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Algic languages

January 07, 2023

The Algic languages (also Algonquian–Wiyot–Yurok or Algonquian–Ritwan)[1][2] are an indigenous language family of North America. Most Algic languages belong to the Algonquian subfamily, dispersed over a broad area from the Rocky Mountains to Atlantic Canada. The other Algic languages are the Yurok and Wiyot of northwestern California, which, despite their geographic proximity, are not closely related. All these languages descend from Proto-Algic, a second-order proto-language estimated to have been spoken about 7,000 years ago and reconstructed using the reconstructed Proto-Algonquian language and the Wiyot and Yurok languages.

Algic
Algonquian–Ritwan
Algonquian–Wiyot–Yurok
Geographic
distribution		northern North America
Linguistic classificationOne of the world's primary language families
Proto-languageProto-Algic
Subdivisions
ISO 639-5aql
Glottologalgi1248
Pre-contact distribution of Algic languages
Notes† - extinct language
Text in Cree. Cree is the most widely spoken Algic language.

History

The term Algic was first coined by Henry Schoolcraft in his Algic Researches, published in 1839. Schoolcraft defined the term as "derived from the words Allegheny and Atlantic, in reference to the indigenous people anciently located in this geographical area."[3] Schoolcraft's terminology was not retained. The peoples he called "Algic" were later included among the speakers of Algonquian languages. This language group is also referred to as "Algonquian-Ritwan" and "Wiyot-Yurok-Algonquian."

When Edward Sapir proposed that the well-established Algonquian family was genetically related to the Wiyot and Yurok languages of northern California, he applied the term Algic to this larger family. The Algic urheimat is thought to have been located in the Northwestern United States somewhere between the suspected homeland of the Algonquian branch (to the west of Lake Superior according to Goddard[4]) and the earliest known location of the Wiyot and Yurok (along the middle Columbia River according to Whistler[5]).

Classification of Algic

The genetic relation of Wiyot and Yurok to Algonquian was first proposed by Edward Sapir (1913, 1915, 1923), and argued against by Algonquianist Truman Michelson (1914, 1914, 1935). According to Lyle Campbell (1997), the relationship "has subsequently been demonstrated to the satisfaction of all."[6] This controversy in the early classification of North American languages was called the "Ritwan controversy" because Wiyot and Yurok were assigned to a genetic grouping called "Ritwan." Most specialists now reject the validity of the Ritwan genetic node.[7] Berman (1982) suggested that Wiyot and Yurok share sound changes not shared by the rest of Algic (which would be explainable by either areal diffusion or genetic relatedness); Proulx (2004) argued against Berman's conclusion of common sound changes.[1]

More recently, Sergei Nikolaev has argued in two papers for a systematic relationship between the Nivkh language of Sakhalin and the Amur river basin and the Algic languages, and a secondary relationship between these two together and the Wakashan languages.[8][9]

Proto-language

Main article: Proto-Algic language

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Berman, Howard (July 1984). "Proto-Algonquian-Ritwan Verbal Roots". International Journal of American Linguistics. 50 (3): 335–342. doi:10.1086/465840. ISSN 0020-7071. S2CID 144285942.
  2. ^ Golla, Victor (September 20, 2011). California Indian languages. Berkeley. p. 61. ISBN 9780520949522. OCLC 755008853.
  3. ^ Schoolcraft 1839:12
  4. ^ Goddard 1994:207
  5. ^ Moratto 1984:540, 546, 564
  6. ^ Campbell 2000, p. 152, who cites among others Haas 1958
  7. ^ Campbell 2000, p. 152; Mithun 1999, p. 337
  8. ^ Nikolaev 2015.
  9. ^ Nikolaev 2016.

Bibliography

Journals and books

  • Berman, Howard (1982). "Two Phonological Innovations in Ritwan". International Journal of American Linguistics. 48 (4): 412–420. doi:10.1086/465750. ISSN 0020-7071. S2CID 144518292.
  • Campbell, Lyle (September 21, 2000) [1997]. American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509427-5.
  • Goddard, Ives (1994). Cowan, William (ed.). "The West-to-East cline in Algonquian dialectology". Actes du Vingt-cinquième Congrès des Algonquinistes. 25. hdl:10088/21761. Retrieved December 1, 2018.
  • Goddard, Ives (1996). "Languages". In Sturtevant, W. C. (ed.). Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 17. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 978-0-16-048774-3.
  • Haas, Mary R. (1958). "Algonkian-Ritwan: The End of a Controversy". International Journal of American Linguistics. 24 (3): 159–173. doi:10.1086/464453. ISSN 0020-7071. S2CID 143214234.
  • Haas, Mary R. (1966). "Wiyot-Yurok-Algonkian and Problems of Comparative Algonkian". International Journal of American Linguistics. 32 (2): 101–107. doi:10.1086/464889. ISSN 0020-7071. S2CID 144355911.
  • Michelson, Truman (1914). "Two Alleged Algonquian Languages of California". American Anthropologist. 16 (2): 361–367. doi:10.1525/aa.1914.16.2.02a00150. ISSN 0002-7294.
  • Michelson, Truman. 1915. Rejoinder. American Anthropologist, n.s. 17:194–198.
  • Michelson, Truman (1935). "Phonetic Shifts in Algonquian Languages". International Journal of American Linguistics. 8 (3/4): 131–171. doi:10.1086/463813. ISSN 0020-7071. S2CID 143895922.
  • Mithun, Marianne (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-23228-9. (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
  • Moratto, Michael J. (1984). California archaeology. Academic Press. ISBN 9780125061803.
  • Nikolaev, Sergei L. (2015). "Toward the reconstruction of Proto-Algonquian-Wakashan. Part 1: Proof of the Algonquian-Wakashan relationship". Journal of Language Relationship. 13 (1): 23–61. doi:10.31826/jlr-2015-131-206. S2CID 212688261. Retrieved December 1, 2018.
  • Nikolaev, Sergei L. (2016). "Toward the reconstruction of Proto-Algonquian-Wakashan. Part 2: Algonquian-Wakashan sound correspondences". Journal of Language Relationship. 13 (4): 289–328. doi:10.31826/jlr-2016-133-408. S2CID 212688688. Retrieved December 1, 2018.
  • Proulx, Paul (1982). "Yurok Retroflection and Vowel Symbolism in Proto-Algic". Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics. 7: 119–123. doi:10.17161/KWPL.1808.3621. hdl:1808/3621. ISSN 1043-3805.
  • Proulx, Paul (1984). "Proto-Algic I: Phonological Sketch". International Journal of American Linguistics. 50 (2): 165–207. doi:10.1086/465826. ISSN 0020-7071. S2CID 144185501.
  • Proulx, Paul (1985). "Proto-Algic II: Verbs". International Journal of American Linguistics. 51 (1): 59–93. doi:10.1086/465860. ISSN 0020-7071. S2CID 143787643.
  • Proulx, Paul (1991). "Proto-Algic III: Pronouns". Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics. 16: 129–170. doi:10.17161/KWPL.1808.429. hdl:1808/429. ISSN 1043-3805.
  • Proulx, Paul (1992). "Proto-Algic IV: Nouns". Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics. 17: 11–57. doi:10.17161/KWPL.1808.644. hdl:1808/644. ISSN 1043-3805.
  • Proulx, Paul (1994). "Proto-Algic V: Doublets and their Implications". Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics. 19 (2): 115–182. doi:10.17161/KWPL.1808.321. hdl:1808/321. ISSN 1043-3805.
  • Proulx, Paul (2004). "Proto Algic VI: Conditioned Yurok Reflexes of Proto Algic Vowels". Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics. 27: 124–138. doi:10.17161/KWPL.1808.1247. hdl:1808/1247. ISSN 1043-3805.
  • Sturtevant, William C., ed. (1978). Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 1–20. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution.
  • Sapir, Edward (1913). "Wiyot and Yurok, Algonkin languages of California". American Anthropologist. 15 (4): 617–646. doi:10.1525/aa.1913.15.4.02a00040. ISSN 0002-7294.
  • Sapir, E. (1922). "Algonkin languages of California: A reply". American Anthropologist. 17 (1): 188–198. doi:10.1525/aa.1915.17.1.02a00270. ISSN 0002-7294.
  • Sapir, Edward (1922). "The Algonkin affinity of Yurok and Wiyot kinship terms". Journal de la Société des Américanistes. 14 (1): 36–74. doi:10.3406/jsa.1922.3991. hdl:1974/11913. ISSN 0037-9174.
  • Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe (1839). Algic researches, comprising inquiries respecting the mental characteristics of the North American Indians. First series. Indian tales and legends. Vol. 1. New York: Harper & Brothers. OCLC 6836253. OL 17492450M.

January 07, 2023
algic, languages, also, algonquian, wiyot, yurok, algonquian, ritwan, indigenous, language, family, north, america, most, belong, algonquian, subfamily, dispersed, over, broad, area, from, rocky, mountains, atlantic, canada, other, yurok, wiyot, northwestern, . The Algic languages also Algonquian Wiyot Yurok or Algonquian Ritwan 1 2 are an indigenous language family of North America Most Algic languages belong to the Algonquian subfamily dispersed over a broad area from the Rocky Mountains to Atlantic Canada The other Algic languages are the Yurok and Wiyot of northwestern California which despite their geographic proximity are not closely related All these languages descend from Proto Algic a second order proto language estimated to have been spoken about 7 000 years ago and reconstructed using the reconstructed Proto Algonquian language and the Wiyot and Yurok languages AlgicAlgonquian RitwanAlgonquian Wiyot YurokGeographicdistributionnorthern North AmericaLinguistic classificationOne of the world s primary language familiesProto languageProto AlgicSubdivisionsWiyot Yurok AlgonquianISO 639 5aqlGlottologalgi1248Pre contact distribution of Algic languagesNotes extinct language Text in Cree Cree is the most widely spoken Algic language Contents 1 History 2 Classification of Algic 3 Proto language 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 6 1 Journals and booksHistory EditThe term Algic was first coined by Henry Schoolcraft in his Algic Researches published in 1839 Schoolcraft defined the term as derived from the words Allegheny and Atlantic in reference to the indigenous people anciently located in this geographical area 3 Schoolcraft s terminology was not retained The peoples he called Algic were later included among the speakers of Algonquian languages This language group is also referred to as Algonquian Ritwan and Wiyot Yurok Algonquian When Edward Sapir proposed that the well established Algonquian family was genetically related to the Wiyot and Yurok languages of northern California he applied the term Algic to this larger family The Algic urheimat is thought to have been located in the Northwestern United States somewhere between the suspected homeland of the Algonquian branch to the west of Lake Superior according to Goddard 4 and the earliest known location of the Wiyot and Yurok along the middle Columbia River according to Whistler 5 Classification of Algic EditThe genetic relation of Wiyot and Yurok to Algonquian was first proposed by Edward Sapir 1913 1915 1923 and argued against by Algonquianist Truman Michelson 1914 1914 1935 According to Lyle Campbell 1997 the relationship has subsequently been demonstrated to the satisfaction of all 6 This controversy in the early classification of North American languages was called the Ritwan controversy because Wiyot and Yurok were assigned to a genetic grouping called Ritwan Most specialists now reject the validity of the Ritwan genetic node 7 Berman 1982 suggested that Wiyot and Yurok share sound changes not shared by the rest of Algic which would be explainable by either areal diffusion or genetic relatedness Proulx 2004 argued against Berman s conclusion of common sound changes 1 More recently Sergei Nikolaev has argued in two papers for a systematic relationship between the Nivkh language of Sakhalin and the Amur river basin and the Algic languages and a secondary relationship between these two together and the Wakashan languages 8 9 Proto language EditMain article Proto Algic languageSee also EditAlgonquian Wakashan languagesReferences Edit a b Berman Howard July 1984 Proto Algonquian Ritwan Verbal Roots International Journal of American Linguistics 50 3 335 342 doi 10 1086 465840 ISSN 0020 7071 S2CID 144285942 Golla Victor September 20 2011 California Indian languages Berkeley p 61 ISBN 9780520949522 OCLC 755008853 Schoolcraft 1839 12 Goddard 1994 207 Moratto 1984 540 546 564 Campbell 2000 p 152 who cites among others Haas 1958 Campbell 2000 p 152 Mithun 1999 p 337 Nikolaev 2015 Nikolaev 2016 Bibliography EditJournals and books Edit Berman Howard 1982 Two Phonological Innovations in Ritwan International Journal of American Linguistics 48 4 412 420 doi 10 1086 465750 ISSN 0020 7071 S2CID 144518292 Campbell Lyle September 21 2000 1997 American Indian Languages The Historical Linguistics of Native America New York Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 509427 5 Goddard Ives 1994 Cowan William ed The West to East cline in Algonquian dialectology Actes du Vingt cinquieme Congres des Algonquinistes 25 hdl 10088 21761 Retrieved December 1 2018 Goddard Ives 1996 Languages In Sturtevant W C ed Handbook of North American Indians Vol 17 Washington D C Smithsonian Institution ISBN 978 0 16 048774 3 Haas Mary R 1958 Algonkian Ritwan The End of a Controversy International Journal of American Linguistics 24 3 159 173 doi 10 1086 464453 ISSN 0020 7071 S2CID 143214234 Haas Mary R 1966 Wiyot Yurok Algonkian and Problems of Comparative Algonkian International Journal of American Linguistics 32 2 101 107 doi 10 1086 464889 ISSN 0020 7071 S2CID 144355911 Michelson Truman 1914 Two Alleged Algonquian Languages of California American Anthropologist 16 2 361 367 doi 10 1525 aa 1914 16 2 02a00150 ISSN 0002 7294 Michelson Truman 1915 Rejoinder American Anthropologist n s 17 194 198 Michelson Truman 1935 Phonetic Shifts in Algonquian Languages International Journal of American Linguistics 8 3 4 131 171 doi 10 1086 463813 ISSN 0020 7071 S2CID 143895922 Mithun Marianne 1999 The languages of Native North America Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 23228 9 hbk ISBN 0 521 29875 X Moratto Michael J 1984 California archaeology Academic Press ISBN 9780125061803 Nikolaev Sergei L 2015 Toward the reconstruction of Proto Algonquian Wakashan Part 1 Proof of the Algonquian Wakashan relationship Journal of Language Relationship 13 1 23 61 doi 10 31826 jlr 2015 131 206 S2CID 212688261 Retrieved December 1 2018 Nikolaev Sergei L 2016 Toward the reconstruction of Proto Algonquian Wakashan Part 2 Algonquian Wakashan sound correspondences Journal of Language Relationship 13 4 289 328 doi 10 31826 jlr 2016 133 408 S2CID 212688688 Retrieved December 1 2018 Proulx Paul 1982 Yurok Retroflection and Vowel Symbolism in Proto Algic Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics 7 119 123 doi 10 17161 KWPL 1808 3621 hdl 1808 3621 ISSN 1043 3805 Proulx Paul 1984 Proto Algic I Phonological Sketch International Journal of American Linguistics 50 2 165 207 doi 10 1086 465826 ISSN 0020 7071 S2CID 144185501 Proulx Paul 1985 Proto Algic II Verbs International Journal of American Linguistics 51 1 59 93 doi 10 1086 465860 ISSN 0020 7071 S2CID 143787643 Proulx Paul 1991 Proto Algic III Pronouns Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics 16 129 170 doi 10 17161 KWPL 1808 429 hdl 1808 429 ISSN 1043 3805 Proulx Paul 1992 Proto Algic IV Nouns Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics 17 11 57 doi 10 17161 KWPL 1808 644 hdl 1808 644 ISSN 1043 3805 Proulx Paul 1994 Proto Algic V Doublets and their Implications Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics 19 2 115 182 doi 10 17161 KWPL 1808 321 hdl 1808 321 ISSN 1043 3805 Proulx Paul 2004 Proto Algic VI Conditioned Yurok Reflexes of Proto Algic Vowels Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics 27 124 138 doi 10 17161 KWPL 1808 1247 hdl 1808 1247 ISSN 1043 3805 Sturtevant William C ed 1978 Handbook of North American Indians Vol 1 20 Washington D C Smithsonian Institution Sapir Edward 1913 Wiyot and Yurok Algonkin languages of California American Anthropologist 15 4 617 646 doi 10 1525 aa 1913 15 4 02a00040 ISSN 0002 7294 Sapir E 1922 Algonkin languages of California A reply American Anthropologist 17 1 188 198 doi 10 1525 aa 1915 17 1 02a00270 ISSN 0002 7294 Sapir Edward 1922 The Algonkin affinity of Yurok and Wiyot kinship terms Journal de la Societe des Americanistes 14 1 36 74 doi 10 3406 jsa 1922 3991 hdl 1974 11913 ISSN 0037 9174 Schoolcraft Henry Rowe 1839 Algic researches comprising inquiries respecting the mental characteristics of the North American Indians First series Indian tales and legends Vol 1 New York Harper amp Brothers OCLC 6836253 OL 17492450M Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Algic languages amp oldid 1123556453, 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