fbpx
Wikipedia

Campania

May 17, 2023

For other uses, see Campania (disambiguation).

Campania (/kæmˈpeɪniə/, also UK: /kæmˈpæniə/, US: /kɑːmˈpɑːniə/,[4][5] Italian: [kamˈpaːnja], Neapolitan: [kamˈbɑːnjə]) is an administrative region of Italy; most of it is in the south-western portion of the Italian peninsula (with the Tyrrhenian Sea to its west), but it also includes the small Phlegraean Islands and the island of Capri. The capital of the Campania region is Naples.[6] As of 2018, the region had a population of around 5,820,000 people, making it Italy's third most populous region,[7] and, with an area of 13,590 km2 (5,247 sq mi), its most densely populated region. Based on its GDP, Campania is also the most economically productive region in southern Italy and the 7th most productive in the whole country. Naples' urban area, which is in Campania, is the eighth most populous in the European Union.[8] The region is home to 10 of the 58 UNESCO sites in Italy, including Pompeii and Herculaneum, the Royal Palace of Caserta, the Amalfi Coast and the Historic Centre of Naples. In addition, Campania's Mount Vesuvius is part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves.[9]

Campania
Region
Flag
Coat of arms
Coordinates: 40°54′38″N 14°55′14″E / 40.91056°N 14.92056°E / 40.91056; 14.92056Coordinates: 40°54′38″N 14°55′14″E / 40.91056°N 14.92056°E / 40.91056; 14.92056[1]
CountryItaly
CapitalNaples
Government
 • PresidentVincenzo De Luca (PD)
Area
 • Total13,590 km2 (5,250 sq mi)
Population
 (30 November 2014)
 • Total5,869,029
 • Density430/km2 (1,100/sq mi)
Demonyms
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
ISO 3166 codeIT-72
GDP (nominal)€108 billion (2018)[2]
GDP per capita€18,600 (2018)[2]
HDI (2021)0.856[3]
very high · 19th of 21
NUTS RegionITF
Websitewww.regione.campania.it

The Campania's hinterland was inhabited from the beginning of the 1st millennium BC by the Osci, Samnites and Etruscans, while between the 8th and 7th centuries BC its coastal areas were colonised by the ancient Greeks. At that time, Capua was Campania's leading city, while Naples was an anomaly, being predominantly Greek-speaking.[10]

Campania is rich in culture, especially with regard to food, music, architecture, and archaeological and ancient sites—such as Pompeii, Herculaneum, Oplontis, Paestum, Aeclanum, Stabiae, and Velia. The name "Campania" is derived from Latin; the Romans knew the region as Campania felix ("fertile countryside" or "happy countryside"). The rich natural beauty of Campania makes it important to the tourism industry: the city of Naples, the Amalfi Coast, Mount Vesuvius, and the islands of Capri and Ischia have long been major attractions.[11]

History

See also: Ancient Campania

Pre-Roman period

See also: Samnite Wars, Etruscan Civilization, Roman Republic, Pre-Indo-European languages, Oscan language, and Magna Græcia
 
Ancient Greek Temple of Hera, Paestum, built 550 BC

The region known today as Campania was inhabited from at least the beginning of the 1st millennium BC by several Oscan-speaking Italic tribes: the Osci, the Opici, the Aurunci, the Ausones, the Sidicini, the Hirpini, the Caudini, the Oenotrians, the Campanians (after whom the region is named) and the Lucanians (who inhabited the southernmost part of Campania, known in ancient times as Lucania, roughly where modern-day Salerno is).[12][13] Many of these tribes lived in simple agro-towns. Not much is known about the pre-Indo-European tribes that had lived in the region earlier; they were probably not as technologically or culturally advanced as the Oscans, and any who still flourished had become fully Oscanised by the middle of the first millennium BC.

Between the 9th and 6th centuries BC, the Etruscans from Central Italy established colonies in the Campanian Plains (the inland territories that today are the provinces of Caserta and Naples), as well as in the regions of Agro Nocerino Sarnese and Agro Picentino (which today are in the province of Salerno). There, they essentially replicated their Dodecapolis (twelve cities) political model, founding the cities of Hyria (modern-day Nola), Irnthi or Marcina (modern-day Salerno), Amina (modern-day Pontecagnano Faiano), Velcha, Velsu and Uri. In addition to assimilating into their urban-political domains, the Etruscans also incorporated the pre-existing tribal Oscan agro-towns of Capua (modern-day Santa Maria Capua Vetere), Nuceria (modern-day comuni of Nocera Superiore and Nocera Inferiore), Suessula, Acerra, Ercolano, Pompeii, Stabiae and Sorrento.[14][15][16]

Meanwhile, during the 8th century BC, Greek-speaking people from Euboea (in Central Greece), known as Cumaeans, began to establish colonies themselves roughly around the coastal areas of the modern-day province of Naples and in the nearby islands founding, among others, the cities of Cumae, Pithekoūsai (modern-day Ischia), Paestum, Herculaneum and Dicaearchia, later 'Puteoli', in Latin (modern-day Pozzuoli). The city of Naples began as a small commercial port called Parthenope (Παρθενόπη, meaning "Pure Eyes", a Siren in Greek mythology), which was established by Greek colonial sailors from Rhodes.[17]

 
Ruins of Aeclanum, a Roman town in Irpinia district.

At one point in history, a distinct group of Oscan-speaking tribes from Samnium (in south-central Italy), the Samnites, moved down into Campania. Since the Samnites were more warlike than the other Oscan populations, they easily took over the cities of Capua and Cumae, in an area which was one of the most prosperous and fertile in the Italian Peninsula at the time.[18] During the 340s BC, the Samnites were engaged in a war with the Roman Republic in a dispute known as the Samnite Wars, with Rome claiming the rich pastures of northern Campania during the First Samnite War.[19] The First Samnite War was initiated when the Etruscan-influenced Oscan city of Capua (in Etruscan Capeva) was being attacked by the Samnites, and thus appealed to Rome for defensive help.

As the majority of Southern Italy was under Roman control at the time, the sole major remaining independent settlement in the region was the Greek colony of Neapolis, and when the city was eventually captured by the Samnites, the Neapolitan Greeks were left with no option but to call on the Romans, with whom they established an alliance, setting off the Second Samnite War.[18] The Roman consul Quintus Publilius Filo recaptured Neapolis by 326 BC and allowed it to remain a Greek city with some autonomy as a civitas foederata while strongly aligned with Rome.[20] The Second Samnite War ended with the Romans controlling all of southern Campania and additional regions further to the south, such as parts of Lucania.[19]

Roman period

See also: Roman Republic, Roman Empire, and Italia (Roman Empire)

Campania was a full-fledged part of the Roman Republic by the end of the 4th century BC, valued for its pastures and rich countryside. Naples, with its Greek language and customs, made it a centre of Hellenistic culture for the Romans, creating the first traces of Greco-Roman culture.[21] During the Pyrrhic War in 275 BC, the Battle of Beneventum took place in Campania in the Samnite city of Maleventum, in which the Romans, led by the consul Curius Dentatus, were victorious. They renamed it Beneventum (modern day Benevento), which grew in stature until it was second only to Capua in southern Italy.[22] During the Second Punic War in 216 BC, Capua, in a bid for equality with Rome, allied with Carthage.[23] The rebellious Capuans were isolated from the rest of Campania, which remained allies of Rome. Naples resisted Hannibal due to the imposing walls.[21] Capua was eventually starved into submission in the Roman retaking of 211 BC, and the Romans were victorious.[23]

 
The Last Day of Pompeii – Karl Briullov

With the initial exception of Naples, the region adopted Latin as official language, in that sense gradually replacing the native Oscan and the Greek and the Etruscan still talked respectively in their colonies of the region,[24][25][26] subsequently becoming fully Romanised.[27][28] As part of the Roman Empire, Campania, with Latium, formed the most important region of the Augustan divisions of Italia, the Regio I Latium et Campania; Campania was one of the main areas for granary.[28] In ancient times Misenum (modern 'Miseno'), at the extreme northern end of the bay of Naples, was the largest base of the Roman navy, since its port (Portus Julius) was the base of the Classis Misenensis, the most important Roman fleet. It was first established as a naval base in 27 BC by Marcus Agrippa, the right-hand man of the emperor Augustus. Roman Emperors chose Campania as a holiday destination, among them Claudius and Tiberius, the latter of whom is infamously linked to the island of Capri.[21] It was also during this period that Christianity came to Campania. Two of the apostles, St. Peter and St. Paul, are said to have preached in the city of Naples, and there were also several martyrs during this time.[29] Unfortunately, the period of relative calm was violently interrupted by the epic eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 which buried the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum.[30] With the Decline of the Roman Empire, its last emperor, Romulus Augustus, was put in a manor house prison near Castel dell'Ovo, Naples, in 476, ushering in the beginning of the Middle Ages and a period of uncertainty in regard to the future of the area.[21]

Feudalism in the Middle Ages

See also: Byzantine Empire, Duchy of Naples, Duchy of Benevento, Principality of Capua, Principality of Salerno, Duchy of Amalfi, Duchy of Sorrento, and Duchy of Apulia and Calabria

The area had many duchies and principalities during the Middle Ages, in the hands of the Byzantine Empire (also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire) and the Lombards. Under the Normans, the smaller independent states were brought together as part of the Kingdom of Sicily, before the mainland broke away to form the Kingdom of Naples. It was during this period that elements of Spanish, French and Aragonese culture were introduced to Campania. Allegiances with the Muslim Saracens were made in 836, and the Arabs were requested to repel the siege of Lombard troops coming from the neighbouring Duchy of Benevento.[31][32]

The Kingdom

Norman to Angevin

See also: Kingdom of Sicily, Kingdom of Naples, and List of monarchs of Naples
 
Early kings ruled from Castel Nuovo

After a period as a Norman kingdom, the Kingdom of Sicily passed to the Hohenstaufens, who were a powerful Germanic royal house of Swabian origins.[33] The University of Naples Federico II was founded by Frederick II in the city, the oldest state university in the world, making Naples the intellectual centre of the kingdom.[34] Conflict between the Hohenstaufen house and the Papacy, led in 1266 to Pope Innocent IV crowning Angevin Dynasty duke Charles I as the king.[35] Charles officially moved the capital from Palermo to Naples where he resided at the Castel Nuovo.[36] During this period, much Gothic architecture sprang up around Naples, including the Naples Cathedral, the main church of the city.[37]

In 1281, with the advent of the Sicilian Vespers, the kingdom split in half. The Angevin Kingdom of Naples included the southern part of the Italian peninsula, while the island of Sicily became the Aragonese Kingdom of Sicily.[35] The wars continued until the peace of Caltabellotta in 1302, which saw Frederick III recognised as king of the Isle of Sicily, while Charles II was recognised as the king of Naples by Pope Boniface VIII.[35] Despite the split, Naples grew in importance, attracting Pisan and Genoese merchants,[38] Tuscan bankers, and with them some of the most championed Renaissance artists of the time, such as Boccaccio, Petrarch and Giotto.[39] Alfonso I conquered Naples after his victory against the last Angevin king, René, and Naples was unified for a brief period with Sicily again.[40]

Aragonese to Bourbon

See also: Kingdom of Naples, Parthenopaean Republic, Two Sicilies, and List of monarchs of the Two Sicilies
 
Revolutionary Masaniello

Sicily and Naples were separated in 1458 but remained as dependencies of Aragon under Ferrante.[41] The new dynasty enhanced Naples' commerce by establishing relations with the Iberian peninsula. Naples also became a centre of the Renaissance, with artists such as Laurana, da Messina, Sannazzaro and Poliziano arriving in the city.[42] During 1501 Naples came under direct rule from France at the time of Louis XII, as Neapolitan king Frederick was taken as a prisoner to France; this lasted four years.[43] Spain won Naples at the Battle of Garigliano and, as a result, Naples then became part of the Spanish Empire throughout the entire Habsburg Spain period.[43] The Spanish sent viceroys to Naples to directly deal with local issues: the most important of which was Pedro Álvarez de Toledo, who was responsible for considerable social, economic and urban progress in the city; he also supported the Inquisition.[44]

 
Caserta Palace, inside

During this period Naples became Europe's second largest city after Paris.[45] During the Baroque era it was home to artists including Caravaggio, Rosa and Bernini; philosophers such as Telesio, Bruno, Campanella and Vico; and writers such as Battista Marino. A revolution led by local fisherman Masaniello saw the creation of a brief independent Neapolitan Republic, though this lasted only a few months before Spanish rule was regained.[43] Finally, by 1714, the Spanish ceased to rule Naples as a result of the War of the Spanish Succession; it was the Austrian Charles VI who ruled from Vienna, similarly, with viceroys.[46] However, the War of the Polish Succession saw the Spanish regain Sicily and Naples as part of a personal union, which in the Treaty of Vienna were recognised as independent under a cadet branch of the Spanish Bourbons in 1738 under Charles VII.[47]

 
Ferdinand, Bourbon king.

During the time of Ferdinand IV, the French Revolution made its way to Naples: Horatio Nelson, an ally of the Bourbons, even arrived in the city in 1798 to warn against it. However, Ferdinand was forced to retreat and fled to Palermo, where he was protected by a British fleet.[48] Naples' lower classes (the lazzaroni) were pious and Royalist, favouring the Bourbons; in the mêlée that followed, they fought the Neapolitan pro-Republican aristocracy, causing a civil war.[48] The Republicans conquered Castel Sant'Elmo and proclaimed a Parthenopaean Republic, secured by the French Army.[48] A counter-revolutionary religious army of lazzaroni under Fabrizio Ruffo was raised; they had great success and the French surrendered the Neapolitan castles and were allowed to sail back to Toulon.[48]

Ferdinand IV was restored as king; however, after only seven years Napoleon conquered the kingdom and instated Bonapartist kings including his brother Joseph Bonaparte.[49] With the help of the Austrian Empire and allies, the Bonapartists were defeated in the Neapolitan War and Bourbon Ferdinand IV once again regained the throne and the kingdom.[49] The Congress of Vienna in 1815 saw the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily combined to form the Two Sicilies,[49] with Naples as the capital city. Naples became the first city on the Italian peninsula to have a railway in 1839,[50] there were many factories throughout the kingdom making it a highly important trade centre.[51]

World War II

In September 1943, Salerno was the scene of Operation Avalanche and suffered a great deal of damage. From 12 February to 17 July 1944, it hosted the Government of Marshal Pietro Badoglio. In those months Salerno was the temporary "Capital of the Kingdom of Italy", and the King Victor Emmanuel III lived in a mansion in its outskirts. Salerno received the first "Tricolore" in an official ceremony on 7 January 2012 from the premier Mario Monti, to celebrate the glorious story of Italy and its old capitals.

Geography

Main article: Geography of Campania

Campania has an area of 13,590 km2 (5,247 sq mi) and a coastline of 500 km (311 mi) on the Tyrrhenian Sea.[52] Campania is famous for its gulfs (Naples, Salerno and Policastro) as well as for three islands (Capri, Ischia and Procida).

Four other regions border Campania; Lazio to the northwest, Molise to the north, Apulia (Puglia) to the northeast and Basilicata to the east.

The mountainous interior is fragmented into several massifs, rarely reaching 2,000 m (6,562 ft) (Miletto of 2,050 m (6,726 ft)),[53] whereas close to the coast there are volcanic massifs: Vesuvio (1,281 m (4,203 ft))[54] and Campi Flegrei.

The climate is typically Mediterranean along the coast with warm, sunny and sultry summers and mild, rainy winters, whereas in the inner zones it is more continental, with lower temperatures in winter and warm summers. Snow is possible at higher elevations but rare at sea level. 51% of the total area is hilly, 34% mountainous and the remaining 15% is made up of plains.[55] There is a high seismic risk across the region.

Economy

The GDP per capita in Campania is rank 18 from 20 Italian regions, surpassing only Sicily and Calabria.[2] It is only 66.7% of the Italian average. It has been speculated that a factor could be the failure to connect the region's economy with the rest of Italy, while another factor could be its peripheral position with respect to the developed central areas of Europe.[56]

Overall, Campania appears to be a region with great economic potential, which is partly held back by organized crime (Camorra) and the resulting corruption.[57] The economy of Campania is one of the most affected nationwide by the economic and financial crisis that began in 2008,[58] but between 2015 and 2016 it came out of the recession and began to recover due to, above all, industry, but also tourism and tertiary.[59]

Tourism

 
The Forum of Pompeii with Vesuvius in the distance

Tourism is supported by the abundant presence of artistic and naturalistic beauty which attract millions of people from all over the world every year. Precisely in this sector the region finds its strong point (through which it was able to react to the recession in 2015), in fact, according to 2018 studies done by Eurostat, Campania is in the top 20 of the most visited regions in Europe and fifth in Italy after Lombardy, Lazio, Veneto and Tuscany (in order), as well as first among the southern regions.[60]

The tourist flow sees more than half of the Italian and foreign tourists of the entire region gather in the Metropolitan City of Naples.[61] Of all the locations, Pompeii and Herculaneum stand out, two of the most visited archaeological sites in Italy and among the most visited in the world where there is an average of four million tourists a year.[62] Then there are the Campanian Archipelago (Capri, Ischia and Procida, the latter named Italian capital of culture in 2022), Vesuvius and the Sorrento coast; a notable growth in the cruise sector was observed in the Port of Naples.[63]

Tourist data on other sites in Campania show important records that the region holds nationally and worldwide. Among these above all the data relating to Capri (which is the most visited minor island in Italy and among the most sought-after in the world),[64] the Amalfi Coast (which is among the most visited sites in Italy)[65] and finally Vesuvius (the most visited and well-known volcano in the world).[66][67] There is alos a growing influx of tourists to Cilento (Paestum and Certosa di Padula.[68]

Decline of heavy industry

 
Bagnoli derelict steelworks (2016)

Campania is traditionally the most industrialized region of southern Italy, particularly the Neapolitan territory was one of the most industrialized areas of Italy until the beginning of the 20th century, preceded only by the provinces of the so-called "industrial triangle" (Milan, Turin and Genoa).[69]

In recent decades, the gap with respect to other regions is no longer as significant as it used to be, given that southern regions such as Apulia and Abruzzo have grown considerably economically, while Campania has paradoxically undergone a constant process of de-industrialisation. The symbol of this phenomenon is the reclamation process of the area in Bagnoli where the former Italsider and Eternit operated promoted by the region.[70]

Food and agriculture

Campania mainly produces fruit and vegetables, but has also expanded its production of flowers grown in greenhouses, becoming one of the leading regions of the sector in Italy.[71] In 2021 the value added of this sector represents around 2.34% of the total value added of the region, equalling €2.2 billion.[72] Campania produces over 50% of Italy's nuts and is also the leader in the production of tomatoes.[73]

Typical products are:

A distinctive point of regional agriculture in the breeding of buffalos. The milk is used to produce mozzarella di bufala.

Olive trees, mainly of the varieties Carpellese (PDO designated),[74] Cornia (Val di Cornia DOC), Frantoio, Leccino, Ogliarola Barese, Olivella, Ortice, Pisciottana (Also Ogliastrina or Olivo dell'Ascea),[75] Ravece (also known as Rotondello),[76] and Salella,[77] covers over 74,604 hectares (184,350 acres).

Vineyards cover 41,129 ha, but only ca. 5,100 ha using to produce quality wine of DOC and DOCG types. There are 4 DOCG wines: Aglianico del Taburno (red and rose), Fiano di Avellino (white), Greco di Tufo (white and sparkling) and Taurasi (red). Wine production has increased as well as the quality of the wine.[78]

There is a problem with illegal toxic waste dump in the Triangle of death north of Naples between Acerra, Nola and Marigliano.[79][80] In the region, over 12,000 cattle, river buffaloes and sheep had been culled before 2006.[81] High levels of mortality and abnormal foetuses were also recorded in farms in Acerra linked to elevated levels of dioxin.[81] Local studies have shown higher than permissible levels of lead in vegetables grown in the area.[82] The government blames the Mafia's illegal garbage disposal racket.[82] In samples of milk, which is using to produce mozzarella di bufala, found cancerogenic dioxine.[83] In Naples-Bagnoli is an asbestos contamination from former Eternit cement plant.[84] Millions of tons of toxic industrial waste has been dumped in Campania, not only in the Triangle of death, a region once celebrated for the fertility of its soil, but now the local population have been exposed to land contaminated with waste. This includes highly dangerous materials such as asbestos, zinc, lead, germanium, arsenic, mercury, cadmium, chromium, dioxin and uranium. Blood tests of people living in Campania show alarming levels of dioxins.[85]

Automotive

 
Fiat Panda III

Campania had a massive automotive industrial production till 2011, focused on Alfa Romeo.[86] Production of Alfa Romeo was reduced and relocated to plant in Cassino near Rome. Currently only one low-level Fiat Panda model is produced in facilities located in Pomigliano d'Arco in the Naples metropolitan area (140,478 units in 2020).[87] A FIAT plant manufacturing engines is in Pratola Serra, Avellino. There are also plants for automotive parts suppliers like Magneti Marelli (exhaust systems) and Denso (engine cooling and air-conditioners). Buses are produced by Industria Italiana Autobus in Flumeri (ex-Irisbus).

Aerospace and rail

There is also a significant aerospace industry:

Hitachi Rail Italy has headquarters, manufacturing plant and service facilities in Naples. Here it produces the metro trains Meneghino and Driverless Metro.[91]

Fashion

Luxury brands like Kiton, Cesare Attolini, Isaia, Rubinacci, Harmont & Blaine, E. Marinella are also located in Campania. All of them are relative small-sized with annual sales of less than 100 million euros each.

Other industrial districts

There are other industrial districts in Campania:

 
Leather Shop
  • Jewelry in Marcianise, one of the four located in Italy. It has 350 companies with ca. 2500 employees, and the annual turnover is 750 million euros. Every two years there is a special fair.
  • Coral products, cameos and nacre in Torre del Greco. Since 1989 in Torre del Greco coral fishing is not practised, but the town still remains the most important centre in the world for coral processing, with over 2,000 employees in the sector.
  • Leather tanning in Solofra extends over an area of about 60 km2 in the south-western area of the province of Avellino, including also Montoro and Serino. This area is specialized in the tanning of sheep and goatskins, for a total of about 400 companies operating in the sector including tanneries, subcontractors and garment manufacturers, 4,000–4,500 employees and an average annual turnover of 1,500 million euros. It specializes in the processing of leathers for clothing, shoes and leather goods.
  • Shoe making in Grumo Nevano, Aversa, Trentola Ducenta

Transport

The region has a dense network of roads and motorways, a system of maritime connections and an international airport (Naples Airport). The port of Naples connects the region with the Mediterranean basin, and brings tourists to the archaeological sites, the cities of art (Naples and Caserta), to the coastal areas and to the islands.

Rail

There are high-speed rail lines:

There is a maintenance and service centre for high-speed trains Alstom AGV in Nola.

Maritime

 
Fincantieri shipyard Castellammare di Stabia

Sea-based activity accounts for about 3.9% of the economy, which includes port movements of goods and passengers and sea transportation, as well as a sizable seaside tourism economy. In Castellammare di Stabia there is a big Fincantieri shipyard. Shipping companies Grimaldi and Tirrenia both headquarter in Naples.

The most well-known person in the Italian maritime industry is Neapolitan captain Francesco Schettino who crashed super-modern, full-equipped with all navigational and safety systems, cruise ship Costa Concordia on the underwater rocks of Giglio island in serene weather without any technical problem on board. Unlike captains Edward Smith (Titanic), Alexandr Ostrovskiy (Bulgaria), Mahendra Nath Mulla (Khukri) who tried to save people and ships and go down with his ship, captain Schettino escaped from the ship with one of the first lifeboats and left onboard crew and passengers, inclusive women and children. Extremely indignant by this Coast Guard captain Gregorio de Falco commanded to him "Vada a bordo, cazzo!" ("Get back on board, asshole!").[92] After killing of 32 persons, Schettino was sentenced to only 16 years in prison.

Service

The services sector makes up for 78% of the region's gross domestic product.[78]

Unemployment

The unemployment rate stood at 17.9% in 2020 and was one of the highest in Italy.[93]

Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
unemployment rate
(in %) 		12.8% 11.2% 12.5% 12.9% 13.9% 15.4% 19.2% 21.5% 21.7% 19.8% 20.4% 20.9% 20.4% 20.0% 17.9% 19.3%

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Campania

The region, with a population of over 5.8 million inhabitants, is divided into five provinces: Naples, Benevento, Avellino, Caserta and Salerno. Over half of the population is resident in the province of Naples, where there is a population density of 2,626 inhabitants per km2. Within the province, the highest density can be found along the coast, where it reaches 13,000 inhabitants per km2 in the city of Portici. The region, which was characterised until recently by an acute economic contrast between internal and coastal areas, has shown an improvement in the last decade thanks to the development of the provinces of Benevento and Avellino. At the same time, the provinces of Naples, Caserta and in part Salerno, have developed a variety of activities connected to advanced types of services.[94]

Immigration and ethnicity

The largest resident foreign-born
groups on 31 December 2019[95]
Nationality Population
  Ukraine 41,558
  Romania 41,209
  Morocco 22,381
  Sri Lanka 17,352
  China 12,429
  Bangladesh 10,383
  Poland 8,909
  Nigeria 8,281
  India 7,959
  Bulgaria 7,762

Unlike central and northern Italy, in the last decade the region of Campania has not attracted large numbers of immigrants. The Italian national institute of statistics ISTAT estimated in January 2007 that 98,052 foreign-born immigrants live in Campania, equal to 1.7% of the total regional population.[96] Part of the reason for this is in recent times, there have been more employment opportunities in northern regions than in the Southern Italian regions.

Government and politics

Main article: Politics of Campania

The Politics of Campania, takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democracy, whereby the President of Regional Government is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the Regional Government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Regional Council.

The Regional Council of Campania (Consiglio Regionale della Campania) is composed of 60 members, of which 47 are elected in provincial constituencies with proportional representation, 12 from the so-called "regional list" of the elected president and the last one is for the candidate for president who comes second, who usually becomes the leader of the opposition in the council. If a coalition wins more than 55% of the vote, only 6 candidates from the "regional list" will be elected and the number of those elected in provincial constituencies will be 53.[97]

 

Administrative divisions

Campania is divided into four provinces and one metropolitan city:

Province Area (km2) Population Density (inhabitants/km2)
Province of Avellino 2,792 427,310 153
Province of Benevento 2,071 283,393 136.83
Province of Caserta 2,639 906,596 343.54
Province of Salerno 4,923 1,092,349 222.11
Metropolitan City of Naples 1,171 3,052,763 2,606.97

Culture

See also: List of museums in Campania

Cuisine

Main article: Neapolitan cuisine
 
An authentic Neapolitan pizza

Campanian cuisine varies within the region. While Neapolitan dishes centre on seafood, Casertan and Aversan ones rely more on fresh vegetables and cheeses. The cuisine from Sorrento combines the culinary traditions from both Naples and Salerno. Pizza was conceived in Naples.[98] Spaghetti is also a well-known dish from southern Italy and Campania.

 
Spaghetti alla puttanesca, a spicy pasta dish topped with a sauce made of tomatoes, olives, anchovies and capers

Campania produces wines including Lacryma Christi, Fiano, Aglianico, Greco di Tufo, Falerno del Massico, Taburno, Solopaca, and Taurasi. The cheeses of Campania consist of Mozzarella di Bufala (buffalo mozzarella) (mozzarella made from buffalo milk), fiordilatte ("flower of milk") a mozzarella made from cow's milk, ricotta from sheep or buffalo milk, provolone from cow milk, and caciotta made from goat milk. Buffalo are bred in the provinces of Salerno and Caserta.

Several different cakes and pies are made in Campania. Pastiera pie is made during Easter. Casatiello and tortano are Easter breads made by adding lard or oil and various types of cheese to bread dough and garnishing it with slices of salami. Babà cake is a well known Neapolitan delicacy, best served with rum or limoncello (a liqueur invented in the Sorrento peninsula). It is an old Austrian cake, which arrived in Campania during the Austrian domination of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies and was modified there to become a "walking cake" for citizens always in a hurry for work and other pursuits. Sfogliatella is another pastry from the Amalfi Coast, as is Zeppole, traditionally eaten on Saint Joseph's day. Struffoli, little balls fried dough dipped in honey, are enjoyed during the Christmas holidays.

 
Dried red peppers and lemons hanging from a shop in Amalfi.

Another Campanian dish is the so-called Russian salad, also known as Olivier salad, which is based on similar dishes from France. It is made of potatoes in mayonnaise garnished with shrimp and vegetables in vinegar. Another French-derived dish is "gattò" or "gâteau di patate" (an oven-baked pie made of boiled potatoes). As with the Russian salad, Campania is home to popular seafood-based dishes, such as "insalata di mare" (seafood salad), "zuppa di polpo" (octopus soup), and "zuppa di cozze" (mussel soup). Other regional seafood dishes include "frittelle di mare" (fritters with seaweed), made with edible poseidonia algae, "triglie al cartoccio" (red mullet in the bag), and "alici marinate" (fresh anchovies in olive oil). The island of Ischia is known for its fish dishes, as well as for cooked rabbit. Campania is also home to the lemons of Sorrento. Rapini (or Broccoli rabe), known locally as friarielli, are often used in regional cooking. Campania also produces many nuts, especially in the area of Avellino, Salerno and Benevento. Hazelnut production is especially relevant in the province of Avellino – in Spanish, in Portuguese and in Occitan the hazelnut is respectively called avellana, avelã and avelano,[99] after the city of Avella. That is also the case of ancient Italian avellana, which is however not in use anymore.

Ancient, medieval, and early arts

 
The grand gardens of the baroque Royal Palace of Caserta

The region of Campania is rich with a vast array of culture and history. Since the Greek colony of Elea, now Velia, Campania was home to philosophers of the Pre-Socratic philosophy school, such as Parmenides and Zeno of Elea, who came to prominence around 490–480 BC. The Latin poet Vergil (70 BC–19 BC) settled in Naples in his late-life: parts of his epic poem Aeneid are located in Campania. The ancient scientist Pliny the Elder studied Mount Vesuvius and died after being poisoned and killed by gas emitted from the volcano during the 79 AD eruption.

Romulus Augustus, the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, died as a prisoner of the German general Odoacer at Naples around 500. In the Middle Ages, the artist Giotto made some frescoes in Castel Nuovo. These works of art were subsequently destroyed by an earthquake.

By the end of the Middle Ages, the medical school of Salerno, which combined ancient Roman and Greek medicine with Arab medicine, was known throughout Europe and its methods were adopted across the continent. Some have suggested that this may have been one of the first universities in Europe. Boccaccio, the Tuscan poet, visited Naples on various occasions, and in the Decameron described it as a dissolute city. He also wrote a love story involving a noblewoman close to the King of Naples.

 
Pulcinella with a guitar

In 1570, the Spanish writer Miguel de Cervantes, who wrote the romance novel Don Quixote, served as a Spanish soldier for a period in Naples. Poet Torquato Tasso was born in Sorrento in 1575. Years earlier in 1558, the first modern description and studies of the "camera obscura" ("dark chamber"), were established in Italy by Giovanni Battista della Porta in his Magiae Naturalis.

Philosopher Giordano Bruno was born in Nola. He was the first to theorize infinite suns and infinite worlds in the universe. He was burnt in Rome by the Spanish Inquisition in 1600. Later, in c. 1606, the Baroque painter Caravaggio established his studio in Naples. Italian Baroque architect Cosimo Fanzago from Bergamo also decided to move to Naples.

In the 18th century, Naples was the last city to be visited by philosophers who created the "Grand Tour" which was the big touring voyage to visit all the important cultural sites of the European continent. Italian architect Luigi Vanvitelli son of Dutch architect Caspar van Wittel built the Royal Palace in Caserta in c. 1750. He contributed to the construction of many neoclassic-style palaces in which the nobles of Naples spent their holidays. These palaces are now known worldwide as "Ville Vesuviane".[100]

 
The island of Capri, often seen as a cultural symbol of Campania.

Raimondo di Sangro, prince of Sansevero, was a scientist and one of the last alchemists. Around this time, in 1786, German writer Goethe visited Campania and Naples. German archaeologist Johann Joachim Winckelmann also visited Naples, Paestum, Herculaneum and Pompeii in 1748 and later, studying how archaeological surveys were conducted in the kingdom of Naples. He was one of the first to study drawings, statues, stones, and ancient burned scrolls made of papyrus found in the excavations of the city of Herculaneum. Archaeological excavations in Pompeii were initiated by King Charles III of Naples in 1748. He issued the first modern laws in Europe to protect, defend and preserve archaeological sites. Neapolitan musicians of that period include Niccolò Antonio Zingarelli and Giovanni Paisiello.

Musician Gioachino Rossini lived for several years in Naples, where he wrote numerous compositions. Italian poet and writer Giacomo Leopardi established his home in Naples and Torre del Greco, remaining there at the end of his brief young life. He died at Naples in 1837. The first volcano observatory, the Vesuvius Observatory, was founded in Naples in 1841. Geologist Giuseppe Mercalli, born in Milan in 1850, was a director of the Vesuvius Observatory.

In February 1851, British statesman William Ewart Gladstone was allowed to visit the prison where Giacomo Lacaita, legal adviser to the British embassy, was imprisoned by the Neapolitan government, along with other political dissidents.[101] He deplored their condition, and in April and July, he published two Letters to the Earl of Aberdeen against the Neapolitan government, followed by An Examination of the Official Reply of the Neapolitan Government in 1852.[102] His pamphlets may have contributed to the cause of the unification of Italy in 1861.

French writer Alexandre Dumas, père was directly involved in the process of the Unification of Italy and sojourned two or three years in Naples, where he wrote several historical novels regarding that city. He was also a known newspaper correspondent. Francesco de Sanctis, writer, politician and twice Minister of Instruction after the reunification of Italy in 1861, was born in Morra De Sanctis near Avellino.

German scientist Anton Dohrn founded in Naples the first public aquarium in the world and laboratory for the study of the sea, known as Maritime Zoological Station. The Astronomic Observatory of Capodimonte was founded by King Joachim Murat, in 1816. The observatory now hosts the Italian Laboratory of Astrophysics. Doctors and surgeons Antonio Cardarelli and Giuseppe Moscati were representatives of medical studies in Naples.

Contemporary and modern arts

The so-called "School of Posillipo" and "School of Resina", dating from the late 19th to early 20th centuries, included painters, such as Giacinto Gigante, Federico Cortese, Domenico Morelli, Saverio Altamura, Giuseppe De Nittis, Vincenzo Gemito, Antonio Mancini, and Raffaello Pagliaccetti.

Amongst the painters who inspired directly these schools, are Salvator Rosa, Pierre-Jacques Volaire, and Anton Sminck van Pitloo, who spent his last years in Naples. Opera singer Enrico Caruso was also a native of Naples. Russian revolutionary leader Vladimir Lenin lived for a period in Capri. In the 20th century, the music genre called Neapolitan song became popular worldwide, with songs such as "'O sole mio", "Funiculì, Funiculà", "'O surdato 'nnammurato", "Torna a Surriento", "Santa Lucia", "Malafemmena", "'A vucchella", and "Passione".

Mathematician Renato Caccioppoli, nephew of the Russian anarchic revolutionary Mikhail Bakunin, was born in Naples. The first President of the Italian Republic in 1946 (with a pro-tempore mandate of six months) was Enrico De Nicola from Torre del Greco. Campania is also home to the former Prime Minister and 6th President of the Republic Giovanni Leone, as well as the 11th President, Giorgio Napolitano.

 
Late Baroque art inside the Palace of Caserta.

The 20th century's best known philosopher and literate in Naples was Benedetto Croce, known for his studies in aesthetics, ethics, logic, economy, history, politics.

Neapolitan artists, actors, playwrights, and showmen included Eduardo De Filippo and Peppino De Filippo, and their sister Titina De Filippo. Totò (byname of Antonio de Curtis) was one of the most important comedians in Naples in the 20th century. He is also known for the song "Malafemmena".

Pop artist Andy Warhol created two famous paintings of the 1980 Irpinia earthquake: Fate presto and Vesuvius 365. Both originals are hosted in the exhibit Terrae Motus in the Palace of Caserta.

Oscar–winning actress Sophia Loren grew up in Pozzuoli.

Oscar and David-winning[103] film producer Dino De Laurentiis was born in Torre Annunziata. One of his grandchildren is Food Network personality Giada De Laurentiis.

Contemporary Campanian writers include Curzio Malaparte and Roberto Saviano.

20th- and 21st-century Campanian actors and directors include Francesco Rosi, Iaia Forte, Pappi Corsicato, Teresa De Sio, Lello Arena, Massimo Troisi and director Gabriele Salvatores.

Modern Italian singers and musicians from Campania include Peppino di Capri, Renato Carosone, Edoardo Bennato, Eugenio Bennato, Mario Merola, Sergio Bruni, Aurelio Fierro, Roberto Murolo, Tony Tammaro, Teresa De Sio, Eduardo De Crescenzo, Alan Sorrenti, Tullio De Piscopo, Massimo Ranieri, Pino Daniele, James Senese and his group Napoli Centrale, Enzo Avitabile, Enzo Gragnaniello, Nino D'Angelo, Gigi D'Alessio, 99 Posse, and Almamegretta.

Artists who directed movies about Naples or actors who played in movies in Campania, or interpreted Neapolitans on-screen, include Vittorio De Sica, Domenico Modugno, Renzo Arbore, Lina Wertmüller, Mario Lanza as Caruso, Clark Gable in "It Started in Naples", and Jack Lemmon in the movies "Maccheroni" (which co-starred Marcello Mastroianni) and "Avanti!".

The international Giffoni Film Festival, established in 1971, is the first and most important festival for a young public.

Sports

 
The Stadio Diego Armando Maradona is the home ground of SSC Napoli of Serie A

Campania is home to several national football, water polo, volleyball, basketball and tennis clubs.

The fencing school in Naples is the oldest in the country and the only school in Italy in which a swordsman can acquire the title "master of swords", which allows him or her to teach the art of fencing.

The "Circolo Savoia" and "Circolo Canottieri Napoli" sailing clubs are among the oldest in Italy and are known for their regattas. These are also home of the main water polo teams in the city. Many sailors from Naples and Campania participate as crew in the America's Cup sailing competition.

Rowers Giuseppe Abbagnale and Carmine Abbagnale were born in Castellammare di Stabia: they were four times rowing world champions and Olympic gold medalists.

Across the top 3 levels of Italian football, the clubs in Campania include:

Notes

  1. ^ Campania in Geonames.org (cc-by)
  2. ^ a b c "Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the EU average in 2018" (Press release). ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
  3. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  4. ^ "Campania". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  5. ^ Upton, Clive; Kretzschmar, William A. Jr. (2017). The Routledge Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 183. ISBN 978-1-138-12566-7.
  6. ^ "Campania, Italy".
  7. ^ demo.istat.it (ed.). . Archived from the original on 14 January 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
  8. ^ "Statistics on European cities - Statistics Explained". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
  9. ^ "UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
  10. ^ Gradogna, Sergio (10 February 2010). "Non solo greci e romani, la Campania degli altri popoli". Charme (in Italian). Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  11. ^ "Campania: Gateway to Southern Italy". LifeInItaly.com. 7 October 2007. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  12. ^ (Giacomo Devoto, Gli antichi italici, Firenze, Vallecchi, 1931, p.118).
  13. ^ "Italia Antiqua – XV, Campania". InStoria.it. 7 October 2007. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  14. ^ "Etruria campana".
  15. ^ Strabo, Geographica, V (Italia), 4.3.
  16. ^ Francesco Belsito (2013). Storia di Nocera. Monumenti, personaggi, leggende. Angri, Gaia.
  17. ^ . Interteam.it. 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 5 May 2005.
  18. ^ a b "The Samnite Wars". UNRV.com. 7 October 2007. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  19. ^ a b "Ancient Times – 1st millennium B.C." Michael Vigorita. 7 October 2007. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  20. ^ . Faculty.ed.umuc.du. 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 29 June 2009. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  21. ^ a b c d . Naples.Rome-in-Italy.com. 8 January 2008. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  22. ^ Oakley, Stephen P (1971). A Commentary on Livy, Books VI-X. Oxford University Press. p. 43. ISBN 0-19-927143-7.
  23. ^ a b . Roman-Empire.info. 8 January 2008. Archived from the original on 12 October 2009. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  24. ^ Freeman, Philip (1999). The Survival of Etruscan. Page 82: "Oscan graffiti on the walls of Pompeii show that non-Latin languages could thrive in urban locations in Italy well into the 1st century A.D."
  25. ^ McDonald, K. L. (2017). "Fragmentary ancient languages as "bad data": towards a methodology for investigating multilingualism in epigraphic sources." Pages 4-6
  26. ^ Schrijver, Peter. Oscan love of Rome. Page 2.
  27. ^ Lomas, Kathryn, "The Hellenization of Italy", in Powell, Anton. The Greek World. Page 354.
  28. ^ a b "Campania: A Little History". Emmeti.it. 8 January 2008. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  29. ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Naples" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  30. ^ "Secrets of the Dead: Pompeii and Herculaneum". Channel4.com. 8 January 2008. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  31. ^ Magnusson & Goring 1990
  32. ^ Hilmar C. Krueger. "The Italian Cities and the Arabs before 1095" in A History of the Crusades: The First Hundred Years, Vol.I. Kenneth Meyer Setton, Marshall W. Baldwin (eds., 1955). University of Pennsylvania Press. p.48.
  33. ^ . Faculty.ed.umuc.edu. 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  34. ^ . ScholarshipNet.info. 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 30 January 2009. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  35. ^ a b c "Sicilian History". Dieli.net. 7 October 2007. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  36. ^ "Naples – Castel Nuovo". PlanetWare.com. 7 October 2007. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  37. ^ Bruzelius, Caroline (1991). ""ad modum franciae": Charles of Anjou and Gothic Architecture in the Kingdom of Sicily". The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 50 (4): 402–420. doi:10.2307/990664. JSTOR 990664.
  38. ^ Constable, Olivia Remie (2002). Housing the Stranger in the Mediterranean World: Lodging, Trade, and Travel. Humana Press. ISBN 1-58829-171-5.
  39. ^ . Naples-City.info. 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 29 September 2008. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  40. ^ "Aragonese Overseas Expansion, 1282–1479". Zum.de. 7 October 2007. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  41. ^ . 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 23 December 2008.
  42. ^ . Naples.Rome-in-Italy.com. 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  43. ^ a b c "Spanish acquisition of Naples". Britannica.com. 7 October 2007.
  44. ^ . Faculty.ed.umuc.edu. 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  45. ^ . Fodors.com. 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  46. ^ . Bartleby.com. 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 18 December 2007.
  47. ^ . RealCasaDiBorbone.it. 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 26 September 2009. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  48. ^ a b c d . Faculty.ed.umuc.edu. 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 6 March 2001. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  49. ^ a b c . Onwar.com. 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 31 July 2001. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  50. ^ . 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 24 June 2011.
  51. ^ "Why Neo-Bourbons". NeoBorbonici.it. 7 October 2007. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  52. ^ "Km di costa in Italia" (in Italian). Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  53. ^ "Da Campitello Matese a Monte Miletto" (in Italian). Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  54. ^ "Vesuvio" (in Italian). Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  55. ^ "Campania" (in Italian). Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  56. ^ "Campania," Microsoft Encarta 2008. . www.voyagesphotosmanu.com. Financial Times. Archived from the original on 9 June 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  57. ^ Senza la mafia il Sud raggiunge il Nord, CENSIS 2014-07-09 at the Wayback Machine
  58. ^ "Campania, imprese vitali nonostante la crisi". Retrieved 17 January 2018.
  59. ^ "Rapporto Svimez, segnali di ripresa per l'economia campana". Retrieved 17 January 2018.
  60. ^ Dario Raffaele. . Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  61. ^ . Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
  62. ^ . Archived from the original on 6 February 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
  63. ^ . Archived from the original on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2013..
  64. ^ "Turismo di Capri". Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  65. ^ "CostieraAmalfitana.it". Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  66. ^ . Archived from the original on 3 January 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  67. ^ . Archived from the original on 20 November 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  68. ^ "corrieredelmezzogiorno". Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  69. ^ aspetti provinciali della crescita industriale nell'Italia postunitaria 2010-10-09 at the Wayback Machine
  70. ^ . Archived from the original on 7 May 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2011.
  71. ^ "Floricoltura in Campania" (in Italian). Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  72. ^ "L'AGRICOLTURA ITALIANA IN NUMERI" (PDF) (in Italian). p. 28. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  73. ^ "Pubblicata sulla Gazzetta Ufficiale la proposta di riconoscimento della IGP "Pomodoro pelato di Napoli"" (in Italian). Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  74. ^ Carpellese olive oil- Retrieved 13 July 2018
  75. ^ Pisciottana 4 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine- Retrieved 3 July 2018
  76. ^ Ravece olive oil- Retrieved 3 July 2018
  77. ^ Italian olives 2 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine- Retrieved 3 July 2018
  78. ^ a b . Circa.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 5 August 2007. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
  79. ^ "Italy discovers biggest illegal waste dump in Europe". Euronews. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  80. ^ Day, Michael (17 June 2015). "Europe's largest illegal toxic dumping site discovered in southern Italy – an area with cancer rates 80% higher than national average". The Independent. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  81. ^ a b Perucatti, A.; Di Meo, G.P.; Albarella, S.; Ciotola, F.; Incarnato, D.; Jambrenghi, A.C.; Peretti, V.; Vonghia, G.; Iannuzzi, L. (2006). "Increased frequencies of both chromosome abnormalities and SCEs in two sheep flocks exposed to high dioxin levels during pasturage". Mutagenesis. 21 (1): 67–57. doi:10.1093/mutage/gei076. PMID 16434450.
  82. ^ a b "Mafia toxic waste dumping poisons Italy farmlands". The Hindu. Associated Press. 20 December 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  83. ^ "Mozzarella, limitate positività alla diossina. Il Governo dopo l'alt di Tokyo: no a psicoosi". Corriere della sera. 26 March 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  84. ^ "Osservatorio Amianto" (in Italian).
  85. ^ "Cammora illegal waste dumping in Campania".
  86. ^ "Fine di un'epoca" (in Italian).
  87. ^ "Stellantis production report" (in Italian). 11 January 2021.
  88. ^ Gibney, Elizabeth (11 March 2016). "Mars launch to test collaboration between Europe and Russia". Nature. 531 (7594): 288–289. Bibcode:2016Natur.531..288G. doi:10.1038/nature.2016.19547. PMID 26983519.
  89. ^ Chan, Sewell (20 October 2016). "No Signal From Mars Lander, but European Officials Declare Mission a Success". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
  90. ^ a b c . Archived from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
  91. ^ "Hitachi Rail: Lo stabilimento di Napoli". YouTube (in Italian). Archived from the original on 30 October 2021.
  92. ^ "Telephone call between Costa Concordia Captain and Italian Coast Guard". YouTube (in Italian). Archived from the original on 30 October 2021.
  93. ^ . Archived from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  94. ^ . Circa.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
  95. ^ "Foreign Citizens. Resident Population by sex and citizenship on 31st December 2019" (in Italian). National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  96. ^ . Demo.istat.it. Archived from the original on 26 April 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
  97. ^ "Home – Consiglio Regionale della Lombardia" (PDF). Consiglio.regione.lombardia.it. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2009. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  98. ^ Helstosky, Carol (2008). Pizza: A Global History. London: Reaktion. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-1-86189-391-8.
  99. ^ "Avella" (in Italian). Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  100. ^ "Ville Vesuviane". World Heritage Site. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  101. ^ H. C. G. Matthew, Gladstone. 1809–1874 (Oxford University Press, 1988), p. 80-81.
  102. ^ Gladstone, William Ewart (15 June 1859). "Two Letters to the Earl of Aberdeen: On the State Prosecutions of the Neapolitan Government". J. Murray – via Google Books.
  103. ^ "Dino De Laurentiis: Awards". IMDb. Retrieved 1 October 2011.

See also

  • HMS Campania - Two ships of the British Royal Navy have been named HMS Campania after the region of Campania.

References

  • Magnusson, Magnus; Goring, Rosemary, eds. (1990). Cambridge Biographical Dictionary. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-39518-6.

External links

 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Campania.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Campania.
  • Official website   (in Italian)
  • Campania Photo Gallery
  • Vesuvius Observatory

May 17, 2023
campania, other, uses, disambiguation, also, ɑː, ɑː, italian, kamˈpaːnja, neapolitan, kamˈbɑːnjə, administrative, region, italy, most, south, western, portion, italian, peninsula, with, tyrrhenian, west, also, includes, small, phlegraean, islands, island, capr. For other uses see Campania disambiguation Campania k ae m ˈ p eɪ n i e also UK k ae m ˈ p ae n i e US k ɑː m ˈ p ɑː n i e 4 5 Italian kamˈpaːnja Neapolitan kamˈbɑːnje is an administrative region of Italy most of it is in the south western portion of the Italian peninsula with the Tyrrhenian Sea to its west but it also includes the small Phlegraean Islands and the island of Capri The capital of the Campania region is Naples 6 As of 2018 the region had a population of around 5 820 000 people making it Italy s third most populous region 7 and with an area of 13 590 km2 5 247 sq mi its most densely populated region Based on its GDP Campania is also the most economically productive region in southern Italy and the 7th most productive in the whole country Naples urban area which is in Campania is the eighth most populous in the European Union 8 The region is home to 10 of the 58 UNESCO sites in Italy including Pompeii and Herculaneum the Royal Palace of Caserta the Amalfi Coast and the Historic Centre of Naples In addition Campania s Mount Vesuvius is part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves 9 CampaniaRegionFlagCoat of armsCoordinates 40 54 38 N 14 55 14 E 40 91056 N 14 92056 E 40 91056 14 92056 Coordinates 40 54 38 N 14 55 14 E 40 91056 N 14 92056 E 40 91056 14 92056 1 CountryItalyCapitalNaplesGovernment PresidentVincenzo De Luca PD Area Total13 590 km2 5 250 sq mi Population 30 November 2014 Total5 869 029 Density430 km2 1 100 sq mi DemonymsEnglish CampanianItalian Campano man Italian Campana woman Time zoneUTC 1 CET Summer DST UTC 2 CEST ISO 3166 codeIT 72GDP nominal 108 billion 2018 2 GDP per capita 18 600 2018 2 HDI 2021 0 856 3 very high 19th of 21NUTS RegionITFWebsitewww wbr regione wbr campania wbr itThe Campania s hinterland was inhabited from the beginning of the 1st millennium BC by the Osci Samnites and Etruscans while between the 8th and 7th centuries BC its coastal areas were colonised by the ancient Greeks At that time Capua was Campania s leading city while Naples was an anomaly being predominantly Greek speaking 10 Campania is rich in culture especially with regard to food music architecture and archaeological and ancient sites such as Pompeii Herculaneum Oplontis Paestum Aeclanum Stabiae and Velia The name Campania is derived from Latin the Romans knew the region as Campania felix fertile countryside or happy countryside The rich natural beauty of Campania makes it important to the tourism industry the city of Naples the Amalfi Coast Mount Vesuvius and the islands of Capri and Ischia have long been major attractions 11 Contents 1 History 1 1 Pre Roman period 1 2 Roman period 1 3 Feudalism in the Middle Ages 1 4 The Kingdom 1 4 1 Norman to Angevin 1 4 2 Aragonese to Bourbon 1 5 World War II 2 Geography 3 Economy 3 1 Tourism 3 2 Decline of heavy industry 3 3 Food and agriculture 3 4 Automotive 3 5 Aerospace and rail 3 6 Fashion 3 7 Other industrial districts 3 8 Transport 3 8 1 Rail 3 8 2 Maritime 3 9 Service 3 10 Unemployment 4 Demographics 4 1 Immigration and ethnicity 5 Government and politics 5 1 Administrative divisions 6 Culture 6 1 Cuisine 6 2 Ancient medieval and early arts 6 3 Contemporary and modern arts 6 4 Sports 7 Notes 8 See also 9 References 10 External linksHistory EditSee also Ancient Campania Pre Roman period Edit See also Samnite Wars Etruscan Civilization Roman Republic Pre Indo European languages Oscan language and Magna Graecia Ancient Greek Temple of Hera Paestum built 550 BC The region known today as Campania was inhabited from at least the beginning of the 1st millennium BC by several Oscan speaking Italic tribes the Osci the Opici the Aurunci the Ausones the Sidicini the Hirpini the Caudini the Oenotrians the Campanians after whom the region is named and the Lucanians who inhabited the southernmost part of Campania known in ancient times as Lucania roughly where modern day Salerno is 12 13 Many of these tribes lived in simple agro towns Not much is known about the pre Indo European tribes that had lived in the region earlier they were probably not as technologically or culturally advanced as the Oscans and any who still flourished had become fully Oscanised by the middle of the first millennium BC Between the 9th and 6th centuries BC the Etruscans from Central Italy established colonies in the Campanian Plains the inland territories that today are the provinces of Caserta and Naples as well as in the regions of Agro Nocerino Sarnese and Agro Picentino which today are in the province of Salerno There they essentially replicated their Dodecapolis twelve cities political model founding the cities of Hyria modern day Nola Irnthi or Marcina modern day Salerno Amina modern day Pontecagnano Faiano Velcha Velsu and Uri In addition to assimilating into their urban political domains the Etruscans also incorporated the pre existing tribal Oscan agro towns of Capua modern day Santa Maria Capua Vetere Nuceria modern day comuni of Nocera Superiore and Nocera Inferiore Suessula Acerra Ercolano Pompeii Stabiae and Sorrento 14 15 16 Meanwhile during the 8th century BC Greek speaking people from Euboea in Central Greece known as Cumaeans began to establish colonies themselves roughly around the coastal areas of the modern day province of Naples and in the nearby islands founding among others the cities of Cumae Pithekousai modern day Ischia Paestum Herculaneum and Dicaearchia later Puteoli in Latin modern day Pozzuoli The city of Naples began as a small commercial port called Parthenope Par8enoph meaning Pure Eyes a Siren in Greek mythology which was established by Greek colonial sailors from Rhodes 17 Ruins of Aeclanum a Roman town in Irpinia district At one point in history a distinct group of Oscan speaking tribes from Samnium in south central Italy the Samnites moved down into Campania Since the Samnites were more warlike than the other Oscan populations they easily took over the cities of Capua and Cumae in an area which was one of the most prosperous and fertile in the Italian Peninsula at the time 18 During the 340s BC the Samnites were engaged in a war with the Roman Republic in a dispute known as the Samnite Wars with Rome claiming the rich pastures of northern Campania during the First Samnite War 19 The First Samnite War was initiated when the Etruscan influenced Oscan city of Capua in Etruscan Capeva was being attacked by the Samnites and thus appealed to Rome for defensive help As the majority of Southern Italy was under Roman control at the time the sole major remaining independent settlement in the region was the Greek colony of Neapolis and when the city was eventually captured by the Samnites the Neapolitan Greeks were left with no option but to call on the Romans with whom they established an alliance setting off the Second Samnite War 18 The Roman consul Quintus Publilius Filo recaptured Neapolis by 326 BC and allowed it to remain a Greek city with some autonomy as a civitas foederata while strongly aligned with Rome 20 The Second Samnite War ended with the Romans controlling all of southern Campania and additional regions further to the south such as parts of Lucania 19 Roman period Edit See also Roman Republic Roman Empire and Italia Roman Empire Campania was a full fledged part of the Roman Republic by the end of the 4th century BC valued for its pastures and rich countryside Naples with its Greek language and customs made it a centre of Hellenistic culture for the Romans creating the first traces of Greco Roman culture 21 During the Pyrrhic War in 275 BC the Battle of Beneventum took place in Campania in the Samnite city of Maleventum in which the Romans led by the consul Curius Dentatus were victorious They renamed it Beneventum modern day Benevento which grew in stature until it was second only to Capua in southern Italy 22 During the Second Punic War in 216 BC Capua in a bid for equality with Rome allied with Carthage 23 The rebellious Capuans were isolated from the rest of Campania which remained allies of Rome Naples resisted Hannibal due to the imposing walls 21 Capua was eventually starved into submission in the Roman retaking of 211 BC and the Romans were victorious 23 The Last Day of Pompeii Karl Briullov With the initial exception of Naples the region adopted Latin as official language in that sense gradually replacing the native Oscan and the Greek and the Etruscan still talked respectively in their colonies of the region 24 25 26 subsequently becoming fully Romanised 27 28 As part of the Roman Empire Campania with Latium formed the most important region of the Augustan divisions of Italia the Regio I Latium et Campania Campania was one of the main areas for granary 28 In ancient times Misenum modern Miseno at the extreme northern end of the bay of Naples was the largest base of the Roman navy since its port Portus Julius was the base of the Classis Misenensis the most important Roman fleet It was first established as a naval base in 27 BC by Marcus Agrippa the right hand man of the emperor Augustus Roman Emperors chose Campania as a holiday destination among them Claudius and Tiberius the latter of whom is infamously linked to the island of Capri 21 It was also during this period that Christianity came to Campania Two of the apostles St Peter and St Paul are said to have preached in the city of Naples and there were also several martyrs during this time 29 Unfortunately the period of relative calm was violently interrupted by the epic eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 which buried the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum 30 With the Decline of the Roman Empire its last emperor Romulus Augustus was put in a manor house prison near Castel dell Ovo Naples in 476 ushering in the beginning of the Middle Ages and a period of uncertainty in regard to the future of the area 21 Feudalism in the Middle Ages Edit See also Byzantine Empire Duchy of Naples Duchy of Benevento Principality of Capua Principality of Salerno Duchy of Amalfi Duchy of Sorrento and Duchy of Apulia and Calabria The area had many duchies and principalities during the Middle Ages in the hands of the Byzantine Empire also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire and the Lombards Under the Normans the smaller independent states were brought together as part of the Kingdom of Sicily before the mainland broke away to form the Kingdom of Naples It was during this period that elements of Spanish French and Aragonese culture were introduced to Campania Allegiances with the Muslim Saracens were made in 836 and the Arabs were requested to repel the siege of Lombard troops coming from the neighbouring Duchy of Benevento 31 32 The Kingdom Edit Norman to Angevin Edit See also Kingdom of Sicily Kingdom of Naples and List of monarchs of Naples Early kings ruled from Castel Nuovo After a period as a Norman kingdom the Kingdom of Sicily passed to the Hohenstaufens who were a powerful Germanic royal house of Swabian origins 33 The University of Naples Federico II was founded by Frederick II in the city the oldest state university in the world making Naples the intellectual centre of the kingdom 34 Conflict between the Hohenstaufen house and the Papacy led in 1266 to Pope Innocent IV crowning Angevin Dynasty duke Charles I as the king 35 Charles officially moved the capital from Palermo to Naples where he resided at the Castel Nuovo 36 During this period much Gothic architecture sprang up around Naples including the Naples Cathedral the main church of the city 37 In 1281 with the advent of the Sicilian Vespers the kingdom split in half The Angevin Kingdom of Naples included the southern part of the Italian peninsula while the island of Sicily became the Aragonese Kingdom of Sicily 35 The wars continued until the peace of Caltabellotta in 1302 which saw Frederick III recognised as king of the Isle of Sicily while Charles II was recognised as the king of Naples by Pope Boniface VIII 35 Despite the split Naples grew in importance attracting Pisan and Genoese merchants 38 Tuscan bankers and with them some of the most championed Renaissance artists of the time such as Boccaccio Petrarch and Giotto 39 Alfonso I conquered Naples after his victory against the last Angevin king Rene and Naples was unified for a brief period with Sicily again 40 Aragonese to Bourbon Edit See also Kingdom of Naples Parthenopaean Republic Two Sicilies and List of monarchs of the Two Sicilies Revolutionary Masaniello Sicily and Naples were separated in 1458 but remained as dependencies of Aragon under Ferrante 41 The new dynasty enhanced Naples commerce by establishing relations with the Iberian peninsula Naples also became a centre of the Renaissance with artists such as Laurana da Messina Sannazzaro and Poliziano arriving in the city 42 During 1501 Naples came under direct rule from France at the time of Louis XII as Neapolitan king Frederick was taken as a prisoner to France this lasted four years 43 Spain won Naples at the Battle of Garigliano and as a result Naples then became part of the Spanish Empire throughout the entire Habsburg Spain period 43 The Spanish sent viceroys to Naples to directly deal with local issues the most important of which was Pedro Alvarez de Toledo who was responsible for considerable social economic and urban progress in the city he also supported the Inquisition 44 Caserta Palace inside During this period Naples became Europe s second largest city after Paris 45 During the Baroque era it was home to artists including Caravaggio Rosa and Bernini philosophers such as Telesio Bruno Campanella and Vico and writers such as Battista Marino A revolution led by local fisherman Masaniello saw the creation of a brief independent Neapolitan Republic though this lasted only a few months before Spanish rule was regained 43 Finally by 1714 the Spanish ceased to rule Naples as a result of the War of the Spanish Succession it was the Austrian Charles VI who ruled from Vienna similarly with viceroys 46 However the War of the Polish Succession saw the Spanish regain Sicily and Naples as part of a personal union which in the Treaty of Vienna were recognised as independent under a cadet branch of the Spanish Bourbons in 1738 under Charles VII 47 Ferdinand Bourbon king During the time of Ferdinand IV the French Revolution made its way to Naples Horatio Nelson an ally of the Bourbons even arrived in the city in 1798 to warn against it However Ferdinand was forced to retreat and fled to Palermo where he was protected by a British fleet 48 Naples lower classes the lazzaroni were pious and Royalist favouring the Bourbons in the melee that followed they fought the Neapolitan pro Republican aristocracy causing a civil war 48 The Republicans conquered Castel Sant Elmo and proclaimed a Parthenopaean Republic secured by the French Army 48 A counter revolutionary religious army of lazzaroni under Fabrizio Ruffo was raised they had great success and the French surrendered the Neapolitan castles and were allowed to sail back to Toulon 48 Ferdinand IV was restored as king however after only seven years Napoleon conquered the kingdom and instated Bonapartist kings including his brother Joseph Bonaparte 49 With the help of the Austrian Empire and allies the Bonapartists were defeated in the Neapolitan War and Bourbon Ferdinand IV once again regained the throne and the kingdom 49 The Congress of Vienna in 1815 saw the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily combined to form the Two Sicilies 49 with Naples as the capital city Naples became the first city on the Italian peninsula to have a railway in 1839 50 there were many factories throughout the kingdom making it a highly important trade centre 51 World War II Edit In September 1943 Salerno was the scene of Operation Avalanche and suffered a great deal of damage From 12 February to 17 July 1944 it hosted the Government of Marshal Pietro Badoglio In those months Salerno was the temporary Capital of the Kingdom of Italy and the King Victor Emmanuel III lived in a mansion in its outskirts Salerno received the first Tricolore in an official ceremony on 7 January 2012 from the premier Mario Monti to celebrate the glorious story of Italy and its old capitals Geography EditMain article Geography of Campania Campania has an area of 13 590 km2 5 247 sq mi and a coastline of 500 km 311 mi on the Tyrrhenian Sea 52 Campania is famous for its gulfs Naples Salerno and Policastro as well as for three islands Capri Ischia and Procida Four other regions border Campania Lazio to the northwest Molise to the north Apulia Puglia to the northeast and Basilicata to the east The mountainous interior is fragmented into several massifs rarely reaching 2 000 m 6 562 ft Miletto of 2 050 m 6 726 ft 53 whereas close to the coast there are volcanic massifs Vesuvio 1 281 m 4 203 ft 54 and Campi Flegrei The climate is typically Mediterranean along the coast with warm sunny and sultry summers and mild rainy winters whereas in the inner zones it is more continental with lower temperatures in winter and warm summers Snow is possible at higher elevations but rare at sea level 51 of the total area is hilly 34 mountainous and the remaining 15 is made up of plains 55 There is a high seismic risk across the region Naples Nunziatella Military School Amalfi Coast Positano Island Capri Island Ischia Typical landscape in Province of Avellino also known as Irpinia Canyons of Forre del Titerno Province of BeneventoEconomy EditThe GDP per capita in Campania is rank 18 from 20 Italian regions surpassing only Sicily and Calabria 2 It is only 66 7 of the Italian average It has been speculated that a factor could be the failure to connect the region s economy with the rest of Italy while another factor could be its peripheral position with respect to the developed central areas of Europe 56 Overall Campania appears to be a region with great economic potential which is partly held back by organized crime Camorra and the resulting corruption 57 The economy of Campania is one of the most affected nationwide by the economic and financial crisis that began in 2008 58 but between 2015 and 2016 it came out of the recession and began to recover due to above all industry but also tourism and tertiary 59 Tourism Edit The Forum of Pompeii with Vesuvius in the distance Tourism is supported by the abundant presence of artistic and naturalistic beauty which attract millions of people from all over the world every year Precisely in this sector the region finds its strong point through which it was able to react to the recession in 2015 in fact according to 2018 studies done by Eurostat Campania is in the top 20 of the most visited regions in Europe and fifth in Italy after Lombardy Lazio Veneto and Tuscany in order as well as first among the southern regions 60 The tourist flow sees more than half of the Italian and foreign tourists of the entire region gather in the Metropolitan City of Naples 61 Of all the locations Pompeii and Herculaneum stand out two of the most visited archaeological sites in Italy and among the most visited in the world where there is an average of four million tourists a year 62 Then there are the Campanian Archipelago Capri Ischia and Procida the latter named Italian capital of culture in 2022 Vesuvius and the Sorrento coast a notable growth in the cruise sector was observed in the Port of Naples 63 Tourist data on other sites in Campania show important records that the region holds nationally and worldwide Among these above all the data relating to Capri which is the most visited minor island in Italy and among the most sought after in the world 64 the Amalfi Coast which is among the most visited sites in Italy 65 and finally Vesuvius the most visited and well known volcano in the world 66 67 There is alos a growing influx of tourists to Cilento Paestum and Certosa di Padula 68 Decline of heavy industry Edit Bagnoli derelict steelworks 2016 Campania is traditionally the most industrialized region of southern Italy particularly the Neapolitan territory was one of the most industrialized areas of Italy until the beginning of the 20th century preceded only by the provinces of the so called industrial triangle Milan Turin and Genoa 69 In recent decades the gap with respect to other regions is no longer as significant as it used to be given that southern regions such as Apulia and Abruzzo have grown considerably economically while Campania has paradoxically undergone a constant process of de industrialisation The symbol of this phenomenon is the reclamation process of the area in Bagnoli where the former Italsider and Eternit operated promoted by the region 70 Food and agriculture Edit Campania mainly produces fruit and vegetables but has also expanded its production of flowers grown in greenhouses becoming one of the leading regions of the sector in Italy 71 In 2021 the value added of this sector represents around 2 34 of the total value added of the region equalling 2 2 billion 72 Campania produces over 50 of Italy s nuts and is also the leader in the production of tomatoes 73 Typical products are Apple Annurca with distinctive ripening process Crisommole Vesuvian apricot Percoca Variety of peach Huge lemon of Sorrento and Amalfi Coast Sorrento orange White fig of Cilento San Marzano tomato Artichoke of Paestum Pasta of Gragnano Mozzarella di bufala Liqueur Limoncello AnchovyA distinctive point of regional agriculture in the breeding of buffalos The milk is used to produce mozzarella di bufala Olive trees mainly of the varieties Carpellese PDO designated 74 Cornia Val di Cornia DOC Frantoio Leccino Ogliarola Barese Olivella Ortice Pisciottana Also Ogliastrina or Olivo dell Ascea 75 Ravece also known as Rotondello 76 and Salella 77 covers over 74 604 hectares 184 350 acres Vineyards cover 41 129 ha but only ca 5 100 ha using to produce quality wine of DOC and DOCG types There are 4 DOCG wines Aglianico del Taburno red and rose Fiano di Avellino white Greco di Tufo white and sparkling and Taurasi red Wine production has increased as well as the quality of the wine 78 There is a problem with illegal toxic waste dump in the Triangle of death north of Naples between Acerra Nola and Marigliano 79 80 In the region over 12 000 cattle river buffaloes and sheep had been culled before 2006 81 High levels of mortality and abnormal foetuses were also recorded in farms in Acerra linked to elevated levels of dioxin 81 Local studies have shown higher than permissible levels of lead in vegetables grown in the area 82 The government blames the Mafia s illegal garbage disposal racket 82 In samples of milk which is using to produce mozzarella di bufala found cancerogenic dioxine 83 In Naples Bagnoli is an asbestos contamination from former Eternit cement plant 84 Millions of tons of toxic industrial waste has been dumped in Campania not only in the Triangle of death a region once celebrated for the fertility of its soil but now the local population have been exposed to land contaminated with waste This includes highly dangerous materials such as asbestos zinc lead germanium arsenic mercury cadmium chromium dioxin and uranium Blood tests of people living in Campania show alarming levels of dioxins 85 Automotive Edit Fiat Panda III Campania had a massive automotive industrial production till 2011 focused on Alfa Romeo 86 Production of Alfa Romeo was reduced and relocated to plant in Cassino near Rome Currently only one low level Fiat Panda model is produced in facilities located in Pomigliano d Arco in the Naples metropolitan area 140 478 units in 2020 87 A FIAT plant manufacturing engines is in Pratola Serra Avellino There are also plants for automotive parts suppliers like Magneti Marelli exhaust systems and Denso engine cooling and air conditioners Buses are produced by Industria Italiana Autobus in Flumeri ex Irisbus Aerospace and rail Edit There is also a significant aerospace industry A failed Mars mission named ExoMars in 2016 had a major part of its technology designed in Naples 88 No signal indicating a successful landing was received 89 Also in Pomigliano d Arco there are a Leonardo plant which produces the fuselage and tail of ATR planes 90 and an Avio Aero plant which manufactures parts of gas turbines Benevento has a Leonardo Helicopters plant aluminum and magnesium castings 90 Radars for military and air traffic control applications and components are produced by two other Leonardo establishments in Giugliano in Campania and Bacoli 90 Vulcanair in Casoria manufactures light aircraft Seekers for missiles are made in Bacoli Fusaro by MBDA ATR 72 Vulcanair P 68 Driverless Metro Brescia Meneghino Metro MilanoHitachi Rail Italy has headquarters manufacturing plant and service facilities in Naples Here it produces the metro trains Meneghino and Driverless Metro 91 Fashion Edit Luxury brands like Kiton Cesare Attolini Isaia Rubinacci Harmont amp Blaine E Marinella are also located in Campania All of them are relative small sized with annual sales of less than 100 million euros each Other industrial districts Edit There are other industrial districts in Campania Leather Shop Jewelry in Marcianise one of the four located in Italy It has 350 companies with ca 2500 employees and the annual turnover is 750 million euros Every two years there is a special fair Coral products cameos and nacre in Torre del Greco Since 1989 in Torre del Greco coral fishing is not practised but the town still remains the most important centre in the world for coral processing with over 2 000 employees in the sector Leather tanning in Solofra extends over an area of about 60 km2 in the south western area of the province of Avellino including also Montoro and Serino This area is specialized in the tanning of sheep and goatskins for a total of about 400 companies operating in the sector including tanneries subcontractors and garment manufacturers 4 000 4 500 employees and an average annual turnover of 1 500 million euros It specializes in the processing of leathers for clothing shoes and leather goods Shoe making in Grumo Nevano Aversa Trentola DucentaTransport Edit Alstom AGV The region has a dense network of roads and motorways a system of maritime connections and an international airport Naples Airport The port of Naples connects the region with the Mediterranean basin and brings tourists to the archaeological sites the cities of art Naples and Caserta to the coastal areas and to the islands Rail Edit There are high speed rail lines Rome Naples Naples SalernoThere is a maintenance and service centre for high speed trains Alstom AGV in Nola Maritime Edit Fincantieri shipyard Castellammare di Stabia Sea based activity accounts for about 3 9 of the economy which includes port movements of goods and passengers and sea transportation as well as a sizable seaside tourism economy In Castellammare di Stabia there is a big Fincantieri shipyard Shipping companies Grimaldi and Tirrenia both headquarter in Naples The most well known person in the Italian maritime industry is Neapolitan captain Francesco Schettino who crashed super modern full equipped with all navigational and safety systems cruise ship Costa Concordia on the underwater rocks of Giglio island in serene weather without any technical problem on board Unlike captains Edward Smith Titanic Alexandr Ostrovskiy Bulgaria Mahendra Nath Mulla Khukri who tried to save people and ships and go down with his ship captain Schettino escaped from the ship with one of the first lifeboats and left onboard crew and passengers inclusive women and children Extremely indignant by this Coast Guard captain Gregorio de Falco commanded to him Vada a bordo cazzo Get back on board asshole 92 After killing of 32 persons Schettino was sentenced to only 16 years in prison Service Edit The services sector makes up for 78 of the region s gross domestic product 78 Unemployment Edit The unemployment rate stood at 17 9 in 2020 and was one of the highest in Italy 93 Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021unemployment rate in 12 8 11 2 12 5 12 9 13 9 15 4 19 2 21 5 21 7 19 8 20 4 20 9 20 4 20 0 17 9 19 3 Demographics EditMain article Demographics of Campania The region with a population of over 5 8 million inhabitants is divided into five provinces Naples Benevento Avellino Caserta and Salerno Over half of the population is resident in the province of Naples where there is a population density of 2 626 inhabitants per km2 Within the province the highest density can be found along the coast where it reaches 13 000 inhabitants per km2 in the city of Portici The region which was characterised until recently by an acute economic contrast between internal and coastal areas has shown an improvement in the last decade thanks to the development of the provinces of Benevento and Avellino At the same time the provinces of Naples Caserta and in part Salerno have developed a variety of activities connected to advanced types of services 94 Immigration and ethnicity Edit The largest resident foreign born groups on 31 December 2019 95 Nationality Population Ukraine 41 558 Romania 41 209 Morocco 22 381 Sri Lanka 17 352 China 12 429 Bangladesh 10 383 Poland 8 909 Nigeria 8 281 India 7 959 Bulgaria 7 762Unlike central and northern Italy in the last decade the region of Campania has not attracted large numbers of immigrants The Italian national institute of statistics ISTAT estimated in January 2007 that 98 052 foreign born immigrants live in Campania equal to 1 7 of the total regional population 96 Part of the reason for this is in recent times there have been more employment opportunities in northern regions than in the Southern Italian regions Government and politics EditMain article Politics of Campania The Politics of Campania takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democracy whereby the President of Regional Government is the head of government and of a pluriform multi party system Executive power is exercised by the Regional Government Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Regional Council The Regional Council of Campania Consiglio Regionale della Campania is composed of 60 members of which 47 are elected in provincial constituencies with proportional representation 12 from the so called regional list of the elected president and the last one is for the candidate for president who comes second who usually becomes the leader of the opposition in the council If a coalition wins more than 55 of the vote only 6 candidates from the regional list will be elected and the number of those elected in provincial constituencies will be 53 97 Administrative divisions Edit Campania is divided into four provinces and one metropolitan city Province Area km2 Population Density inhabitants km2 Province of Avellino 2 792 427 310 153Province of Benevento 2 071 283 393 136 83Province of Caserta 2 639 906 596 343 54Province of Salerno 4 923 1 092 349 222 11Metropolitan City of Naples 1 171 3 052 763 2 606 97Culture EditSee also List of museums in Campania Cuisine Edit Main article Neapolitan cuisine An authentic Neapolitan pizza Campanian cuisine varies within the region While Neapolitan dishes centre on seafood Casertan and Aversan ones rely more on fresh vegetables and cheeses The cuisine from Sorrento combines the culinary traditions from both Naples and Salerno Pizza was conceived in Naples 98 Spaghetti is also a well known dish from southern Italy and Campania Spaghetti alla puttanesca a spicy pasta dish topped with a sauce made of tomatoes olives anchovies and capers Campania produces wines including Lacryma Christi Fiano Aglianico Greco di Tufo Falerno del Massico Taburno Solopaca and Taurasi The cheeses of Campania consist of Mozzarella di Bufala buffalo mozzarella mozzarella made from buffalo milk fiordilatte flower of milk a mozzarella made from cow s milk ricotta from sheep or buffalo milk provolone from cow milk and caciotta made from goat milk Buffalo are bred in the provinces of Salerno and Caserta Several different cakes and pies are made in Campania Pastiera pie is made during Easter Casatiello and tortano are Easter breads made by adding lard or oil and various types of cheese to bread dough and garnishing it with slices of salami Baba cake is a well known Neapolitan delicacy best served with rum or limoncello a liqueur invented in the Sorrento peninsula It is an old Austrian cake which arrived in Campania during the Austrian domination of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies and was modified there to become a walking cake for citizens always in a hurry for work and other pursuits Sfogliatella is another pastry from the Amalfi Coast as is Zeppole traditionally eaten on Saint Joseph s day Struffoli little balls fried dough dipped in honey are enjoyed during the Christmas holidays Dried red peppers and lemons hanging from a shop in Amalfi Another Campanian dish is the so called Russian salad also known as Olivier salad which is based on similar dishes from France It is made of potatoes in mayonnaise garnished with shrimp and vegetables in vinegar Another French derived dish is gatto or gateau di patate an oven baked pie made of boiled potatoes As with the Russian salad Campania is home to popular seafood based dishes such as insalata di mare seafood salad zuppa di polpo octopus soup and zuppa di cozze mussel soup Other regional seafood dishes include frittelle di mare fritters with seaweed made with edible poseidonia algae triglie al cartoccio red mullet in the bag and alici marinate fresh anchovies in olive oil The island of Ischia is known for its fish dishes as well as for cooked rabbit Campania is also home to the lemons of Sorrento Rapini or Broccoli rabe known locally as friarielli are often used in regional cooking Campania also produces many nuts especially in the area of Avellino Salerno and Benevento Hazelnut production is especially relevant in the province of Avellino in Spanish in Portuguese and in Occitan the hazelnut is respectively called avellana avela and avelano 99 after the city of Avella That is also the case of ancient Italian avellana which is however not in use anymore Ancient medieval and early arts Edit The grand gardens of the baroque Royal Palace of Caserta The region of Campania is rich with a vast array of culture and history Since the Greek colony of Elea now Velia Campania was home to philosophers of the Pre Socratic philosophy school such as Parmenides and Zeno of Elea who came to prominence around 490 480 BC The Latin poet Vergil 70 BC 19 BC settled in Naples in his late life parts of his epic poem Aeneid are located in Campania The ancient scientist Pliny the Elder studied Mount Vesuvius and died after being poisoned and killed by gas emitted from the volcano during the 79 AD eruption Romulus Augustus the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire died as a prisoner of the German general Odoacer at Naples around 500 In the Middle Ages the artist Giotto made some frescoes in Castel Nuovo These works of art were subsequently destroyed by an earthquake By the end of the Middle Ages the medical school of Salerno which combined ancient Roman and Greek medicine with Arab medicine was known throughout Europe and its methods were adopted across the continent Some have suggested that this may have been one of the first universities in Europe Boccaccio the Tuscan poet visited Naples on various occasions and in the Decameron described it as a dissolute city He also wrote a love story involving a noblewoman close to the King of Naples Pulcinella with a guitar In 1570 the Spanish writer Miguel de Cervantes who wrote the romance novel Don Quixote served as a Spanish soldier for a period in Naples Poet Torquato Tasso was born in Sorrento in 1575 Years earlier in 1558 the first modern description and studies of the camera obscura dark chamber were established in Italy by Giovanni Battista della Porta in his Magiae Naturalis Philosopher Giordano Bruno was born in Nola He was the first to theorize infinite suns and infinite worlds in the universe He was burnt in Rome by the Spanish Inquisition in 1600 Later in c 1606 the Baroque painter Caravaggio established his studio in Naples Italian Baroque architect Cosimo Fanzago from Bergamo also decided to move to Naples In the 18th century Naples was the last city to be visited by philosophers who created the Grand Tour which was the big touring voyage to visit all the important cultural sites of the European continent Italian architect Luigi Vanvitelli son of Dutch architect Caspar van Wittel built the Royal Palace in Caserta in c 1750 He contributed to the construction of many neoclassic style palaces in which the nobles of Naples spent their holidays These palaces are now known worldwide as Ville Vesuviane 100 The island of Capri often seen as a cultural symbol of Campania Raimondo di Sangro prince of Sansevero was a scientist and one of the last alchemists Around this time in 1786 German writer Goethe visited Campania and Naples German archaeologist Johann Joachim Winckelmann also visited Naples Paestum Herculaneum and Pompeii in 1748 and later studying how archaeological surveys were conducted in the kingdom of Naples He was one of the first to study drawings statues stones and ancient burned scrolls made of papyrus found in the excavations of the city of Herculaneum Archaeological excavations in Pompeii were initiated by King Charles III of Naples in 1748 He issued the first modern laws in Europe to protect defend and preserve archaeological sites Neapolitan musicians of that period include Niccolo Antonio Zingarelli and Giovanni Paisiello Musician Gioachino Rossini lived for several years in Naples where he wrote numerous compositions Italian poet and writer Giacomo Leopardi established his home in Naples and Torre del Greco remaining there at the end of his brief young life He died at Naples in 1837 The first volcano observatory the Vesuvius Observatory was founded in Naples in 1841 Geologist Giuseppe Mercalli born in Milan in 1850 was a director of the Vesuvius Observatory In February 1851 British statesman William Ewart Gladstone was allowed to visit the prison where Giacomo Lacaita legal adviser to the British embassy was imprisoned by the Neapolitan government along with other political dissidents 101 He deplored their condition and in April and July he published two Letters to the Earl of Aberdeen against the Neapolitan government followed by An Examination of the Official Reply of the Neapolitan Government in 1852 102 His pamphlets may have contributed to the cause of the unification of Italy in 1861 French writer Alexandre Dumas pere was directly involved in the process of the Unification of Italy and sojourned two or three years in Naples where he wrote several historical novels regarding that city He was also a known newspaper correspondent Francesco de Sanctis writer politician and twice Minister of Instruction after the reunification of Italy in 1861 was born in Morra De Sanctis near Avellino German scientist Anton Dohrn founded in Naples the first public aquarium in the world and laboratory for the study of the sea known as Maritime Zoological Station The Astronomic Observatory of Capodimonte was founded by King Joachim Murat in 1816 The observatory now hosts the Italian Laboratory of Astrophysics Doctors and surgeons Antonio Cardarelli and Giuseppe Moscati were representatives of medical studies in Naples Contemporary and modern arts Edit The so called School of Posillipo and School of Resina dating from the late 19th to early 20th centuries included painters such as Giacinto Gigante Federico Cortese Domenico Morelli Saverio Altamura Giuseppe De Nittis Vincenzo Gemito Antonio Mancini and Raffaello Pagliaccetti Amongst the painters who inspired directly these schools are Salvator Rosa Pierre Jacques Volaire and Anton Sminck van Pitloo who spent his last years in Naples Opera singer Enrico Caruso was also a native of Naples Russian revolutionary leader Vladimir Lenin lived for a period in Capri In the 20th century the music genre called Neapolitan song became popular worldwide with songs such as O sole mio Funiculi Funicula O surdato nnammurato Torna a Surriento Santa Lucia Malafemmena A vucchella and Passione Mathematician Renato Caccioppoli nephew of the Russian anarchic revolutionary Mikhail Bakunin was born in Naples The first President of the Italian Republic in 1946 with a pro tempore mandate of six months was Enrico De Nicola from Torre del Greco Campania is also home to the former Prime Minister and 6th President of the Republic Giovanni Leone as well as the 11th President Giorgio Napolitano Late Baroque art inside the Palace of Caserta The 20th century s best known philosopher and literate in Naples was Benedetto Croce known for his studies in aesthetics ethics logic economy history politics Neapolitan artists actors playwrights and showmen included Eduardo De Filippo and Peppino De Filippo and their sister Titina De Filippo Toto byname of Antonio de Curtis was one of the most important comedians in Naples in the 20th century He is also known for the song Malafemmena Pop artist Andy Warhol created two famous paintings of the 1980 Irpinia earthquake Fate presto and Vesuvius 365 Both originals are hosted in the exhibit Terrae Motus in the Palace of Caserta Oscar winning actress Sophia Loren grew up in Pozzuoli Oscar and David winning 103 film producer Dino De Laurentiis was born in Torre Annunziata One of his grandchildren is Food Network personality Giada De Laurentiis Contemporary Campanian writers include Curzio Malaparte and Roberto Saviano 20th and 21st century Campanian actors and directors include Francesco Rosi Iaia Forte Pappi Corsicato Teresa De Sio Lello Arena Massimo Troisi and director Gabriele Salvatores Modern Italian singers and musicians from Campania include Peppino di Capri Renato Carosone Edoardo Bennato Eugenio Bennato Mario Merola Sergio Bruni Aurelio Fierro Roberto Murolo Tony Tammaro Teresa De Sio Eduardo De Crescenzo Alan Sorrenti Tullio De Piscopo Massimo Ranieri Pino Daniele James Senese and his group Napoli Centrale Enzo Avitabile Enzo Gragnaniello Nino D Angelo Gigi D Alessio 99 Posse and Almamegretta Artists who directed movies about Naples or actors who played in movies in Campania or interpreted Neapolitans on screen include Vittorio De Sica Domenico Modugno Renzo Arbore Lina Wertmuller Mario Lanza as Caruso Clark Gable in It Started in Naples and Jack Lemmon in the movies Maccheroni which co starred Marcello Mastroianni and Avanti The international Giffoni Film Festival established in 1971 is the first and most important festival for a young public Sports Edit The Stadio Diego Armando Maradona is the home ground of SSC Napoli of Serie A Campania is home to several national football water polo volleyball basketball and tennis clubs The fencing school in Naples is the oldest in the country and the only school in Italy in which a swordsman can acquire the title master of swords which allows him or her to teach the art of fencing The Circolo Savoia and Circolo Canottieri Napoli sailing clubs are among the oldest in Italy and are known for their regattas These are also home of the main water polo teams in the city Many sailors from Naples and Campania participate as crew in the America s Cup sailing competition Rowers Giuseppe Abbagnale and Carmine Abbagnale were born in Castellammare di Stabia they were four times rowing world champions and Olympic gold medalists Across the top 3 levels of Italian football the clubs in Campania include S S C Napoli playing in Serie A and the only team in the south of Italy to have won the Serie A title U S Salernitana 1919 playing in Serie A Benevento Calcio playing in Serie B U S Avellino 1912 playing in Serie C S S Juve Stabia playing in Serie C Paganese Calcio 1926 playing in Serie C S S Turris Calcio playing in Serie CNotes Edit Campania in Geonames org cc by a b c Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30 to 263 of the EU average in 2018 Press release ec europa eu Retrieved 1 September 2020 Sub national HDI Area Database Global Data Lab hdi globaldatalab org Retrieved 5 March 2023 Campania Collins English Dictionary HarperCollins Retrieved 6 May 2019 Upton Clive Kretzschmar William A Jr 2017 The Routledge Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English 2nd ed Routledge p 183 ISBN 978 1 138 12566 7 Campania Italy demo istat it ed Bilancio demografico Anno 2018 dati provvisori Archived from the original on 14 January 2018 Retrieved 30 April 2015 Statistics on European cities Statistics Explained ec europa eu Retrieved 20 April 2020 UNESCO MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory www unesco org Retrieved 20 April 2020 Gradogna Sergio 10 February 2010 Non solo greci e romani la Campania degli altri popoli Charme in Italian Retrieved 19 February 2022 Campania Gateway to Southern Italy LifeInItaly com 7 October 2007 Retrieved 22 July 2009 Giacomo Devoto Gli antichi italici Firenze Vallecchi 1931 p 118 Italia Antiqua XV Campania InStoria it 7 October 2007 Retrieved 22 July 2009 Etruria campana Strabo Geographica V Italia 4 3 Francesco Belsito 2013 Storia di Nocera Monumenti personaggi leggende Angri Gaia Campania History Interteam it 7 October 2007 Archived from the original on 5 May 2005 a b The Samnite Wars UNRV com 7 October 2007 Retrieved 22 July 2009 a b Ancient Times 1st millennium B C Michael Vigorita 7 October 2007 Retrieved 22 July 2009 Roman Naples Faculty ed umuc du 7 October 2007 Archived from the original on 29 June 2009 Retrieved 22 July 2009 a b c d Antic Naples Naples Rome in Italy com 8 January 2008 Archived from the original on 25 December 2008 Retrieved 22 July 2009 Oakley Stephen P 1971 A Commentary on Livy Books VI X Oxford University Press p 43 ISBN 0 19 927143 7 a b Second Punic War Second Period From The Revolt Of Capua To The Battle Of The Metaurus b C 215 207 Roman Empire info 8 January 2008 Archived from the original on 12 October 2009 Retrieved 22 July 2009 Freeman Philip 1999 The Survival of Etruscan Page 82 Oscan graffiti on the walls of Pompeii show that non Latin languages could thrive in urban locations in Italy well into the 1st century A D McDonald K L 2017 Fragmentary ancient languages as bad data towards a methodology for investigating multilingualism in epigraphic sources Pages 4 6 Schrijver Peter Oscan love of Rome Page 2 Lomas Kathryn The Hellenization of Italy in Powell Anton The Greek World Page 354 a b Campania A Little History Emmeti it 8 January 2008 Retrieved 22 July 2009 Herbermann Charles ed 1913 Naples Catholic Encyclopedia New York Robert Appleton Company Secrets of the Dead Pompeii and Herculaneum Channel4 com 8 January 2008 Retrieved 22 July 2009 Magnusson amp Goring 1990 Hilmar C Krueger The Italian Cities and the Arabs before 1095 in A History of the Crusades The First Hundred Years Vol I Kenneth Meyer Setton Marshall W Baldwin eds 1955 University of Pennsylvania Press p 48 Swabian Naples Faculty ed umuc edu 7 October 2007 Archived from the original on 1 May 2009 Retrieved 22 July 2009 Italy PhD Scholarships in Various Fields at University of Naples Federico II ScholarshipNet info 7 October 2007 Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 Retrieved 22 July 2009 a b c Sicilian History Dieli net 7 October 2007 Retrieved 22 July 2009 Naples Castel Nuovo PlanetWare com 7 October 2007 Retrieved 22 July 2009 Bruzelius Caroline 1991 ad modum franciae Charles of Anjou and Gothic Architecture in the Kingdom of Sicily The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 50 4 402 420 doi 10 2307 990664 JSTOR 990664 Constable Olivia Remie 2002 Housing the Stranger in the Mediterranean World Lodging Trade and Travel Humana Press ISBN 1 58829 171 5 Angioino Castle Naples Naples City info 7 October 2007 Archived from the original on 29 September 2008 Retrieved 22 July 2009 Aragonese Overseas Expansion 1282 1479 Zum de 7 October 2007 Retrieved 22 July 2009 Ferrante of Naples the statecraft of a Renaissance prince 7 October 2007 Archived from the original on 23 December 2008 Naples Middle Ages Naples Rome in Italy com 7 October 2007 Archived from the original on 10 April 2008 Retrieved 22 July 2009 a b c Spanish acquisition of Naples Britannica com 7 October 2007 Don Pedro de Toledo Faculty ed umuc edu 7 October 2007 Archived from the original on 9 May 2008 Retrieved 22 July 2009 Naples Through the Ages Fodors com 7 October 2007 Archived from the original on 20 December 2016 Retrieved 22 July 2009 Charles VI Holy Roman emperor Bartleby com 7 October 2007 Archived from the original on 18 December 2007 Charles of Bourbon the restorer of the Kingdom of Naples RealCasaDiBorbone it 7 October 2007 Archived from the original on 26 September 2009 Retrieved 22 July 2009 a b c d The Parthenopean Republic Faculty ed umuc edu 7 October 2007 Archived from the original on 6 March 2001 Retrieved 22 July 2009 a b c Austria Naples Neapolitan War 1815 Onwar com 7 October 2007 Archived from the original on 31 July 2001 Retrieved 22 July 2009 La dolce vita Italy by rail 1839 1914 7 October 2007 Archived from the original on 24 June 2011 Why Neo Bourbons NeoBorbonici it 7 October 2007 Retrieved 22 July 2009 Km di costa in Italia in Italian Retrieved 16 March 2023 Da Campitello Matese a Monte Miletto in Italian Retrieved 16 March 2023 Vesuvio in Italian Retrieved 16 March 2023 Campania in Italian Retrieved 16 March 2023 Campania Microsoft Encarta 2008 Econimia della Campania www voyagesphotosmanu com Financial Times Archived from the original on 9 June 2017 Retrieved 30 May 2017 Senza la mafia il Sud raggiunge il Nord CENSIS Archived 2014 07 09 at the Wayback Machine Campania imprese vitali nonostante la crisi Retrieved 17 January 2018 Rapporto Svimez segnali di ripresa per l economia campana Retrieved 17 January 2018 Dario Raffaele Turismo Sicilia fuori dalla top 20 europea Archived from the original on 31 March 2016 Retrieved 10 April 2021 Turismo a Napoli e in provincia 8 5 visitatori nel 2011 Archived from the original on 8 April 2014 Retrieved 15 February 2013 Pompei niente bagni in fuga dagli scavi Archived from the original on 6 February 2013 Retrieved 15 February 2013 Seatrade di Napoli Crociere 22 nel 2007 Archived from the original on 20 November 2012 Retrieved 15 February 2013 Turismo di Capri Retrieved 5 June 2011 CostieraAmalfitana it Retrieved 5 June 2011 comune sommavesuviana Archived from the original on 3 January 2012 Retrieved 5 June 2011 mondoviaggio com Archived from the original on 20 November 2010 Retrieved 5 June 2011 corrieredelmezzogiorno Retrieved 5 June 2011 aspetti provinciali della crescita industriale nell Italia postunitaria Archived 2010 10 09 at the Wayback Machine Bagnolifutura Archived from the original on 7 May 2011 Retrieved 20 May 2011 Floricoltura in Campania in Italian Retrieved 16 March 2023 L AGRICOLTURA ITALIANA IN NUMERI PDF in Italian p 28 Retrieved 16 March 2023 Pubblicata sulla Gazzetta Ufficiale la proposta di riconoscimento della IGP Pomodoro pelato di Napoli in Italian Retrieved 16 March 2023 Carpellese olive oil Retrieved 13 July 2018 Pisciottana Archived 4 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 3 July 2018 Ravece olive oil Retrieved 3 July 2018 Italian olives Archived 2 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 3 July 2018 a b Eurostat Circa europa eu Archived from the original on 5 August 2007 Retrieved 5 May 2009 Italy discovers biggest illegal waste dump in Europe Euronews 16 June 2015 Retrieved 24 May 2018 Day Michael 17 June 2015 Europe s largest illegal toxic dumping site discovered in southern Italy an area with cancer rates 80 higher than national average The Independent Retrieved 24 May 2018 a b Perucatti A Di Meo G P Albarella S Ciotola F Incarnato D Jambrenghi A C Peretti V Vonghia G Iannuzzi L 2006 Increased frequencies of both chromosome abnormalities and SCEs in two sheep flocks exposed to high dioxin levels during pasturage Mutagenesis 21 1 67 57 doi 10 1093 mutage gei076 PMID 16434450 a b Mafia toxic waste dumping poisons Italy farmlands The Hindu Associated Press 20 December 2013 Retrieved 24 May 2018 Mozzarella limitate positivita alla diossina Il Governo dopo l alt di Tokyo no a psicoosi Corriere della sera 26 March 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2008 Osservatorio Amianto in Italian Cammora illegal waste dumping in Campania Fine di un epoca in Italian Stellantis production report in Italian 11 January 2021 Gibney Elizabeth 11 March 2016 Mars launch to test collaboration between Europe and Russia Nature 531 7594 288 289 Bibcode 2016Natur 531 288G doi 10 1038 nature 2016 19547 PMID 26983519 Chan Sewell 20 October 2016 No Signal From Mars Lander but European Officials Declare Mission a Success The New York Times Retrieved 20 October 2016 a b c Leonardo locations in Italy Archived from the original on 28 June 2021 Retrieved 5 June 2021 Hitachi Rail Lo stabilimento di Napoli YouTube in Italian Archived from the original on 30 October 2021 Telephone call between Costa Concordia Captain and Italian Coast Guard YouTube in Italian Archived from the original on 30 October 2021 Tasso di disoccupazione Dati provinciali Archived from the original on 18 December 2021 Retrieved 21 April 2021 Eurostat Circa europa eu Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 Retrieved 5 May 2009 Foreign Citizens Resident Population by sex and citizenship on 31st December 2019 in Italian National Institute of Statistics Retrieved 19 June 2018 Statistiche demografiche ISTAT Demo istat it Archived from the original on 26 April 2009 Retrieved 5 May 2009 Home Consiglio Regionale della Lombardia PDF Consiglio regione lombardia it Archived from the original PDF on 6 March 2009 Retrieved 12 March 2013 Helstosky Carol 2008 Pizza A Global History London Reaktion pp 21 22 ISBN 978 1 86189 391 8 Avella in Italian Retrieved 16 March 2023 Ville Vesuviane World Heritage Site Retrieved 6 June 2021 H C G Matthew Gladstone 1809 1874 Oxford University Press 1988 p 80 81 Gladstone William Ewart 15 June 1859 Two Letters to the Earl of Aberdeen On the State Prosecutions of the Neapolitan Government J Murray via Google Books Dino De Laurentiis Awards IMDb Retrieved 1 October 2011 See also EditHMS Campania Two ships of the British Royal Navy have been named HMS Campania after the region of Campania References EditMagnusson Magnus Goring Rosemary eds 1990 Cambridge Biographical Dictionary Cambridge UK Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 39518 6 External links Edit Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Campania Wikimedia Commons has media related to Campania Official website in Italian Campania Photo Gallery Map of Campania Vesuvius Observatory Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Campania amp oldid 1154739005, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.