantic connotation In the Dutch language the word Afrikaans means African in the general sense Consequently Afrikaans is commonly denoted as Zuid Afrikaans This ambiguity also exists in Afrikaans itself and is resolved either in the context of its usage or by using Afrika in the adjective sense e g Afrika olifant for African elephant A handful of Afrikaans words are exactly the same as in English The following Afrikaans sentences for example are exactly the same in the two languages in terms of both their meaning and spelling only their pronunciation differs My pen was in my hand mei pɛn vas en mei ɦant 128 My hand is in warm water mei ɦant es en varm vɑːter citation needed Sample text EditPsalm 23 1983 translation 129 Die Here is my Herder ek kom niks kort nie Hy laat my rus in groen weivelde Hy bring my by waters waar daar vrede is Hy gee my nuwe krag Hy lei my op die regte paaie tot eer van Sy naam Selfs al gaan ek deur donker dieptes sal ek nie bang wees nie want U is by my In U hande is ek veilig Psalm 23 1953 translation 130 Die Here is my Herder niks sal my ontbreek nie Hy laat my neerle in groen weivelde na waters waar rus is lei Hy my heen Hy verkwik my siel Hy lei my in die spore van geregtigheid om sy Naam ontwil Al gaan ek ook in n dal van doodskaduwee ek sal geen onheil vrees nie want U is met my u stok en u staf die vertroos my Lord s Prayer Afrikaans New Living translation citation needed Ons Vader in die hemel laat U Naam geheilig word Laat U koningsheerskappy spoedig kom Laat U wil hier op aarde uitgevoer word soos in die hemel Gee ons die porsie brood wat ons vir vandag nodig het En vergeef ons ons sondeskuld soos ons ook ons skuldenaars vergewe het Bewaar ons sodat ons nie aan verleiding sal toegee nie en bevry ons van die greep van die bose Want van U is die koninkryk en die krag en die heerlikheid tot in ewigheid Amen Lord s Prayer Original translation Onse Vader wat in die hemel is laat U Naam geheilig word laat U koninkryk kom laat U wil geskied op die aarde net soos in die hemel Gee ons vandag ons daaglikse brood en vergeef ons ons skulde soos ons ons skuldenaars vergewe en laat ons nie in die versoeking nie maar verlos ons van die bose Want aan U behoort die koninkryk en die krag en die heerlikheid tot in ewigheid AmenSee also Edit Language portal South Africa portal Netherlands portalAardklop Arts Festival Afrikaans literature Afrikaans speaking population in South Africa Arabic Afrikaans Handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal Afrikaans Dictionary Differences between Afrikaans and Dutch IPA Afrikaans Klein Karoo Nasionale Kunstefees Arts Festival Languages of South Africa Languages of Zimbabwe Afrikaans List of Afrikaans language poets List of Afrikaans singers List of English words of Afrikaans origin South African Translators Institute TsotsitaalNotes Edit What follows are estimations Afrikaans has 16 3 million speakers see de Swaan 2001 p 216 Afrikaans has a total of 16 million speakers see Machan 2009 p 174 About 9 million people speak Afrikaans as a second or third language see Alant 2004 p 45 Proost 2006 p 402 Afrikaans has over 5 million native speakers and 15 million second language speakers see Reguer 2004 p 20 Afrikaans has about 6 million native and 16 million second language speakers see Dominguez amp Lopez 1995 p 340 In South Africa over 23 million people speak Afrikaans of which a third are first language speakers see Page amp Sonnenburg 2003 p 7 L2 Black Afrikaans is spoken with different degrees of fluency by an estimated 15 million see Stell 2008 2011 p 1 Afrikaans borrowed from other languages such as Portuguese German Malay Bantu and Khoisan languages see Sebba 1997 p 160 Niesler Louw amp Roux 2005 p 459 90 to 95 of Afrikaans vocabulary is ultimately of Dutch origin see Mesthrie 1995 p 214 Mesthrie 2002 p 205 Kamwangamalu 2004 p 203 Berdichevsky 2004 p 131 Brachin amp Vincent 1985 p 132 It has the widest geographical and racial distribution of all the official languages of South Africa see Webb 2003 pp 7 8 Berdichevsky 2004 p 131 It has by far the largest geographical distribution see Alant 2004 p 45 It is widely spoken and understood as a second or third language see Deumert amp Vandenbussche 2003 p 16 Kamwangamalu 2004 p 207 Myers Scotton 2006 p 389 Simpson 2008 p 324 Palmer 2001 p 141 Webb 2002 p 74 Herriman amp Burnaby 1996 p 18 Page amp Sonnenburg 2003 p 7 Brook Napier 2007 pp 69 71 An estimated 40 have at least a basic level of communication see Webb 2003 p 7 McLean amp McCormick 1996 p 333 kan would be best used in this case because kan nie means cannot and since he is sick he is unable to come whereas sal is will in English and is thus not the best word choice References EditCitations Edit a b Afrikaans at Ethnologue 19th ed 2016 Webb 2002 14 78 Aarons amp Reynolds South African Sign Language in Monaghan ed Many Ways to be Deaf International Variation in Deaf Communities 2003 Wells John C 2008 Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 3rd ed Longman ISBN 978 1 4058 8118 0 Roach Peter 2011 Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary 18th ed Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 15253 2 Pithouse K Mitchell C Moletsane R Making Connections Self Study amp Social Action p 91 Heese J A 1971 Die herkoms van die Afrikaner 1657 1867 The origin of the Afrikaner in Afrikaans Cape Town A A Balkema OCLC 1821706 OL 5361614M Kloeke G G 1950 Herkomst en groei van het Afrikaans Origin and growth of Afrikaans PDF in Dutch Leiden Universitaire Pers Leiden Archived from the original on 9 October 2022 Heeringa Wilbert de Wet Febe van Huyssteen Gerhard B 2015 The origin of Afrikaans pronunciation a comparison to west Germanic languages and Dutch dialects Stellenbosch Papers in Linguistics Plus 47 doi 10 5842 47 0 649 ISSN 2224 3380 Coetzee Abel 1948 Standaard Afrikaans Standard Afrikaans PDF Johannesburg Pers van die Universiteit van die Witwatersrand Archived PDF from the original on 9 October 2022 Retrieved 17 September 2014 Deumert Ana 12 July 2017 Creole as necessity Creole as choice Language Contact in Africa and the African Diaspora in the Americas Creole Language Library Amsterdam John Benjamins Publishing Company 53 101 122 doi 10 1075 cll 53 05due ISBN 978 90 272 5277 7 Retrieved 3 August 2021 Smith J J 1952 Theories About the Origin of Afrikaans PDF Hofmeyer Foundation Lectures University of the Witwatersrand Archived PDF from the original on 9 October 2022 Afrikaans was historically called Cape Dutch see Deumert amp Vandenbussche 2003 p 16 Conradie 2005 p 208 Sebba 1997 p 160 Langer amp Davies 2005 p 144 Deumert 2002 p 3 Berdichevsky 2004 p 130 Afrikaans is rooted in seventeenth century dialects of Dutch see Holm 1989 p 338 Geerts amp Clyne 1992 p 71 Mesthrie 1995 p 214 Niesler Louw amp Roux 2005 p 459 Afrikaans is variously described as a creole a partially creolised language or a deviant variety of Dutch see Sebba 2007 p 116 For morphology see Holm 1989 p 338 Geerts amp Clyne 1992 p 72 For grammar and spelling see Sebba 1997 p 161 Dutch and Afrikaans share mutual intelligibility see Gooskens 2007 p 453 Holm 1989 p 338 Baker amp Prys Jones 1997 p 302 Egil Breivik amp Hakon Jahr 1987 p 232 For written mutual intelligibility see Sebba 2007 Sebba 1997 p 161 a b Census 2011 Census in brief PDF Pretoria Statistics South Africa 2012 p 27 ISBN 9780621413885 Archived PDF from the original on 13 May 2015 Community profiles gt Census 2011 Statistics South Africa Superweb Archived from the original on 30 September 2013 Retrieved 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pidgin and creole languages pp 207 250 Frankfurt am Main Peter Lang Hammarstrom Harald Forke Robert Haspelmath Martin Bank Sebastian eds 2020 Hottentot Dutch Glottolog 4 3 Kaplan Irving 1971 Area Handbook for the Republic of South Africa PDF pp 46 771 James Louis Garvin ed 1933 Cape Colony Encyclopaedia Britannica Clark Nancy L William H Worger 2016 South Africa The Rise and Fall of Apartheid 3rd ed Abingdon Oxon Routledge ISBN 978 1 138 12444 8 OCLC 883649263 Worden Nigel 2010 Slavery in Dutch South Africa Cambridge University Press pp 40 43 ISBN 978 0521152662 Thomason amp Kaufman 1988 pp 252 254 Thomason amp Kaufman 1988 p 256 Afrikaans Language Courses in London Keylanguages com Archived from the original on 12 August 2007 Retrieved 22 September 2010 a b Kaplan R B Baldauf R B Language Planning amp Policy Language Planning and Policy in Africa Botswana Malawi Mozambique and South Africa Retrieved 17 March 2017 registration required Afrikaans becomes the official language of the 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Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Afrikaans Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Afrikaans Wikiquote has quotations related to Afrikaans afrikaans com Afrikaans English Online Dictionary at Hablaa archived 4 June 2012 Afrikaans English Online Dictionary at majstro com Learn Afrikaans Online Open Learning Environment Federasie van Afrikaanse Kultuurvereniginge FAK Federation of Afrikaans Cultural Associations Dutch Writers from South Africa A Cultural Historical Study Part I from the World Digital Library Afrikaans Literature and Language Web dossier African Studies Centre Leiden 2011 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Afrikaans amp oldid 1148102011, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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