Lebanese people

The Lebanese people (Arabic: الشعب اللبناني / ALA-LC: ash-shaʻb al-Lubnānī, Lebanese Arabic pronunciation: [eʃˈʃæʕeb ellɪbˈneːne]) are the people inhabiting or originating from Lebanon. The term may also include those who had inhabited Mount Lebanon and the Anti-Lebanon Mountains prior to the creation of the modern Lebanese state. The major religious groups among the Lebanese people within Lebanon are Shia Muslims (27%), Sunni Muslims (27%), Maronite Christians (21%), Greek Orthodox Christians (8%), Melkite Christians (5%), Druze (5.2%), Protestant Christians (1%).^[43] The largest contingent of Lebanese, however, comprise a diaspora in North America, South America, Europe, Australia and Africa, which is predominantly Maronite Christian.

Lebanese people

National flag of Lebanon
Total population
4 million (Lebanon)^[1] 4^[2]^[3]^[4]–14 million ^[5]^[6]^[7] (Lebanese diaspora)
Regions with significant populations
Lebanon	4,130,000^[1]
Brazil	1,000,000^[8] - 6,000,000 - 7,000,000^[9]^[10]^[11]
Colombia	3,200,000^[12]^[13]^[14]
Argentina	1,500,000^[15]
Venezuela	500,000^[16]
United States	440,279^[17]
France	300,000^[18]^[19]
Saudi Arabia	300,000^[20]
Canada	250,000^[21]
Australia	203,139^[22]
Paraguay	200,000^[23]
Ecuador	170,000;^[24]
Ivory Coast	100,000^[25]^[26] - 300,000^[27]^[28]
Mexico	100,000^[23]
Dominican Republic	80,000^[29]
United Arab Emirates	80,000^[30]
Uruguay	70,000^[31]
Senegal	50,000^[32]^[33]
Germany	50,000^[34]
Nigeria	30,000-75,000^[35]
Kuwait	40,500^[19]
Sierra Leone	33,000-40,000^[36]
Chile	32,000^[37]^[38]
Costa Rica	30,000^[19]
Greece	27,420^[19]
El Salvador	27,400^[19]
Cyprus	25,700^[19]
Guatemala	22,500^[19]
Cuba	20,000^[19]
Honduras	20,000^[19]
South Africa	20,000^[39]
Israel	3,500^[40]
Languages
Spoken Vernacular Lebanese Arabic & Cypriot Maronite Arabic^[41] Diaspora French, English, Spanish, Portuguese
Religion
Islam (59.5% in Lebanon):^2 (Shia,^3 Sunni,^3 Alawites, Ismailis^[42] and Druze)^4Christianity (40.5% in Lebanon; majority of diaspora):^1 (Maronite, Greek Orthodox, Melkite and Protestant)
Related ethnic groups
Other Semitic-speaking peoples
Notes: Lebanese Christians of all denominations constitute the majority of all Lebanese worldwide, but represent only a large minority within Lebanon. Lebanese Muslims of all denominations represent a majority within Lebanon, but add up to only a large minority of all Lebanese worldwide. Shias and Sunnis account for 54% of Lebanon's population together, even split in half (27%). In Lebanon, the Druze quasi-Muslim sect is officially categorized as a Muslim denomination by the Lebanese government.

As the relative proportion of the various sects is politically sensitive, Lebanon has not collected official census data on ethnic background since 1932 under the French Mandate. It is therefore difficult to have an exact demographic analysis of Lebanese society.^[44] The largest concentration of people of Lebanese ancestry may be in Brazil having an estimated population of 5.8 to 7 million, but it may be an exaggeration, given that an official survey conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) showed that less than 1 million Brazilians claimed any Middle-Eastern origin.^[8] The Lebanese have always traveled the world, many of them settling permanently, most notably in the last two centuries.

Estimated to have lost their status as the majority in Lebanon itself, with their reduction in numbers largely as a result of their emigration, Christians still remain one of the principal religious groups in the country.^[45] Descendants of Lebanese Christians make up the majority of Lebanese people worldwide, appearing principally in the diaspora.^[46]

Identity

Main articles: Lebanese nationalism, History of Lebanon, and Lebanese society

Immediately prior to the introduction of Arabic, the people residing in Lebanon—both those who would become Muslim and the vast majority who would remain Christian, along with the tiny Jewish minority—spoke Aramaic,^[47] or more precisely, a Western Aramaic language.^[41] However, since at least the 15th century, the majority of people of all faiths living in what is now Lebanon have been Arabic-speaking,^[48][49] or more specifically, speakers of Lebanese Arabic, although as late as the 17th century, travellers in Lebanon still reported on several Aramaic-speaking villages^[50] where the language was the community's vernacular and not merely liturgical.

Among Lebanese Maronites, Aramaic still remains the liturgical language of the Maronite Church, although in an Eastern Aramaic form (the Syriac language,^[51] in which early Christianity was disseminated throughout the Middle East), distinct from the spoken Aramaic of Lebanon, which was a Western Aramaic language. As the second of two liturgical languages of Judaism, Aramaic was also retained as a language in the sphere of religion (in the Talmud) among Lebanese Jews, although here too in an Eastern Aramaic form (the Talmud was composed in Babylonia in Babylonian Aramaic). Among Lebanese Muslims, however, Aramaic was lost twice, once in the shift to Arabic in the vernacular (Lebanese Arabic) and again in the religious sphere, since Arabic (Qur'anic Arabic) is the liturgical language of Islam.^{[citation needed]}

Some Lebanese Christians, particularly Maronites, identify themselves as Lebanese rather than Arab, seeking to draw "on the Phoenician past to try to forge an identity separate from the prevailing Arab culture".^[52] They argue that Arabization merely represented a shift to the Arabic language as the vernacular of the Lebanese people, and that, according to them, no actual shift of ethnic identity, much less ancestral origins, occurred. Certain portions of Lebanon's Christian population in particular tend to stress aspects of Lebanon's non-Arab prior history to encompass all of Lebanon's historical stages, instead of considering the beginning of Lebanese history being with the Arab conquests.^[53]

In light of this "old controversy about identity",^[52] some Lebanese prefer to see Lebanon, Lebanese culture and themselves as part of "Mediterranean" and "Levantine" civilization, in a concession to their various layers of heritage.

Population numbers

Main article: Demographics of Lebanon

The total Lebanese population is estimated at 8 to 18 million. Of these, the vast majority, or 4^[2][3][4]- 14^[6] million, constitute part of the Lebanese diaspora (residing outside of Lebanon), with approximately 4.7 million citizens residing in Lebanon itself.^[43]

Lebanon

^{[nb 1][1][1][54]}

Ethnic Groups in Lebanon
Ethnicity			Percent
Lebanese			95%
Armenians			4%
Various other ethnicities: Mideast (Kurds, Turks, Assyrians, Iranians), Europeans (Greeks, Italians, French) and others			1%

There are approximately 4.7 million Lebanese citizens in Lebanon.^[43]

In addition to this figure, there are an additional 1 million foreign workers (mainly Syrians), and about 470,000 Palestinian refugees in the nation.^[55][56]

Lebanon is also a home to various ethnic minorities found refuge in the country over the centuries. Prominent ethnic minorities in the country include the Armenians, the Kurds, the Turks, the Assyrians, the Iranians and some European ethnicities (Greeks, Italians, French).

There are also a small number of nomadic Dom Gypsies (part of the Roma people of South Asian, particularly, Indian descent)

Diaspora

Main article: Lebanese diaspora

 

Salma Hayek

 

Carlos Ghosn

The Lebanese diaspora consists of approximately 4^[2][3][4]- 14^[6] million, both Lebanese-born living abroad and those born-abroad of Lebanese descent. The majority of the Lebanese in the diaspora are Christians,^[57] disproportionately so in the Americas where the vast majority reside. An estimate figure show that they represent about 75% of the Lebanese in total. Lebanese abroad are considered "rich, educated and influential"^[58] and over the course of time immigration has yielded Lebanese "commercial networks" throughout the world.^[59]

The largest number of Lebanese is to be found in Brazil,^[60] where according to the Brazilian and Lebanese governments claim, there are 7 million Brazilians of Lebanese descent.^[9][10][11] These figures, however, may be an exaggeration given that, according to a 2008 survey conducted by IBGE, in 2008, covering only the states of Amazonas, Paraíba, São Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul, Mato Grosso and Distrito Federal, 0.9% of white Brazilian respondents said they had family origins in the Middle East^[8]

Large numbers also reside elsewhere in North America, most notably in the United States (489,702)^[61] and in Canada, the people of full or partial Lebanese descent are between 190,275 (by ancestry, 2011 Census)^[62] to 250,000 based on estimates.^[21] In the rest of the Americas, significant communities are found in Argentina,^[15] Mexico (400,000);^[63] Chile,^[64] Colombia^[65] and Venezuela, with almost every other Latin American country having at least a small presence.

In Africa, Ghana and the Ivory Coast are home to over 100,000 Lebanese.^[66] There are significant Lebanese populations in other countries throughout Western and Central Africa.^[67][68] Australia hosts over 180,000 and Canada 250,000. In the Arab world, around 400,000 Lebanese live in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf.^[69] More than 2,500 ex-SLA members remain in Israel.^[70]

Currently, Lebanon provides no automatic right to Lebanese citizenship for emigrants who lost their citizenship upon acquiring the citizenship of their host country, nor for the descendants of emigrants born abroad. This situation disproportionately affects Christians. Recently, the Maronite Institution of Emigrants called for the establishment of an avenue by which emigrants who lost their citizenship may regain it, or their overseas-born descendants (if they so wish) may acquire it.^[71]

The list below contains approximate figures for people of Lebanese descent by country of residence, largely taken from the iLoubnan diaspora map.^[19] Additional reliable cites have been provided where possible. Additional estimates have been included where they can be cited; where applicable, these are used in place of the iLoubnan figures. The Figure below uses the data from the list and calculates the amount of Lebanese residents as a percentage of the total population of the respective country.

 

Amal Clooney

Country	Lower Estimate	Upper Estimate	Region	Country article in English Wikipedia	Name List of personalities of Lebanese origin
						Brazil	2,000,000 according to a research conducted by IBGE in 2008, covering only the states of Amazonas, Paraíba, São Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul, Mato Grosso and Distrito Federal, 0.9% of white Brazilian respondents said they had family origins in the Middle East^[8]	5,800,000^[19] -7,000,000^[72] (Brazilian/Lebanese governments)^[73]	Latin America	Lebanese Brazilian	Brazil
Argentina	1,200,000^[19]^[15]	3,500,000^[15]	Latin America	Lebanese Argentine	Argentina
Colombia	800,000^[19]	3,200,000^[74]	Latin America	Lebanese Colombian	Colombia
United States	500,000^[75]^[note 1]	506,150^[76]^[note 2]	North America	Lebanese American	United States
Venezuela	341,000^[19]	500,000^[77]	Latin America	Lebanese Venezuelan	Venezuela
Australia	271,000^[78]^[79]	350,000^[80]	Oceania	Lebanese Australian	Australia
Mexico	240,000^[19]	400,000^[81] - 505,000^[citation needed]	Latin America	Lebanese Mexican	Mexico
Canada	190,275^[82]	250,000^[83] - 270,000^[19]	North America	Lebanese Canadian	Canada
Saudi Arabia	120,000^[19]	269,000^[84]	Arab World	Lebanese people in Saudi Arabia	Saudi Arabia
Syria	114,000^[citation needed]		Arab World	Lebanese people in Syria	Syria
France	275,000^[85]^[86]	290,000	European Union	Lebanese French	France
Ecuador	98,000^[19]	250,000	Latin America	Lebanese Ecuadorian	Ecuador
Dominican Republic	80,000^[87]		Latin America	Lebanese Dominican
United Arab Emirates	80,000^[88]	156,000^[citation needed]	Arab World	Lebanese people in the United Arab Emirates	United Arab Emirates
Uruguay	53,000^[19]	70,000^[89]	Latin America	Lebanese Uruguayan	Uruguay
Germany	50,000^[90]		European Union	Lebanese German	Germany
Ivory Coast	50,000^[91]	90,000^[92]	Sub-saharan Africa	Lebanese people in Ivory Coast
Kuwait	41,775^[93]	106,000^[94]	Arab World	Lebanese people in Kuwait
Senegal	30,000^[95]^[96]		Sub-Saharan Africa	Lebanese Senegalese
Sweden	26,906^[97]		European Union	Lebanese people in Sweden	Sweden
Denmark	26,705^[98]		European Union	Lebanese people in Denmark	Denmark
Qatar	25,000^[99]	191,000^[citation needed]	Arab World	Lebanese people in Qatar
Spain	11,820^[19]		European Union	Lebanese Spanish	Spain
New Zealand	8,500^[19]		Oceania	Lebanese New Zealander
South Africa	5,100^[citation needed]	20,000^[39]	Sub-Saharan Africa	Lebanese people in South Africa	South Africa
Belgium	2,400	5,000	European Union	Lebanese people in Belgium	Belgium
Caribbean^[note 3]	545,200^[19]		Latin America	Lebanese Jamaican	Caribbean  · Cuba  · Haiti  · Jamaica
Rest of Latin America, ex. Caribbean^[note 4]	181,800^[19]		Latin America	Lebanese Chileans	Chile  · Guatemala  · Dutch Antilles
Scandinavia	108,220^[19]		European Union	Lebanese Swedish	Sweden  · Denmark
Rest of GCC^[note 5]	105,000^[19]		Arab World
Rest of European Union^[note 6]	96,780^[19]		European Union	Lebanese British  · Lebanese Bulgarian**  · Lebanese Greek	Bulgaria  · Cyprus  · Germany  · Italy  · Monaco  · Netherlands  · Switzerland  · UK
Rest of Sub-Saharan Africa^[note 7]	42,510^[19]		Sub-Saharan Africa	Lebanese Sierra Leonean	Ghana  · Sierra Leone
North Africa^[note 8]	14,000^[19]		North Africa	Lebanese Egyptian	Egypt
Asia^[note 9]	2,600^[19]		Asia

 

Lebanese residents as a percentage of country's total population

Note: An important percentage of Arabs in Argentina, Chile, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Venezuela, Bulgaria, Romania, Italy, Portugal and Spain are of Lebanese ancestry. They are denoted ** for this purpose.

Religion

Main articles: Religion in Lebanon, Islam in Lebanon, Christianity in Lebanon, History of the Jews in Lebanon, and Secularism in Lebanon

Lebanese Muslims^[43]^[100]^[101]^[102]^[103]^[104]^[105]
Year			Percent
1932			49%
1985			56%
2010			61%
2014			65%

Lebanese Christians^[100]^[101]^[102]^[103]^[104]
Year			Percent
1932			51%
1985			44%
2010			39%
2014			35%

Lebanon has several different main religions. The country has the most religiously diverse society in the Middle East, encompassing 17 recognized religious sects.^[106] The main two religions among the Lebanese people are Christianity (the Maronite Church, the Greek Orthodox Church, the Melkite, the Protestant Church) and Islam (Shia and Sunni). The third-largest religion is Druze.

There are other non-Lebanese Christian minorities such as Armenians (Armenian Apostolic Church and Armenian Catholic Church), French-Italians (Latin Catholic Lebanese), Assyrians (Assyrian Church of the East, Syriac Catholic Church, Syriac Orthodox Church, Chaldean Catholic Church) and Copts (Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria), who immigrated to Lebanon over the years.^[107]

No official census has been taken since 1932, reflecting the political sensitivity in Lebanon over confessional (i.e. religious) balance.^[108]

A study conducted by Statistics Lebanon, a Beirut-based research firm, cited by the United States Department of State found that of Lebanon's population of approximately 4.3 million is estimated to be:^[43]

• 54% Islam (Shia and Sunni, 27% each)
• 40.5% Christian (21% Maronite, 8% Greek Orthodox, 5% Melkite Catholics, 1% Protestant, 5.5% other minority Christian denominations like Latin Catholics, Armenian Orthodox, Armenian Catholic, Syriac Catholic, Syriac Orthodox, Chaldean Catholic, Assyrian Catholic and Coptic Orthodox)
• 5.5% Druze (a minority religion, descended from Shia Islam, who do not consider themselves to be Muslim, even though under the terms of the Lebanese Constitution the Druze community is designated as a part of the Lebanese Muslim community.)

There are also very small numbers of other religions such as Judaism, Mormons, Baháʼí Faith, and also religions practiced by foreigner workers like Buddhism and Hinduism.^[43]

The CIA World Factbook estimates (2020) the following , though this data does not include Lebanon's sizable Syrian and Palestinian refugee populations: Muslim 67.8% (Sunni, Shia and smaller percentages of Alawites and Ismailis), Christian 32.4% (mainly Maronite Catholics are the largest Christian group), Druze 4.5%, and very small numbers of Jews, Baha'is, Buddhists, and Hindus.^[109]

The International Foundation for Electoral Systems provides source for the registered voters in Lebanon for 2011^[110] (it has to be noted that voter registration does not include people under 18 and unregistered voters) that puts the numbers as following: Sunni Islam 27.65%, Shia Islam 27.34%, Maronite Catholic 21.05%, Greek Orthodox 7.34%, Druze 5.74%, Melkite Catholic 4.76%, Armenian Apostolic 2.64%, other Christian Minorities 1.28%, Alawite Shia Islam 0.88%, Armenian Catholic 0.62%, Evangelical Protestant 0.53%, and other 0.18% of the population.

With the diaspora included, the Christians are an absolute majority. Lebanon has a population of Mhallamis also known as Mardinli), most of whom migrated from northeast Syria and southeast Turkey are estimated to be between 75,000 and 100,000 and considered to be part of the Sunni population. These have in recent years been granted Lebanese citizenship and, coupled with several civil wars between Islamic extremists and the Lebanese military that have caused many Christians to flee the country, have re-tipped the demographic balance in favour of the Muslims and the Sunnis in particular.^[111] In addition, many thousands of Arab Bedouins in the Bekaa and in the Wadi Khaled region, who are entirely Sunnis, were granted Lebanese citizenship. Lebanon also has a Jewish population, estimated at less than 100.

Though Lebanon is a secular country, family matters such as marriage, divorce and inheritance are still handled by the religious authorities representing a person's faith. Calls for civil marriage are unanimously rejected by the religious authorities but civil marriages held in another country are recognized by Lebanese civil authorities.

Legally registered Muslims form around 54% of the population (Shia, Sunni, Alawite). Legally registered Christians form up to 41% (Maronite, Greek Orthodox Christian, Melkite, Armenian, Evangelical, other). Druze form around 5%. A small minority of 0.1% includes Jews, and foreign workers who belong to Hindu and Buddhist religions.

Non-religion is not recognized by the state, however in 2009, the Minister of the Interior Ziad Baroud made it possible to have the religious sect removed from the Lebanese identity card, this does not, however, deny the religious authorities complete control over civil family issues inside the country.^[112][113]

Genetics

Further information: Lebanese Sunni Muslims § Genetics, and Lebanese Shia Muslims § Genetics

See also: Genetic history of the Middle East and Phoenicia § Genetic studies

Y-DNA haplogroups

 

A Druze family of the Lebanon, late 1800s

Theories from some studies propose to corroborate that the Lebanese trace genetic continuity with earlier inhabitants, regardless of their membership to any of Lebanon's different religious communities today. In a 2007 study, geneticist Pierre Zalloua found that "the genetic marker which identifies descendants of the ancient Phoenicians found among members of all of Lebanon's religious communities."^[114] In a 2013 interview Pierre Zalloua, pointed out that genetic variation preceded religious variation and divisions: "Lebanon already had well-differentiated communities with their own genetic peculiarities, but not significant differences, and religions came as layers of paint on top."^[115]

 

Christian men from Mount Lebanon, late 1800s

 

Metouali (Shia) Woman of the Beqaa Valley, 1970's

By identifying the ancient type of DNA attributed to the Phoenicians, geneticist Pierre Zalloua was also able to chart their spread out of the eastern Mediterranean. These markers were found in unusually high proportions in non-Lebanese samples from other parts of the "Mediterranean coast where the Phoenicians are known to have established colonies, such as Carthage in today's Tunisia."^[52] The markers were also found among samples of Syrians, Palestinians, Maltese and Spaniards, where the Phoenicians were also known to have established colonies. The study shows that 1 out of 17 people in the countries surrounding the Mediterranean basin can be identified with the Levantine genetic markers in their male chromosomes. However, the particular marker associated by some studies with the historical Phoenicians, haplogroup J2, actually represents a complex mosaic of different demographic processes which affected the Mediterranean in prehistoric and historic times.^[116]

In a 2011 genetic study by Haber et al. which analyzed the male-line Y-chromosome genetics of the different religious groups of Lebanon, revealed no large genetic differentiation between the Maronites, Greek Orthodox Christians, Greek Catholic Christians, Sunni Muslims, Shia Muslims, and Druze of the country in regards to the more frequent haplogroups. Major differences between Lebanese groups were found among the less frequent haplogroups.^[117]

Autosomal DNA

According to a 2017 study published by the American Journal of Human Genetics, present-day Lebanese derive most of their ancestry from a Canaanite-related population (Canaanite being a pre-Phoenician name), which therefore implies substantial genetic continuity in the Levant since at least the Bronze Age.^[118][119] More specifically, according to geneticist Chris Tyler-Smith and his team at the Sanger Institute in Britain, who compared "sampled ancient DNA from five Canaanite people who lived 3,750 and 3,650 years ago" to modern people, revealed that 93 percent of the genetic ancestry of people in Lebanon came from the Canaanites (the other 7 percent was of a Eurasian steppe population).^[120][121]

A 2019 study, carried out by the Wellcome Sanger Institute, United Kingdom, after analyzing the "DNA evidence from the remains of nine Crusaders found at a burial site in Lebanon", concludes that, contrarily to some idea, the Crusaders didn't leave "a lasting effect on the genetics of modern-day Lebanese. Instead, today’s Lebanese Christians in particular are more genetically similar to locals from the Roman period, which preceded the Crusades by more than four centuries."^[122][123]

In a 2020 study published in the American Journal of Human Genetics, researchers have shown that there is substantial genetic continuity in Lebanon since the Bronze Age interrupted by three significant admixture events during the Iron Age, Hellenistic, and Ottoman period, each contributing 3%–11% of non-local ancestry to the admixed population.^[124]

Relationship with other populations

Other studies have sought to establish relationships between Lebanese people and other groups. A 2013 genetic study carried out by Haber at al found that Lebanese Druze and Druze from Mount Carmel cluster together, Lebanese Christians form a private branch with the Christian populations of Armenia and Cyprus, and Lebanese Muslims cluster towards the Muslim populations of Syrians, Palestinians, and Jordanians, which in turn cluster on branches with other Muslim populations as distant as Morocco and Yemen.^[125]

One study by the International Institute of Anthropology in Paris, France, confirmed similarities in the Y-haplotype frequencies in Lebanese, Palestinian, and Sephardic Jewish men, identifying them as "three Near-Eastern populations sharing a common geographic origin."^[126] The study surveyed one Y-specific DNA polymorphism (p49/Taq I) in 54 Lebanese and 69 Palestinian males, and compared with the results found in 693 Jews from three distinct Jewish ethnic groups; Mizrahi Jews, Sephardi Jews, and Ashkenazi Jews.

Notable individuals

Main article: List of Lebanese people (diaspora)

See also

• List of Lebanese people
• Arab diaspora
• Lebanese diaspora
• Lebanese Americans
• Lebanese Australians
• Lebanese Argentines
• Lebanese Brazilians
• Lebanese Canadians
• Lebanese Colombians
• Lebanese Mexicans
• Lebanese New Zealanders
• Lebanese Jamaicans
• Lebanese Haitians
• Lebanese Uruguayans
• Lebanese Venezuelans
• Lebanese Jews
• Lebanese people in Ecuador
• Lebanese people in France
• Lebanese people in the United Kingdom
• Lebanese people in Ivory Coast
• Lebanese people in South Africa
• Lebanese people in Senegal
• Lebanese people in Sierra Leone
• Lebanese nationality law
• Levant
• Mediterranean race
• Migrant domestic workers in Lebanon

Notes

1. 26% of 1.9m Americans of Arab descent
2. 26% of 3,665,789 Americans of Arab descent
3. Includes Cuba, Guadalupe & Haiti
4. Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru
5. Excludes Saudi Arabia & Kuwait, includes Iraq & Jordan
6. Belgium, Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Monaco, Switzerland, United Kingdom
7. Burkina Faso, Gambia, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria & Sierra Leone
8. Egypt, Libya & rest of North Africa
9. Iran & Philippines

References

1. CIA, the World Factbook (2018). [1]. Retrieved 2021.
2. International Migration and the Lebanese Diaspora. Co-éditions. Presses de l’Ifpo. 3 October 2019. pp. 42–43. ISBN 9782351595497.
3. "Methods of Finding Population Statistics of Lebanese Migration Throughout the World". 4 February 2015.
4. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 October 2018.
5. "Bassil promises to ease citizenship for expatriates".
6. "Country Profile: Lebanon". FCO. 3 April 2007. from the original on 31 July 2003. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
7. Fielding-Smith, Abigail (5 June 2009). . thenational. Archived from the original on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2009.
8. IBGE. IBGE: Características Étnico-Raciais da População.
9. . Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
10. . Libano.org.br. Archived from the original on 12 November 2010. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
11. "News - Politics - Sleiman meets Brazilian counterpart, Lebanese community". The Daily Star. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
12. [Estimation of mortality, 1985-2005] (PDF). Postcensal Studies (in Spanish). Bogotá, Colombia: DANE. March 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2007. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
13. Randa Achmawi (21 July 2009). "Colombia awakens to the Arab world". Brazi-Arab News Agency. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
14. [National and departmental population projections. 2006-2020] (PDF) (in Spanish). DANE National Statistical Service, Colombia. September 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
15. . The Lebanese Parliament. 7 June 2007. Archived from the original on 7 June 2007.
16. , Notitarde, 9 August 1999. Retrieved 21 July 2020. Cite (in spanish): "En Venezuela residen actualmente unos quinientos mil ciudadanos libaneses o de origen libanés".
17. The Arab Population: 2000
18. "Henry Laurens : " la France et le Liban sont comme les membres d'une famille recomposée "". 7 October 2020.
19. iLoubnan (2009). "Geographical distribution of Lebanese diaspora". Ya Libnan. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
20. "Interview with Lebanese Ambassador to Saudi Arabia".
21. Canada and Lebanon, a special tie, CBC News
22. (PDF). Australian Government. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
23. Más de 10 millones de libaneses empujan el crecimiento social y económico de América Latina. Infobae, 24 de junio de 2014. Consultado el 23 de diciembre de 2019.
24. de 2020, 16 de Octubre (16 October 2020). "El Guayaquil que acogió a los migrantes extranjeros". El Telégrafo. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
25. "Des investisseurs libanais à Abidjan pour investir en Afrique". VOA.
26. "Côte d'Ivoire : insubmersibles Libanais – Jeune Afrique". JeuneAfrique.com.
27. "Côte d'Ivoire - World Directory of Minorities & Indigenous Peoples". Minority Rights Group. 30 January 2018.
28. "The Demographic Dimensions of the Conflict in Ivory Coast".
29. González Hernández, Julio Amable (11 August 2012). "Registro de Inmigrantes de El Líbano". Cápsulas Genealógicas en Areíto (in Spanish). Santo Domingo: Instituto Dominicano de Genealogía. Retrieved 15 August 2014. Se calcula que en República Dominicana existen unos 80,000 descendientes de esos inmigrantes que una vez dejaron sus tierras para buscar una vida mejor.
30. . 21 January 2013. Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
31. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2009. En Uruguay, ils sont actuellement quelque 70 000 habitants d'origine libanaise.
32. "The most representative ethnic groups of Senegal". Retrieved 25 December 2022. On estime la communauté libanaise recensée au Sénégal à plus de 50 000 personnes (non nés au Sénégal).
33. Immigrants Boost West African Commerce, Voice of America, 10 July 2007. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
34. "What is it about Lebanon and German football?".
35. "Planes and pyramids: The surreal mansions of Lebanon's Nigeria Avenue". Middle East Eye édition française.
36. "Lebanese people abroad" Big Issue Magazine. 12 January 2010
37. Ghosh P. (2013). "Arabs In The Andes? Chile, The Unlikely Long-Term Home Of A Large Palestinian Community". International Business Times. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
38. J. Códoba-Toro (2015). "Árabes en Chile". Iberoamérica Social. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
39. . The Marionite Research Institute. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015.
40. "These Young Israelis Were Born in Lebanon – but Don't Call Them Arabs". Haaretz. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
41. Owens, Jonathan (2000). Arabic as a Minority Language. Walter de Gruyter. p. 347. ISBN 978-3-11-016578-4.
42. Syria and the Palestinians: The Clash of Nationalisms - Page 113, Ghada Hashem Talhami - 2001
43. (PDF). United States Department of State. 20 May 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
44. "Lebanon: A Country Study". US Library of Congress. Section: Population.
45. . Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 24 July 2008.
46. . Hamline University. 18 December 2002. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009.
47. Review of Phares Book 10 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
48. The Precarious Republic: Political Modernization in Lebanon, p. 137, at Google Books By Michael C. Hudson, 1968
49. Lebanon: Its Stand in History Among the Near East Countries at Google Books By Salim Wakim, 1996.
50. Owens, Jonathan (2000). Arabic as a Minority Language. Walter de Gruyter. p. 347. ISBN 978-3-11-016578-4.
51. St. George Maronite Church.
52. Perry, Tom (10 September 2007). "In Lebanon DNA may yet heal rifts". Reuters.
53. Kantara, Anthony Beik (27 June 2017). "New Study Proves Lebanese Ancestry Is Mostly Phoenician". The961.
54. . Archived from the original on 24 November 2006. Retrieved 24 November 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
55. Business Portal to Lebanon 4 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
56. "Middle East :: Lebanon — The World Fact book - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
57. . Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
58. "The invisible occupation of Lebanon". The Christian Science Monitor. 18 May 2005.
59. "Background Note: Lebanon". US Department of State. 1 December 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
60. "How the Lebanese conquered Brazil". Executive. 13 July 2014.
61. Bureau, U. S. Census. "American FactFinder - Results". factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
62. Statistics Canada (8 May 2013). "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables". Retrieved 11 February 2014.
63. "The biggest enchilada". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2015. The Mexican-Lebanese community now numbers around 400,000 but punches way above its weight in commerce...
64. Hassan, Waïl (2017). The Oxford Handbook of Arab Novelistic Traditions. Oxford University Press. p. 592. ISBN 978-0199349807.
65. . .anba.com.br. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
66. "Ivory Coast - The Levantine Community".
67. Lebanese man shot dead in Nigeria, BBC News
68. Lebanese nightmare in Congo 16 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Al-Ahram Weekly.
69. One in three Lebanese want to leave, Reuters
70. Lebanon's refugees in Israel 16 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Elias Bejjani - 28 October 2008.
71. "News - Politics - Sfeir tells new Maronite group emigrants 'deserve' Lebanese nationality". The Daily Star. 24 July 2008. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
72. . www.itamaraty.gov.br. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
73. "Sleiman meets Brazilian counterpart, Lebanese community". The Daily Star. 23 April 2010.
74. . Brazil-Arab News Agency. 21 July 2009. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 13 May 2010.
75. . Arab American Institute. Archived from the original on 2 December 2010.
76. "Demographics". Arab American Institute. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015.
77. historico.notitarde.com/1999/08/09/memoria/memoria6.html "In Venezuela currently reside five hundred thousand Lebanese citizens or of Lebanese ancestry..." (SPANISH)
78. "Australian Population: Ethnic Origins". Monash University. 1999.
79. "Lebanese in Australia: Facts & Figures". General Consulate of Lebanon in Melbourne. 21 January 2021.
80. "Lebanon country brief". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. March 2013.
81. . The Sunday Telegraph. 8 July 2007. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
82. Statistics Canada (2011). "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables".
83. "Canada and Lebanon, a special tie". CBC News. 1 August 2006.
84. Project, Joshua. "Arab, Lebanese in Saudi Arabia". joshuaproject.net. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
85. "Painting a Picture of Exile". New York Times. 27 November 2009.
86. "The Lebanese in the World: An Entrepreneurial Minority". RMIT University. February 2004.^{[permanent dead link]}
87. "Instituto Dominicano de Genealogía, Inc" (in French).
88. Lebanese Living in UAE Fear Deportation 16 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine Al-Monitor, accessed 2 December 2013
89. (PDF). Embassy of Uruguay (Lebanon) (in French). 19 February 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2009.
90. "What is it about Lebanon and German football? - Sports, Football - THE DAILY STAR". www.dailystar.com.lb.
91. . Al-Akhbar. 6 February 2013. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
92. "Lebanese business makes up 35 percent of Ivory Coast economy". The Daily Star. 23 May 2011.
93. . www.alraimedia.com. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
94. "The Global Financial Crisis: Impact on Lebanese Expatriates in the Gulf" (PDF). LERC. December 2009.
95. "Lebanese Immigrants Boost West African Commerce". Voice of America. 1 November 2009.
96. "Suleiman Tells Lebanese Expats in Senegal that he Rejects Sectarian Vote Law". Naharnet. 14 March 2013.
97. "Utrikes födda efter födelseland, kön och år". www.scb.se. Statistiska Centralbyrån. Retrieved 25 May 2017.^{[permanent dead link]}
98. "FOLK1C: Population at the first day of the quarter by region, sex, age (5 years age groups), ancestry and country of origin". Statistics Denmark. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
99. . bq magazine. 7 December 2014. Archived from the original on 22 December 2013.
100. "Contemporary distribution of Lebanon's main religious groups". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
101. "CIA World Factbook, Lebanon". Retrieved 7 October 2014.
102. Najem, T. (1998). "The collapse and reconstruction of Lebanon" (PDF). University of Durham Centre for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
103. "International Religious Freedom Report 2010 - Lebanon". US State Department. 17 November 2010. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
104. "Contemporary Religious distribution of Lebanon's main religions". theodora.com. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
105. "Lebanon". (July 2014 est.)
106. Alfred B. Prados (8 June 2006). "Lebanon" (PDF). The Library of Congress. Retrieved 11 June 2012.^{[permanent dead link]}
107. Daily Star. Minority sects demand greater representation in Parliament
108. Country Studies. "Lebanon Population". Retrieved 25 November 2006.
109. "Lebanon — The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency, United States. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
110. "Elections in Lebanon" (PDF). International Foundation for Electoral Systems. 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2017.
111. International Journal of Kurdish Studies, Jan 2002 by Lokman I. Meho "The Kurds in Lebanon: a social and historical overview"
112. AsiaNews.it. "LEBANON Religious affiliation to disappear from Lebanese documents".
113. Religious Affiliation Can Be Removed From Lebanese ID Cards 11 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine
114. "In Lebanon DNA may yet heal rifts". Reuters. 10 September 2007. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
115. Maroon, Habib (31 March 2013). "A geneticist with a unifying message". Nature. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
116. Di Giacomo 2004, Semino 2004, Cruciani 2004
117. Haber, M; Platt, DE; Badro, DA; et al. (2011). "Influences of history, geography, and religion on genetic structure: the Maronites in Lebanon". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (3): 334–40. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.177. PMC 3062011. PMID 21119711.
118. Harb, Marc; et al. (July 2017). "Continuity and Admixture in the Last Five Millennia of Levantine History from Ancient Canaanite and Present-Day Lebanese Genome Sequences". American Journal of Human Genetics. 101 (2): 274–282. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.06.013. PMC 5544389. PMID 28757201.
119. Abed, Mira (27 July 2017). "The DNA of ancient Canaanites lives on in modern-day Lebanese, genetic analysis shows". Los Angeles Times.
120. "Palestinians May be Philistines Since Lebanese DNA is 93% Canaanite". 4 August 2017.
121. "The DNA of ancient Canaanites lives on in modern-day Lebanese, genetic analysis shows". Los Angeles Times. 27 July 2017.
122. Rakotondradany, Felaniaina (2019). "Genetic influence of Crusaders short-lived on Lebanese". Nature Middle East. doi:10.1038/nmiddleeast.2019.58. S2CID 146038520.
123. Haber, Marc; Doumet-Serhal, Claude; Scheib, Christiana L.; Xue, Yali; Mikulski, Richard; Martiniano, Rui; Fischer-Genz, Bettina; Schutkowski, Holger; Kivisild, Toomas; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2019). "A Transient Pulse of Genetic Admixture from the Crusaders in the Near East Identified from Ancient Genome Sequences". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 104 (5): 977–984. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.03.015. PMC 6506814. PMID 31006515.
124. Haber, Marc; Nassar, Joyce; Almarri, Mohamed A.; Saupe, Tina; Saag, Lehti; Griffith, Samuel J.; Doumet-Serhal, Claude; Chanteau, Julien; Saghieh-Beydoun, Muntaha; Xue, Yali; Scheib, Christiana L.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2020). "A Genetic History of the Near East from an aDNA Time Course Sampling Eight Points in the Past 4,000 Years". American Journal of Human Genetics. 107 (1): 149–157. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.05.008. PMC 7332655. PMID 32470374.
125. Haber, Marc; Gauguier, Dominique; Youhanna, Sonia; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Botigué, Laura R.; Platt, Daniel E.; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Wells, R. Spencer; Bertranpetit, Jaume (28 February 2013). "Genome-Wide Diversity in the Levant Reveals Recent Structuring by Culture". PLOS Genetics. 9 (2): e1003316. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003316. ISSN 1553-7390. PMC 3585000. PMID 23468648.
126. Lucotte, Gérard; Mercier, Géraldine (1 January 2003). "Y-chromosome DNA haplotypes in Jews: comparisons with Lebanese and Palestinians". Genet. Test. 7 (1): 67–71. doi:10.1089/109065703321560976. PMID 12820706.

Footnotes

1. Many Christian Lebanese do not identify themselves as Arab but rather as descendants of the ancient Canaanites and prefer to be called "Phoenicians"

External links

• . Archived from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 24 July 2008., Hamline University, 2002