Wikipedia
Haplogroup T-M184
Haplogroup T-M184, also known as Haplogroup T, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. The unique-event polymorphism that defines this clade is the single-nucleotide polymorphism known as M184. Other SNPs – M272, PAGES129, L810, L455, L452, and L445 – are considered to be phylogenetically equivalent to M184. As a primary branch of haplogroup LT (a.k.a. K1), the basal, undivergent haplogroup T* currently has the alternate phylogenetic name of K1b and is a sibling of haplogroup L* (a.k.a. K1a). (Before 2008, haplogroup T and its subclades were known as haplogroup K2.[4] The name K2 has since been reassigned to a primary subclade of haplogroup K.) It has two primary branches: T1 (T-L206) and T2 (T-PH110).
| Haplogroup T-M184 | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | 48,800-10,500 years BP[1] |
| Possible place of origin | Western Asia[2][3] |
| Ancestor | LT |
| Descendants | T1 (T-L206); T2 (T-PH110) |
| Defining mutations | M184/PAGES34/USP9Y+3178, M272, PAGES129, L810, L455, L452, L445 |
| Highest frequencies | Dir, Isaaq (Horn of Africa); Antemoro (Madagascar); Lodha, Bauri, Yerukula, Raju and Mahli (Eastern India). |
T-M184 is unusual in that it is both geographically widespread and relatively rare.
T1 (T-L206) – the numerically dominant primary branch of T-M184 – appears to have originated in Western Asia, and possibly spread from there into the East Africa, South Asia, Southern Europe and adjoining regions. T1* may have expanded with the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B culture (PPNB). Most males who now belong to haplogroup T-L206 carry the subclade T-M70 (T1a), a primary branch of T-M206. T-M70 appears to have been present in Europe since the neolithic, having possibly arrived there in the Neolithic epoch with the first farmers.[4]
Structure
- Subclade structure of Haplogroup T (M184).[5]
- T1 (L206)
- T1a (M70/Page46/PF5662)
- T1a1 (L162/Page21, L454)
- T1a1a (L208/Page2)
- T1a1a1 (CTS11451)
- T1a1a2 (Y16897)
- T1a1a2a (Z19963)
- T1a1a (L208/Page2)
- T1a2 (L131)
- T1a2a (PH141/Y13244)
- T1a2b (L446)
- T1a3 (FGC1350/Y11151 )
- T1a3a (Y11675/Z9798)
- T1a3b (FGC1340/Y8614)
- T1a1 (L162/Page21, L454)
- T1a (M70/Page46/PF5662)
- T2 (PH110)
Distribution
Overview
Haplogroup T is found at exceptionally high levels amongst the Dir and Isaaq clans in the Somaliland,[a][6] Djibouti, and Ethiopia.[7][8] it is also found at relatively high levels in specific populations in other parts of the world. These include Kurru, Bauris and Lodha in South Asia; among Toubou in Chad; and in a significant minority of Rajus and Mahli in South Asia; general Somalis, southern Egyptians and Fula (Fulbe) in north Cameroon; people from the Chian, Aquilani, Saccensi, Ibizan (Eivissenc) and Mirandese regions in Europe; Zoroastrians, Bakhtiaris in the Middle East, and Nenets and Kazakhs (especially Momyns and Argyns) in Siberia/Central Asia.[citation needed]
The maximal worldwide frequency for haplogroup T-M184 is 100%, amongst Dir clan Somali males (Iacovacci et al. 2016).[7] It accounts for approximately 82.4% of Somali male lineages overall in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia (Plaster et al. 2011).[9] Geographically, it is found at the highest levels in the Dire Dawa area of Ethiopia,[9] and Djibouti.[7]
Luis et al. (2004) suggest that the presence of T on the African continent may, like R1* representatives, point to an older introduction from Asia. The Levant rather than the Arabian Peninsula appears to have been the main route of entry, as the Egyptian and Turkish haplotypes are considerably older in age (13,700 BP and 9,000 BP, respectively) than those found in Oman (only 1,600 BP). According to the authors, the spotty modern distribution pattern of haplogroup T-M184 within Africa may therefore represent the traces of a more widespread early local presence of the clade. Later expansions of populations carrying the E1b1b, E1b1a, G and J NRY lineages may have overwhelmed the T-M184 clade-bearers in certain localities.[10]
Prevalence of T-M184 in Armenians from Sasun
T-M184, which is relatively rare in other Near Eastern populations, as well as in three ... Armenian collections tested here, represents the most prominent [patrilineal] descent in Sasun, comprising 20.1% of the samples. The presence of this haplogroup in Ararat Valley, Gardman and Lake Van, by contrast, is more limited, composing only 3.6%, 6.3% and 3.9%, respectively, of the individuals from those collections.[...] Sasun, however, exhibits statistically significant divergence from the remaining Armenian populations, most likely as the result of the prominence in Sasun of lineages (T-M184 and R2a-M124) found at substantially lower frequencies in Ararat Valley, Gardman and Lake Van.
Kristian J Herrera, 2012
In the Caucasus and Anatolia it makes up to 4% of the population in southeast and northwest Caucasus as well as in southeast and western Anatolia, peaking up to 20% in Armenians from Sasun. In Middle East it makes up to 4% of the population around the Zagros Mountains and the Persian Gulf as well as around the Taurus Mountains and the Levant basin, peaking up to 10% in Zoroastrians from Kerman, Bakhtiaris, Assyrians from Azerbaijan, Abudhabians, Armenians from Historical Southwestern Armenia and Druzes from Galilee. In Eastern Africa, it makes up to 4% of the population on Upper Egypt peaking up to 10% in Luxor.
Haplogroup T is rare almost everywhere in Europe. According to Mendez et al. (2011), "the occurrence in Europe of lineages belonging to both T1a1 (old T1a) and T1a2 (old T1b) subclades probably reflects multiple episodes of gene flow. T1a1* haplogroups in Europe likely reflect older gene flow".[4] It makes up to 4% of the population on Central Italy, Western Sicily, Northwest Corsica, Northwestern Iberian Peninsula, Western Andalucia, Western Alps, Eastern Crete, and Macedonia, frequencies up to 10% in Ibiza, Miranda de I Douro, Eastern Oviedo, Cádiz, Badajoz, Balagna, Norma and Ragusa, and peaking at 20% in Sciacca, L'Aquila and some German regions[which?]. T-M184 was found in 1.7% (10/591) of a pool of six samples of males from southwestern Russia, but it was completely absent from a pool of eight samples totalling 637 individuals from the northern half of European Russia.[11] The Russians from the southwest were from the following cities: Roslavl, Livny, Pristen, Repyevka, and Belgorod; and Kuban Cossacks from the Republic of Adygea.
T1 (T*)
| Population | Language | Location | Sample size | Percentage | Source | Notes |
| Berbers | Siwi (Berber) | Sejenane | 1/47 | 2.1% | [12] | |
| Syrians | Unspecified | Syria | 1/95 | 1.1% | [4] | |
| Macedonians | Macedonian (Balto-Slavic) | Macedonia | 1/201 | 0.5% | [13] | Macedonians Orthodox Christians |
T1 is the most common descent of T-M184 haplogroup, being the lineage of more than 95% of all Eurasian T-M184 members. One of their descent lineages is found in high frequencies among northern Somali clans. However, it appears to have originated somewhere around the Eastern Mediterranean Basin, perhaps somewhere between Israel to the Jordan Valley.[14]
The basal T1* subclade appears to have spread to northeastern Anatolia, from the Levant at least, with the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B culture (PPNB). Although it is rare in modern populations, T1* has been found in a Berber individual from Tunisia, a male in Syria, and one sequence among ethnic Macedonians in Macedonia.[4][12][13]
Initial research into T1a (T-M70; previously known as K2)
K2-M70 is believed to have originated in Asia after the emergence of the K-M9 polymorphism (45–30 ky) (Underhill et al. 2001a). As deduced from the collective data (Underhill et al. 2000; Cruciani et al. 2002; Semino et al. 2002; present study), K2-M70 individuals, at some later point, proceeded south to Africa. While these chromosomes are seen in relatively high frequencies in Egypt, Oman, Tanzania, Ethiopia, they are especially prominent in the Fulbe 18%( [Scozzari et al. 1997, 1999])
J. R. Luis et al. 2004, [10]
T1a (M70)
Mendez et al. (2011) points to an ancient presence for T1a-M70 in Europe may reflect early exiles between the ancient lands of Israel and Babylon. The subclade probably arrived with the very first farmers.[4]
T1a1*
Pityusans: one of three genetically distinct populations in the Balearic Islands
The population of the Pityusic Islands does present a clear genetic divergence in relation to the Mallorcan and Menorcan populations. Neither shows a confluence with the Catalan and Valencian populations like do the Mallorcan and Menorcan. With the comparison of the data provided by the Pityusic population with other circumediterranean populations surprises that practically there is no convergence with any of these populations, not even with the North African populations. The Pityusic case is paradigmatic: for some markers shows affinities with Oriental populations (some mtDNA variables), but diverges from these populations when considering other markers. It is a separate case, an island, not in the geographical sense but genetical.
Misericòrdia Ramon Juanpere et al., 1998-2004
The Pityusans of the Pityusic Islands (Ibiza and Formentera) – have been found by three different studies to possess T1a1 at relatively high levels of 6.7–16.7%. Tomàs et al. (2006) found three cases amongst a sample of 45 (6.7%).[15] Zalloua et al. (2008) found nine examples that were L454+ (an SNP equivalent to L162/Page21) from a sample of 54 (i.e. a rate of 16.7%).[16][17] Rodriguez et al. (2009) found seven cases of L454+ in a sample of 96 (7.3%).[18]
The Pontic Greeks of Anatolia are also reported to possess T1a1. In 2009, a male with the surname Metaxopoulos and a Pontic Greek background was reported to be T-L162(xL208) – according to the Y-Chromosome Genome Comparison Project administered by Adriano Squecco.[citation needed] Greeks from the Fatsa (originally "Φάτσα") reportedly migrated in antiquity from Sinope, which was itself colonised by Ionians (from Miletus). Another ancient Ionian colony in north-west Anatolia, Lámpsakos (Lampsacus), had onomastic links to the Pityusic Islands (see above) – Lámpsakos was originally an Ionian colony known as Pityussa.
T1a1a (L208)
This lineage, formed 14,200-11,000 BP, is the largest branch downstream T1a1-L162. Firstly discovered and reported at August 2009 in a 23andMe customer of Iberian ancestry that participated in the public Squecco's Y-Chromosome Genome Comparison Project and appearing there as "Avilés" and as "AlpAstur" in 23andMe. Named as "L208" at November 2009.
T1a1a1a1b1a1* (T-Y3782*)
One Sardinian male from a sample of 187 (a nominal rate of 0.53%) – a resident of the Province of Cagliari (Sardinian: Casteddu) – has been found to have T-Y3782(xY3836), also known T1a1a1a1b1a1(xT1a1a1a1b1a1a).[19]
T1a1a1a1b1a1a (T-Y3836)
T-Y3836 Phylogeny. Using 19 Y-STR markers.
This lineage is mostly found among individuals from the Iberian Peninsula, where the subclade also has its highest diversity. Two subclades can be clearly discriminated. The first, found mainly in post-colonial Puerto Rico, with DYS391=10 and the second, found mainly in Panamá where their Iberian descendants could have the entrance point to America, with DYS439=12.
Some members of Y3836 are found among different communities of the Sephardic diaspora but they are found to be extremely rare in the total percentage of some of these communities as seen in Nogueiro et al. This probably could mean that these members could be integrated by these communities through the contact with other native Iberian populations as seen in Monteiro et al. where this lineage was found among native Astur-Leonese speakers.
T2 (PH110)
This lineage could have arrived in the Levant through the PPNB expansion from northeastern Anatolia.
A 2014 study found T-PH110 in one ethnic Bhutanese male, out of a sample of 21, possibly implying a rate of 4.8% in Bhutan.[38] Also have been found in a German individual and another two from Caucasus. The Bhutanese and the German haplotypes seems to cluster together.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2016) |
Possible cases from older research
| Population | Language | Location | Members/Sample size | Percentage | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Altaians | Altai (Turkic) | Kurmach-Baygol | 2/11 | 18.2% | [39] | K* (xT1a-M70, L-M20, N-DYF155S2, O-M175, P-92R7) |
| Altaians | Altai (Turkic) | Turochak | 2/19 | 10.5% | [39] | K(xT1a-M70, L-M20, N-DYF155S2, O-M175, P-92R7) |
| Leoneses | Astur-Leonese (Romance) | Leon | 1/13 | 7.7% | [40][41] | K(xT1a-M70, L1-M22, P-92R7) |
| Ossetian Irons | Iron (Iranian) | South Ossetia | 1/21 | 4.8% | [40][42] | No further details available. |
| Cordobeses | Andalusian (Romance) | Córdoba | 1/27 | 3.7% | [40][43] | No further details available. |
| Leoneses | Astur-Leonese (Romance) | Leon | 2/60 | 3.3% | [40][43] | No further details available. |
| Tharus | Tharu (Indo-Aryan) | Morang | 1/37 | 2.7% | [44] | K(xT1a-M70, L-M20, NO-M214, P-M74) |
| Cherkessians | Besleney (Northwest Caucasian) | Circassia | 2/126 | 1.6% | [40][42] | No further details are available. |
| Bizkaians | Bizkaiera (Isolate language) | Bizkaia | 1/72 | 1.4% | [40][43] | No further details are available. |
| Europeans | English (Germanic) | Australia | 1/1078 | 0.09% | [45] | No further details are available. |
Modern geographical distribution
Northern Asia
| Population | Language | Location | Members/Sample size | Percentage | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhs | Kazakh (Turkic) | Southwestern Altai | 1/30 | 3.3% | [46] | T1a-M70 |
| Evens | Even (Tungusic) | eastern Siberia | 1/61 | 1.6% | [47] | |
| Barghuts | Barga (Mongolic) | different localities of Hulun Buir Aimak | 1/76 | 1.3% | [47] | T1a-M70. In the 12–13th centuries, the Barga (Barghuts) Mongols appeared as tribes near Lake Baikal, named Bargujin. |
Europe
With K-M9+, unconfirmed but probable T-M70+: 14% (3/23) of Russians in Yaroslavl,[107] 12.5% (3/24) of Italians in Matera,[56] 10.3% (3/29) of Italians in Avezzano,[56] 10% (3/30) of Tyroleans in Nonstal,[56] 10% (2/20) of Italians in Pescara,[56] 8.7% (4/46) of Italians in Benevento,[56] 7.8% (4/51) of Italians in South Latium,[66] 7.4% (2/27) of Italians in Paola,[56] 7.3% (11/150) of Italians in Central-South Italy,[108] 7.1% (8/113) of Serbs in Serbia,[109] 4.7% (2/42) of Aromanians in Romania,[110] 3.7% (3/82) of Italians in Biella,[111] 3.7% (1/27) of Andalusians in Córdoba,[62] 3.3% (2/60) of Leoneses in León,[62] 3.2% (1/31) of Italians in Postua,[111] 3.2% (1/31) of Italians in Cavaglià,[111] 3.1% (3/97) of Calabrians in Reggio Calabria,[18] 2.8% (1/36) of Russians in Ryazan Oblast,[112] 2.8% (2/72) of Italians in South Apulia,[113] 2.7% (1/37) of Calabrians in Cosenza,[18] 2.6% (3/114) of Serbs in Belgrade,[114] 2.5% (1/40) of Russians in Pskov,[107] 2.4% (1/42) of Russians in Kaluga,[107] 2.2% (2/89) of Transylvanians in Miercurea Ciuc,[115] 2.2% (2/92) of Italians in Trino Vercellese,[111] 1.9% (2/104) of Italians in Brescia,[116] 1.9% (2/104) of Romanians in Romania,[117] 1.7% (4/237) of Serbs and Montenegrins in Serbia and Montenegro,[118] 1.7% (1/59) of Italians in Marche,[113] 1.7% (1/59) of Calabrians in Catanzaro,[18] 1.6% (3/183) of Greeks in Northern Greece,[119] 1.3% (2/150) of Swiss Germans in Zürich Area,[120] 1.3% (1/79) of Italians in South Tuscany and North Latium,[113] 1.1% (1/92) of Dutch in Leiden,[121] 0.5% (1/185) of Serbs in Novi Sad (Vojvodina),[122] 0.5% (1/186) of Polish in Podlasie[123]
Other parts that have been found to contain a significant proportion of haplogroup T-M184 individuals include Trentino (2/67 or 3%), Mariña Lucense (1/34 or 2.9%), Heraklion (3/104 or 2.9%), Roslavl (3/107 or 2.8%), Ourense (1/37 or 2.7%), Livny (3/110 or 2.7%), Biella (3/114 or 2.6%), Entre Douro (6/228 or 2.6%), Porto (3/118 or 2.5%), Urbino (1/40 or 2.5%), Iberian Peninsula (16/629 or 2.5%), Blekinge/Kristianstad (1/41 or 2.4%), Belarus (1/41 or 2.4%), Modena (3/130 or 2.3%), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (1/45 or 2.2%), Pristen (1/45 or 2.2%), Cáceres (2/91 or 2.2%), Brac (1/47 or 2.1%), Satakunta (1/48 or 2.1%), Western Croatia (2/101 or 2%), Ukrainia (1/50 or 2%), Greifswald (2/104 or 1.9%), Moldavians in Sofia (1/54 or 1.9%), Uppsala (1/55 or 1.8%), Lublin (2/112 or 1.8%), Pias in Beja (1/54 or 1.8%), Macedonian Greeks (1/57 or 1.8%), Nea Nikomedeia (1/57 or 1.8%), Sesklo/Dimini (1/57 or 1.8%), Lerna/Franchthi (1/57 or 1.8%), Açores (2/121 or 1.7%), Viana do Castelo (1/59 or 1.7%), Toulouse (1/67 or 1.5%), Belgorod (2/143 or 1.4%), Sardinia (1/77 or 1.3%).[124][125][126][127][128][129][66][70][130][97][131][132][133][134][135][136][137][138][139][140][141][142][143][144][145][48][92][146][147][148][excessive citations] According to data from commercial testing, 3.9% of Italian males belonging to this haplogroup.[149] Approximately 3% of Sephardi Jews and 2% of Ashkenazi Jews belong to haplogroup T.[150]
Middle East and Caucasus
Haplogroup T has some significant frequencies in southeast and eastern Anatolia, the Zagros Mountains and both sides of the Persian Gulf.
There are also unconfirmed reports of T-M70+ amongst 28% (7/25) of Lezginians in Dagestan,[161] 21.7% (5/23) of Ossetians in Zamankul,[184] 14% (7/50) of Iranians in Isfahan,[161] 13% (3/23) of Ossetians in Zil'ga,[184] 12.6% (11/87) of Kurmanji Kurds in Eastern Turkey,[185] 11.8% (2/17) of Palestinian Arabs in Palestine,[186] 8.3% (1/12) of Iranians in Shiraz,[187] 8.3% (2/24) of Ossetians in Alagir,[184] 8% (2/25) of Kurmanji Kurds in Georgia,[185] 7.5% (6/80) of Iranians in Tehran,[161][188] 7.4% (10/135) of Palestinian Arabs in Israeli Village,[186] 7% (10/143) of Palestinian Arabs in Israel and Palestine,[186] 5% (1/19) of Chechens in Chechenia,[161][188] 4.2% (3/72) of Azerbaijanians in Azerbaijan,[161][188] 4.1% (2/48) of Iranians in Isfahan,[188] 4% (4/100) of Armenians in Armenia,[161][188] 4% (1/24) of Bedouins in Israel[186] and 2.6% (1/39) of Turks in Ankara.[188]
Africa
Fossils excavated at the Late Neolithic site of Kelif el Boroud in Morocco, which have been radiocarbon-dated to around 3,000 BCE, have been found to belong to haplogroup T-M184.[189]
| Population | Language | Location | Members/Sample size | Percentage | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Somalis (Dir clan) | Somali (East Cushitic) | Djibouti | 24/24 | 100% | [7] | The main sub-clans of the Dir clan in Djibouti are the Issa and Gadabuursi. |
| Somalis (Dire Dawa) | Somali (East Cushitic) | Dire Dawa | 14/17 | 82.4% | [9] | Dir sub-clans of Dire Dawa are Issa, Gurgura and Gadabuursi. |
| Anteony | Antemoro (Plateau Malagasy) | old Antemoro Kingdom | 22/37 | 59.5% | [190] | The Anteony are the descendants of aristocrats, from whom the Antemoro king is chosen. Can be grouped into the Silamo, because they have the right to undertake the ritual slaughter of animals (Sombily) |
| Somalis (Dir clan) and Afars | Somali and Afar (East Cushitic) | Djibouti | 30/54 | 56.6% | [191] | Mixed sample of Somali and Afar individuals.[failed verification] |
| Somalis (Ethiopia) | Somali (East Cushitic) | Shilavo (woreda) (Ogaden) | 5/10 | 50% | [7] | The geographic location of this Ethiopia sample as seen in Fig.1. |
| Somalis (Isaaq) | Somali (East Cushitic) | Somaliland | 4/4 | 100% | [8] | All belonging to the T1a-Y16897 subclade |
| Afars | Afar language (East Cushitic) | Djibouti | 5/20 | 25% | [7] | |
| Toubou | Toubou | Chad | 31% | [192] | All belonging to the T1a-PF5662 subclade | |
| Akie | Akie people (Nilotic) | Tanzania | 3/13 | 23.1% | [Hirbo et al.] | Akie people have remnants of a Cushitic language |
| Somalis | Somali (East Cushitic) | Jijiga (Ogaden) | 19/83 | 22.9% | [9] | Jijiga Somalis. |
| Arabs from Somalia | Somali (East Cushitic) | immigrants in Yemen | 7/33 | 21.2% | [193] | |
| Lemba | Venda and Shona (Bantu) | South Africa | 6/34 | 17.6% | [4] | Exclusively belong to T1a2* (old T1b*). Possible recent founder effect. Low frequency of T1a2 has been observed in Bulgarian Jews and Turks but is not found in other Jewish communities. Y-str Haplotypes close to some T1a2 Armenians. |
| Rangi | Rangi Language (Bantu) | Tanzania | 5/32 | 15.6% | [Hirbo et al.] | |
| - | Somalia | 15/105 | 14.3% | [194][195] | ||
| Iraqw | Iraqw language (Cushitic) | Tanzania | 6/47 | 12.8% | [Hirbo et al.] | |
| Wachagga | Kichagga (Niger-Congo) | Dār as-Salām | 3/24 | 12.5% | [156] | Mixed with Rift Southern Cushites. |
| Somali | Somali (Cushitic) | immigrants to Norway | 12/104 | 11.5% | [196] | |
| Bench | Bench(northern Omotic) | Bench Maji Zone | 14/126 | 11.4% | [9] | |
| Kores | (Cushitic) | SNNP | 2/18 | 11.1% | [9] | |
| Oromo | Afaan Oromo language (Cushitic) | Oromiyaa | 1/9 | 11.1% | [197] | |
| Fulbe | Fula | northern Cameroon | 3/27 | 11.1% | [198][199] | |
| Gorowa | Gorowa language (Cushitic) | Tanzania | 2/19 | 10.5% | [Hirbo et al.] | |
| Somali | Somali (Cushitic) | immigrants to Denmark | 21/201 | 10.4% | [200][201] | |
| Upper Egyptians | Egyptian Arabic | Luxor Governorate | 3/29 | 10.3% | [16][202] | |
| Kontas | Konta language (Omotic) | Konta special woreda | 11/107 | 10.3% | [9] | |
| Rendille | Rendille language (Cushitic) | Marsabit County | 3/31 | 9.7% | [Hirbo et al.] | |
| Datogs | Rendille language (Cushitic) | Tanzania | 3/31 | 9.7% | [203] | |
| Gewadas | Gewada language (east Cushitic) | SNNP | 11/116 | 9.5% | [9] | |
| Antalaotra | Antemoro (Plateau Malagasy) | old Antemoro Kingdom | 4/43 | 9.3% | [190] | The Antalaotra are in charge of the magical and religious domains; they have the ability to read and write Sorabe. Can be grouped into the Silamo, because they have the right to undertake the ritual slaughter of animals (Sombily) |
| Upper Egyptians | Egyptian Arabic | Aswan Governorate | 1/11 | 9.1% | [204] | |
| N’Djamena Mix | Mix | N’Djamena | 5/55 | 9.1% | Marc Haber 2016 | All belonging to the T1a-PF5662 subclade |
| Upper Egyptians | Egyptian Arabic | Assiut Governorate | 6/70 | 8.6% | [204] | |
| Konsos | (Semitic) | Konso special woreda | 2/24 | 8.3% | [9] | |
| Somali | Somali (Cushitic) | immigrants to Sweden | 12/147 | 8.2% | [205] | |
| Arabs and Berbers | Egyptian Arabic and Siwi | Lower Egypt | 12/147 | 8.2% | [10] | |
| Upper Egyptians | Egyptian Arabic | Sohag Governorate | 4/52 | 7.7% | [204] | |
| Egyptians | Erythraic (Cushitic) | Egypt | 7/92 | 7.6% | [195][197] | If the K* sample is M184+ then 8.7% |
| Tigrayans | Tigrinya (South Semitic) | Tigray Region | 2/30 | 6.7% | [9] | |
| Dirashas | Dirasha (east Cushitic) | Dirashe special woreda | 5/79 | 6.3% | [9] | |
| Canarians | Canarian Spanish | Tenerife | 11/178 | 6.2% | ||
| Kordofanians | Kordofanian | Kurdufan | 4/69 | 5.8% | [186] | |
| Upper Egyptians | Egyptian Arabic | Qena Governorate | 3/52 | 5.8% | [204] | |
| Tuareg | Tuareg (Berber) | Gorom-Gorom | 1/18 | 5.6% | [206] | |
| Afars | Afar (East Cushitic) | Afar Region | 6/111 | 5.4% | [9] | |
| Ethiopians | Ethiopian languages | Ethiopia | 4/74 | 5.4% | [168] | |
| Mashiles | Mashile language (Cushitic) | SNNP | 7/130 | 5.4% | [9] | |
| Gurages | Gurage languages (South Semitic) | SNNP | 6/118 | 5.1% | [9] | |
| Turu | Nyaturu (Bantu) | Tanzania | 1/20 | 5% | [203] | |
| Moroccan Jews | Haketia (Romance) | Israel | 1/20 | 5% | [207] | |
| Gedeos | Gedeo (east Cushitic) | SNNP | 6/122 | 4.9% | [9] | |
| Wairak | Iraqw (Cushitic) | Tanzania | 2/41 | 4.9% | [10] | |
| Western Libyans | Libyan Arabic (Semitic) | Tripoli region | 7/142 | 4.9% | [208] | |
| Tunisians | Tunisian Arabic (Semitic) | Sfax | 5/105 | 4.8% | [210] | |
| Libyans | Libyan Arabic (Semitic) | Tripoli area | 3/63 | 4.8% | [211] | |
| Kanuri | Kanuri | Cameroon | 1/21 | 4.8% | [Hirbo et al.] | |
| Iraqw[212] | Iraqw (Cushitic) | Tanzania | 2/43 | 4.7% | ||
| Yems | Yemsa (Omotic) | SNNP | 5/107 | 4.7% | [9] | |
| Jews | (Semitic) | Ethiopia | 1/22 | 4.5% | [7] | |
| Gobeze | Cushitic | SNNP | 5/113 | 4.4% | [9] | |
| Upper Egyptians | Egyptian Arabic | Minya Governorate | 1/23 | 4.3% | [204] | |
| Konsos | Konso language (East Cushitic) | Konso special woreda | 4/94 | 4.3% | [9] | |
| Kembaatas | East Cushitic | Kembata Tembaro Zone | 4/102 | 3.9% | [9] | |
| Tigrayans | Tigrinya (South Semitic) | Eritrea | 1/28 | 3.6% | [7] | |
| Tigrayans | Tigrinya (South Semitic) | Eritrea | 1/31 | 3% | [191] | |
| Amharas | Amharic (Semitic) | Ethiopia | 1/34 | 2.9% | [7] | |
| Hutus | Rwanda-Rundi (Niger-Congo) | Rwanda | 1/39 | 2.6% | [213] | |
| Lower Egyptians | Egyptian Arabic (Semitic) | Mansoura | 1/44 | 2.2% | [16][202] | |
| Berbers | Shilha (Berber) | Siwa Oasis | 2/93 | 2.2% | [207][214] | |
| Meru | Meru (Northeast Bantu) | Tanzania | 2/99 | 2% | [215] | |
| Itam | Ibibio | Obong Itam (Southeast Nigeria) | 1/50 | 2% | [216][217] | |
| Cape Verdeans | Cape Verdean Creole (Portuguese Creole) | Windward islands São Nicolau, São Vicente, and Santo Antão | 2/101 | 2% | [218] | |
| Ovimbundo | Umbundu and Portuguese | Angola | 1/53 | 1.9% | [219] | |
| Tunisians | Tunisian Arabic (Semitic) | Tunis | 1/54 | 1.9% | [220] | |
| Berbers | Shilha (Berber) | Asni | 1/54 | 1.9% | [207][214] | |
| Eastern Libyans | Libyan Arabic (Semitic) | Benghazi | 4/214 | 1.9% | [221] | |
| Algerians | Algerian Arabic (Semitic) | Algeria | 3/164 | 1.8% | [186] | |
| Baribas | Baatonum (Niger–Congo) | Benin | 1/57 | 1.8% | [222] | T1a-M70(xT1a2-L131) |
| Bokoras | Karamojong (Eastern Nilotic) | Karamoja region | 1/59 | 1.7% | [209] | |
| Lower Egyptians | Egyptian Arabic (Semitic) | Cairo | 1/63 | 1.6% | [223] | |
| Tumbuka | Tumbuka (Niger-Congo) | northern Malawi | 1/61 | 1.6% | [217] | |
| Mozabites | Mozabite (Berber) | Ghardaia | 1/68 | 1.5% | [224] | |
| Tunisians | Tunisian Arabic (Semitic) | South Tunisia | 3/200 | 1.5% | [225] | |
| Soussians | Tunisian Arabic (Semitic) | Sousse | 3/220 | 1.4% | [226] | |
| Chewa | Chewa (Niger-Congo) | Malawi | 1/92 | 1.1% | [217] | |
| Maasai | Maasai (Eastern Nilotic) | Kinyawa (Mashuru) | 1/100 | 1% | YHRD | |
| Bantu | Narrow Bantu (Niger-Congo) | Pretoria | 1/98 | 1% | [217] | |
| Nilotes | Ateker (Eastern Nilotic) | Karamoja region | 1/118 | 0.8% | [209] | |
| Andalusians | Andalusian Arabic (Semitic) | Testour, El Alia, Gualaat-El-Andalous, Slouguia | 1/132 | 0.8% | [220] | Refugees from Al-Andalus following the capitulation of the Islamic kingdoms in Valencia and Granada |
| Bantus | Bantu | Botswana, Namibia and Zambia | 1/140 | 0.7% | [227] | Father and paternal grandfather belonged to the same ethnolinguistic group |
| Basothos | Sesotho (Niger-Congo) | Lesotho | 1/181 | 0.6% | [228] | |
| Moroccans | Moroccan Arabic (Semitic) | Casablanca metropolitan area | 1/166 | 0.6% | [229] | The industrial capital of Morocco where the urban growth is maintained by immigration from all parts of Morocco |
| Khoisans | Khoisan | Botswana, Namibia and Zambia | 1/371 | 0.3% | [227] | Father and paternal grandfather belonged to the same ethnolinguistic group |
South Asia
T1a-M70 in India has been considered to be of West Eurasian origin.[230]
| Population | Language | Location | Members/Sample size | Percentage | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kurru | Yerukala (Dravidian) | Andhra Pradesh | 10/18 | 55.6% | ||
| Bauris | Bengali (Indo-Aryan) | West Bengal | 10/19 | 52.6% | K* is found at 6/19, if M70- but M184+, then could be 84.2%. Bauris are thought to be descendants of a native tribe of the Central Highlands before the Aryan invasion, then as Bauris have not been well assimilated and have not participated satisfactorily in the new Aryan society, the Bauris ended up being seen as "low caste". They are at "halfway" between the old Bauri tribal and the new Aryan society lifestyle. | |
| Lodha | Lodhi (Sora–Juray–Gorum Munda) | West Bengal | 2/4 | 50% | ||
| Rajus | Telugu (Dravidian) | Andhra Pradesh | 3/19 | 15.9% | ||
| Maheli | Mahali (Kherwari Munda) | West Bengal | 2/13 | 15.3% | ||
| Chenchus | Chenchu (Dravidian) | Andhra Pradesh | 3/20 | 15% | K* is found at 7/20, if M70- but M184+, then could be 50% | |
| Kare Vokkal | Kannada (Dravidian) | Uttara Kannada | 4/30 | 13.3% | [231] | K* is found at 3/30, if M70- but M184+, then could be 23.3% |
| Banjaras | Lambadi (Indo-Aryan) | Andhra Pradesh | 2/18 | 11.1% | ||
| Gonds | Gondi (Dravidian) | South Uttar Pradesh | 4/38 | 10.6% | [232] | |
| Gonds | Gondi (Dravidian) | Madhya Pradesh | 10/139 | 7.2% | [232] | |
| Indians | languages of India | South India | 18/305 | 5.9% | ||
| Maheli | Mahali (Kherwari Munda) | Jamshedpur from Jharkhand; Purulia, Midnapore & other location from West Bengal | 2/38 | 5.3% | [233] | Two samples from different studies grouped together |
| Chenchus | Chenchu (Dravidian) | Andhra Pradesh | 3/61 | 4.9% | [136] | Samples from Trivedi et al. and Kivisild et al. |
| Banjaras | Lambadi (Indo-Aryan) | Andhra Pradesh | 2/53 | 3.8% | [136] | Two samples from different studies grouped together |
| Indians | languages of India | East India | 14/367 | 3.8% | ||
| Gujaratis | Gujarati (Indo-Aryan) | Gujarat | 1/29 | 3.4% | [136] | |
| Lodha | Lodhi (Sora–Juray–Gorum Munda) | Midnapore & other location from West Bengal | 2/71 | 2.8% | [233][234] | Three samples from different studies grouped together |
| Sahariyas | Saharia (Munda) | Madhya Pradesh | 2/73 | 2.7% | [235] | |
| Tamtas | (Indo-Aryan) | Bageshwar | 1/34 | 2.9% | [230] | |
| Kshatriyas | (Indo-Aryan) | Pithoragarh | 2/79 | 2.5% | [230] | |
| Aryas | Arya (Indo-Aryan) | Nainital | 1/46 | 2.2% | [230] | |
| Laotians | Lao (Tai-Kadai) | Laos | 1/53 | 1.9% | [156] | |
| Maravars | Tamil (Dravidian) | Ramanathapuram | 1/80 | 1.3% | [236] | Dry Land Farmers |
| Garos | Garo (Sino-Tibetan) | Tangail | 1/120 | 0.8% | [237] | Likely P77+ |
With K-M9+, unconfirmed but probable T-M70+: 56.6% (30/53) of Kunabhis in Uttar Kannada,[238] 32.5% (13/40) of Kammas in Andhra Pradesh,[239] 26.8% (11/41) of Brahmins in Visakhapatnam,[239] 25% (1/4) of Kattunaiken in South India,[240] 22.4% (11/49) of Telugus in Andhra Pradesh,[241] 20% (1/5) of Ansari in South Asia, (2/20) of Poroja in Andhra Pradesh,[239] 9.8% (5/51) of Kashmiri Pandits in Kashmir,[232] 8.2% (4/49) of Gujars in Kashmir,[232] 7.7% (1/13) of Siddis (migrants from Ethiopia) in Andhra Pradesh,[239] 5.5% (3/55) of Adi in Northeast India,[242] 5.5% (7/128) of Pardhans in Adilabad,[241] 5.3% (2/38) of Brahmins in Bihar,[232] 4.3% (1/23) of Bagata in Andhra Pradesh,[239] 4.2% (1/24) of Valmiki in Andhra Pradesh,[239] (1/32) of Brahmins in Maharashtra,[232] 3.1% (2/64) of Brahmins in Gujarat,[232] 2.9% (1/35) of Rajput in Uttar Pradesh,[243] 2.3% (1/44) of Brahmins in Peruru,[239] and 1.7% (1/59) of Manghi in Maharashtra.[241]
Also in Desasth-Brahmins in Maharashtra (1/19 or 5.3%) and Chitpavan-Brahmins in Konkan (1/21 or 4.8%), Chitpavan-Brahmins in Konkan (2/66 or 3%).
Central Asia & East Asia
Unconfirmed but probable T-M70+: 2% (4/204) of Hui in Liaoning (China),[263] and 0.9% (1/113) of Bidayuh in Sarawak.[264]
Americas (post-colonisation)
Ancient DNA
Ancient DNA from 'Ain Ghazal
| Ain Ghazal PPNB individual | Ghazal-I I1707 AG83_5 Poz-81097 |
|---|---|
| Y DNA | T1-PF5610 (xT1a1-Z526, T1a1a-CTS9163, T1a1a-CTS2607, T1a2-S11611, T1a2-Y6031, T1a2a1-P322, T1a3a-Y9189) |
| Population | Neolithic Farmers |
| Language | |
| Inferred cultural affiliation | Late Middle PPNB |
| Date (YBP) | 9573 ± 39 |
| House/location | Ain Ghazal |
| Number (sample size) | 1/2 |
| Percentage | 50% |
| mtDNA | R0a |
| Isotope Sr | |
| Eye color | Likely non-Dark |
| Hair color | Likely non-Dark |
| Skin pigmentation | Light |
| ABO Blood Group | Likely O or B |
| Diet (d13C%0 or d15N%0) | |
| FADS activity | rs174551 (T), rs174553 (G), rs174576 (A) |
| Lactose intolerance | Likely lactose-intolerant |
| DNA shared with Oase-1 | 14.2% |
| DNA shared with Ostuni1 remains | 6.7% |
| SDNA shared with Neanderthal Vi33.26 | 0.93% |
| DNA shared with Neanderthal Vi33.25 | 1.2% |
| DNA shared with Neanderthal Vi33.16 | 0.3% |
| Ancestral components (AC) | Neolithic Anatolia/Southeast Europe: 56.82%, Paleolithic Levant (Natufians): 24.09%, Caucasus Hunter / Early European Farmer: 12.51%, Scandinavian / West European Hunter: 4.16%, Sub Saharan: 2.04%, East European Hunter: 0.37% |
| puntDNAL K12 Ancient | |
| Dodecad [dv3] | |
| Eurogenes [K=36] | |
| Dodecad [Globe13] | |
| Genetic distance | |
| Parental consanguinity | |
| Age at death | |
| Death position | |
| SNPs | 152.234 |
| Read Pairs | |
| Sample | |
| Source | Lazaridis 2016[14] |
| Notes | Evidence of a northerly origin for this population, possibly indicating an influx from the region of northeastern Anatolia. |
Haplogroup T is found among the later middle Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) inhabitants from the 'Ain Ghazal archaeological site (in modern Jordan). It was not found among the early and middle PPNB populations. It is thought that the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B population is mostly composed of two different populations: members of early Natufian civilisation and a population resulting from immigration from the north, i.e. north-eastern Anatolia. However, Natufians have been found to belong mostly to the E1b1b1b2 lineage – which is found among 60% of the whole PPNB population and 75% of the 'Ain Ghazal population, being present in all three middle PPNB stages.
Later middle PPNB populations in the Southern Levant were already witnessing severe changes in climate that would have been exacerbated by large population demands on local resources. Beginning at 8.9 cal ka BP we see a significant decrease in population in highland Jordan, ultimately leading to the complete abandonment of almost all central settlements in this region.[298]
The 9th millennium Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) period in the Levant represents a major transformation in prehistoric lifeways from small bands of mobile hunter–gatherers to large settled farming and herding villages in the Mediterranean zone, the process having been initiated some 2–3 millennia earlier.
'Ain Ghazal (" Spring of the Gazelles") is situated in a relatively rich environmental setting immediately adjacent to the Wadi Zarqa, the longest drainage system in highland Jordan. It is located at an elevation of about 720m within the ecotone between the oak-park woodland to the west and the open steppe-desert to the east.
Evidence recovered from the excavations suggests that much of the surrounding countryside was forested and offered the inhabitants a wide variety of economic resources. Arable land is plentiful within the site's immediate environs. These variables are atypical of many major neolithic sites in the Near East, several of which are located in marginal environments. Yet despite its apparent richness, the area of 'Ain Ghazal is climatically and environmentally sensitive because of its proximity throughout the Holocene to the fluctuating steppe-forest border.
The Ain Ghazal settlement first appear in the middle PPNB, which is split into two phases. Phase 1 starts 10300 yBP and ends 9950 yBP, phase 2 ends 9550 yBP.
The estimated population of the middle PPNB site from ‘Ain Ghazal is of 259-1,349 individuals with an area of 3.01-4.7 ha. Is argued that at its founding at the commencement of the middle PPNB ‘Ain Ghazal was likely 2 ha in size and grew to 5 ha by the end of the middle PPNB. At this point in time their estimated population was 600-750 people or 125-150 people per hectare.
A 2018 study[2] conducted by scholars from Tel-Aviv University, the Israel Antiquities Authority and Harvard University had discovered that 22 out of the 600 people who were buried in Peki'in cave from the Chalcolithic Period were of both local Levantine and Persian and Zagros[299] area ancestries, or as phrased in the paper itself: "Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation,” the scientists concluded that the homogeneous community found in the cave could source ~57% of its ancestry from groups related to those of the local Levant Neolithic, ~26% from groups related to those of the Anatolian Neolithic, and ~17% from groups related to those of the Iran Chalcolithic.".[300] The scholars noted that the Zagros genetic material held "Certain characteristics, such as genetic mutations contributing to blue eye color, were not seen in the DNA test results of earlier Levantine human remains MTDNA blue-eyed, fair-skinned community didn't continue, but at least now researchers have an idea why. "These findings suggest that the rise and fall of the Chalcolithic culture are probably due to demographic changes in the region".[300]
We find that the individuals buried in Peqi’in Cave represent a relatively genetically homogenous population. This homogeneity is evident not only in the genome-wide analyses but also in the fact that most of the male individuals (nine out of ten) belong to the Y-chromosome Haplogroup T (Y-DNA), a lineage thought to have diversified in the Near East. This finding contrasts with both earlier (Neolithic and Epipaleolithic) Levantine populations, which were dominated by Haplogroup E (Y-DNA), and later Bronze Age individuals, all of whom belonged to Haplogroup J (Y-DNA).[2]
Ancient city of Ebla
In the ancient city of Ebla in Syria in the Bronze Age, one individual was found belonging to haplogroup T-L162 (T1a1).[301][302]
Alalakh Amorite city-state
One individual from Alalakh who lived circa 2014-1781 BC, belonged to haplogroup T-CTS11451 (T1a1a).[303][301][302]
Notable haplogroup members
Elite endurance runners
Possible patterns between Y-chromosome and elite endurance runners were studied in an attempt to find a genetic explanation to the Ethiopian endurance running success. Given the superiority of East African athletes in international distance running over the past four decades, it has been speculated that they are genetically advantaged. Elite marathon runners from Ethiopia were analysed for K*(xP) which according to the previously published Ethiopian studies is attributable to the haplogroup T[304]
According to further studies,[4] T1a1a* (L208) was found to be proportionately more frequent in the elite marathon runners sample than in the control samples than any other haplogroup, therefore this y-chromosome could play a significant role in determining Ethiopian endurance running success. Haplogroup T1a1a* was found in 14% of the elite marathon runners sample of whom 43% of this sample are from Arsi province. In addition, haplogroup T1a1a* was found in only 4% of the Ethiopian control sample and only 1% of the Arsi province control sample. T1a1a* is positively associated with aspects of endurance running, whereas E1b1b1 (old E3b1) is negatively associated.[305]
Thomas Jefferson
A notable member of the T-M184 haplogroup is American President Thomas Jefferson (most distant known ancestor "MDKA" is Samuel Jefferson, Born 11 October 1607 in Pettistree, Suffolk, England). The Y-chromosomal complement of the Jefferson male line was studied in 1998 in an attempt to resolve the controversy over whether he had fathered the mixed-race children of his slave Sally Hemings. A 1998 DNA study of the Y chromosome in the Jefferson male line found that it matched that of a descendant of Eston Hemings, Sally Hemings' youngest son. This confirmed the body of historical evidence, and most historians believe that Jefferson had a long-term intimate liaison with Hemings for 38 years, and fathered her six children of record, four of whom lived to adulthood. In addition, the testing conclusively disproved any connection between the Hemings descendant and the Carr male line. Jefferson grandchildren had asserted in the 19th century that a Carr nephew had been the father of Hemings' children, and this had been the basis of historians' denial for 180 years. Jefferson's paternal family traced back Wales, where T is incredibly rare, as it is throughout Britain. A couple of British males with the Jefferson surname have been found with the third president's type of T, reinforcing the idea that his immediate paternal ancestry was British.
In 2007 the study carried out by the Turi E. King team, found that the Jefferson T patrilineage most probably belongs to an ancient and rare indigenous European group.[306]
Phylogenetic tree
|
Nomenclatural history
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
| YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) | (α) | (β) | (γ) | (δ) | (ε) | (ζ) | (η) | YCC 2002 (Longhand) | YCC 2005 (Longhand) | YCC 2008 (Longhand) | YCC 2010r (Longhand) | ISOGG 2006 | ISOGG 2007 | ISOGG 2008 | ISOGG 2009 | ISOGG 2010 | ISOGG 2011 | ISOGG 2012 | ISOGG 2013 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T-M184 | 26 | VIII | 1U | 25 | Eu16 | H5 | F | K* | K | T | T | K2 | K2 | T | T | T | T | T | T |
| K-M70/T-M70 | 26 | VIII | 1U | 25 | Eu15 | H5 | F | K2 | K2 | T | T1 | K2 | K2 | T | T | T | T1 | T1a | T1a |
| T-P77 | 26 | VIII | 1U | 25 | Eu15 | H5 | F | K2 | K2 | T2 | T1a2 | K2 | K2 | T2 | T2 | T2a1 | T1a1b | T1a1a1 | T1a1a1 |
Original research publications
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.
α Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 and Kaladjieva 2001
ζ Su 1999
Y-DNA backbone tree
Notes
References
Original research
- ^ W. Goodwin et al., " Department of Forensic and Investigative Science ," "www.yhrd.org/" (2012),
- ^ Carsten Hohoff and Bernd Brinkmann "Institut für Rechtsmedizin"," Universität Münster <http://www.yhrd.org>
- ^ Uta D. Immel et al., "Institut für Rechtsmedizin, Martin-Luther Universität Haale/Saale," "www.yhrd.org/" (1999),
- ^ Laura Valverde Potes et al., "Grupo BIOMICs / BIOMICs Research Group," "www.yhrd.org/" (2011),
Other works cited
- ^ "T YTree". www.yfull.com.
- ^ a b c Harney, Éadaoin; May, Hila; Shalem, Dina; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Lazaridis, Iosif; Sarig, Rachel; Stewardson, Kristin; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Patterson, Nick; Hershkovitz, Israel; Reich, David (20 August 2018). "Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 3336. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.3336H. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05649-9. PMC 6102297. PMID 30127404.
- ^ Elkamel, Sarra; Marques, Sofia L.; Alvarez, Luis; Gomes, Veronica; Boussetta, Sami; Mourali-Chebil, Soufia; Khodjet-El-Khil, Houssein; Cherni, Lotfi; Benammar-Elgaaied, Amel; Prata, Maria J. (3 August 2021). "Insights into the Middle Eastern paternal genetic pool in Tunisia: high prevalence of T-M70 haplogroup in an Arab population". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 15728. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-95144-x. PMC 8333252. PMID 34344940.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Mendez FL, Karafet TM, Krahn T, Ostrer H, Soodyall H, Hammer MF (2011). "Increased resolution of Y chromosome haplogroup T defines relationships among populations of the Near East, Europe, and Africa". Human Biology. 83 (1): 39–53. doi:10.3378/027.083.0103. PMID 21453003. S2CID 207611348.
- ^ ISOGG, 2017, Y-DNA Haplogroup T and its Subclades – 2017 (19 January 2017).
- ^ Michael Hodd, East Africa Handbook, 7th Edition, (Passport Books: 2002), p. 21: "To the north are the countries of the Horn of Africa comprising Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, and Somaliland."
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Giuseppe Iacovacci et al., "Forensic data and microvariant sequence characterization of 27 Y-STR loci analyzed in four Eastern African countries," ^Forensic Science International: Genetics, 2016
- ^ a b "T-Y16897 YTree".
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Plaster; et al. (2011). "Variation in Y chromosome, mitochondrial DNA and labels of identity on Ethiopia" (PDF). UCL Discovery.
- ^ a b c d e Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M, Caeiro B, Cinnioğlu C, Roseman C, Underhill PA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Herrera RJ (2004). "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations". American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (3): 532–44. doi:10.1086/382286. PMC 1182266. PMID 14973781.
- ^ Balanovsky O, Rootsi S, Pshenichnov A, Kivisild T, Churnosov M, Evseeva I, Pocheshkhova E, Boldyreva M, Yankovsky N, Balanovska E, Villems R (2008). "Two sources of the Russian patrilineal heritage in their Eurasian context". American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (1): 236–50. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.019. PMC 2253976. PMID 18179905.
- ^ a b Frigi S, Pereira F, Pereira L, Yacoubi B, Gusmão L, Alves C, Khodjet el Khil H, Cherni L, Amorim A, El Gaaied A (2006). "Data for Y-chromosome haplotypes defined by 17 STRs (AmpFLSTR Yfiler) in two Tunisian Berber communities". Forensic Science International. 160 (1): 80–3. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.05.007. PMID 16005592.
- ^ a b Jakovski Z, Nikolova K, Jankova-Ajanovska R, Marjanovic D, Pojskic N, Janeska B (2011). "Genetic data for 17 Y-chromosomal STR loci in Macedonians in the Republic of Macedonia". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 5 (4): e108–11. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2011.04.005. PMID 21549657.
- ^ a b Lazaridis, Iosif; et al. (2016). "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East". Nature. 536 (7617): 419–424. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..419L. bioRxiv 10.1101/059311. doi:10.1038/nature19310. PMC 5003663. PMID 27459054.
- ^ Tomàs C, Jiménez G, Picornell A, Castro JA, Ramon MM (2006). "Differential maternal and paternal contributions to the genetic pool of Ibiza Island, Balearic Archipelago". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 129 (2): 268–78. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20273. PMID 16323196.
- ^ a b c Zalloua PA, Platt DE, El Sibai M, Khalife J, Makhoul N, Haber M, Xue Y, Izaabel H, Bosch E, Adams SM, Arroyo E, López-Parra AM, Aler M, Picornell A, Ramon M, Jobling MA, Comas D, Bertranpetit J, Wells RS, Tyler-Smith C (2008). "Identifying genetic traces of historical expansions: Phoenician footprints in the Mediterranean". American Journal of Human Genetics. 83 (5): 633–42. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.10.012. PMC 2668035. PMID 18976729.
- ^ Adams SM, et al. (2008). "The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 83 (6): 725–736. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007. PMC 2668061. PMID 19061982.
- ^ a b c d Rodríguez V, Tomàs C, Sánchez JJ, Castro JA, Ramon MM, Barbaro A, Morling N, Picornell A (2009). "Genetic sub-structure in western Mediterranean populations revealed by 12 Y-chromosome STR loci". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 123 (2): 137–41. doi:10.1007/s00414-008-0302-y. PMID 19066931. S2CID 20576072.
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haplogroup, m184, this, article, about, human, chromosome, haplogroup, m184, unrelated, human, mtdna, haplogroup, haplogroup, mtdna, also, known, haplogroup, human, chromosome, haplogroup, unique, event, polymorphism, that, defines, this, clade, single, nucleo. This article is about the human Y chromosome haplogroup T M184 For the unrelated human mtDNA Haplogroup see Haplogroup T mtDNA Haplogroup T M184 also known as Haplogroup T is a human Y chromosome DNA haplogroup The unique event polymorphism that defines this clade is the single nucleotide polymorphism known as M184 Other SNPs M272 PAGES129 L810 L455 L452 and L445 are considered to be phylogenetically equivalent to M184 As a primary branch of haplogroup LT a k a K1 the basal undivergent haplogroup T currently has the alternate phylogenetic name of K1b and is a sibling of haplogroup L a k a K1a Before 2008 haplogroup T and its subclades were known as haplogroup K2 4 The name K2 has since been reassigned to a primary subclade of haplogroup K It has two primary branches T1 T L206 and T2 T PH110 Haplogroup T M184Possible time of origin48 800 10 500 years BP 1 Possible place of originWestern Asia 2 3 AncestorLTDescendantsT1 T L206 T2 T PH110 Defining mutationsM184 PAGES34 USP9Y 3178 M272 PAGES129 L810 L455 L452 L445Highest frequenciesDir Isaaq Horn of Africa Antemoro Madagascar Lodha Bauri Yerukula Raju and Mahli Eastern India T M184 is unusual in that it is both geographically widespread and relatively rare T1 T L206 the numerically dominant primary branch of T M184 appears to have originated in Western Asia and possibly spread from there into the East Africa South Asia Southern Europe and adjoining regions T1 may have expanded with the Pre Pottery Neolithic B culture PPNB Most males who now belong to haplogroup T L206 carry the subclade T M70 T1a a primary branch of T M206 T M70 appears to have been present in Europe since the neolithic having possibly arrived there in the Neolithic epoch with the first farmers 4 Contents 1 Structure 2 Distribution 2 1 Overview 2 2 T1 T 2 2 1 T1a M70 2 2 2 T1a1 2 2 3 T1a1a L208 2 2 4 T1a1a1a1b1a1 T Y3782 2 2 5 T1a1a1a1b1a1a T Y3836 2 3 T2 PH110 2 4 Possible cases from older research 3 Modern geographical distribution 3 1 Northern Asia 3 2 Europe 3 3 Middle East and Caucasus 3 4 Africa 3 5 South Asia 3 6 Central Asia amp East Asia 3 7 Americas post colonisation 4 Ancient DNA 4 1 Ancient DNA from Ain Ghazal 4 2 Ancient city of Ebla 4 3 Alalakh Amorite city state 5 Notable haplogroup members 5 1 Elite endurance runners 5 2 Thomas Jefferson 6 Phylogenetic tree 7 Nomenclatural history 7 1 Original research publications 7 2 Y DNA backbone tree 8 Notes 9 References 9 1 Original research 9 2 Other works cited 9 3 Sources for conversion tables 10 External linksStructure EditSubclade structure of Haplogroup T M184 5 T1 L206 T1a M70 Page46 PF5662 T1a1 L162 Page21 L454 T1a1a L208 Page2 T1a1a1 CTS11451 T1a1a2 Y16897 T1a1a2a Z19963 T1a2 L131 T1a2a PH141 Y13244 T1a2b L446 T1a3 FGC1350 Y11151 T1a3a Y11675 Z9798 T1a3b FGC1340 Y8614 T2 PH110 Distribution EditOverview Edit Haplogroup T is found at exceptionally high levels amongst the Dir and Isaaq clans in the Somaliland a 6 Djibouti and Ethiopia 7 8 it is also found at relatively high levels in specific populations in other parts of the world These include Kurru Bauris and Lodha in South Asia among Toubou in Chad and in a significant minority of Rajus and Mahli in South Asia general Somalis southern Egyptians and Fula Fulbe in north Cameroon people from the Chian Aquilani Saccensi Ibizan Eivissenc and Mirandese regions in Europe Zoroastrians Bakhtiaris in the Middle East and Nenets and Kazakhs especially Momyns and Argyns in Siberia Central Asia citation needed The maximal worldwide frequency for haplogroup T M184 is 100 amongst Dir clan Somali males Iacovacci et al 2016 7 It accounts for approximately 82 4 of Somali male lineages overall in Dire Dawa Ethiopia Plaster et al 2011 9 Geographically it is found at the highest levels in the Dire Dawa area of Ethiopia 9 and Djibouti 7 Luis et al 2004 suggest that the presence of T on the African continent may like R1 representatives point to an older introduction from Asia The Levant rather than the Arabian Peninsula appears to have been the main route of entry as the Egyptian and Turkish haplotypes are considerably older in age 13 700 BP and 9 000 BP respectively than those found in Oman only 1 600 BP According to the authors the spotty modern distribution pattern of haplogroup T M184 within Africa may therefore represent the traces of a more widespread early local presence of the clade Later expansions of populations carrying the E1b1b E1b1a G and J NRY lineages may have overwhelmed the T M184 clade bearers in certain localities 10 Prevalence of T M184 in Armenians from Sasun T M184 which is relatively rare in other Near Eastern populations as well as in three Armenian collections tested here represents the most prominent patrilineal descent in Sasun comprising 20 1 of the samples The presence of this haplogroup in Ararat Valley Gardman and Lake Van by contrast is more limited composing only 3 6 6 3 and 3 9 respectively of the individuals from those collections Sasun however exhibits statistically significant divergence from the remaining Armenian populations most likely as the result of the prominence in Sasun of lineages T M184 and R2a M124 found at substantially lower frequencies in Ararat Valley Gardman and Lake Van Kristian J Herrera 2012 In the Caucasus and Anatolia it makes up to 4 of the population in southeast and northwest Caucasus as well as in southeast and western Anatolia peaking up to 20 in Armenians from Sasun In Middle East it makes up to 4 of the population around the Zagros Mountains and the Persian Gulf as well as around the Taurus Mountains and the Levant basin peaking up to 10 in Zoroastrians from Kerman Bakhtiaris Assyrians from Azerbaijan Abudhabians Armenians from Historical Southwestern Armenia and Druzes from Galilee In Eastern Africa it makes up to 4 of the population on Upper Egypt peaking up to 10 in Luxor Haplogroup T is rare almost everywhere in Europe According to Mendez et al 2011 the occurrence in Europe of lineages belonging to both T1a1 old T1a and T1a2 old T1b subclades probably reflects multiple episodes of gene flow T1a1 haplogroups in Europe likely reflect older gene flow 4 It makes up to 4 of the population on Central Italy Western Sicily Northwest Corsica Northwestern Iberian Peninsula Western Andalucia Western Alps Eastern Crete and Macedonia frequencies up to 10 in Ibiza Miranda de I Douro Eastern Oviedo Cadiz Badajoz Balagna Norma and Ragusa and peaking at 20 in Sciacca L Aquila and some German regions which T M184 was found in 1 7 10 591 of a pool of six samples of males from southwestern Russia but it was completely absent from a pool of eight samples totalling 637 individuals from the northern half of European Russia 11 The Russians from the southwest were from the following cities Roslavl Livny Pristen Repyevka and Belgorod and Kuban Cossacks from the Republic of Adygea T1 T Edit Population Language Location Sample size Percentage Source NotesBerbers Siwi Berber Sejenane 1 47 2 1 12 Syrians Unspecified Syria 1 95 1 1 4 Macedonians Macedonian Balto Slavic Macedonia 1 201 0 5 13 Macedonians Orthodox ChristiansMain article Haplogroup T L206 T1 is the most common descent of T M184 haplogroup being the lineage of more than 95 of all Eurasian T M184 members One of their descent lineages is found in high frequencies among northern Somali clans However it appears to have originated somewhere around the Eastern Mediterranean Basin perhaps somewhere between Israel to the Jordan Valley 14 The basal T1 subclade appears to have spread to northeastern Anatolia from the Levant at least with the Pre Pottery Neolithic B culture PPNB Although it is rare in modern populations T1 has been found in a Berber individual from Tunisia a male in Syria and one sequence among ethnic Macedonians in Macedonia 4 12 13 Initial research into T1a T M70 previously known as K2 K2 M70 is believed to have originated in Asia after the emergence of the K M9 polymorphism 45 30 ky Underhill et al 2001a As deduced from the collective data Underhill et al 2000 Cruciani et al 2002 Semino et al 2002 present study K2 M70 individuals at some later point proceeded south to Africa While these chromosomes are seen in relatively high frequencies in Egypt Oman Tanzania Ethiopia they are especially prominent in the Fulbe 18 Scozzari et al 1997 1999 J R Luis et al 2004 10 T1a M70 Edit Mendez et al 2011 points to an ancient presence for T1a M70 in Europe may reflect early exiles between the ancient lands of Israel and Babylon The subclade probably arrived with the very first farmers 4 T1a1 Edit Pityusans one of three genetically distinct populations in the Balearic Islands The population of the Pityusic Islands does present a clear genetic divergence in relation to the Mallorcan and Menorcan populations Neither shows a confluence with the Catalan and Valencian populations like do the Mallorcan and Menorcan With the comparison of the data provided by the Pityusic population with other circumediterranean populations surprises that practically there is no convergence with any of these populations not even with the North African populations The Pityusic case is paradigmatic for some markers shows affinities with Oriental populations some mtDNA variables but diverges from these populations when considering other markers It is a separate case an island not in the geographical sense but genetical Misericordia Ramon Juanpere et al 1998 2004 The Pityusans of the Pityusic Islands Ibiza and Formentera have been found by three different studies to possess T1a1 at relatively high levels of 6 7 16 7 Tomas et al 2006 found three cases amongst a sample of 45 6 7 15 Zalloua et al 2008 found nine examples that were L454 an SNP equivalent to L162 Page21 from a sample of 54 i e a rate of 16 7 16 17 Rodriguez et al 2009 found seven cases of L454 in a sample of 96 7 3 18 The Pontic Greeks of Anatolia are also reported to possess T1a1 In 2009 a male with the surname Metaxopoulos and a Pontic Greek background was reported to be T L162 xL208 according to the Y Chromosome Genome Comparison Project administered by Adriano Squecco citation needed Greeks from the Fatsa originally Fatsa reportedly migrated in antiquity from Sinope which was itself colonised by Ionians from Miletus Another ancient Ionian colony in north west Anatolia Lampsakos Lampsacus had onomastic links to the Pityusic Islands see above Lampsakos was originally an Ionian colony known as Pityussa T1a1a L208 Edit This lineage formed 14 200 11 000 BP is the largest branch downstream T1a1 L162 Firstly discovered and reported at August 2009 in a 23andMe customer of Iberian ancestry that participated in the public Squecco s Y Chromosome Genome Comparison Project and appearing there as Aviles and as AlpAstur in 23andMe Named as L208 at November 2009 T1a1a1a1b1a1 T Y3782 Edit One Sardinian male from a sample of 187 a nominal rate of 0 53 a resident of the Province of Cagliari Sardinian Casteddu has been found to have T Y3782 xY3836 also known T1a1a1a1b1a1 xT1a1a1a1b1a1a 19 T1a1a1a1b1a1a T Y3836 Edit T Y3836 Phylogeny Using 19 Y STR markers This lineage is mostly found among individuals from the Iberian Peninsula where the subclade also has its highest diversity Two subclades can be clearly discriminated The first found mainly in post colonial Puerto Rico with DYS391 10 and the second found mainly in Panama where their Iberian descendants could have the entrance point to America with DYS439 12 Some members of Y3836 are found among different communities of the Sephardic diaspora but they are found to be extremely rare in the total percentage of some of these communities as seen in Nogueiro et al This probably could mean that these members could be integrated by these communities through the contact with other native Iberian populations as seen in Monteiro et al where this lineage was found among native Astur Leonese speakers Population Language Location Members Sample size Percentage Source NotesPanamanians Panamian Castilian Romance languages Los Santos Province 1 30 3 3 20 Colombians Colombian Castilian Romance languages Caldas 2 75 2 7 YHRD Mestizo individualsPanamanians Panamian Castilian Romance languages Panama Province 1 43 2 3 20 Northwest Argentinians Argentinian Castilian Romance languages Mountainous region of Jujuy 1 50 2 21 YHRD Admixed populationPuerto Ricans Puerto Rican Castilian Romance languages Southeast Puerto Rico 2 110 1 8 22 Northeastern Portuguese Jews Judaeo Portuguese Romance Braganca Argozelo Carcao Mogadouro and Vilarinho dos Galegos 1 57 1 8 23 24 25 Native Mirandese speakers Mirandese Astur Leonese Romance Miranda de l Douro 1 58 1 7 26 27 Dominicans Dominican Castilian Romance languages Dominican Republic 4 261 1 5 28 Panamanians Panamian Castilian Romance languages Chiriqui Province 1 92 1 1 20 Mecklenburgers East Low Saxon West Germanic Rostock 2 200 1 29 Mestizos Colombian Castilian Romance languages Bogota 2 195 1 YHRDMestizos Colombian Castilian Romance languages Valle del Cauca 1 103 1 YHRDMestizos Ecuadorian Castilian Romance languages Quito 1 102 1 30 Venezuelans Venezuelan Castilian Romance languages Maracaibo 1 111 0 9 31 Venezuelans Venezuelan Castilian Romance languages Central Region 1 115 0 9 32 Europeans Brazilian Portuguese Romance languages Sao Paulo 1 120 0 8 YHRD European descentsEcuadorians Ecuadorian Castilian Romance languages Quito 1 120 0 8 33 Colombians Colombian Castilian Romance languages Antioquia 6 777 0 7 34 Mexicans Mexican Castilian Romance languages Merida 1 159 0 6 YHRD Mestizo individualsEastern Andalusians Andalusian Romance Alhama de Granada Baza Huescar Loja Montefrio and orgiva 1 180 0 6 35 Colombians Colombian Castilian Romance languages Santander 1 193 0 5 YHRD Mestizo individualsChileans Chilean Castilian Romance languages Concepcion 1 198 0 5 YHRDCatalans Not reported Metropolitan area of Barcelona 1 224 0 5 36 Mexicans Mexican Spanish Romance languages Guadalajara 1 246 0 4 YHRD Mestizo individualsEuropeans Brazilian Portuguese Romance languages Rio Grande do Sul 1 255 0 4 37 T2 PH110 Edit This lineage could have arrived in the Levant through the PPNB expansion from northeastern Anatolia A 2014 study found T PH110 in one ethnic Bhutanese male out of a sample of 21 possibly implying a rate of 4 8 in Bhutan 38 Also have been found in a German individual and another two from Caucasus The Bhutanese and the German haplotypes seems to cluster together This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it September 2016 Possible cases from older research Edit Population Language Location Members Sample size Percentage Source NotesAltaians Altai Turkic Kurmach Baygol 2 11 18 2 39 K xT1a M70 L M20 N DYF155S2 O M175 P 92R7 Altaians Altai Turkic Turochak 2 19 10 5 39 K xT1a M70 L M20 N DYF155S2 O M175 P 92R7 Leoneses Astur Leonese Romance Leon 1 13 7 7 40 41 K xT1a M70 L1 M22 P 92R7 Ossetian Irons Iron Iranian South Ossetia 1 21 4 8 40 42 No further details available Cordobeses Andalusian Romance Cordoba 1 27 3 7 40 43 No further details available Leoneses Astur Leonese Romance Leon 2 60 3 3 40 43 No further details available Tharus Tharu Indo Aryan Morang 1 37 2 7 44 K xT1a M70 L M20 NO M214 P M74 Cherkessians Besleney Northwest Caucasian Circassia 2 126 1 6 40 42 No further details are available Bizkaians Bizkaiera Isolate language Bizkaia 1 72 1 4 40 43 No further details are available Europeans English Germanic Australia 1 1078 0 09 45 No further details are available Modern geographical distribution EditNorthern Asia Edit Population Language Location Members Sample size Percentage Source NotesKazakhs Kazakh Turkic Southwestern Altai 1 30 3 3 46 T1a M70Evens Even Tungusic eastern Siberia 1 61 1 6 47 Barghuts Barga Mongolic different localities of Hulun Buir Aimak 1 76 1 3 47 T1a M70 In the 12 13th centuries the Barga Barghuts Mongols appeared as tribes near Lake Baikal named Bargujin Europe Edit Population Language Location Members Sample size Percentage Source NotesMarchigianos Marchigiano dialect Italian Arquata del Tronto and Apiro 2 2 100 48 Cretans and southern Aegeans Southeastern Greek Crete and southern Aegean 2 6 33 3 49 Rural Saccensi Sicilian Romance Sciacca 6 20 30 50 Chians Southeastern Greek Khios 4 16 25 51 Stilfser Tyrolese Southern Austro Bavarian German Stilfs South Tyrol Italy 4 17 23 5 52 Sephardic Levites 7 31 22 6 53 Among Ashkenazi Levites found at 3 3 but different haplotype Venetians Venetian Romance Vigasio and Povegliano Veronese 2 9 22 2 54 Abruzzesi Neapolitan language Romance L Aquila 6 30 20 55 macro haplogroup LT is 30 in L Aquila population This was the land of Samnium inhabited by the CaraceniCretans Cretan Greek Lasithi 9 50 18 56 According to Martinez2007 only can belong to T1a M70Sicilians Sicilian Romance Sciacca 5 28 17 9 57 Urban Ragusani Sicilian Romance Ragusa 3 19 15 8 50 Northeastern Portuguese Jews Judaeo Portuguese Romance Braganca Argozelo Carcao Mogadouro and Vilarinho dos Galegos 9 57 15 7 23 24 25 T have been found to be the second largest lineage in the Mirandes speaking population of Miranda do Douro too Haplogroup T was not found in a sample of Belmonte Jews Albanians Albanian Brescia Lombardia 12 83 14 5 58 The haplogroup tested is K xNOP is assumed as LT and most probably are members of TRural Normensi Italian Romance Norma 1 7 14 3 50 Corsicans Corsican Romance Balagne region of Corsica suprana 3 24 12 5 59 Rural Piazzesi Sicilian Romance Piazza Armerina 3 24 12 5 50 Frosinonensis Central Italian language Romance Filettino 2 17 11 8 60 Isolated mountain communityVellepetrianis Central Italian language Romance Vallepietra 2 18 11 1 60 Isolated mountain communityCantabrians Astur Leonese Romance Cantabria 2 18 11 1 61 All individuals were interviewed in order to assess the geographical origin of their grandparents and their speaking dialect Marchigianos Marchigiano Romance Matelica 1 9 11 1 48 Gaditanos Andalusian Romance Cadiz 3 28 10 7 62 Native Mirandese speakers Astur Leonese Romance Miranda de l Douro 6 58 10 4 26 27 Pacenses Astur Leonese Romance Badajoz 3 29 10 3 41 Asturianos Astur Leonese Romance Eastern Uvieu 1 10 10 63 Murcianos Murcian Romance Murcia 1 10 10 64 Aquilanis Neapolitan language Romance Cappadocia 5 54 9 3 60 Isolated mountain communityRural Alcamesi Sicilian Romance Alcamo 2 22 9 1 50 Cretans Cretan Greek Lasithi 2 23 8 7 65 Ligurians and Tuscans Ligurian Romance La Spezia Massa 2 24 8 3 55 Lugueses Galician language Romance Lugo 1 12 8 3 41 Campanians Neapolitan language Romance West Campania 7 84 8 3 66 Campanians Neapolitan language Romance Cilento 4 48 8 3 56 Sicilians Sicilian Romance Alcamo 2 24 8 3 57 Lebaniegos Astur Leonese Romance Liebana 3 37 8 1 67 Corsicans Corsican Romance Corte region of Corsica suprana 5 62 8 1 59 Segovianos Castilian language Romance Segovia 2 25 8 41 Marchigianos Marchigiano Romance Offida 3 38 7 9 68 Sicilians Sicilian Romance East Sicily 9 114 7 9 57 Saracinescanis Central Italian language Romance Saracinesco 2 18 7 7 60 Isolated mountain communityCroats Croatian West Slavic Mljet Island 3 39 7 7 69 Northern Portugueses Portuguese Romance Vila Real 3 39 7 7 70 Materanis Neapolitan language Romance Matera and Policoro 4 52 7 7 71 Campanians Neapolitan language Romance Campania 8 108 7 4 72 Cretans Cretan Greek Oropedio Lasithiou 3 41 7 3 65 Latinensis Neapolitan language Romance Romance Norma and Sezze 3 41 7 3 71 Sicilians Sicilian Romance Ragusa 2 28 7 1 57 Sicilians Sicilian Romance Piazza Armerina 2 28 7 1 57 Sicilians Sicilian Romance Trapani 3 43 7 59 Ligurians Ligurian Romance La Spezia 3 43 7 71 Leccesis Salentino language Romance Vaste and Ugento 3 46 6 5 71 Walloons Walloon Romance Wallonia 3 47 6 4 73 Ascolanis Marchigiano Romance Offida and Ascoli Piceno 3 47 6 4 71 Asturianos Eonavian Romance Navia Eo 2 31 6 5 63 Gagauzes Gagauz Turkic Kongaz 3 48 6 3 Solandris Solander Rhaeto Romance Val de Sol 4 65 6 2 74 Northern Portuguese Portuguese Romance Aveiro 4 66 6 1 Western Andalusians Andalusian Romance Huelva 10 167 6 35 Aragonese Aragonese and Castilian Romance Aragon 2 34 5 9 Corsicans Corsican Corsica 2 34 5 9 Panteschis Sicilian with Siculo Arabic influences Romance Pantelleria 1 17 5 9 75 Extremadurans Astur Leonese and Castilian Romance Extremadura 3 52 5 8 Bulgarians Bulgarian language South Slavic languages Unspecified Bulgarian region 4 69 5 8 76 Tuscans Tuscan Romance Tuscany 3 53 5 7 77 Dutch Hollandic West Germanic North Holland 1 18 5 6 Lombardians Lombard and Italian Romance Lombardia 1 18 5 6 59 Sicilians Sicilian Romance Mazara del Vallo 1 18 5 6 Southern Italians Italian Romance South Apulia 4 71 5 6 Asturians Astur Leonese Romance Asturies 4 74 5 4 78 Sicilians Sicilian Romance South Sicily 3 55 5 4 Lombardians Lombard and Italian Romance Lombardia 7 131 5 3 Hutterites Austro Bavarian Upper German South Tyrol 4 75 5 3 79 Peloponnesians Southern Greek Peloponnese 1 19 5 3 49 Gutes Gutnish North Germanic Gotland 2 40 5 Alsatians Alsatian Upper German Strossburi 4 80 5 Asturians Astur Leonese Romance Asturies 1 20 5 Italian speakers Italian Romance Bozen 3 59 5 Ladin Stilfser Tyrolese Ladin Romance Stelvio 1 20 5 Gaditanos Andalusian language Romance Cadiz 1 20 5 41 Malacitanos Andalusian language Romance Malaga 1 20 5 41 Macedonians and Thracians Northern Greek East Macedonia and Thrace 1 21 4 8 49 Bulgarians Bulgarian language South Slavic languages Razgrad 1 21 4 8 76 Northeastern Portuguese Portuguese Romance Tras os Montes 3 64 4 7 Corsicans Gallurese Romance languages Tempiu 4 86 4 7 19 Sardinians Sassarese Romance Sassari 2 43 4 7 59 Jennesis Central Italian language Romance Jenne 3 65 4 6 60 Isolated mountain communityAretuseis Sicilian Romance Buccheri 1 22 4 6 71 Casteddammaresis Sicilian Romance Casteddammari 1 22 4 6 71 Sicilians Sicilian Romance East Sicily 4 87 4 6 Western Andalusians Andalusian Romance Huelva 1 22 4 5 62 West Andalusians Andalusian Romance Sevilla 7 155 4 5 62 Galicians Galician Romance Santiago 2 46 4 4 Palentinos Castilian language Romance Palencia 1 23 4 4 41 Catalans Catalan Romance Arago 1 23 4 4 80 Ligurians Ligurian Romance Central Liguria 2 45 4 4 68 Catalans Catalan Romance Penedes 7 164 4 3 80 Greeks Greek Athens 4 92 4 3 Northern Portuguese Portuguese Beira Litoral 5 116 4 3 Ligurians Ligurian Romance La Spezia 2 46 4 3 68 South Italians Salentino Romance North Apulia 2 46 4 3 Cantabrians Astur Leonese Romance Cantabria 3 70 4 3 62 Cimbrians Cimbrian West Germanic languages Lessinia 1 24 4 2 74 Pincianos Castilian language Romance Valladolid 1 24 4 2 41 Croats Croatian West Slavic Zadar Hinterland 1 25 4 69 Macedonians Northern Greek Central Macedonia 1 25 4 49 Madrilenos Castilian language Romance Madrid 2 50 4 41 Germans German West Germanic Berlin 4 103 3 9 Northern Portuguese Portuguese Romance Braga 2 51 3 9 Beneventanis Neapolitan language Romance San Giorgio la Molara 1 26 3 9 71 Tuscans Tuscan Romance South Tuscany 3 79 3 8 Riojans Riojan and Castilian Romance La Rioja 2 54 3 7 61 Marchigianos Marchigiano Romance Apennines Marche 1 27 3 7 Calabrians Southern Italian Romance West Calabria 1 27 3 7 68 Urban Biellesi Piedmontese Romance Biela 3 81 3 7 50 Ukrainians Ukrainian East Slavic Kharkiv Oblast 2 55 3 6 81 Native Sayaguese speakers Astur Leonese Romance Sayago 1 28 3 6 26 Galicians Galician Romance Montes Baixo Mino 1 28 3 6 Corsicans Corsican Romance Ajaccio region of Corsica sutana 1 28 3 6 59 Sardinians Sardinian Romance Sassari and Orgosolo 2 56 3 6 82 Southern Portugueses Portuguese Romance Evora 1 29 3 5 Cretans Cretan Greek Khania 1 29 3 5 56 Canarians Canarian Spanish Romance La Palma 3 85 3 5 Scanians Scanian dialects South Scandinavian Malmo 1 29 3 4 Auvergnats Auvergnat Romance Clermont Ferrand 3 89 3 4 Azoreans Portuguese Romance Eastern Azores 3 87 3 4 83 Asturians Astur Leonese Romance Uvieu 6 182 3 3 78 Galicians Galician Romance Lugo 2 61 3 3 Albanians Albanian dialects Albania 1 30 3 3 Northeastern Portuguese Portuguese Romance Braganca 1 30 3 3 23 Northern Portuguese Portuguese Romance Viseu 1 30 3 3 Northern Portuguese Portuguese Romance Guarda 1 30 3 3 Catanzaresis southern Calabrese Romance Catanzaro 1 30 3 3 71 Sicilians Sicilian Romance West Sicily 4 122 3 3 Leoneses Astur leonese language Romance Leon 7 221 3 2 41 Lithuanians Aukstaitian Baltic West Aukstaiciai 1 31 3 2 Euboeans Thessalian Hellenic Euboea 3 93 3 2 71 Greeks Northern Greek Western Greece 1 31 3 2 49 Campanians Neapolitan language Romance San Giorgio La Molara 1 31 3 2 68 Valencians Catalan and Castilian Romance Valencia 1 31 3 2 62 Southern Tyroleans Southern Austro Bavarian Upper German Lower Vinschgau 1 32 3 1 Rhinelanders Ripuarian Central Franconian Koln 3 96 3 1 Swedes Swedish dialects East Scandinavian Orebro 1 32 3 1 Cantabrians Astur Leonese Romance Cantabria 3 98 3 1 84 Albaceteno Castilian language Romance Albacete 1 32 3 1 41 Portuguese Portuguese Romance Madeira 4 129 3 1 Asturianos Astur Leonese language Romance Asturias 1 33 3 41 Lentinesi Sicilian Romance Lentini 1 33 3 71 Shetlanders with Aboriginal surnames Scots language and Norn Language Germanic Shetland 1 35 2 9 Shetland ProjectAretuseis Sicilian Romance Siracusa 4 138 2 9 71 Baslers Basel German West Germanic Basel Stadt 18 643 2 8 78 Russians Russian East Slavic Smolensk Oblast 3 107 2 8 81 Gienenses Castilian language Romance Jaen 1 36 2 8 41 Native Alistano speakers Astur Leonese Romance Aliste 1 36 2 8 26 Germans German Germanic Germany 1 37 2 7 Karafet15Russians Russian East Slavic Oryol Oblast 3 110 2 7 81 Macedonians Macedonian Balto Slavic Macedonia 4 150 2 7 85 Azoreans Portuguese Romance Central Azores 2 76 2 6 83 Augustanis Sicilian Romance Augusta 1 38 2 6 71 Czechs Czech West Slavic Vysocina 1 40 2 5 86 Fiemmeses Fiamazzo Romance Val de Fiem 1 41 2 4 74 Flemish Dutch West Germanic Turnhout 1 42 2 4 87 1675 data setRussians Russian East Slavic Oryol Oblast 1 42 2 4 Bulgarians Bulgarian language South Slavic languages Haskovo 1 41 2 4 76 Genoese Tabarkini Ligurian Romance languages U Paize 1 41 2 4 88 Genoese Tabarkini Ligurian Romance languages U Paize 1 48 2 1 89 Flemish Dutch West Germanic Tongeren 1 43 2 3 90 T1a1a L208Sardinians Sardinian Corsican Romance Sardinia 28 1204 2 3 91 Croats Croatian West Slavic Dubrovnik 4 179 2 2 69 Russians Russian East Slavic Kursk Oblast 1 45 2 2 81 Sardinians Gallurese Romance Gaddura 1 46 2 2 59 Sardinians Sardinian Romance Sardinia 27 1204 2 2 91 Belvederesi Neapolitan language Romance Belvedere Marittimo 1 45 2 2 71 Fascians Fascian Rhaeto Romance Fascia 1 47 2 1 74 Russians Russian East Slavic Lipetsk Oblast 1 47 2 1 Ukrainians Ukrainian East Slavic Chernihiv Raion 2 96 2 1 81 Sardinians Campidanese Romance Trexenta 1 47 2 1 59 Sardinians Logudorese Romance languages Benetuti 1 48 2 1 89 Lithuanians Aukstaitian Baltic western Aukstaitija 1 50 2 81 Ukrainians Ukrainian East Slavic Sumy Oblast 2 101 2 81 Zamoranos Castilian Romance Campos Pan 1 50 2 26 Southwestern Almerians Andalusian Romance Laujar de Andarax Ohanes Berja and Adra 1 50 2 92 Alpujarrenos Andalusian Romance Alpujarra de la Sierra 1 50 2 Corinthians Ionian Peloponesian and Albanian Hellenic Corinthia 2 104 1 9 71 Macedonians Macedonian Balto Slavic Macedonia 4 211 1 9 93 Sardinians Campidanese Romance languages Sorgono 2 103 1 9 19 Catalans Catalan language Romance language Camp de Tarragona 4 214 1 9 80 Ukrainians Ukrainian East Slavic Cherkasy Raion 2 114 1 8 81 Adigeses Italian Romance Val d Adige 1 56 1 8 74 Bosch surname members Catalan language Romance language Paisos Catalans 1 56 1 8 94 Basques Gipuzkoan Isolate language Southwestern Gipuzkoa 1 57 1 8 61 Basques Gipuzkoan Isolate language Gipuzkoa 1 58 1 7 95 Flemish Dutch West Germanic North Brabant 2 119 1 7 87 1775 data setBulgarians Bulgarian language South Slavic languages Sofia 1 59 1 7 76 Bulgarians Bulgarian language South Slavic languages Lovech 1 62 1 6 76 Balearics Majorcan Romance Majorca 2 129 1 6 80 Czechs Czech West Slavic Plzen 1 62 1 6 86 Mecklenburgers East Low Saxon West Germanic Rostock 3 200 1 5 29 Russians Russian East Slavic Belgorod Oblast 2 143 1 4 81 Catalans Catalan Romance Castello 2 146 1 4 80 Bulgarians Bulgarian language South Slavic languages Plovdiv 2 159 1 3 76 Bulgarians Bulgarian language South Slavic languages Montana Bulgaria 1 80 1 3 76 Catalans Catalan Romance Central Catalonia 3 230 1 3 80 Catalans Catalan Romance Barcelona 3 231 1 3 80 Catalans Catalan Romance Barcelona Periphery 3 235 1 3 80 Belarusians Ukrainian East Slavic Eastern Belarus 1 86 1 2 96 Czechs Czech West Slavic Usti nad Labem 1 86 1 2 86 Russians Russian East Slavic Penza Oblast 1 81 1 2 Faroese Faroese Germanic Faroe Islands 1 89 1 1 97 Grandfathers originated from various Faroese islands Sardinians Campidanese Romance languages Casteddu 2 187 1 1 19 Eastern Andalusians Andalusian Romance Granada 2 180 1 1 35 Moravian Valachs Romanian language Romance languages Moravian Wallachia 1 94 1 1 98 Belarusians Ukrainian East Slavic Eastern Polesie 1 96 1 96 Estonians Estonian Uralic Estonia 2 209 1 99 Austrians Southern Bavarian Germanic Salzburg state 2 200 1 100 Ukrainians Ukrainian East Slavic Lviv Oblast 1 101 1 81 Aragonese Aragonese and Castilian Romance Aragon 2 200 1 78 Castellonenses Catalan language Romance Castello 5 515 1 41 Bavarians Bavarian Germanic Bavaria 2 218 0 9 101 T1a1a1a1b1 PF7445Austrian Germans Southern Bavarian Germanic Upper Austria 2 225 0 9 100 Czechs Czech West Slavic South Moravia 2 216 0 9 86 Croatians Croatian West Slavic Zagreb 1 114 0 9 Catalans Catalan Romance Girona 2 219 0 9 80 Belarusians Ukrainian East Slavic Western Polesie 1 121 0 8 96 Mecklenburger Mecklenburgisch Vorpommersch Germanic Mecklenburg 1 138 0 8 101 T1a2b L446 xCTS11984 DYS437 15Bulgarians Bulgarian language South Slavic languages Sofia Province 2 257 0 8 76 Andalusians Andalusian Romance HuelvaSevilleCordobaJaenMalagaCadizGranadaAlmeria 1 144 0 7 102 Romanians Romanian Romance Romania 1 178 0 6 99 Catalans Catalan Romance Valencia 1 173 0 6 80 Slovaks Slovak West Slavic Slovakia 1 164 0 6 101 Irish Gaeilge Celtic Ireland 1 221 0 5 103 Czechs Czech West Slavic Prague 3 595 0 5 86 Germans German West Germanic area of Halle 1 234 0 4 104 Individuals living in Catalonia Catalan language Romance Barcelona metropolitan area 1 247 0 4 105 Slovaks Slovak West Slavic Slovakia 1 473 0 2 106 With K M9 unconfirmed but probable T M70 14 3 23 of Russians in Yaroslavl 107 12 5 3 24 of Italians in Matera 56 10 3 3 29 of Italians in Avezzano 56 10 3 30 of Tyroleans in Nonstal 56 10 2 20 of Italians in Pescara 56 8 7 4 46 of Italians in Benevento 56 7 8 4 51 of Italians in South Latium 66 7 4 2 27 of Italians in Paola 56 7 3 11 150 of Italians in Central South Italy 108 7 1 8 113 of Serbs in Serbia 109 4 7 2 42 of Aromanians in Romania 110 3 7 3 82 of Italians in Biella 111 3 7 1 27 of Andalusians in Cordoba 62 3 3 2 60 of Leoneses in Leon 62 3 2 1 31 of Italians in Postua 111 3 2 1 31 of Italians in Cavaglia 111 3 1 3 97 of Calabrians in Reggio Calabria 18 2 8 1 36 of Russians in Ryazan Oblast 112 2 8 2 72 of Italians in South Apulia 113 2 7 1 37 of Calabrians in Cosenza 18 2 6 3 114 of Serbs in Belgrade 114 2 5 1 40 of Russians in Pskov 107 2 4 1 42 of Russians in Kaluga 107 2 2 2 89 of Transylvanians in Miercurea Ciuc 115 2 2 2 92 of Italians in Trino Vercellese 111 1 9 2 104 of Italians in Brescia 116 1 9 2 104 of Romanians in Romania 117 1 7 4 237 of Serbs and Montenegrins in Serbia and Montenegro 118 1 7 1 59 of Italians in Marche 113 1 7 1 59 of Calabrians in Catanzaro 18 1 6 3 183 of Greeks in Northern Greece 119 1 3 2 150 of Swiss Germans in Zurich Area 120 1 3 1 79 of Italians in South Tuscany and North Latium 113 1 1 1 92 of Dutch in Leiden 121 0 5 1 185 of Serbs in Novi Sad Vojvodina 122 0 5 1 186 of Polish in Podlasie 123 Other parts that have been found to contain a significant proportion of haplogroup T M184 individuals include Trentino 2 67 or 3 Marina Lucense 1 34 or 2 9 Heraklion 3 104 or 2 9 Roslavl 3 107 or 2 8 Ourense 1 37 or 2 7 Livny 3 110 or 2 7 Biella 3 114 or 2 6 Entre Douro 6 228 or 2 6 Porto 3 118 or 2 5 Urbino 1 40 or 2 5 Iberian Peninsula 16 629 or 2 5 Blekinge Kristianstad 1 41 or 2 4 Belarus 1 41 or 2 4 Modena 3 130 or 2 3 Provence Alpes Cote d Azur 1 45 or 2 2 Pristen 1 45 or 2 2 Caceres 2 91 or 2 2 Brac 1 47 or 2 1 Satakunta 1 48 or 2 1 Western Croatia 2 101 or 2 Ukrainia 1 50 or 2 Greifswald 2 104 or 1 9 Moldavians in Sofia 1 54 or 1 9 Uppsala 1 55 or 1 8 Lublin 2 112 or 1 8 Pias in Beja 1 54 or 1 8 Macedonian Greeks 1 57 or 1 8 Nea Nikomedeia 1 57 or 1 8 Sesklo Dimini 1 57 or 1 8 Lerna Franchthi 1 57 or 1 8 Acores 2 121 or 1 7 Viana do Castelo 1 59 or 1 7 Toulouse 1 67 or 1 5 Belgorod 2 143 or 1 4 Sardinia 1 77 or 1 3 124 125 126 127 128 129 66 70 130 97 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 48 92 146 147 148 excessive citations According to data from commercial testing 3 9 of Italian males belonging to this haplogroup 149 Approximately 3 of Sephardi Jews and 2 of Ashkenazi Jews belong to haplogroup T 150 Middle East and Caucasus Edit Haplogroup T has some significant frequencies in southeast and eastern Anatolia the Zagros Mountains and both sides of the Persian Gulf Population Language Location Members Sample size Percentage Source NotesGeorgians Georgian Kartvelian Khashuri 1 3 33 3 151 Priest Zoroastrians Persian Shiraz Tehran and Yazd 2 8 25 152 Not specified if Herbad or MobadIraqi Jews Judeo Iraqi Arabic Central Semitic Iraq 7 32 21 9 4 12 5 T1a1a1a1a1a1 P77 and 9 4 T1a3 Y11151Armenian Sasuntzis Western Armenian dialect Kurmanji and Dimli Northwestern Iranian languages Sasun 21 104 20 2 153 T1a1 and T1a2 subcladesGeorgians Georgian Kartvelian Sighnaghi and Gurjaani 2 10 20 151 Georgians Georgian Kartvelian Kharagauli 1 5 20 151 Kumyks Kumyk Turkic Daghestani lowlands 2 10 20 154 Reported as K but according to Karafet16 and Yunusbayev12 only T fits citation needed Kurdish Jews Judeo Aramaic Central Semitic Kurdistan 19 99 19 2 155 Kurdish Jews Judeo Aramaic Central Semitic Kurdistan 9 50 18 4 10 T1a1a1a1a1a1 P77 and 8 T1a1 L162Druzes Palestinian Arabic Central Semitic Galilee 7 40 17 5 156 Assyrians Aramaic Central Semitic refugees in Armenia 16 106 15 1 157 Reported as K Their homeland in the areas around Urmia Assyrians Aramaic Central Semitic Unknown 4 28 14 3 158 Georgians Georgian Kartvelian Dusheti 1 7 14 3 151 Iranian Jews Judeo Iranian Southwestern Iranian Iran 3 22 13 6 4 4 5 T1a1a1a1a1a1 P77 and 9 1 T1a3 Y11151Zoroastrians Persian Kerman 5 37 13 5 159 Iraqi Jews Judeo Iraqi Arabic Central Semitic Iraq 13 99 13 1 160 Bakhtiaris Bakhtiari Southwestern Iranian Perside Izeh 13 103 12 6 161 162 Mountain Jews Judeo Tat Southwestern Iranian Derbentsky District 2 17 11 8 158 All belong to T1a1a1a1a1a1 P77Armenians Western Armenian dialect Historical Southwestern Armenia 11 96 11 5 163 Abudhabians Gulf Arabic Semitic Abu Dhabi 21 191 11 Research 1 Assyrians Assyrian Central Semitic West Azerbaijan Province 4 39 10 3 164 Iranian Jews Judeo Iranian Southwestern Iranian Iran 5 49 10 2 160 Persian Muslims Persian Shiraz 5 51 9 8 159 Persian Muslims Persian Kerman 6 66 9 1 159 Iraqis Iraqi Arabic Semitic Al Qadisiyah 6 69 8 7 165 Armenians Armenian Armenia 35 413 8 5 99 Kurds Sorani Northwestern Iranian Kurdestan 5 59 8 5 164 Omani Arabs Omani Arabic Semitic Oman 10 121 8 3 10 Kurds Sorani Northwestern Iranian Kurdestan 2 25 8 166 Azeris Azeri Oghuz West Azerbaijan Province 5 63 7 9 164 Mazanderanis Mazanderan Western Iranian Mazandaran 1 13 7 7 166 Cypriots Cypriot Greek Cyprus 3 41 7 3 106 Iraqis Iraqi Arabic Semitic Iraq 10 139 7 2 167 Kuwaitis Gulf Arabic Semitic Kuwait 3 42 7 1 130 Iraqis Iraqi Arabic Semitic Iraq 3 43 7 168 Arabs Levantine Arabic Israel and Palestine 10 143 7 169 Persians Farsi Southwestern Iranian Fars 3 44 6 8 164 Christian Arabs Levantine Arabic Israel and Palestine 3 44 6 8 170 Western Armenians Armenian Eastern Turkey 6 90 6 7 171 Persians Farsi Southwestern Iranian Yazd 3 46 6 5 164 Armenians Armenian Gardman 6 96 6 3 153 Yezidis Kurmanji Northwestern Iranian refugees in Armenia 12 196 6 1 157 Reported as K Their homeland in the areas around Lalis Muslim Arabs Levantine Arabic Israel and Palestine 7 119 5 9 170 Zahedan Baluchestan Iran 6 103 5 8 172 Northern Armenians Armenian Northern Armenia southern Georgia Bolnisi Akhalkalaki and Akhaltsikhe and northwestern Azerbaijan around Gyanja 10 189 5 3 171 Armenians Armenian Tehran 2 38 5 3 159 Eastern Armenians Armenian Karabakh 11 215 5 1 171 Persians Farsi Southwestern Iranian Khorasan 3 59 5 1 164 Saudi Arabians Arabic dialects Semitic Saudi Arabia 8 157 5 1 173 Armenians Armenian Syunik 7 140 5 171 Emiratis Gulf Arabic Semitic United Arab Emirates 8 164 4 9 Lebanese Muslims Lebanese Arabic Semitic Lebanon 28 568 4 9 174 Cypriots Cypriot Greek Lemesos 6 126 4 8 175 Kumyks Kumyk Turkic Khasavyurtovsky District 1 21 4 8 158 Avars Avar Northeast Caucasian southeastern Dagestan 2 42 4 8 42 Kurds Kurmanji Northwestern Iranian Anatolia 12 251 4 8 176 Kurds Kurdish dialects Northwestern Iranian Kurdistan 6 126 4 8 Research 2 Anizes Gulf Arabic Semitic Kuwait 1 21 4 7 177 Lebaneses Levantine Arabic Semitic Lebanon 43 914 4 7 Cypriots Cypriot Greek Cyprus 3 65 4 6 Maronites Lebanese Arabic and Syriac Semitic Lebanon 24 518 4 6 174 Armenians Armenian Ararat 2 44 4 6 171 Muslim Kurds Kurdish dialects Northwestern Iranian Kurdistan 4 95 4 2 155 Qeshmis Qishmi southwestern Iranian Qeshm 2 49 4 1 164 Lurs Luri Southwestern Iranian Lorestan 2 50 4 164 Sadats Languages of Iran Different cities of Iran 2 50 4 178 Persians Persian Eastern Iran 3 77 3 9 179 Armenians Armenian Lake Van 4 103 3 9 153 Saudi Arabians Arabic dialects Semitic Saudi Arabia 4 106 3 8 106 Turkish Cypriots Cypriot Turkish 138 different villages towns or cities from Cyprus 14 380 3 7 180 Paternal lineages originating from the traditional Turkish Cypriot settlements throughout the islandBirjand South Khorasan Iran 1 27 3 7 172 All T1a3 Y12871Armenians Armenian Ararat Valley 4 110 3 6 153 Armenians Armenian Armenia 2 57 3 5 42 Georgians Georgian Kartvelian Omalo 1 29 3 5 151 Iranians Languages of Iran South Iran 4 117 3 4 125 Ionians Greek Phokaia 1 31 3 2 181 Bandaris Bandari Southwestern Iranian Bandar Abbas 4 131 3 1 164 Cypriots Cypriot Greek Larnaka 2 67 3 175 Alans Karachay Baksan Chegem Turkic Kabardino Balkaria 1 69 2 9 42 Jordanians Arabic dialects Semitic Jordan 8 273 2 9 Cypriots Cypriot Greek Ammochostos 3 122 2 5 175 Lezghins Lezgian Northeast Caucasian Southern Dagestan 2 81 2 5 182 Turks Turkish Turkey 13 523 2 5 Persians Persian Southwestern Iranian Esfahan 1 13 2 4 166 Iranians Languages of Iran Iran 7 324 2 2 174 Azerbaijani Muslims Azerbaijani Turkic Uromia 2 91 2 2 159 Yemenite Jews Hebrew and Arabic Yemen 2 94 2 1 160 Andis Andi Northeast Caucasian western Dagestan 1 49 2 42 Cypriots Cypriot Greek Paphos 2 105 1 9 175 Cypriots Cypriot Greek Nicosia 3 161 1 9 175 Assyrians Assyrian Neo Aramaic Semitic Uromia and Tehran 1 55 1 8 159 Abkhazians Abkhaz Northwest Caucasian Abkhazia 1 58 1 7 182 Kuwaitis Gulf Arabic Semitic Kuwait 2 117 1 7 183 Greek Orthodox Koine Greek Lebanon 2 116 1 7 174 Mashhad Razavi Khorasan Iran 2 129 1 6 172 0 8 T1a3 Y11151 xY8614 Aeolians Greek Smyrna 1 68 1 5 181 Georgians Georgian Kartvelian Georgia 1 66 1 5 99 Turkmens Turkmen Oghuz Golestan 1 68 1 5 164 Kumyks Kumyk Turkic Northern Dagestan 1 73 1 4 42 Kuban Nogays Nogai Turkic north of Sea of Azov around Prymorsk 1 87 1 2 42 Ossetian Digors Digorian Scythian North Ossetia 1 127 0 8 182 Yemeni Arabs Sanaani Arabic Semitic Sana a 1 129 0 8 Research 3 Syrians Syrian Arabic Semitic Syria 4 518 0 8 174 Kabardins Kabardian Northwest Caucasian Kabardino Balkaria 1 140 0 7 42 Circassians Adyghe Northwest Caucasian Republic of Adygea 1 142 0 7 182 Abkhazians Abkhaz Northwest Caucasian Abkhazia 1 162 0 6 42 There are also unconfirmed reports of T M70 amongst 28 7 25 of Lezginians in Dagestan 161 21 7 5 23 of Ossetians in Zamankul 184 14 7 50 of Iranians in Isfahan 161 13 3 23 of Ossetians in Zil ga 184 12 6 11 87 of Kurmanji Kurds in Eastern Turkey 185 11 8 2 17 of Palestinian Arabs in Palestine 186 8 3 1 12 of Iranians in Shiraz 187 8 3 2 24 of Ossetians in Alagir 184 8 2 25 of Kurmanji Kurds in Georgia 185 7 5 6 80 of Iranians in Tehran 161 188 7 4 10 135 of Palestinian Arabs in Israeli Village 186 7 10 143 of Palestinian Arabs in Israel and Palestine 186 5 1 19 of Chechens in Chechenia 161 188 4 2 3 72 of Azerbaijanians in Azerbaijan 161 188 4 1 2 48 of Iranians in Isfahan 188 4 4 100 of Armenians in Armenia 161 188 4 1 24 of Bedouins in Israel 186 and 2 6 1 39 of Turks in Ankara 188 Africa Edit Fossils excavated at the Late Neolithic site of Kelif el Boroud in Morocco which have been radiocarbon dated to around 3 000 BCE have been found to belong to haplogroup T M184 189 Population Language Location Members Sample size Percentage Source NotesSomalis Dir clan Somali East Cushitic Djibouti 24 24 100 7 The main sub clans of the Dir clan in Djibouti are the Issa and Gadabuursi Somalis Dire Dawa Somali East Cushitic Dire Dawa 14 17 82 4 9 Dir sub clans of Dire Dawa are Issa Gurgura and Gadabuursi Anteony Antemoro Plateau Malagasy old Antemoro Kingdom 22 37 59 5 190 The Anteony are the descendants of aristocrats from whom the Antemoro king is chosen Can be grouped into the Silamo because they have the right to undertake the ritual slaughter of animals Sombily Somalis Dir clan and Afars Somali and Afar East Cushitic Djibouti 30 54 56 6 191 Mixed sample of Somali and Afar individuals failed verification Somalis Ethiopia Somali East Cushitic Shilavo woreda Ogaden 5 10 50 7 The geographic location of this Ethiopia sample as seen in Fig 1 Somalis Isaaq Somali East Cushitic Somaliland 4 4 100 8 All belonging to the T1a Y16897 subcladeAfars Afar language East Cushitic Djibouti 5 20 25 7 Toubou Toubou Chad 31 192 All belonging to the T1a PF5662 subcladeAkie Akie people Nilotic Tanzania 3 13 23 1 Hirbo et al Akie people have remnants of a Cushitic languageSomalis Somali East Cushitic Jijiga Ogaden 19 83 22 9 9 Jijiga Somalis Arabs from Somalia Somali East Cushitic immigrants in Yemen 7 33 21 2 193 Lemba Venda and Shona Bantu South Africa 6 34 17 6 4 Exclusively belong to T1a2 old T1b Possible recent founder effect Low frequency of T1a2 has been observed in Bulgarian Jews and Turks but is not found in other Jewish communities Y str Haplotypes close to some T1a2 Armenians Rangi Rangi Language Bantu Tanzania 5 32 15 6 Hirbo et al Somalia 15 105 14 3 194 195 Iraqw Iraqw language Cushitic Tanzania 6 47 12 8 Hirbo et al Wachagga Kichagga Niger Congo Dar as Salam 3 24 12 5 156 Mixed with Rift Southern Cushites Somali Somali Cushitic immigrants to Norway 12 104 11 5 196 Bench Bench northern Omotic Bench Maji Zone 14 126 11 4 9 Kores Cushitic SNNP 2 18 11 1 9 Oromo Afaan Oromo language Cushitic Oromiyaa 1 9 11 1 197 Fulbe Fula northern Cameroon 3 27 11 1 198 199 Gorowa Gorowa language Cushitic Tanzania 2 19 10 5 Hirbo et al Somali Somali Cushitic immigrants to Denmark 21 201 10 4 200 201 Upper Egyptians Egyptian Arabic Luxor Governorate 3 29 10 3 16 202 Kontas Konta language Omotic Konta special woreda 11 107 10 3 9 Rendille Rendille language Cushitic Marsabit County 3 31 9 7 Hirbo et al Datogs Rendille language Cushitic Tanzania 3 31 9 7 203 Gewadas Gewada language east Cushitic SNNP 11 116 9 5 9 Antalaotra Antemoro Plateau Malagasy old Antemoro Kingdom 4 43 9 3 190 The Antalaotra are in charge of the magical and religious domains they have the ability to read and write Sorabe Can be grouped into the Silamo because they have the right to undertake the ritual slaughter of animals Sombily Upper Egyptians Egyptian Arabic Aswan Governorate 1 11 9 1 204 N Djamena Mix Mix N Djamena 5 55 9 1 Marc Haber 2016 All belonging to the T1a PF5662 subcladeUpper Egyptians Egyptian Arabic Assiut Governorate 6 70 8 6 204 Konsos Semitic Konso special woreda 2 24 8 3 9 Somali Somali Cushitic immigrants to Sweden 12 147 8 2 205 Arabs and Berbers Egyptian Arabic and Siwi Lower Egypt 12 147 8 2 10 Upper Egyptians Egyptian Arabic Sohag Governorate 4 52 7 7 204 Egyptians Erythraic Cushitic Egypt 7 92 7 6 195 197 If the K sample is M184 then 8 7 Tigrayans Tigrinya South Semitic Tigray Region 2 30 6 7 9 Dirashas Dirasha east Cushitic Dirashe special woreda 5 79 6 3 9 Canarians Canarian Spanish Tenerife 11 178 6 2 Kordofanians Kordofanian Kurdufan 4 69 5 8 186 Upper Egyptians Egyptian Arabic Qena Governorate 3 52 5 8 204 Tuareg Tuareg Berber Gorom Gorom 1 18 5 6 206 Afars Afar East Cushitic Afar Region 6 111 5 4 9 Ethiopians Ethiopian languages Ethiopia 4 74 5 4 168 Mashiles Mashile language Cushitic SNNP 7 130 5 4 9 Gurages Gurage languages South Semitic SNNP 6 118 5 1 9 Turu Nyaturu Bantu Tanzania 1 20 5 203 Moroccan Jews Haketia Romance Israel 1 20 5 207 Gedeos Gedeo east Cushitic SNNP 6 122 4 9 9 Wairak Iraqw Cushitic Tanzania 2 41 4 9 10 Western Libyans Libyan Arabic Semitic Tripoli region 7 142 4 9 208 209 Tunisians Tunisian Arabic Semitic Sfax 5 105 4 8 210 Libyans Libyan Arabic Semitic Tripoli area 3 63 4 8 211 Kanuri Kanuri Cameroon 1 21 4 8 Hirbo et al Iraqw 212 Iraqw Cushitic Tanzania 2 43 4 7 Yems Yemsa Omotic SNNP 5 107 4 7 9 Jews Semitic Ethiopia 1 22 4 5 7 Gobeze Cushitic SNNP 5 113 4 4 9 Upper Egyptians Egyptian Arabic Minya Governorate 1 23 4 3 204 Konsos Konso language East Cushitic Konso special woreda 4 94 4 3 9 Kembaatas East Cushitic Kembata Tembaro Zone 4 102 3 9 9 Tigrayans Tigrinya South Semitic Eritrea 1 28 3 6 7 Tigrayans Tigrinya South Semitic Eritrea 1 31 3 191 Amharas Amharic Semitic Ethiopia 1 34 2 9 7 Hutus Rwanda Rundi Niger Congo Rwanda 1 39 2 6 213 Lower Egyptians Egyptian Arabic Semitic Mansoura 1 44 2 2 16 202 Berbers Shilha Berber Siwa Oasis 2 93 2 2 207 214 Meru Meru Northeast Bantu Tanzania 2 99 2 215 Itam Ibibio Obong Itam Southeast Nigeria 1 50 2 216 217 Cape Verdeans Cape Verdean Creole Portuguese Creole Windward islands Sao Nicolau Sao Vicente and Santo Antao 2 101 2 218 Ovimbundo Umbundu and Portuguese Angola 1 53 1 9 219 Tunisians Tunisian Arabic Semitic Tunis 1 54 1 9 220 Berbers Shilha Berber Asni 1 54 1 9 207 214 Eastern Libyans Libyan Arabic Semitic Benghazi 4 214 1 9 221 Algerians Algerian Arabic Semitic Algeria 3 164 1 8 186 Baribas Baatonum Niger Congo Benin 1 57 1 8 222 T1a M70 xT1a2 L131 Bokoras Karamojong Eastern Nilotic Karamoja region 1 59 1 7 209 Lower Egyptians Egyptian Arabic Semitic Cairo 1 63 1 6 223 Tumbuka Tumbuka Niger Congo northern Malawi 1 61 1 6 217 Mozabites Mozabite Berber Ghardaia 1 68 1 5 224 Tunisians Tunisian Arabic Semitic South Tunisia 3 200 1 5 225 Soussians Tunisian Arabic Semitic Sousse 3 220 1 4 226 Chewa Chewa Niger Congo Malawi 1 92 1 1 217 Maasai Maasai Eastern Nilotic Kinyawa Mashuru 1 100 1 YHRDBantu Narrow Bantu Niger Congo Pretoria 1 98 1 217 Nilotes Ateker Eastern Nilotic Karamoja region 1 118 0 8 209 Andalusians Andalusian Arabic Semitic Testour El Alia Gualaat El Andalous Slouguia 1 132 0 8 220 Refugees from Al Andalus following the capitulation of the Islamic kingdoms in Valencia and GranadaBantus Bantu Botswana Namibia and Zambia 1 140 0 7 227 Father and paternal grandfather belonged to the same ethnolinguistic groupBasothos Sesotho Niger Congo Lesotho 1 181 0 6 228 Moroccans Moroccan Arabic Semitic Casablanca metropolitan area 1 166 0 6 229 The industrial capital of Morocco where the urban growth is maintained by immigration from all parts of MoroccoKhoisans Khoisan Botswana Namibia and Zambia 1 371 0 3 227 Father and paternal grandfather belonged to the same ethnolinguistic groupSouth Asia Edit T1a M70 in India has been considered to be of West Eurasian origin 230 Population Language Location Members Sample size Percentage Source NotesKurru Yerukala Dravidian Andhra Pradesh 10 18 55 6 Bauris Bengali Indo Aryan West Bengal 10 19 52 6 K is found at 6 19 if M70 but M184 then could be 84 2 Bauris are thought to be descendants of a native tribe of the Central Highlands before the Aryan invasion then as Bauris have not been well assimilated and have not participated satisfactorily in the new Aryan society the Bauris ended up being seen as low caste They are at halfway between the old Bauri tribal and the new Aryan society lifestyle Lodha Lodhi Sora Juray Gorum Munda West Bengal 2 4 50 Rajus Telugu Dravidian Andhra Pradesh 3 19 15 9 Maheli Mahali Kherwari Munda West Bengal 2 13 15 3 Chenchus Chenchu Dravidian Andhra Pradesh 3 20 15 K is found at 7 20 if M70 but M184 then could be 50 Kare Vokkal Kannada Dravidian Uttara Kannada 4 30 13 3 231 K is found at 3 30 if M70 but M184 then could be 23 3 Banjaras Lambadi Indo Aryan Andhra Pradesh 2 18 11 1 Gonds Gondi Dravidian South Uttar Pradesh 4 38 10 6 232 Gonds Gondi Dravidian Madhya Pradesh 10 139 7 2 232 Indians languages of India South India 18 305 5 9 Maheli Mahali Kherwari Munda Jamshedpur from Jharkhand Purulia Midnapore amp other location from West Bengal 2 38 5 3 233 Two samples from different studies grouped togetherChenchus Chenchu Dravidian Andhra Pradesh 3 61 4 9 136 Samples from Trivedi et al and Kivisild et al Banjaras Lambadi Indo Aryan Andhra Pradesh 2 53 3 8 136 Two samples from different studies grouped togetherIndians languages of India East India 14 367 3 8 Gujaratis Gujarati Indo Aryan Gujarat 1 29 3 4 136 Lodha Lodhi Sora Juray Gorum Munda Midnapore amp other location from West Bengal 2 71 2 8 233 234 Three samples from different studies grouped togetherSahariyas Saharia Munda Madhya Pradesh 2 73 2 7 235 Tamtas Indo Aryan Bageshwar 1 34 2 9 230 Kshatriyas Indo Aryan Pithoragarh 2 79 2 5 230 Aryas Arya Indo Aryan Nainital 1 46 2 2 230 Laotians Lao Tai Kadai Laos 1 53 1 9 156 Maravars Tamil Dravidian Ramanathapuram 1 80 1 3 236 Dry Land FarmersGaros Garo Sino Tibetan Tangail 1 120 0 8 237 Likely P77 With K M9 unconfirmed but probable T M70 56 6 30 53 of Kunabhis in Uttar Kannada 238 32 5 13 40 of Kammas in Andhra Pradesh 239 26 8 11 41 of Brahmins in Visakhapatnam 239 25 1 4 of Kattunaiken in South India 240 22 4 11 49 of Telugus in Andhra Pradesh 241 20 1 5 of Ansari in South Asia 2 20 of Poroja in Andhra Pradesh 239 9 8 5 51 of Kashmiri Pandits in Kashmir 232 8 2 4 49 of Gujars in Kashmir 232 7 7 1 13 of Siddis migrants from Ethiopia in Andhra Pradesh 239 5 5 3 55 of Adi in Northeast India 242 5 5 7 128 of Pardhans in Adilabad 241 5 3 2 38 of Brahmins in Bihar 232 4 3 1 23 of Bagata in Andhra Pradesh 239 4 2 1 24 of Valmiki in Andhra Pradesh 239 1 32 of Brahmins in Maharashtra 232 3 1 2 64 of Brahmins in Gujarat 232 2 9 1 35 of Rajput in Uttar Pradesh 243 2 3 1 44 of Brahmins in Peruru 239 and 1 7 1 59 of Manghi in Maharashtra 241 Also in Desasth Brahmins in Maharashtra 1 19 or 5 3 and Chitpavan Brahmins in Konkan 1 21 or 4 8 Chitpavan Brahmins in Konkan 2 66 or 3 Central Asia amp East Asia Edit Population Language Location Members Sample size Percentage Source NotesMomyns Old Basmyl Kazakh Turkic Argyn tribe Kazakhstan 6 100 6 3 244 The outlier Babasan subclan is excluded from sample size and percentage 5 out of 6 Clans and 13 out of 19 Subclans have T M184 members Meyrams Old Basmyl Kazakh Turkic Argyn tribe 1 10 6 244 5 out of 5 Clans and 11 out of 16 Subclans have T M184 members Xibes Xibe Tungusic Xinjiang China 1 8 12 5 234 245 Xibes Xibe Tungusic Xinjiang 3 32 9 4 246 Hans Ili 3 32 9 4 247 K xNOP Bajo sea Nomads Bajaw Malayo Polynesian Sulawesi Indonesia 2 27 7 4 248 T1a M70Yugurs Eastern Yugur and Western Yugur Sunan Yugur Autonomous County Gansu China 2 32 6 3 246 K xN M231 O M175 P M45 Tajiks Tajik Southwestern Iranian Samangan Province Afghanistan 1 16 6 3 166 Khampas Khams Tibetan Sino Tibetan Markham 1 18 5 6 249 T M272Adis Adi Sino Tibetan Arunachal Pradesh India 3 55 5 5 250 Xibes Xibe Tungusic not stated 2 41 4 9 247 K xNOP Mongolians Mongolian Mongolic Inner Mongolia China 2 45 4 4 247 K xNOP Tajiks Tajik Southwestern Iranian Afghanistan 2 56 3 6 251 Uzbeks Uzbek Turkic Sar e Pol Province Afghanistan 1 28 3 6 166 Sherpas Sherpa Sino Tibetan Khumjung Namche Chaurikharka and Lukla 5 157 3 2 252 K M9 xM P256 NO M214 P M45 Parents and grandparents were reported to be Sherpas Individuals unrelated for at least three generations Oroqen Oroqen Tungusic not stated 1 31 3 2 247 K xNOP Tajiks Tajik Southwestern Iranian Takhar Province Afghanistan 1 35 2 9 166 Manchu Manchu Tungusic not stated 1 35 2 9 247 K xNOP Tajiks Dari Southwestern Iranian Ferghana 1 35 2 9 253 Tibetans Dbus Sino Tibetan Dromo Tibet 1 39 2 6 249 T M272Uyghur Uyghur Turkic Xinjiang 1 48 1 4 samples 2 1 254 Tu Monguor Mongolic Qinghai China 1 50 2 246 K xN M231 O M175 P M45 Pashtuns Pashto Eastern Iranian Kunduz Province Afghanistan 1 53 1 9 166 Mongolians Mongolian Mongolic Mongolia 1 65 1 5 247 K xNOP Kozha Kazakhs Steppe Clergy Kazakh Turkic Kazakhstan 1 71 1 4 255 T1a M70Uyghur Uyghur Turkic Xinjiang 3 284 1 1 256 Uzbeks Uzbek Turkic Jawzjan Province Afghanistan 1 94 1 1 166 Mongolians Mongolian Mongolic Inner Mongolia China 1 100 1 256 Ethnic Pashtuns Pashto Eastern Iranian mainly Kandahar Province Afghanistan province of 1 141 0 7 257 Yousafzai Pashto Eastern Iranian Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province Afghanistan 1 146 0 7 258 Uyghur Uyghur Turkic Hotan Prefecture Xinjiang China 3 478 0 6 259 Tibetans Dbus Sino Tibetan Quxu Tibet 1 203 0 5 249 T M272Han Chinese Mandarin Sino Tibetan Jilin China 1 196 0 5 260 Mongolians Mongolian Mongolic Ordos city China 1 258 0 4 261 Could be 0 8 2 258 Han Chinese Mandarin Sino Tibetan Qujing Yuxi and Honghe County China 1 320 0 3 262 K xN M231 O M175 P M45 Unconfirmed but probable T M70 2 4 204 of Hui in Liaoning China 263 and 0 9 1 113 of Bidayuh in Sarawak 264 Americas post colonisation Edit Population Language Location Members Sample size Percentage Source NotesPanchos Castilian Romance Panchimalco 3 11 27 3 265 20 T M184Quechuas Quechua Lima Region 3 11 27 3 156 Predicted but possible convergence with Q markers Movimas Movima language Language isolate Beni 1 5 20 266 Colombians Colombian Spanish Romance Antioquia 9 51 17 6 267 Colombians Colombian Spanish Romance Aranzazu Caldas 22 190 11 6 267 268 Panamanians Castilian Romance languages Los Santos Province 3 30 10 20 Centralwest Argentinians Argentinian Spanish Romance San Luis 3 30 10 21 Colombians Colombian Spanish Romance Antioquia 6 61 9 8 268 Antioquia except Marinilla and its zone of influenceNapu runas Kichwa Ecuadorian Amazon 2 21 9 5 269 Predicted but possible convergence with Q markers Colombians Colombian Spanish Romance Soplaviento 1 11 9 1 270 T1a M70Yanesha Yanesha Yurinaqui Peruvian Amazon 1 12 8 3 271 Yanesha Yanesha Mayme Peruvian Amazon 1 12 8 3 271 Colombians Colombian Spanish Romance Huila 3 42 7 1 272 Bahamians Bahamian English West Germanic Long Island 3 43 7 273 Panamanians Castilian Romance languages Panama Province 3 43 7 20 Northwest Argentinians Argentinian Spanish Romance Mountainous region of San Salvador de Jujuy 6 86 7 274 Kolla Quechua Aymara and Argentinian Spanish Mountainous region of Tucuman 2 29 6 9 275 276 Centralwest Argentinians Argentinian Spanish Romance Tucuman 2 30 6 7 21 Tule Kuna Chibchan languages Kuna Yala 1 16 6 3 20 According to Hamilton 2014 around 2 of Tule people in Kuna Yala are Albinos This is the highest known frequency in the worldBasques Basque Isolate language Nevada 1 16 6 3 Research 4 Colombians Colombian Spanish Romance Marinilla El Penol Antioquia El Santuario Cocorna El Carmen de Viboral Granada Antioquia and Guatape 15 246 6 1 268 Centralwest Argentinians Argentinian Spanish Romance Mountainous region of La Rioja Capital 5 87 5 7 274 Kolla Quechua Aymara and Argentinian Spanish Mountainous region of Jujuy 1 18 5 6 277 Colombians Colombian Spanish Romance Aburra Valley and Rionegro Antioquia 3 55 5 5 278 Colombians Colombian Spanish Romance Tolima 2 41 4 9 272 Venezuelans Venezuelan Castilian Romance languages Caracas 3 62 4 8 31 Yanesha Yanesha Nagazu Peruvian Amazon 1 21 4 8 271 Northeast Argentinians Argentinian Spanish Romance Corrientes 1 21 4 8 279 Colombians Colombian Spanish Romance Cundinamarca 1 22 4 5 267 Mestizos Guatemalan Castilian Guatemala 5 115 4 4 280 20 T M184Northwest Argentinians Argentinian Spanish Romance Jujuy 2 50 4 21 Chileans Chilean Spanish Romance languages Concepcion 8 198 4 281 Centralwest Argentinians Argentinian Spanish Romance Mountainous region of Mendoza Capital 3 75 4 274 Mayas Guatemalan Castilian Guatemala 1 110 3 6 280 20 T M184Yanesha Yanesha 7 de Junio Villa America Peruvian Amazon 1 29 3 5 271 Brazilians Brazilian Portuguese Romance Serra Espirito Santo 1 29 3 5 282 Ecuadorians Castilian Romance languages Quito 4 120 3 3 33 Central Argentinians Argentinian Spanish Romance La Pampa 1 30 3 3 21 Central Argentinians Argentinian Spanish Romance Cordoba 1 31 3 2 21 Chileans Chilean Spanish Romance languages Temuco 6 194 3 1 281 Panamanians Castilian Romance languages Herrera Province 1 36 2 8 20 Venezuelans Venezuelan Castilian Romance languages Maracaibo 3 111 2 7 31 Chachapoyas Chacha northeastern Peruvian Andes 3 122 2 5 283 Nicas Nicaraguan Castilian Nicaragua 4 165 2 4 284 Mestizo individualsColombians Colombian Spanish Romance Piendamo Silvia Purace Jambalo Paez Popayan El Tambo Sotara La Vega Cauca San Sebastian Cauca and Bolivar 1 48 2 1 285 Mix sample of EthnicitiesEuropeans Brazilian Portuguese Romance languages Rio Grande do Sul 5 255 2 37 Chileans Chilean Spanish Romance languages Santiago de Chile 4 196 2 281 Centralwest Argentinians Argentinian Spanish Romance Buenos Aires 3 150 2 279 Palenques Palenquero Castilian Bantu Palenque de San Basilio Arriba moiety 1 52 1 9 217 Quechuas Quechua Bolivia 1 55 1 8 286 Bahamians Bahamian English West Germanic Eleuthera 1 60 1 7 273 Mexicans Mexican Castilian Romance languages Queretaro 2 121 1 7 287 Mestizo individualsMexicans Mexican Castilian Romance languages Guanajuato 1 63 1 6 287 Mestizo individualsColombians Colombian Spanish Romance Peque Antioquia 1 62 1 6 267 Chileans Chilean Spanish Romance languages Punta Arenas 3 194 1 6 281 Colombians Colombian Spanish Romance Cartagena 1 61 1 6 270 T1a M70Salvadorans Castilian Romance El Salvador 2 150 1 3 288 Jamaicans Jamaican Patois English creole Jamaica 2 159 1 3 289 Colombians Colombian Spanish Romance Cartagena 2 173 1 2 290 Panamanians Castilian Romance languages Chiriqui Province 1 92 1 1 20 Ticos Costa Rican Castilian Costa Rica 1 100 1 291 Brazilians Brazilian Portuguese Romance Santa Catarina 1 109 0 9 292 Virgin islanders Virgin Islands Creole English Germanic Saint Thomas Virgin Islands 1 134 0 8 293 Hondurans Honduran Castilian Honduras 1 128 0 8 294 Mestizo individualsAdmixed population Macapa 1 138 0 7 295 Belizeans Belizean Castilian and Belizean Creole Belize 1 157 0 6 296 Chileans Chilean Spanish Romance languages Iquique 1 207 0 5 281 Brazilians Brazilian Portuguese Romance Espirito Santo 1 253 0 4 297 Ancient DNA EditAncient DNA from Ain Ghazal Edit Main article Ain Ghazal Ain Ghazal PPNB individual Ghazal I I1707 AG83 5 Poz 81097Y DNA T1 PF5610 xT1a1 Z526 T1a1a CTS9163 T1a1a CTS2607 T1a2 S11611 T1a2 Y6031 T1a2a1 P322 T1a3a Y9189 Population Neolithic FarmersLanguageInferred cultural affiliation Late Middle PPNBDate YBP 9573 39House location Ain GhazalNumber sample size 1 2Percentage 50 mtDNA R0aIsotope SrEye color Likely non DarkHair color Likely non DarkSkin pigmentation LightABO Blood Group Likely O or BDiet d13C 0 or d15N 0 FADS activity rs174551 T rs174553 G rs174576 A Lactoseintolerance Likely lactose intolerantDNA sharedwith Oase 1 14 2 DNA sharedwith Ostuni1 remains 6 7 SDNA sharedwith Neanderthal Vi33 26 0 93 DNA sharedwith Neanderthal Vi33 25 1 2 DNA sharedwith Neanderthal Vi33 16 0 3 Ancestral components AC Neolithic Anatolia Southeast Europe 56 82 Paleolithic Levant Natufians 24 09 Caucasus Hunter Early European Farmer 12 51 Scandinavian West European Hunter 4 16 Sub Saharan 2 04 East European Hunter 0 37 puntDNAL K12 AncientDodecad dv3 Eurogenes K 36 Dodecad Globe13 Genetic distanceParentalconsanguinityAge at deathDeath positionSNPs 152 234Read PairsSampleSource Lazaridis 2016 14 Notes Evidence of a northerly origin for this population possibly indicating an influx from the region of northeastern Anatolia Haplogroup T is found among the later middle Pre Pottery Neolithic B PPNB inhabitants from the Ain Ghazal archaeological site in modern Jordan It was not found among the early and middle PPNB populations It is thought that the Pre Pottery Neolithic B population is mostly composed of two different populations members of early Natufian civilisation and a population resulting from immigration from the north i e north eastern Anatolia However Natufians have been found to belong mostly to the E1b1b1b2 lineage which is found among 60 of the whole PPNB population and 75 of the Ain Ghazal population being present in all three middle PPNB stages Later middle PPNB populations in the Southern Levant were already witnessing severe changes in climate that would have been exacerbated by large population demands on local resources Beginning at 8 9 cal ka BP we see a significant decrease in population in highland Jordan ultimately leading to the complete abandonment of almost all central settlements in this region 298 The 9th millennium Pre Pottery Neolithic B PPNB period in the Levant represents a major transformation in prehistoric lifeways from small bands of mobile hunter gatherers to large settled farming and herding villages in the Mediterranean zone the process having been initiated some 2 3 millennia earlier Ain Ghazal Spring of the Gazelles is situated in a relatively rich environmental setting immediately adjacent to the Wadi Zarqa the longest drainage system in highland Jordan It is located at an elevation of about 720m within the ecotone between the oak park woodland to the west and the open steppe desert to the east Evidence recovered from the excavations suggests that much of the surrounding countryside was forested and offered the inhabitants a wide variety of economic resources Arable land is plentiful within the site s immediate environs These variables are atypical of many major neolithic sites in the Near East several of which are located in marginal environments Yet despite its apparent richness the area of Ain Ghazal is climatically and environmentally sensitive because of its proximity throughout the Holocene to the fluctuating steppe forest border The Ain Ghazal settlement first appear in the middle PPNB which is split into two phases Phase 1 starts 10300 yBP and ends 9950 yBP phase 2 ends 9550 yBP The estimated population of the middle PPNB site from Ain Ghazal is of 259 1 349 individuals with an area of 3 01 4 7 ha Is argued that at its founding at the commencement of the middle PPNB Ain Ghazal was likely 2 ha in size and grew to 5 ha by the end of the middle PPNB At this point in time their estimated population was 600 750 people or 125 150 people per hectare A 2018 study 2 conducted by scholars from Tel Aviv University the Israel Antiquities Authority and Harvard University had discovered that 22 out of the 600 people who were buried in Peki in cave from the Chalcolithic Period were of both local Levantine and Persian and Zagros 299 area ancestries or as phrased in the paper itself Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation the scientists concluded that the homogeneous community found in the cave could source 57 of its ancestry from groups related to those of the local Levant Neolithic 26 from groups related to those of the Anatolian Neolithic and 17 from groups related to those of the Iran Chalcolithic 300 The scholars noted that the Zagros genetic material held Certain characteristics such as genetic mutations contributing to blue eye color were not seen in the DNA test results of earlier Levantine human remains MTDNA blue eyed fair skinned community didn t continue but at least now researchers have an idea why These findings suggest that the rise and fall of the Chalcolithic culture are probably due to demographic changes in the region 300 We find that the individuals buried in Peqi in Cave represent a relatively genetically homogenous population This homogeneity is evident not only in the genome wide analyses but also in the fact that most of the male individuals nine out of ten belong to the Y chromosome Haplogroup T Y DNA a lineage thought to have diversified in the Near East This finding contrasts with both earlier Neolithic and Epipaleolithic Levantine populations which were dominated by Haplogroup E Y DNA and later Bronze Age individuals all of whom belonged to Haplogroup J Y DNA 2 Ancient city of Ebla Edit In the ancient city of Ebla in Syria in the Bronze Age one individual was found belonging to haplogroup T L162 T1a1 301 302 Alalakh Amorite city state Edit One individual from Alalakh who lived circa 2014 1781 BC belonged to haplogroup T CTS11451 T1a1a 303 301 302 Notable haplogroup members EditElite endurance runners Edit Possible patterns between Y chromosome and elite endurance runners were studied in an attempt to find a genetic explanation to the Ethiopian endurance running success Given the superiority of East African athletes in international distance running over the past four decades it has been speculated that they are genetically advantaged Elite marathon runners from Ethiopia were analysed for K xP which according to the previously published Ethiopian studies is attributable to the haplogroup T 304 According to further studies 4 T1a1a L208 was found to be proportionately more frequent in the elite marathon runners sample than in the control samples than any other haplogroup therefore this y chromosome could play a significant role in determining Ethiopian endurance running success Haplogroup T1a1a was found in 14 of the elite marathon runners sample of whom 43 of this sample are from Arsi province In addition haplogroup T1a1a was found in only 4 of the Ethiopian control sample and only 1 of the Arsi province control sample T1a1a is positively associated with aspects of endurance running whereas E1b1b1 old E3b1 is negatively associated 305 Thomas Jefferson Edit See also Jefferson Hemings controversy A notable member of the T M184 haplogroup is American President Thomas Jefferson most distant known ancestor MDKA is Samuel Jefferson Born 11 October 1607 in Pettistree Suffolk England The Y chromosomal complement of the Jefferson male line was studied in 1998 in an attempt to resolve the controversy over whether he had fathered the mixed race children of his slave Sally Hemings A 1998 DNA study of the Y chromosome in the Jefferson male line found that it matched that of a descendant of Eston Hemings Sally Hemings youngest son This confirmed the body of historical evidence and most historians believe that Jefferson had a long term intimate liaison with Hemings for 38 years and fathered her six children of record four of whom lived to adulthood In addition the testing conclusively disproved any connection between the Hemings descendant and the Carr male line Jefferson grandchildren had asserted in the 19th century that a Carr nephew had been the father of Hemings children and this had been the basis of historians denial for 180 years Jefferson s paternal family traced back Wales where T is incredibly rare as it is throughout Britain A couple of British males with the Jefferson surname have been found with the third president s type of T reinforcing the idea that his immediate paternal ancestry was British In 2007 the study carried out by the Turi E King team found that the Jefferson T patrilineage most probably belongs to an ancient and rare indigenous European group 306 Phylogenetic tree EditPhylogenetic tree of haplogroup T M184 amp closely related macro lineages ISOGG 2015 harv error no target CITEREFISOGG2015 help LT L298 43 900 BP LT basal subclade LTxM184 M20 all cases without M184 or M20 T M184 39 300 45 100 BP T xL206 All cases without L206 or PH110 T1 L206 26 600 BP T1a M70 19 000 30 000 BP 4 T1a xL162 L131 Y11151 All cases without L162 L131 or Y11151 T1a1 L162 15 400 BP T1a1a L208 14 800 BP T1a1a xCTS11451 Y16897 All cases without CTS11451 or Y16897 T1a1a1 CTS11451 9 500 BP T1a1a1 xY4119 Y6671 All cases without Y4119 or Y6671 T1a1a1a Y4119 9 200 BP T1a1a1a xCTS2214 All cases without CTS2214 T1a1a1a1 CTS2214 8 900 BP T1a1a1a2 Y6671 8 900 BP T1a1a1b Y6671 9 200 BP T1a1a2 Y16897 9 500 BP T1a2 L131 15 400 BP T1a3 Y11151 15 400 BP LM20 L1M22 Mostly South Asia and Central Asia L2L595 The highest diversity and incidence of this rare lineage is found in Europe Nomenclatural history EditMain article Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups Prior to 2002 there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y Chromosome Phylogenetic tree This led to considerable confusion In 2002 the major research groups came together and formed the Y Chromosome Consortium YCC They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use Later a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures YCC 2002 2008 Shorthand a b g d e z h YCC 2002 Longhand YCC 2005 Longhand YCC 2008 Longhand YCC 2010r Longhand ISOGG 2006 ISOGG 2007 ISOGG 2008 ISOGG 2009 ISOGG 2010 ISOGG 2011 ISOGG 2012 ISOGG 2013T M184 26 VIII 1U 25 Eu16 H5 F K K T T K2 K2 T T T T T TK M70 T M70 26 VIII 1U 25 Eu15 H5 F K2 K2 T T1 K2 K2 T T T T1 T1a T1aT P77 26 VIII 1U 25 Eu15 H5 F K2 K2 T2 T1a2 K2 K2 T2 T2 T2a1 T1a1b T1a1a1 T1a1a1Original research publications Edit The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree a Jobling and Tyler Smith 2000 and Kaladjieva 2001b Underhill 2000g Hammer 2001d Karafet 2001e Semino 2000z Su 1999h Capelli 2001 Y DNA backbone tree EditNotes Edit de facto stateReferences EditOriginal research Edit W Goodwin et al Department of Forensic and Investigative Science www yhrd org 2012 Carsten Hohoff and Bernd Brinkmann Institut fur Rechtsmedizin Universitat Munster lt http www yhrd org gt Uta D Immel et al Institut fur Rechtsmedizin Martin Luther Universitat Haale Saale www yhrd org 1999 Laura Valverde Potes et al Grupo BIOMICs BIOMICs Research Group www yhrd org 2011 Other works cited Edit T YTree www yfull com a b c Harney Eadaoin May Hila Shalem Dina Rohland Nadin Mallick Swapan 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