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Ogaden

February 10, 2023

This article is about the geographical area. For the Somali clan, see Ogaden (clan).

Ogaden (pronounced and often spelled Ogadēn; Somali: Ogaadeen, Amharic: ውጋዴ/ውጋዴን) is one of the historical names given to the modern Somali Region, the territory comprising the eastern portion of Ethiopia formerly part of the Hararghe province. The other two names are the Haud and Reserved area.[1]

Ogaden
Ogaadeen
أوجادين
Shaded relief map of Ethiopia, cropped and centred on the Ogaden area
Region (non-administrative)Ogaden
Area
 • Total327,068 km2 (126,282 sq mi)
ISO 3166 codeET-SO

Etymology

The origin of the term Ogaden is unknown, however it is usually attributed to the Somali clan of the same name, originally referring only to their land, and eventually expanding to encompass most parts of the modern Somali Region of Ethiopia.[2][3]

During the new region's founding conference, which was held in Dire Dawa in 1992, the naming of the region became a divisive issue, because almost 30 Somali clans live in the Somali Region of Ethiopia. The ONLF sought to name the region ‘Ogadenia’, whilst the non-Ogadeni Somali clans who live in the same region opposed this move. As noted by Abdul Majid Hussein, the naming of the region where there are several Somali clans as ‘Ogadenia’ following the name of a single clan would have been divisive. Finally, the region was named the Somali region.[4][5]

An alternative (possibly folk) etymology analyses the name as a combination of the Harari word ūga ("road")[6] and Aden, a city in Yemen, supposedly deriving from an ancient caravan route through the region connecting Harar to the Arabian Peninsula.[7]

History

There are few historical texts written about the people who lived in what is known today as the Somali Region, sometimes referred to as The 'Ogaden' region of Ethiopia. In its early history, The 'Ogaden' was inhabited by Harla, a now extinct people.[8][9] Harla are linked to the Harari and Somali Ogaden clan.[10] In the ninth century Ogaden served as capital of the Makhzumi Dynasty.[11] Ogaden was part of the Ifat Sultanate in the 13th and beginning of the 14th centuries AD. The borders of the sultanate extended to the Shewa–Addis Ababa area of Ethiopia. The Ifat Sultanate was succeeded by the Adal Sultanate. There was an ongoing conflict between the Adal Sultanate and the Christian Kingdom of Abyssinia throughout this time. During the first half of the 16th century, most of Abyssinian territory was conquered and came under the rule of Adal, when Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, the leader of Adal, took control.[12]

 
Warriors from the Ogaden region, 1911

In the seventeenth century it became a tributary state of the Emirate of Harar.[13] During the last quarter of the 19th century, the region was conquered by Menelik II of Ethiopia, who solidified their claim by treaties in 1897.[14]

I.M. Lewis argues a subtly different interpretation of this treaty, emphasising that "the lost lands in the Haud which were excised from the Protectorate [i.e. British Somaliland] were not, however ceded to Ethiopia".[15] In practice, Ethiopia exerted little administrative control east of Jijiga until 1934 when an Anglo-Ethiopian boundary commission attempted to demarcate the treaty boundary. This boundary is still disputed.[16]

In 1914, Lij Iyasu of Ethiopia appointed Abdullahi Sadiq, governor of Ogaden.[17]

After the Italian conquest of Ethiopia in 1936, Ogaden was attached to Italian Somaliland, becoming the Somalia Governorate within the new colony of Italian East Africa. Following the British conquest of this colony, the Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement placed Ogaden under temporary British control. The British sought to unite Ogaden with British Somaliland and the former Italian Somaliland to realize Greater Somalia which was supported by many Somalis.[18] Ethiopia unsuccessfully pleaded before the London Conference of the Allied Powers to gain the Ogaden and Eritrea in 1945, but their persistent negotiations[19][20] and pressure from the United States eventually persuaded the British to cede Ogaden to Ethiopia in 1948. The last remaining British controlled parts of Haud were returned to Ethiopia in 1955.

In the late 1970s, internal unrest in the 'Ogaden' resumed. The Western Somali Liberation Front, spurred by Makhtal Dahir, used guerilla tactics to resist Ethiopian rule. Ethiopia and Somalia fought the Ogaden War over control of this region and its peoples.

 
Street scene in Jijiga, Somali Region of Ethiopia

During the new region's founding conference, which was held in Dire Dawa in 1992, the naming of the region became a divisive issue, because almost 30 Somali clans live in the Somali Region of Ethiopia. The ONLF sought to name the region ‘Ogadenia’, whilst the non-Ogadeni Somali clans who live in the same region opposed this move. As noted by Abdul Majid Hussein, the naming of the region where there are several Somali clans as ‘Ogadenia’ following the name of a single clan would have been divisive. Finally, the region was named the Somali region.[21][22]

In 2007, the Ethiopian Army launched a military crackdown in Ogaden after Ogaden rebels killed dozens of civilian staff workers and guards at an Ethiopian oil field.[23] The main rebel group is the Ogaden National Liberation Front under its Chairman Mohamed O. Osman, which is fighting against the Ethiopian government. Some Somalis who inhabit in the 'Ogaden' claimed that Ethiopian military kill civilians, destroy the livelihood of many of the ethnic Somalis and commit crimes against the nomads in the region.[24] However, testimony before the United States House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs revealed massive brutality and killings by the ONLF rebels, which the Ethiopian government labels "terrorists."[25] The extent of this war can't be established due to a media blockade in the 'Ogaden' region. Some international rights organizations have accused the Ethiopian government of committing abuses and crimes that "violate laws of war,"[26] as a recent report by the Human Rights Watch indicates. Other reports have claimed that Ethiopia has bombed, killed, and raped many Somalis in the Ogaden region, while the United States continues to arm Ethiopia in the United States' ongoing War on Terror in the Horn of Africa.[27][28][29]

Geography

The region, which is around 200,000 square kilometres, borders Djibouti, Kenya, Somalia, and Somaliland.[30] Important towns include Jijiga, Degahbur, Gode, Kebri Dahar, Fiq, Shilabo, Kelafo, Werder and Danan.

Ecology

The Ogaden is part of the Somali Acacia–Commiphora bushlands and thickets ecoregion. It has been a historic habitat for the endangered African wild dog, Lycaon pictus;[31] However, this canid is thought by some to have been extirpated from Ogaden.

The Ogaden is a plateau, with an elevation above sea level that ranges from 1,500 metres in the northwest, falling to about 300 metres along the southern limits and the Wabi Shebelle valley. The areas with altitudes between 1,400 and 1,600 metres are characterised as semi-arid; receiving as much as 500–600 mm of rainfall annually. More typical of the Ogaden is an average annual rainfall of 350 mm and less. The landscape consists of dense shrubland, bush grassland and bare hills.[32] In more recent years, the Ogaden has suffered from increasingly erratic rainfall patterns, which has led to an increasing frequency of major droughts: in 1984–85; 1994; and most recently in 1999–2000, during which pastoralists claim to have lost 70–90 percent of their cattle.[33]

People

The inhabitants are predominantly ethnic Somalis, of almost 30 clans. The Ogaden (clan) of the Darod constitute one of the majority in the region,[34][35] and were enlisted in the Ogaden National Liberation Movement, That is why the region is associated with the Ogaden Clan. However, this is disputed.[36] Other Somali clans in the region are Isaaq, Garre, Gadabuursi, Issa, Massare, Gabooye, Degodia and Jidle and Karanle Hawiye clans.[37]

 
Somali inhabited region of Ethiopia shown as part of Greater Somali territory

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Hawd Plateau | plateau, East Africa". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-10-10.
  2. ^ Gérard Prunier; Éloi Ficquet (2015). Understanding Contemporary Ethiopia. Oxford University Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-84904-261-1.
  3. ^ Paolo Billi (2015). Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia. Springer. p. 324. ISBN 978-94-017-8026-1.
  4. ^ Adegehe, Asnake Kefale (2009). Federalism and ethnic conflict in Ethiopia : a comparative study of the Somali and Benishangul-Gumuz regions (PDF) (Thesis). Leiden University. p. 135.
  5. ^ Billi, Paolo (2015). Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia. Springer. ISBN 9789401780261.
  6. ^ Leslau, Wolf (1959). "An Analysis of the Harari Vocabulary". Annales d'Éthiopie. 3: 292. doi:10.3406/ethio.1959.1310. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  7. ^ Eshete, Tibebe (1994). "Towards a History of the Incorporation of the Ogaden: 1887–1935". Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 27 (2): 69–70. JSTOR 41966038.
  8. ^ Chekroun, Amelie. The Harla: archeology and memory of the giants of Ethiopia. French Center for Ethiopian Studies.
  9. ^ Wildings, Richard (1987). The shorefolk: aspects of the early development of Swahili communities. p. 33. ISBN 9789966833129.
  10. ^ B, Ulrich (2002). Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia: Collected Essays. p. 18. ISBN 9783825856717.
  11. ^ Østebø, Terje (2011). Localising Salafism: Religious Change Among Oromo Muslims in Bale, Ethiopia. Brill. p. 56. ISBN 978-9004184787.
  12. ^ A History of the Ogaden (Western Somali) Struggle for Self-Determination, first edition (London: Mohamed Abdi, 2007), pp. 4–12.
  13. ^ (PDF). League of Nations. 1935. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-10-06. Retrieved 2019-03-06.
  14. ^ Bahru Zewde, A History of Modern Ethiopia (London: James Currey, 1991), p. 113.
  15. ^ I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), p. 59
  16. ^ Lewis, Modern History, p. 61
  17. ^ Keller, Tait (2018). Environmental Histories of the First World War. Cambridge University Press. p. 226. ISBN 9781108429160.
  18. ^ Bahru Zewde, History p. 180.
  19. ^ "Ethiopia offers Britain land in exchange for Zeila port of Somaliland – 1946 • Ethiopian Review". Ethiopianreview.com. 2012-02-10. Retrieved 2012-09-10.
  20. ^ Louis, William Roger (1984). The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945–1951: Arab Nationalism, the ... ISBN 9780198229605. Retrieved 2012-09-10 – via Google Books.
  21. ^ Adegehe, Asnake Kefale (2009). Federalism and ethnic conflict in Ethiopia : a comparative study of the Somali and Benishangul-Gumuz regions (PDF) (Thesis). Leiden University. p. 135.
  22. ^ Billi, Paolo (2015). Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia. Springer. ISBN 9789401780261.
  23. ^ Ethiopian Rebels Kill 70 at Chinese-Run Oil Field
  24. ^ Ogaden Human Rights Committee (2006-02-20). "Mass Killings in the Ogaden: Daily Atrocities Against Civilians by the Ethiopian Armed Forces" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-09-27.
  25. ^ . Foreignaffairs.house.gov. 2007-10-02. Archived from the original on 2012-11-27. Retrieved 2012-09-10.
  26. ^ Peter Takirambudde (2007-07-04). "Ethiopia: Crackdown in East Punishes Civilians (Human Rights Watch, 4-7-2007)". Hrw.org. Retrieved 2012-09-10.
  27. ^ . Sudantribune.com. Archived from the original on 2015-09-09. Retrieved 2012-09-10.
  28. ^ ONLF rebels accused of killing civilians in southern Ethiopia 2010-08-11 at the Wayback Machine
  29. ^ Connors, Will (2007-09-05). "Why We Don't Hear About the Conflict in the Ogaden: When an American reporter started digging, he was forced out of Ethiopia". Slate.
  30. ^ Gebru Tareke, "The Ethiopia-Somalia War of 1977 Revisited," in Board of Trustees, Boston University, The International Journal of African Historical Studies. Boston University African Studies Center, 2000, p. 636.
  31. ^ C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Painted Hunting Dog: Lycaon pictus, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg December 9, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  32. ^ Ayele Gebre-Mariam, , Working Paper No. 2 (Bern: NCCR North-South, 2005), p. 12 (accessed 19 January 2009)
  33. ^ CHF International, Grassroots Conflict Assessment in the Somali Region July 26, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (Aug. 2006), p. 12 (accessed 12 December 2008)
  34. ^ Carment, David (2006). Who Intervenes?: Ethnic Conflict and Interstate Crisis. Ohio State University Press. pp. 75–76. ISBN 9780814210130.
  35. ^ Abramowitz, Sharon; Panter-Brick, Catherine (2015-09-17). Medical Humanitarianism: Ethnographies of Practice. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 9780812247329.
  36. ^ Markakis, John (2011). Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. ISBN 9781847010339.
  37. ^ Marcus, Harold Golden; Hudson, Grover (1994). New Trends in Ethiopian Studies: Social Sciences. Red Sea Press. ISBN 9781569020159.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ogaden.
  • CakaaraNews
  • Somali State.com
  • Ogaden National Liberation Front
  • Rasaasa News

Coordinates: 7°17′N 44°18′E / 7.28°N 44.30°E / 7.28; 44.30

February 10, 2023
ogaden, this, article, about, geographical, area, somali, clan, clan, pronounced, often, spelled, ogadēn, somali, ogaadeen, amharic, ውጋዴ, ውጋዴን, historical, names, given, modern, somali, region, territory, comprising, eastern, portion, ethiopia, formerly, part,. This article is about the geographical area For the Somali clan see Ogaden clan Ogaden pronounced and often spelled Ogaden Somali Ogaadeen Amharic ውጋዴ ውጋዴን is one of the historical names given to the modern Somali Region the territory comprising the eastern portion of Ethiopia formerly part of the Hararghe province The other two names are the Haud and Reserved area 1 Ogaden Ogaadeen أوجادينShaded relief map of Ethiopia cropped and centred on the Ogaden areaRegion non administrative OgadenArea Total327 068 km2 126 282 sq mi ISO 3166 codeET SO Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Geography 3 1 Ecology 4 People 5 See also 6 Notes 7 External linksEtymology EditThe origin of the term Ogaden is unknown however it is usually attributed to the Somali clan of the same name originally referring only to their land and eventually expanding to encompass most parts of the modern Somali Region of Ethiopia 2 3 During the new region s founding conference which was held in Dire Dawa in 1992 the naming of the region became a divisive issue because almost 30 Somali clans live in the Somali Region of Ethiopia The ONLF sought to name the region Ogadenia whilst the non Ogadeni Somali clans who live in the same region opposed this move As noted by Abdul Majid Hussein the naming of the region where there are several Somali clans as Ogadenia following the name of a single clan would have been divisive Finally the region was named the Somali region 4 5 An alternative possibly folk etymology analyses the name as a combination of the Harari word uga road 6 and Aden a city in Yemen supposedly deriving from an ancient caravan route through the region connecting Harar to the Arabian Peninsula 7 History EditThere are few historical texts written about the people who lived in what is known today as the Somali Region sometimes referred to as The Ogaden region of Ethiopia In its early history The Ogaden was inhabited by Harla a now extinct people 8 9 Harla are linked to the Harari and Somali Ogaden clan 10 In the ninth century Ogaden served as capital of the Makhzumi Dynasty 11 Ogaden was part of the Ifat Sultanate in the 13th and beginning of the 14th centuries AD The borders of the sultanate extended to the Shewa Addis Ababa area of Ethiopia The Ifat Sultanate was succeeded by the Adal Sultanate There was an ongoing conflict between the Adal Sultanate and the Christian Kingdom of Abyssinia throughout this time During the first half of the 16th century most of Abyssinian territory was conquered and came under the rule of Adal when Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al Ghazi the leader of Adal took control 12 Warriors from the Ogaden region 1911 In the seventeenth century it became a tributary state of the Emirate of Harar 13 During the last quarter of the 19th century the region was conquered by Menelik II of Ethiopia who solidified their claim by treaties in 1897 14 I M Lewis argues a subtly different interpretation of this treaty emphasising that the lost lands in the Haud which were excised from the Protectorate i e British Somaliland were not however ceded to Ethiopia 15 In practice Ethiopia exerted little administrative control east of Jijiga until 1934 when an Anglo Ethiopian boundary commission attempted to demarcate the treaty boundary This boundary is still disputed 16 In 1914 Lij Iyasu of Ethiopia appointed Abdullahi Sadiq governor of Ogaden 17 After the Italian conquest of Ethiopia in 1936 Ogaden was attached to Italian Somaliland becoming the Somalia Governorate within the new colony of Italian East Africa Following the British conquest of this colony the Anglo Ethiopian Agreement placed Ogaden under temporary British control The British sought to unite Ogaden with British Somaliland and the former Italian Somaliland to realize Greater Somalia which was supported by many Somalis 18 Ethiopia unsuccessfully pleaded before the London Conference of the Allied Powers to gain the Ogaden and Eritrea in 1945 but their persistent negotiations 19 20 and pressure from the United States eventually persuaded the British to cede Ogaden to Ethiopia in 1948 The last remaining British controlled parts of Haud were returned to Ethiopia in 1955 In the late 1970s internal unrest in the Ogaden resumed The Western Somali Liberation Front spurred by Makhtal Dahir used guerilla tactics to resist Ethiopian rule Ethiopia and Somalia fought the Ogaden War over control of this region and its peoples Street scene in Jijiga Somali Region of Ethiopia During the new region s founding conference which was held in Dire Dawa in 1992 the naming of the region became a divisive issue because almost 30 Somali clans live in the Somali Region of Ethiopia The ONLF sought to name the region Ogadenia whilst the non Ogadeni Somali clans who live in the same region opposed this move As noted by Abdul Majid Hussein the naming of the region where there are several Somali clans as Ogadenia following the name of a single clan would have been divisive Finally the region was named the Somali region 21 22 In 2007 the Ethiopian Army launched a military crackdown in Ogaden after Ogaden rebels killed dozens of civilian staff workers and guards at an Ethiopian oil field 23 The main rebel group is the Ogaden National Liberation Front under its Chairman Mohamed O Osman which is fighting against the Ethiopian government Some Somalis who inhabit in the Ogaden claimed that Ethiopian military kill civilians destroy the livelihood of many of the ethnic Somalis and commit crimes against the nomads in the region 24 However testimony before the United States House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs revealed massive brutality and killings by the ONLF rebels which the Ethiopian government labels terrorists 25 The extent of this war can t be established due to a media blockade in the Ogaden region Some international rights organizations have accused the Ethiopian government of committing abuses and crimes that violate laws of war 26 as a recent report by the Human Rights Watch indicates Other reports have claimed that Ethiopia has bombed killed and raped many Somalis in the Ogaden region while the United States continues to arm Ethiopia in the United States ongoing War on Terror in the Horn of Africa 27 28 29 Geography EditThe region which is around 200 000 square kilometres borders Djibouti Kenya Somalia and Somaliland 30 Important towns include Jijiga Degahbur Gode Kebri Dahar Fiq Shilabo Kelafo Werder and Danan Ecology Edit The Ogaden is part of the Somali Acacia Commiphora bushlands and thickets ecoregion It has been a historic habitat for the endangered African wild dog Lycaon pictus 31 However this canid is thought by some to have been extirpated from Ogaden The Ogaden is a plateau with an elevation above sea level that ranges from 1 500 metres in the northwest falling to about 300 metres along the southern limits and the Wabi Shebelle valley The areas with altitudes between 1 400 and 1 600 metres are characterised as semi arid receiving as much as 500 600 mm of rainfall annually More typical of the Ogaden is an average annual rainfall of 350 mm and less The landscape consists of dense shrubland bush grassland and bare hills 32 In more recent years the Ogaden has suffered from increasingly erratic rainfall patterns which has led to an increasing frequency of major droughts in 1984 85 1994 and most recently in 1999 2000 during which pastoralists claim to have lost 70 90 percent of their cattle 33 People EditThe inhabitants are predominantly ethnic Somalis of almost 30 clans The Ogaden clan of the Darod constitute one of the majority in the region 34 35 and were enlisted in the Ogaden National Liberation Movement That is why the region is associated with the Ogaden Clan However this is disputed 36 Other Somali clans in the region are Isaaq Garre Gadabuursi Issa Massare Gabooye Degodia and Jidle and Karanle Hawiye clans 37 Somali inhabited region of Ethiopia shown as part of Greater Somali territorySee also EditOgaden Basin Insurgency in Ogaden Ogaden clan Ogaden WarNotes Edit Hawd Plateau plateau East Africa Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 2021 10 10 Gerard Prunier Eloi Ficquet 2015 Understanding Contemporary Ethiopia Oxford University Press p 36 ISBN 978 1 84904 261 1 Paolo Billi 2015 Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia Springer p 324 ISBN 978 94 017 8026 1 Adegehe Asnake Kefale 2009 Federalism and ethnic conflict in Ethiopia a comparative study of the Somali and Benishangul Gumuz regions PDF Thesis Leiden University p 135 Billi Paolo 2015 Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia Springer ISBN 9789401780261 Leslau Wolf 1959 An Analysis of the Harari Vocabulary Annales d Ethiopie 3 292 doi 10 3406 ethio 1959 1310 Retrieved 20 March 2019 Eshete Tibebe 1994 Towards a History of the Incorporation of the Ogaden 1887 1935 Journal of Ethiopian Studies 27 2 69 70 JSTOR 41966038 Chekroun Amelie The Harla archeology and memory of the giants of Ethiopia French Center for Ethiopian Studies Wildings Richard 1987 The shorefolk aspects of the early development of Swahili communities p 33 ISBN 9789966833129 B Ulrich 2002 Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia Collected Essays p 18 ISBN 9783825856717 Ostebo Terje 2011 Localising Salafism Religious Change Among Oromo Muslims in Bale Ethiopia Brill p 56 ISBN 978 9004184787 A History of the Ogaden Western Somali Struggle for Self Determination first edition London Mohamed Abdi 2007 pp 4 12 Ethiopia land of slavery amp brutality PDF League of Nations 1935 p 2 Archived from the original PDF on 2021 10 06 Retrieved 2019 03 06 Bahru Zewde A History of Modern Ethiopia London James Currey 1991 p 113 I M Lewis A Modern History of the Somali fourth edition Oxford James Currey 2002 p 59 Lewis Modern History p 61 Keller Tait 2018 Environmental Histories of the First World War Cambridge University Press p 226 ISBN 9781108429160 Bahru Zewde History p 180 Ethiopia offers Britain land in exchange for Zeila port of Somaliland 1946 Ethiopian Review Ethiopianreview com 2012 02 10 Retrieved 2012 09 10 Louis William Roger 1984 The British Empire in the Middle East 1945 1951 Arab Nationalism the ISBN 9780198229605 Retrieved 2012 09 10 via Google Books Adegehe Asnake Kefale 2009 Federalism and ethnic conflict in Ethiopia a comparative study of the Somali and Benishangul Gumuz regions PDF Thesis Leiden University p 135 Billi Paolo 2015 Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia Springer ISBN 9789401780261 Ethiopian Rebels Kill 70 at Chinese Run Oil Field Ogaden Human Rights Committee 2006 02 20 Mass Killings in the Ogaden Daily Atrocities Against Civilians by the Ethiopian Armed Forces PDF Retrieved 2012 09 27 US Committee on Foreign Affairs on Ethiopia Foreignaffairs house gov 2007 10 02 Archived from the original on 2012 11 27 Retrieved 2012 09 10 Peter Takirambudde 2007 07 04 Ethiopia Crackdown in East Punishes Civilians Human Rights Watch 4 7 2007 Hrw org Retrieved 2012 09 10 Ethiopia Ogaden rebels blast report on killing civilians Sudantribune com Archived from the original on 2015 09 09 Retrieved 2012 09 10 ONLF rebels accused of killing civilians in southern Ethiopia Archived 2010 08 11 at the Wayback Machine Connors Will 2007 09 05 Why We Don t Hear About the Conflict in the Ogaden When an American reporter started digging he was forced out of Ethiopia Slate Gebru Tareke The Ethiopia Somalia War of 1977 Revisited in Board of Trustees Boston University The International Journal of African Historical Studies Boston University African Studies Center 2000 p 636 C Michael Hogan 2009 Painted Hunting Dog Lycaon pictus GlobalTwitcher com ed N Stromberg Archived December 9 2010 at the Wayback Machine Ayele Gebre Mariam The Critical Issue of Land Ownership Working Paper No 2 Bern NCCR North South 2005 p 12 accessed 19 January 2009 CHF International Grassroots Conflict Assessment in the Somali Region Archived July 26 2011 at the Wayback Machine Aug 2006 p 12 accessed 12 December 2008 Carment David 2006 Who Intervenes Ethnic Conflict and Interstate Crisis Ohio State University Press pp 75 76 ISBN 9780814210130 Abramowitz Sharon Panter Brick Catherine 2015 09 17 Medical Humanitarianism Ethnographies of Practice University of Pennsylvania Press ISBN 9780812247329 Markakis John 2011 Ethiopia The Last Two Frontiers Boydell amp Brewer Ltd ISBN 9781847010339 Marcus Harold Golden Hudson Grover 1994 New Trends in Ethiopian Studies Social Sciences Red Sea Press ISBN 9781569020159 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ogaden CakaaraNews Somali State com The Standard Ogaden Online Ogaden National Liberation Front Rasaasa NewsCoordinates 7 17 N 44 18 E 7 28 N 44 30 E 7 28 44 30 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ogaden amp oldid 1136047372, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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