Native Basque speakers talking in Basque about the perception of hika.
In Basque, allocutive forms are required in the verb forms of a main clause when the speaker uses the familiar (also called "intimate") pronoun hi "thou" (as opposed to formal zu "you").[1] This is distinct from grammatical gender as it does not involve marking nouns for gender; it is also distinct from gender-specific pronouns, such as English "he/she" or Japaneseboku ("I", used by males) and atashi ("I", used by females). In Basque, allocutive agreement involves the grammatical marking of the gender of the addressee in the verb form itself.
Grammatically this is done by introducing an additional person marker in the verb form (marked AL):
I am Amaia (to a male addressee, speaking informally)
2019 Argia magazine cover about the loss of noka (feminine hika). Hi, aizan! means "Thou [female], hear!".
Eastern dialects have expanded on this by adding the polite (formerly plural) pronoun zu to the system; in some, hypocoristic palatalization converts this to -xu:
Level
"I'll go"
"you'll go"
Polite
joanen niz
joanen zira
Intermed.
joanen nuzu/nuxu
joanen xira
Familiar, masc.
joanen nuk
joanen hiz
Familiar, fem.
joanen nun
Some varieties have done away with the unmarked forms except in subordinate clauses: joanen nuk / nun / nuzu vs. joanen nizela 'that I go'
Its use is diminishing, especially the feminine forms.
Basque speakers who use allocutive agreement sometimes apply the masculine forms to women, making hika a genderless marker of solidarity.[4]
Bejaedit
Beja, a Cushitic language, has allocutive forms, marking the gender of a masculine addressee with the clitic =a and with =i for feminine addressees:[2]
^ abAntonov, Anton (2015). "Verbal allocutivity in a crosslinguisticperspective". Linguistic Typology. 19 (1). doi:10.1515/lingty-2015-0002. S2CID 125831307.
^Bonaparte, L.-L. Langue basque et langues finnoises (1862) London
^Bereziartua, Garbiñe; Muguruza, Beñat (30 March 2021). "Basque informal talk increasingly restricted to men: The role of gender in the form of address hika" (PDF). Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies. 17 (1): 360–376. doi:10.52462/jlls.22. S2CID 233467609.
allocutive, agreement, linguistics, allocutive, agreement, abbreviated, alloc, refers, morphological, feature, which, gender, addressee, marked, overtly, utterance, using, fully, grammaticalized, markers, even, addressee, referred, utterance, term, first, used. In linguistics allocutive agreement abbreviated AL or ALLOC refers to a morphological feature in which the gender of an addressee is marked overtly in an utterance using fully grammaticalized markers 1 even if the addressee is not referred to in the utterance 2 The term was first used by Louis Lucien Bonaparte in 1862 3 Contents 1 Basque 2 Beja 3 References 4 External linksBasque editSee also Basque verbs Familiar forms and allocutive indices hika source source source source source source Native Basque speakers talking in Basque about the perception of hika In Basque allocutive forms are required in the verb forms of a main clause when the speaker uses the familiar also called intimate pronoun hi thou as opposed to formal zu you 1 This is distinct from grammatical gender as it does not involve marking nouns for gender it is also distinct from gender specific pronouns such as English he she or Japanese boku I used by males and atashi I used by females In Basque allocutive agreement involves the grammatical marking of the gender of the addressee in the verb form itself Grammatically this is done by introducing an additional person marker in the verb form marked AL AmaiaAmaian a izABS 1SG PRES beAmaia n a izAmaia ABS 1SG PRES beI am Amaia speaking formally versus AmaiaAmaian a u nABS 1SG PRES have AL FEMAmaia n a u nAmaia ABS 1SG PRES have AL FEMI am Amaia to a female addressee speaking informally AmaiaAmaian a u kABS 1SG PRES have AL MASCAmaia n a u kAmaia ABS 1SG PRES have AL MASCI am Amaia to a male addressee speaking informally nbsp 2019 Argia magazine cover about the loss of noka feminine hika Hi aizan means Thou female hear Eastern dialects have expanded on this by adding the polite formerly plural pronoun zu to the system in some hypocoristic palatalization converts this to xu Level I ll go you ll go Polite joanen niz joanen ziraIntermed joanen nuzu nuxu joanen xiraFamiliar masc joanen nuk joanen hizFamiliar fem joanen nunSome varieties have done away with the unmarked forms except in subordinate clauses joanen nuk nun nuzu vs joanen nizela that I go Its use is diminishing especially the feminine forms Basque speakers who use allocutive agreement sometimes apply the masculine forms to women making hika a genderless marker of solidarity 4 Beja editBeja a Cushitic language has allocutive forms marking the gender of a masculine addressee with the clitic a and with i for feminine addressees 2 rihja heːb asee PST 3SG 1SG ACC AL 2SG MASCrihja heːb asee PST 3SG 1SG ACC AL 2SG MASCHe saw me said to a man rihja heːb isee PST 3SG 1SG ACC AL 2SG FEMrihja heːb isee PST 3SG 1SG ACC AL 2SG FEMHe saw me said to a woman References edit a b Trask L The History of Basque Routledge 1997 ISBN 0 415 13116 2 a b Antonov Anton 2015 Verbal allocutivity in a crosslinguisticperspective Linguistic Typology 19 1 doi 10 1515 lingty 2015 0002 S2CID 125831307 Bonaparte L L Langue basque et langues finnoises 1862 London Bereziartua Garbine Muguruza Benat 30 March 2021 Basque informal talk increasingly restricted to men The role of gender in the form of address hika PDF Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies 17 1 360 376 doi 10 52462 jlls 22 S2CID 233467609 External links editAllocutive agreement at Everything2 com nbsp This linguistic morphology article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Allocutive agreement amp oldid 1164849822, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
