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Bulgarians

January 14, 2023

This article is about the ethnic group. For the extinct medieval tribes, see Bulgars. For other uses, see Bulgarians (disambiguation).

Bulgarians (Bulgarian: българи, romanized: Bǎlgari, IPA: [ˈbɤɫɡɐri]) are a nation and South Slavic[56][57][58] ethnic group native to Bulgaria and the rest of Southeast Europe.

Bulgarians
Българи
Bǎlgari
Total population
c. 9 million[1][2]
Regions with significant populations
 Bulgaria 6,500,000 (2021)[a]
 Germany410,885[n] (2021)[3]
 Ukraine204,574[e]–500,000 (2001)[4][5]
 Turkey350,000 (2020)[6]
 Spain126,997[n]–350,000 (2017)[7][8]
 United States300,000 (2016)[9][10]
 United Kingdom86,000/[n] (July 2020 to June 2021)[11]
 Moldova (incl. Transnistria)79,520[e] (2004)[12]
 Brazil74,000[h] (2016)[13][14]
 Greece72,893[n]–300,000 (2015)[15][16][b]
 Argentina70,000 (2008)[17]
 France60,000 – 80,000[18][15][19]
 Italy58,620[n]–120,000 (2016)[20][21]
 Netherlands50,305[m] (2022)[22]
 Canada30,485[h]–70,000 (2011)[16][23]
 Belgium46,876[f] (2020)[24]
 Austria25,686[n] (2017)[25]
 Russia (2010 area)24,038[e]–330,000 (2010)[2][26]
 Cyprus (excl. TRNC)19,197[n] (2011)[27]
 Serbia18,543[e] (2011)[28]
 Czech Republic12,250[n] (2016)[29]
 Denmark9,955 (2018)[30]
 Sweden6,257[d]–9,105[f] (2016)[31]
 Norway6,752[n]–8,180[m] (2017)[32]
 Switzerland8,588[n] (2017)[33]
 Portugal7,019[n]–12,000 (2016)[34][35]
 Romania7,336[e] (2011)[36]
 Australia5,436[h] (2011)[37]
 Kazakhstan4,523[e] (2009)[38]
 South Africa4,224[n]–20,000 (2015)[15][39]
 Hungary4,022 (2016)[40]
 North Macedonia3,504 (2021)
 Finland2,840 (2018)[41]
 Slovakia1,552 (2021)[42][43]
 Slovenia1,500 (2011)
Languages
Bulgarian
Religion
Predominantly Eastern Orthodox Christianity
(Bulgarian Orthodox Church)
Related ethnic groups
Other South Slavs, especially Macedonians,[44] Slavic speakers in Greece and Torlak speakers in Serbia.
^ a: The 2011 census figure was 5,664,624.[45] The question on ethnicity was voluntary and 10% of the population did not declare any ethnicity,[46] thus the figure is considered an underestimation. Ethnic Bulgarians are estimated at around 6 million, 85% of the population.[47]
^ b: Estimates[48][49] of the number of Pomaks whom most scholars categorize as Bulgarians[50][51]
^ c: According to the 2002 census there were 1,417 Bulgarians in North Macedonia.[52] Between 2003 and 2017, according to the data provided by Bulgarian authorities some 87,483[53]-200,000[54] permanent residents of North Macedonia declared Bulgarian origin in their applications for Bulgarian citizenship, of which 67,355 requests were granted. A minor part of them are among the total of 2,934 North Macedonia-born residents, who are residing in Bulgaria by 2016.[55]
^ d: by citizenship excluding dual citizens
^ e: by single ethnic group per person
^ f: by foreign-born
^ h: by heritage
^ n: by legal nationality
^ m: by nationality, naturalisation and descendant background

Etymology

See also: Bulgars

Bulgarians derive their ethnonym from the Bulgars. Their name is not completely understood and difficult to trace back earlier than the 4th century AD,[59] but it is possibly derived from the Proto-Turkic word *bulģha ("to mix", "shake", "stir") and its derivative *bulgak ("revolt", "disorder").[60] Alternative etymologies include derivation from a compound of Proto-Turkic (Oghuric) *bel ("five") and *gur ("arrow" in the sense of "tribe"), a proposed division within the Utigurs or Onogurs ("ten tribes").[61]

Citizenship

According to the Art.25 (1) of Constitution of Bulgaria, a Bulgarian citizen shall be anyone born to at least one parent holding a Bulgarian citizenship, or born on the territory of the Republic of Bulgaria, should they not be entitled to any other citizenship by virtue of origin. Bulgarian citizenship shall further be acquirable through naturalization.[62] About 85% of Bulgaria's population identified themselves as ethnic Bulgarians in 2021 Bulgarian census.[63]

Ethnogenesis

Bulgarians are descended from peoples of vastly different origins and numbers, and are thus the result of a "melting pot" effect. The main ethnic elements which blended in to produce the modern Bulgarian ethnicity are:

  • Thracians – a native ancient Balkan Indo-European people, from whom cultural and ethnic elements were retained;[64][65][66]
  • Early Slavs – an Indo-European group of tribes who migrated from Eastern Europe into the Balkans in the period of 6th–7th centuries CE and imposed their language and culture on the local Thracian, Roman and Greek communities.
  • Bulgars – semi-nomadic Turkic tribes from Central Asia who arrived in the 7th century CE, federated with the local Slavic and Slavicized populations, organized the early medieval Bulgarian statehood and bequeathed their ethnonym to the modern Bulgarian ethnicity, while eventually assimilating into the local Slavic population.[67][68]

From the indigenous Thracian people certain cultural and ethnic elements were taken.[69][64] Other pre-Slavic Indo-European peoples, including Dacians (if distinct from Thracians), Celts, Goths, Romans, ancient Greeks, Sarmatians, Paeonians and Illyrians also settled into the later Bulgarian land. The Thracian language was still spoken in the 6th century, probably becoming extinct afterwards,[70][71][72] but that in a later period the Bulgarians replaced long-established Greek/Latin toponyms with Thracian, might suggest that it had not been completely obliterated then.[73] Some pre-Slavic linguistic and cultural traces might have been preserved in modern Bulgarians (and Macedonians).[74][75] Scythia Minor and Moesia Inferior appear to have been Romanized,[76] although the region became a focus of barbarian re-settlements (various Goths and Huns) during the 4th and early 5th centuries AD,[77] before a further "Romanization" episode during the early 6th century.[78] According to archeological evidence from the late periods of Roman rule, the Romans did not decrease the number of Thracians significantly in major cities. By the 4th century the major city of Serdica had predominantly Thracian populace based on epigraphic evidence, which shows prevailing Latino-Thracian given names, but thereafter the names were completely replaced by Christian ones.[79]

The early Slavs emerged from their original homeland in the early 6th century, and spread to most of the eastern Central Europe, Eastern Europe and the Balkans, thus forming three main branches: the West Slavs in eastern Central Europe, the East Slavs in Eastern Europe, and the South Slavs in Southeastern Europe (Balkans). The latter gradually inflicted total linguistic replacement of Thracian, if the Thracians had not already been Romanized or Hellenized.[80] Most scholars accept that they began large-scale settling of the Balkans in the 580s based on the statement of the 6th century historian Menander speaking of 100,000 Slavs in Thrace and consecutive attacks of Greece in 582.[81] They continued coming to the Balkans in many waves, but also leaving, most notably Justinian II (685–695) settled as many as 30,000 Slavs from Thrace in Asia Minor. The Byzantines grouped the numerous Slavic tribes into two groups: the Sclaveni and Antes.[82] Some Bulgarian scholars suggest that the Antes became one of the ancestors of the modern Bulgarians.[82]

The Bulgars are first mentioned in the 4th century in the vicinity of the North Caucasian steppe. Scholars often suggest that the ultimate origins of the Bulgar is Turkic and can be traced to the Central Asian nomadic confederations,[83][84][85][86] specifically as part of loosely related Oghuric tribes which spanned from the Pontic steppe to central Asia.[87] However, any direct connection between the Bulgars and postulated Asian counterparts rest on little more than speculative and "contorted etymologies".[88] Some Bulgarian historians question the identification of the Bulgars as a Turkic tribe and suggest an Iranian origin.[89][90] Other Bulgarian scholars actively oppose the "Iranian hypothesis".[91][92] According to Raymond Detrez, the Iranian theory is rooted in the periods of anti-Turkish sentiment in Bulgaria and is ideologically motivated.[93] Since 1989, anti-Turkish rhetoric is now reflected in the theories that challenge the thesis of the Bulgars' Turkic origin. Alongside the Iranian or Aryan theory, there appeared arguments favoring an autochthonous origin.[94]

In the 670s, some Bulgar tribes, the Danube Bulgars led by Asparuh and the Bulgars, led by Kuber, crossed the Danube river and settled in the Balkans with a single migration wave, the former of which Michael the Syrian described as numbering 10,000.[95][68] The Bulgars are often not thought to have been numerous, becoming a ruling elite in the areas they controlled.[68][96] However, according to Steven Runciman a tribe that was able to defeat an Emperor-lead Byzantine army, must have been of considerable dimensions.[97] Asparuh's Bulgars made a tribal union with the Severians and the "Seven clans", who were re-settled to protect the flanks of the Bulgar settlements in Scythia Minor, as the capital Pliska was built on the site of a former Slavic settlement.

During the Early Byzantine Era, the Roman provincials in Scythia Minor and Moesia Secunda were already engaged in economic and social exchange with the 'barbarians' north of the Danube. This might have facilitated their eventual Slavonization,[98] although the majority of the population appears to have been withdrawn to the hinterland of Constantinople or Asia Minor prior to any permanent Slavic and Bulgar settlement south of the Danube.[99] The major port towns in Pontic Bulgaria remained Byzantine Greek in their outlook. The large scale population transfers and territorial expansions during the 8th and 9th century, additionally increased the number of the Slavs and Byzantine Christians within the state, making the Bulgars quite obviously a minority.[100] The establishment of a new state molded the various Slav, Bulgar and earlier or later populations into the "Bulgarian people" of the First Bulgarian Empire[68][101][102] speaking a South Slavic language.[103] In different periods to the ethnogenesis of the local population contributed also different Indo-European and Turkic people, who settled or lived on the Balkans.

Bulgarian ethnogenetic conception

The Bulgarians are usually regarded as part of the Slavic ethnolinguistic group.[104][105][106][107] However the controversial issue of their ethnogenesis is a popular subject in the works of the nationalist scientists. The fierce debates started in the 19th century and the questionable proportions of the presumed Thracian, Bulgar, and Slavic ancestry, have depended on the geopolitical situation of the country and on ideological and political predilections.[108][109] These supposed proportions have been changed several times during the 20th century, emphasizing usually the Slavic part of Bulgarian ancestry, related to the traditionally strong Russophilia in the country.[110][111] However, during the 1970s the Thracology was especially supported by the communist authority, as an attempt to underline the indigenous influence into the Bulgarian ethnogenesis. After the fall of Communism, the spiritualized image of the Thracians began to fade. Following the cooling of the relations with Russia, and the country's EU accession, the opinion on significant Bulgar genetic impact, was launched among nationalist circles, that lately have downplayed the country's Slavic ancestry.[112][113] From a limited group of Turkic equestrian nomads, the Danubian Bulgars were reinterpreted by them as a numerous Aryan people, with an unique culture.[114][115]

Genetic origins

Main article: Genetic studies on Bulgarians

According to a triple analysis – autosomal, mitochondrial and paternal — of available data from large-scale studies on Balto-Slavs and their proximal populations, the whole genome SNP data situates Bulgarians in a cluster with Romanians, Macedonians and Gagauzes, and they are at similar proximity to Serbs and Montenegrins.[65]

History

 
Officers from Bulgarian hussar regiment in Russia (1776–1783)
See also: Nationalism in the Middle Ages, Byzantine commonwealth, and Rum Millet

The First Bulgarian Empire was founded in 681. After the adoption of Orthodox Christianity in 864 it became one of the cultural centres of Slavic Europe. Its leading cultural position was consolidated with the invention of the Cyrillic script in its capital Preslav at the eve of the 10th century.[116] The development of Old Church Slavonic literacy in the country had the effect of preventing the assimilation of the South Slavs into neighbouring cultures and it also stimulated the development of a distinct ethnic identity.[117] A symbiosis was carried out between the numerically weak Bulgars and the numerous Slavic tribes in that broad area from the Danube to the north, to the Aegean Sea to the south, and from the Adriatic Sea to the west, to the Black Sea to the east, who accepted the common ethnonym "Bulgarians".[118] During the 10th century the Bulgarians established a form of national identity that was far from modern nationalism but helped them to survive as a distinct entity through the centuries.[119][120]

In 1018 Bulgaria lost its independence and remained a Byzantine subject until 1185, when the Second Bulgarian Empire was created.[121] Nevertheless, at the end of the 14th century, the Ottomans conquered the whole of Bulgaria.[122] Under the Ottoman system, Christians were considered an inferior class of people. Thus, Bulgarians, like other Christians, were subjected to heavy taxes and a small portion of the Bulgarian populace experienced partial or complete Islamisation.[123] Orthodox Christians were included in a specific ethno-religious community called Rum Millet. To the common people, belonging to this Orthodox commonwealth became more important than their ethnic origins.[124] This community became both, basic form of social organization and source of identity for all the ethnic groups inside it.[125] In this way, ethnonyms were rarely used and between the 15th and 19th centuries, most of the local people gradually began to identify themselves simply as Christians.[126][127] However, the public-spirited clergy in some isolated monasteries still kept the distinct Bulgarian identity alive,[128] and this helped it to survive predominantly in rural, remote areas.[129] Despite the process of ethno-religious fusion among the Orthodox Christians, strong nationalist sentiments persisted into the Catholic community in the northwestern part of the country.[130] At that time, a process of partial Hellenization occurred among the intelligentsia and the urban population, as a result of the higher status of the Greek culture and the Greek Orthodox Church among the Balkan Christians. During the second half of the 18th century, the Enlightenment in Western Europe provided influence for the initiation of the National awakening of Bulgaria in 1762.[131]

Some Bulgarians supported the Russian Army when they crossed the Danube in the middle of the 18th century. Russia worked to convince them to settle in areas recently conquered by it, especially in Bessarabia. As a consequence, many Bulgarian refugees settled there, and later they formed two military regiments, as part of the Russian military colonization of the area in 1759–1763.[132]

Bulgarian national movement

See also: Bulgarian Millet

During the Russo-Turkish Wars (1806–1812) and (1828–1829) Bulgarian emigrants formed the Bulgarian Countrymen's Army and joined the Russian Army, hoping Russia would bring Bulgarian liberation, but its imperial interests were focused then on Greece and Valachia.[133] The rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire led to a struggle for cultural and religious autonomy of the Bulgarian people. The Bulgarians wanted to have their own schools and liturgy in Bulgarian, and they needed an independent ecclesiastical organisation. Discontent with the supremacy of the Greek Orthodox clergy, the struggle started to flare up in several Bulgarian dioceses in the 1820s.

It was not until the 1850s when the Bulgarians initiated a purposeful struggle against the Patriarchate of Constantinople. The struggle between the Bulgarians and the Greek Phanariotes intensified throughout the 1860s. In 1861 the Vatican and the Ottoman government recognized a separate Bulgarian Uniat Church. As the Greek clerics were ousted from most Bulgarian bishoprics at the end of the decade, significant areas had been seceded from the Patriarchate's control. This movement restored the distinct Bulgarian national consciousness among the common people and led to the recognition of the Bulgarian millet in 1870 by the Ottomans. As result, two armed struggle movements started to develop as late as the beginning of the 1870s: the Internal Revolutionary Organisation and the Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee. Their armed struggle reached its peak with the April Uprising which broke out in 1876. It resulted in the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), and led to the foundation of the third Bulgarian state after the Treaty of San Stefano. The issue of Bulgarian nationalism gained greater significance, following the Congress of Berlin which took back the Macedonia and Adrianople regions, returning them under the control of the Ottoman Empire. Also an autonomous Ottoman province, called Eastern Rumelia was created in Northern Thrace. As a consequence, the Bulgarian national movement proclaimed as its aim the inclusion of most of Macedonia, Thrace and Moesia under Greater Bulgaria.

Eastern Rumelia was annexed to Bulgaria in 1885 through bloodless revolution. During the early 1890s, two pro-Bulgarian revolutionary organizations were founded: the Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization and the Supreme Macedonian-Adrianople Committee. In 1903 they participated in the unsuccessful Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising against the Ottomans in Macedonia and the Adrianople Vilayet. Macedonian Slavs were identified then predominantly as Bulgarians, and significant Bulgarophile sentiments endured up among them until the end of the Second World War.[134][135][136][137][138]

In the early 20th century the control over Macedonia became a key point of contention between Bulgaria, Greece, and Serbia, who fought the First Balkan War of (1912–1913) and the Second Balkan War of (1913). The area was further fought over during the World War I (1915–1918) and the World War II (1941–1944).

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Bulgaria
 
Map of the Bulgarian diaspora in the world (includes people with Bulgarian ancestry or citizenship).
  Bulgaria
  + 100,000
  + 10,000
  + 1,000

Most Bulgarians live in Bulgaria, where they number around 6 million,[139][140] constituting 85% of the population. Bulgarian minorities exist in Serbia, Romania (Banat Bulgarians), Hungary, Albania, as well as in Ukraine and Moldova (see Bessarabian Bulgarians). Many Bulgarians also live in the diaspora, which is formed by representatives and descendants of the old (before 1989) and new (after 1989) emigration. The old emigration was made up of some 2,470,000[citation needed] economic and several tens of thousands of political emigrants, and was directed for the most part to the U.S., Canada, Argentina, Brazil and Germany. The new emigration is estimated at some 970,000 people and can be divided into two major subcategories: permanent emigration at the beginning of the 1990s, directed mostly to the U.S., Canada, Austria, and Germany and labour emigration at the end of the 1990s, directed for the most part to Greece, Italy, the UK and Spain. Migrations to the West have been quite steady even in the late 1990s and early 21st century, as people continue moving to countries like the US, Canada and Australia. Most Bulgarians living in Canada can be found in Toronto, Ontario, and the provinces with the most Bulgarians in Canada are Ontario and Quebec. According to the 2001 census there were 1,124,240 Bulgarian citizens in the city of Sofia,[140] 302,858 in Plovdiv, 300,000 in Varna and about 200,000 in Burgas. The total number of Bulgarians stood at over 9 million.[141][142]

Associated ethnic groups

Bulgarians are considered most closely related to the neighbouring Macedonians.[44] The ethnic Macedonians were considered Bulgarians by most ethnographers until the early 20th century and beyond with a big portion of them evidently self-identifying as such.[143][144][145] The majority of the Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia and part of the Torlak speakers in Serbia have also had a history of identifying as Bulgarians and being members of the Bulgarian Exarchate, which included most of the Torlak-speaking and Greek Macedonian territory. The greater part of these people were also considered Bulgarians by most ethnographers until the early 20th century and beyond.[146][147][148][149]

Culture

Language

Main article: Bulgarian language

Bulgarians speak a South Slavic language which is mutually intelligible with Macedonian and to a lesser degree with Serbo-Croatian, especially the eastern dialects.[150] The lexical similarities between Bulgarian and Macedonian are 86%, between Bulgarian and other Slavic languages between 71% and 80%, but with the Baltic languages they are 40–46%, while with English are about 20%.[151][152] Less than a dozen Bulgarian words are derived from Turkic Bulgar.[68]

Bulgarian demonstrates some linguistic developments that set it apart from other Slavic languages shared with Romanian, Albanian and Greek (see Balkan language area). Bulgarian was influenced lexically by medieval and modern Greek, and Turkish. Medieval Bulgarian influenced the other South Slavic languages and Romanian. With Bulgarian and Russian there was a mutual influence in both directions. Both languages were official or a lingua franca of each other during the Middle Ages and the Cold War. Recently, Bulgarian has borrowed many words from German, French and English.

The Bulgarian language is spoken by the majority of the Bulgarian diaspora, but less so by the descendants of earlier emigrants to the U.S., Canada, Argentina and Brazil.

Bulgarian linguists consider the officialized Macedonian language (since 1944) to be a local variation of Bulgarian, just as most ethnographers and linguists until the early 20th century considered the local Slavic speech in the Macedonian region. The president of Bulgaria, Zhelyu Zhelev, declined to recognize Macedonian as a separate language when North Macedonia became a new independent state. The Bulgarian language is written in the Cyrillic script.

Cyrillic alphabet

Main article: Cyrillic alphabet
 
Cyrillic alphabet of the medieval Old Bulgarian language

In the first half of the 10th century, the Cyrillic script was devised in the Preslav Literary School, Bulgaria, based on the Glagolitic, the Greek and Latin alphabets. Modern versions of the alphabet are now used to write five more Slavic languages such as Belarusian, Macedonian, Russian, Serbian and Ukrainian as well as Mongolian and some other 60 languages spoken in the former Soviet Union. Medieval Bulgaria was the most important cultural centre of the Slavic peoples at the end of the 9th and throughout the 10th century. The two literary schools of Preslav and Ohrid developed a rich literary and cultural activity with authors of the rank of Constantine of Preslav, John Exarch, Chernorizets Hrabar, Clement and Naum of Ohrid. Bulgaria exerted similar influence on her neighbouring countries in the mid- to late 14th century, at the time of the Tarnovo Literary School, with the work of Patriarch Evtimiy, Gregory Tsamblak, Constantine of Kostenets (Konstantin Kostenechki). Bulgarian cultural influence was especially strong in Wallachia and Moldova where the Cyrillic script was used until 1860, while Church Slavonic was the official language of the princely chancellery and of the church until the end of the 17th century.

Name system

Main article: Bulgarian name

There are several different layers of Bulgarian names. The vast majority of them have either Christian (names like Lazar, Ivan, Anna, Maria, Ekaterina) or Slavic origin (Vladimir, Svetoslav, Velislava). After the Liberation in 1878, the names of historical Bulgar rulers like Asparuh, Krum, Kubrat and Tervel were resurrected. The Bulgar name Boris has spread from Bulgaria to a number of countries in the world.

Most Bulgarian male surnames have an -ov surname suffix (Cyrillic: -ов), a tradition used mostly by Eastern Slavic nations such as Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. This is sometimes transcribed as -off or -of (John Atanasov—John Atanasoff), but more often as -ov (e.g. Boyko Borisov). The -ov suffix is the Slavic gender-agreeing suffix, thus Ivanov (Bulgarian: Иванов) literally means "Ivan's". Bulgarian middle names are patronymic and use the gender-agreeing suffix as well, thus the middle name of Nikola's son becomes Nikolov, and the middle name of Ivan's son becomes Ivanov. Since names in Bulgarian are gender-based, Bulgarian women have the -ova surname suffix (Cyrillic: -овa), for example, Maria Ivanova. The plural form of Bulgarian names ends in -ovi (Cyrillic: -ови), for example the Ivanovi family (Иванови).

Other common Bulgarian male surnames have the -ev surname suffix (Cyrillic: -ев), for example Stoev, Ganchev, Peev, and so on. The female surname in this case would have the -eva surname suffix (Cyrillic: -ева), for example: Galina Stoeva. The last name of the entire family then would have the plural form of -evi (Cyrillic: -еви), for example: the Stoevi family (Стоеви).

Another typical Bulgarian surname suffix, though less common, is -ski. This surname ending also gets an –a when the bearer of the name is female (Smirnenski becomes Smirnenska). The plural form of the surname suffix -ski is still -ski, e.g. the Smirnenski family (Смирненски).

The ending –in (female -ina) also appears rarely. It used to be given to the child of an unmarried woman (for example the son of Kuna will get the surname Kunin and the son of Gana – Ganin). The surname suffix -ich can be found only occasionally, primarily among the Roman Catholic Bulgarians. The surname ending –ich does not get an additional –a if the bearer of the name is female.

Religion

Main articles: Eastern Orthodox Church and Bulgarian Orthodox Church
 
Map of the Bulgarian Exarchate (1870–1913). The Ottomans required a threshold of two thirds of positive votes of the Orthodox population to include a region into this jurisdiction.[153]

Most Bulgarians are at least nominally members of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church founded in 870 AD (autocephalous since 927 AD). The Bulgarian Orthodox Church is the independent national church of Bulgaria like the other national branches of the Eastern Orthodox communion and is considered a dominating element of Bulgarian national consciousness. The church was abolished once, during the period of Ottoman rule (1396—1878), in 1873 it was revived as Bulgarian Exarchate and soon after raised again to Bulgarian Patriarchate. In 2011, the Orthodox Church at least nominally had a total of 4,374,000 members in Bulgaria (59% of the population), down from 6,552,000 (83%) at the 2001 census. 4,240,000 of these pointed out the Bulgarian ethnic group. The Orthodox Bulgarian minorities in Romania, Serbia, Greece, Albania, Ukraine and Moldova nowadays hold allegiance to the respective national Orthodox churches.

Despite the position of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church as a unifying symbol for all Bulgarians, small groups of Bulgarians have converted to other faiths through the course of time. During Ottoman rule, a substantial number of Bulgarians converted to Islam, forming the community of the Pomaks or Muslim Bulgarians.[154] In the 16th and the 17th centuries Roman Catholic missionaries converted a small number of Bulgarian Paulicians in the districts of Plovdiv and Svishtov to Roman Catholicism. Nowadays there are some 40,000 Roman Catholic Bulgarians in Bulgaria, additional 10,000 in the Banat in Romania and up to 100,000 people of Bulgarian ancestry in South America. The Roman Catholic Bulgarians of the Banat are also descendants of Paulicians who fled there at the end of the 17th century after an unsuccessful uprising against the Ottomans. Protestantism was introduced in Bulgaria by missionaries from the United States in 1857. Missionary work continued throughout the second half of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century. Nowadays there are some 25,000 Protestant Bulgarians in Bulgaria.

Art and science

Main articles: Cinema of Bulgaria, Bulgarian literature, Music of Bulgaria, and Bulgarian dances
 
 
Assen Jordanoff (left), Bulgarian American inventor considered by prominent aviation specialists the main contributor to the American knowledge of aviation, likewise the Boeing, airbag and tape recorder.[155]
John Vincent Atanasoff (right), Bulgarian American inventor of the Atanasoff-Berry computer, legally the inventor of the electronic digital computer in the U.S. and considered the "father of the computer".[156][157][158]

Boris Christoff, Nicolai Ghiaurov, Raina Kabaivanska and Ghena Dimitrova made a precious contribution to opera singing with Ghiaurov and Christoff being two of the greatest bassos in the post-war period. Similarly, Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean is one of the best-known harpists today. Bulgarians have made valuable contributions to world culture in modern times as well. Julia Kristeva and Tzvetan Todorov were among the most influential European philosophers in the second half of the 20th century. The artist Christo is among the most famous representatives of environmental art, with projects such as the Wrapped Reichstag.

Bulgarians in the diaspora have also been active. American scientists and inventors of Bulgarian descent include John Atanasoff, Peter Petroff, and Assen Jordanoff. Bulgarian-American Stephane Groueff wrote the celebrated book Manhattan Project, about the making of the first atomic bomb and also penned Crown of Thorns, a biography of Tsar Boris III of Bulgaria.

Cuisine

Main article: Bulgarian cuisine
 
Bulgarian peach kompot – non alcoholic clear juice obtained by cooking fruit

Famous for its rich salads required at every meal, Bulgarian cuisine is also noted for the diversity and quality of dairy products and the variety of local wines and alcoholic beverages such as rakia, mastika and menta. Bulgarian cuisine features also a variety of hot and cold soups, an example of a cold soup being tarator. There are many different Bulgarian pastries as well such as banitsa.

Most Bulgarian dishes are oven baked, steamed, or in the form of stew. Deep-frying is not very typical, but grilling—especially different kinds of meats—is very common. Pork meat is the most common meat in the Bulgarian cuisine. Oriental dishes do exist in Bulgarian cuisine with most common being moussaka, gyuvetch, and baklava. A very popular ingredient in Bulgarian cuisine is the Bulgarian white brine cheese called "sirene" (сирене). It is the main ingredient in many salads, as well as in a variety of pastries. Fish and chicken are widely eaten and while beef is less common as most cattle are bred for milk production rather than meat, veal is a natural byproduct of this process and it is found in many popular recipes. Bulgaria is a net exporter of lamb and its own consumption of the meat is prevalent during its production time in spring.[159] The bread and salt tradition, which is widespread amongBalto-Slavs, is the usual welcome given tostrangers and politicians.

Folk beliefs and customs

Main articles: Bulgarian customs and Slavic mythology
 
Kukeri from the area of Burgas
 
Girls celebrating Lazaruvane from Gabrа, Sofia Province

Bulgarians may celebrate Saint Theodore's Day with horse racings. At Christmas Eve a Pogača with fortunes is cooked, which are afterwards put under the pillow. At Easter the first egg is painted red and is kept for a whole year. On the Baptism of Jesus a competition to catch the cross in the river is held and is believed the sky is "opened" and any wish will be fulfilled.

Bulgarians as well as Albanians nod the head up and down to indicates "no" and shake to indicate "yes". They may wear the martenitsa (мартеница)—an adornment made of white and red yarn and worn on the wrist or pinned on the clothes—from 1 March until the end of the month. Alternatively, one can take off the martenitsa earlier if one sees a stork (considered a harbinger of spring). One can then tie the martenitsa to the blossoming branch of a tree. Family-members and friends in Bulgaria customarily exchange martenitsas, which they regard as symbols of health and longevity. When a stork is seen, the martenitsa should be left on a tree. The white thread represents peace and tranquility, while the red one stands for the cycles of life. Bulgarians may also refer to the holiday of 1 March as Baba Marta (Баба Марта), meaning Grandmother March. It preserves an ancient pagan tradition, possibly celebrating the old Roman new Year, beginning on 1 March, identical with Romanian Mărțișor. Pagan customs found their way to the Christian holidays. The ancient ritual of kukeri (кукери), similar to Slovenian Kurentovanje, Busójárás and Halloween, is performed by costumed men in different times of the year and after Easter. This seeks to scare away evil spirits and bring good harvest and health to the community. Goat is symbolized, that was left from the Thracian cult of Dionysian Mysteries. The ritual consists of dancing, jumping, shouting and collect gifts from the houses in an attempt to banish all evil from the village. The adornments on the costumes vary from one region to another. The Thracian Heros remains in the image of Saint George, at whose feast the agriculture is celebrated, a lamb is traditionally eaten, accomplished with ritual bathing. Saint Tryphon's fertility and wine is attributed a Thracian origin, considered to preserve the cult to Sabazius as the Kukeri.[160] This is followed in February by Pokladi, a tradition of setting massively large fire and jump over as at the Kupala Night and a competition between couples to eat an egg on a thread is held. Another characteristic custom called nestinarstvo (нестинарство), or firedancing, distinguishes the Strandzha region, as well as Dog spinning. The authentic nestinarstvo with states of trance is only preserved in the village Balgari. This ancient custom involves dancing into fire or over live embers. Women dance into the fire with their bare feet without suffering any injury or pain.

Slavic pagan customs are preserved in Bulgarian Christian holidays. The Miladinov brothers and foreign authors noticed that even pagan prayers are preserved quoting plenty of Slavic pagan rite songs and tales remained in Bulgarians, including Macedonians and Pomaks, mainly dedicated to the divine nymphs samovili and peperuna for the feasts surva, Saint George's Day, Koleda, etc. with evidence of toponymy throughout the regional groups linking directly to the deities Svarog, Perun, Hors and Veles, while the regional group Hartsoi derive their name from god Hors.[161][162][163] Songs dedicated to the Thracian divinity Orpheus were found in Pomaks, who is said to marry the samovili. The old Bulgarian name of the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple was Gromnitsa and Perunov den dedicated to the supreme Slavic thunder god Perun. In the mix of Christian and pagan patrons of thunder, at Saint Elijah's feast day Ognyena Maria is worshiped, the Slavic goddesses assisting Perun that took a substitutional dual position of the Christian Mother of God. The custom for rain begging Peperuna is derived from the wife of Perun and the god of the rain Dodola, this was described by a 1792 Bulgarian book as a continued worship of Perun at times of absence of rain with a ritual performed by a boy or a girl dressed like Perun.[164] Similar rain begging is called German. In case of continuous lack of rain, a custom of driving out the zmey from the area is performed. In the dualistic Slavic belief the zmey may be both good tutelary spirit and evil, in which case is considered not local and good, but evil and trying to inflict harm and drought.[165] Saint Jeremiah's feast is of the snakes and the reptiles, there is a tradition of jumping over fire. At the Rusalska Week the girls don't go outside to prevent themselves from diseases and harm that the dead forces Rusalii can cause.[165] This remained the holiday of the samovili. The men performing the custom are also called Rusalii, they don't let anybody pass through between them, don't talk with each other except for the evening, avoid water, if someone lacks behind a member swoops the sword over the lacker's head to prevent him from evil spirits.[166] If the group encounter on their way a well, dry tree, old cemeteries, crossroads, they go round them three times. Before leaving rusalii say goodbye to their relatives as if they went to war, which is not surprising because some of them are killed. When two rusalii groups met there was a fight to the death in which the dead were buried in special "rusaliyski cemetery." Each year there are holidays in honour of wolves and mouses. A relief for the scared believers is celebrated at the Beheading of St. John the Baptist, when according to Bulgarian belief all the mythical figures go back to their caves in a mythical village in the middle of nowhere Zmeykovo of the zmey king, along with the rusalki, samodivi, and return at Annunciation.[165] According to other beliefs the danger peaks at the so-called few days around the New Year Eve "Dirty Days", this time starts at Koleda, which merged with Christmas, when groups of kids koledari visit houses, singing carols and receiving a gift at parting. It is believed that no man can go in Zmeyovo and only the magpie knows the location of this place. At many of the holidays a sexual taboo is said to be practiced to prevent conceiving a vampire or werewolf and not to work, not to go to Sedenki or go out. Live-fire is set in case of epidemics.[165] Babinden for example is rooted in the mother-goddess. On the day of St. Vlas, the tradition of a "wooly" god Veles established itself, a god who is considered to be a protector of shepherds, and bread is given to the livestock on that day.[165] The ancient Slavic custom to marry died people occurred in Bulgarian society.[165] Survakane is performed each new year with a decorated stick by children, who hit adults on the back for health at the New Year Eve, usually in exchange of money. In the Chech region there is a custom forbidding "touching the land", i.e. construction and agriculture, at the equinox on 25 March and the same custom is found in Belarusian Volhynia and Polesia.[165]

Bulgarian mythology and fairy tales are mainly about forest figures, such as the dragon zmey, the nymphs samovili (samodivi), the witch veshtitsa. They are usually harmful and devastating, but can also help the people. The samovili are said to live in beeches and sycamores the, which are therefore considered holy and not permitted burning.[165] Samovili, although believed to be masters of everything between the sky and the earth, "run away" from fraxinus, garlic, dew and walnut.[165] Walnut remained in Christianity to be used in prayers to "see" the dead in Spirits Day.[165] Dictamnus is believed to be their favourite herb, which is intoxicating. The samovili are spirits in Bulgarian beliefs are the diseases themselves and punish people, kidnap shepherds, make blind the people or drown them and are in white colored dress, they are in odd numbers, which suggest they are ones of the "dead".[165] Epic heroes as Prince Marko are believed to be descended from the samodivi. The elm is believed to scare the evil forces. Sacral trees in Bulgarian beliefs are beeches and oaks.[165] Hawthorn is believed to expel all evil forces and is applied to cure suspected vampires. The tradition forbids killing of sacred animals – deer, while it is hold a belief the samodivi runaway from horse. The alleged as "unclean" animals resembling the devil such as the goat are, however, exempted from being eaten as the holy ones. The zmey is transhuman and can turn "into" animals, plants and items, he is also "responsible" for diseases, madness and missing women.[165] The female version of the Slavic zmey is Lamia and Ala is another version. The girls who practiced Lazaruvane and other rituals "could not" be kidnapped by the zmey. The main enemy of the Sun is the zmey, which tries to eat the Sun, which scene is preserved in church art.[165] The sun is painted one eyed as recorded by beliefs Perun stabbed one of the sun's eyes to save the world from overheating.[165] The born on Saturday are thought as having supernatural powers, those born at the wolves' holidays and a number of people are alleged as varkolaks and vampires.[165] The most spread Bulgarian view of the vampire was that of a rolling bulbous balloon of blood derived from the Slavic term pir "drink".[165] Rusalka is believed to be a variety of the samodivi and Nav, but the latter are considered little fairies.[165] The Thursdays remained feasts of Perun in Bulgarian beliefs.[165] The wind and the hot steam of the bread is believed to be the souls of the dead.[165] From Easter to Feast of the Ascension it is believed that the death are in the flowers and the animals. Mora in Bulgarian beliefs is a black hairy evil spirit with four firing eyes associated with nightmares when causing someone to scream, similarly to Kikimora. Polunoshtnitsa and Poludnica are believed to be evil spirits causing death, while to Lesnik, Domovnik and Vodnik a dualistic nature is attributed.[165] Thanks to the Vlshebnik, a man of the community, a magician and a priest, communication with the "other" world was held.[165] Torbalan is the Sack Man used to scare children, along with Baba Yaga, who is a witch in her Bulgarian version.[165]

Kuma Lisa and Hitar Petar are the tricky fox and villager from the fairy tales, the tricked antagonist is often Nasreddin Hoca, whereas Bay Ganyo is a ridiculed Bulgarian villager. Ivancho and Mariika are the protagonists of the jokes.

Despite eastern Ottoman influence is obvious in areas such as cuisine and music, Bulgarian folk beliefs and mythology seem to lack analogies with Turkic mythology, paganism and any non-European folk beliefs,[165] sо in pre-Christian times the ancient Bulgars were much inferior to the Slavs in the ethnogenesis and culture that resulted in modern Bulgarians. The Slavic language was officialized at the same time with Christianity, so Slavic paganism has never been a state religion of Bulgaria or more influential than Tengriism. Most of Bulgarian land lack any pagan archeology left from the Bulgars, despite early Christianization and that during most of the pagan period medieval Bulgarian borders spread significantly only in today's northern Bulgaria. Although legacy indicating ancient Bulgar culture is at most virtually absent in modern Bulgarian culture, some authors claim there is a similarity between the dress and customs of the Chuvashes, who descend from the Volga Bulgars, and the Bulgarian ethnographic group Kapantsi from Targovishte Province and Razgrad Province, among whom the claim that they are direct descendants of Asparuh's Bulgars is popular,[167][168][169] but Slavic elements are found among them.[170]

Folk dress and music

 
Bulgarian folk dancers in a national costume with embroidery on the penultimate row of the aprons showing the most spread Slavic cryptogram Bur[171] with a cross inside the rhombus representing the sun and spirals indicating rain,[172] which is similarly represented as the Rising Sun[173] decorative pattern of the Flag of Belarus. Similar carpet patterns appear on the Flag of Turkmenistan ultimately derived from ancient Persia.

Bulgarian folk costumes feature long white robes, usually with red embrdoiery and ornaments derived from the Slavic Rachenik. The costume is considered to be mainly derived from the dress of the ancient Slavs, the female dress with the overgarments joined at the shoulders that evolved from Sarafan and all the types of sukman, saya and aprons fasten at the waist are said to be directly descended from the ancient Slavs only with negligible mutation.[168][174] The women's head-dress, which turned to be a must for the Bulgarian costume is a decoration with flowers optionally on a headband, that distinguishes all the Balto-Slavic peoples and is not found in western cultures. The male dress is of likewise origin, usually Riza "robe", poyas "belt", poturi "full-bottomed breeches" typical for the Slavs and often a tsarvul and kalpak for shoes and jacket. Among the most similar relatives of the latter for example is Ukrainian hutsul, but the kalpak is attributed to Ottoman influence. The male skirt fustanella appears on the dress only of the Macedonian Bulgarians and is of indigenous Balkan origin or influence. In some dress of Thrace the symbol of the snake as in medieval tombs is found and is considered a Thracian cultural legacy and belief.[165]

Folk songs are most often about the nymphs from Bulgarian and West Slavic mythology (samovili) and the epic heroes (yunaks).[162] Instruments Gadulka, Gusla, Duduk, gaida Dvoyanka are analogous to other Slavic gudok, dudka and Dvodentsivka. Kaval is common in the Balkans and Turkey and is akin to Arab Kawala, as well as Tapan, Goblet Drum, Zurna. The most spread dance is a circle dance called horo and khorovod. Songs are generally loud. Recent eastern influences from the genre music chalga and turbo-folk even brought a prestige for the masculine voices of females.

Valya Balkanska is a folk singer thanks to whom the Bulgarian speech in her song "Izlel ye Delyo Haydutin" will be played in the Outer space for at least 60,000 years more as part of the Voyager Golden Record selection of music included in the two Voyager spacecraft launched in 1977.

Sport

Main article: Sport in Bulgaria
 
Hristo Stoichkov, awarded the Golden Ball and regarded as one of the best footballers by Barcelona.[175]
 
Veselin Topalov, the 21st World Chess Champion.

As for most European peoples, football became by far the most popular sport for the Bulgarians. Hristo Stoichkov was one of the best football (soccer) players in the second half of the 20th century, having played with the national team and FC Barcelona. He received a number of awards and was the joint top scorer at the 1994 World Cup. Dimitar Berbatov, formerly in Manchester United, Tottenham Hotspur, Bayer Leverkusen and others, the national team and two domestic clubs, is still the most popular Bulgarian football player of the 21st century.

In the beginning of the 20th century Bulgaria was famous for two of the best wrestlers in the world – Dan Kolov and Nikola Petroff. Stefka Kostadinova is the best female high jumper, still holding the world record from 1987, one of the oldest unbroken world records for all kind of athletics. Ivet Lalova along with Irina Privalova is currently the fastest white woman at 100 metres. Kaloyan Mahlyanov has been the first European sumo wrestler to win the Emperor's Cup in Japan. Veselin Topalov won the 2005 World Chess Championship. He was ranked No. 1 in the world from April 2006 to January 2007, and had the second highest Elo rating of all time (2813). He regained the world No. 1 ranking again in October 2008.

Symbols

The national symbols of the Bulgarians are the Flag, the Coat of Arms, the National anthem and the National Guard, as well other unofficial symbols such as the Samara flag.

The national flag of Bulgaria is a rectangle with three colours: white, green, and red, positioned horizontally top to bottom. The colour fields are of same form and equal size. It is generally known that the white represents – the sky, the green – the forest and nature and the red – the blood of the people, referencing the strong bond of the nation through all the wars and revolutions that have shaken the country in the past. The Coat of arms of Bulgaria is a state symbol of the sovereignty and independence of the Bulgarian people and state. It represents a crowned rampant golden lion on a dark red background with the shape of a shield. Above the shield there is a crown modeled after the crowns of the emperors of the Second Bulgarian Empire, with five crosses and an additional cross on top. Two crowned rampant golden lions hold the shield from both sides, facing it. They stand upon two crossed oak branches with acorns, which symbolize the power and the longevity of the Bulgarian state. Under the shield, there is a white band lined with the three national colours. The band is placed across the ends of the branches and the phrase "Unity Makes Strength" is inscribed on it.

Both the Bulgarian flag and the Coat of Arms are also used as symbols of various Bulgarian organisations, political parties and institutions.

The horse of the Madara Rider is preserved on the back of the Bulgarian stotinka.

Maps

  •  

    Map of A. Scobel, Andrees Allgemeiner Handatlas, 1908

  •  

    Distribution of the Balkan peoples in 1911, Encyclopædia Britannica

  •  

    Ethnic groups in the Balkans and Asia Minor by William R. Shepherd, 1911

  •  

    Distribution of European peoples in 1914 according to L. Ravenstein

  •  

    Swiss ethnographic map of Europe published in 1918 by Juozas Gabrys

  •  

    Percentage of Pomaks by first language according to the 1965 Census excluding Bulgarian

  •  

    Distribution of Bulgarians in Odessa Oblast, Ukraine according to the 2001 census

  •  

    Distribution of Bulgarians by first language in Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Ukraine according to the 2001 census

  •  

    Distribution of predominant ethnic groups in Bulgaria according to the 2011 census

  •  

    Distribution of Bulgarians in Romania according to the 2002 census

  •  

    Distribution of Bulgarians in Moldova according to the 2004 census

Historiography

See also: List of Slavic studies journals

See also

References

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  134. ^ During the 20th century, Slavo-Macedonian national feeling has shifted. At the beginning of the 20th century, Slavic patriots in Macedonia felt a strong attachment to Macedonia as a multi-ethnic homeland. They imagined a Macedonian community uniting themselves with non-Slavic Macedonians... Most of these Macedonian Slavs also saw themselves as Bulgarians. By the middle of the 20th. century, however Macedonian patriots began to see Macedonian and Bulgarian loyalties as mutually exclusive. Regional Macedonian nationalism had become ethnic Macedonian nationalism... This transformation shows that the content of collective loyalties can shift.Roth, Klaus; Brunnbauer, Ulf (2010). Region, Regional Identity and Regionalism in Southeastern Europe, Ethnologia Balkanica Series. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 127. ISBN 978-3825813871.
  135. ^ Up until the early 20th century and beyond, the international community viewed Macedonians as regional variety of Bulgarians, i.e. Western Bulgarians.Nationalism and Territory: Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern Europe, Geographical perspectives on the human past : Europe: Current Events, George W. White, Rowman & Littlefield, 2000, ISBN 0847698092, p. 236.
  136. ^ "Most of the Slavophone inhabitants in all parts of divided Macedonia, perhaps a million and a half in all – had a Bulgarian national consciousness at the beginning of the Occupation; and most Bulgarians, whether they supported the Communists, VMRO, or the collaborating government, assumed that all Macedonia would fall to Bulgaria after the WWII. Tito was determined that this should not happen. "Woodhouse, Christopher Montague (2002). The struggle for Greece, 1941–1949. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-85065-492-6.
  137. ^ "At the end of the WWI there were very few historians or ethnographers, who claimed that a separate Macedonian nation existed... Of those Slavs who had developed some sense of national identity, the majority probably considered themselves to be Bulgarians, although they were aware of differences between themselves and the inhabitants of Bulgaria... The question as of whether a Macedonian nation actually existed in the 1940s when a Communist Yugoslavia decided to recognize one is difficult to answer. Some observers argue that even at this time it was doubtful whether the Slavs from Macedonia considered themselves to be a nationality separate from the Bulgarians." Danforth, Loring M. (1997). The Macedonian conflict: ethnic nationalism in a transnational world. Princeton University Press. pp. 65–66. ISBN 978-0-691-04356-2.
  138. ^ Kaufman, Stuart J. (2001). Modern hatreds: the symbolic politics of ethnic war. New York: Cornell University Press. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-8014-8736-1. The key fact about Macedonian nationalism is that it is new: in the early twentieth century, Macedonian villagers defined their identity religiously—they were either "Bulgarian," "Serbian," or "Greek" depending on the affiliation of the village priest. While Bulgarian was most common affiliation then, mistreatment by occupying Bulgarian troops during WWII cured most Macedonians from their pro-Bulgarian sympathies, leaving them embracing the new Macedonian identity promoted by the Tito regime after the war.
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  148. ^ Felix Philipp Kanitz, (Das Konigreich Serbien und das Serbenvolk von der Romerzeit bis dur Gegenwart, 1904, in two volume) # "In this time (1872) they (the inhabitants of Pirot) did not presume that six years later the often damn Turkish rule in their town will be finished, and at least they did not presume that they will be include in Serbia, because 'they always feel that they are Bulgarians'. ("Србија, земља и становништво од римског доба до краја XIX века", Друга књига, Београд 1986, p. 215)"And today (in the end of the 19th century) among the older generation there are many fondness to Bulgarians, that it led him to collision with Serbian government. Some hesitation can be noticed among the youngs..." ("Србија, земља и становништво од римског доба до краја XIX века", Друга књига, Београд 1986, c. 218; Serbia – its land and inhabitants, Belgrade 1986, p. 218)
  149. ^ Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui, "Voyage en Bulgarie pendant l'année 1841" (Жером-Адолф Бланки. Пътуване из България през 1841 година. Прев. от френски Ел. Райчева, предг. Ив. Илчев. София: Колибри, 2005, 219 с. ISBN 9789545293672.) It describes a population in Nish sandjak as Bulgarian, see: [1]
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Sources

  • Komatina, Predrag (2010). "The Slavs of the mid-Danube basin and the Bulgarian expansion in the first half of the 9th century" (PDF). Зборник радова Византолошког института. 47: 55–82.
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  • Ostrogorsky, George (1956). History of the Byzantine State. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

External links

  •   Media related to Bulgarians at Wikimedia Commons

January 14, 2023
bulgarians, this, article, about, ethnic, group, extinct, medieval, tribes, bulgars, other, uses, disambiguation, bulgarian, българи, romanized, bǎlgari, ˈbɤɫɡɐri, nation, south, slavic, ethnic, group, native, bulgaria, rest, southeast, europe, Българиbǎlgarit. This article is about the ethnic group For the extinct medieval tribes see Bulgars For other uses see Bulgarians disambiguation Bulgarians Bulgarian blgari romanized Bǎlgari IPA ˈbɤɫɡɐri are a nation and South Slavic 56 57 58 ethnic group native to Bulgaria and the rest of Southeast Europe BulgariansBlgariBǎlgariTotal populationc 9 million 1 2 Regions with significant populations Bulgaria 6 500 000 2021 a Germany410 885 n 2021 3 Ukraine204 574 e 500 000 2001 4 5 Turkey350 000 2020 6 Spain126 997 n 350 000 2017 7 8 United States300 000 2016 9 10 United Kingdom86 000 n July 2020 to June 2021 11 Moldova incl Transnistria 79 520 e 2004 12 Brazil74 000 h 2016 13 14 Greece72 893 n 300 000 2015 15 16 b Argentina70 000 2008 17 France60 000 80 000 18 15 19 Italy58 620 n 120 000 2016 20 21 Netherlands50 305 m 2022 22 Canada30 485 h 70 000 2011 16 23 Belgium46 876 f 2020 24 Austria25 686 n 2017 25 Russia 2010 area 24 038 e 330 000 2010 2 26 Cyprus excl TRNC 19 197 n 2011 27 Serbia18 543 e 2011 28 Czech Republic12 250 n 2016 29 Denmark9 955 2018 30 Sweden6 257 d 9 105 f 2016 31 Norway6 752 n 8 180 m 2017 32 Switzerland8 588 n 2017 33 Portugal7 019 n 12 000 2016 34 35 Romania7 336 e 2011 36 Australia5 436 h 2011 37 Kazakhstan4 523 e 2009 38 South Africa4 224 n 20 000 2015 15 39 Hungary4 022 2016 40 North Macedonia3 504 2021 Finland2 840 2018 41 Slovakia1 552 2021 42 43 Slovenia1 500 2011 LanguagesBulgarianReligionPredominantly Eastern Orthodox Christianity Bulgarian Orthodox Church Related ethnic groupsOther South Slavs especially Macedonians 44 Slavic speakers in Greece and Torlak speakers in Serbia a The 2011 census figure was 5 664 624 45 The question on ethnicity was voluntary and 10 of the population did not declare any ethnicity 46 thus the figure is considered an underestimation Ethnic Bulgarians are estimated at around 6 million 85 of the population 47 b Estimates 48 49 of the number of Pomaks whom most scholars categorize as Bulgarians 50 51 c According to the 2002 census there were 1 417 Bulgarians in North Macedonia 52 Between 2003 and 2017 according to the data provided by Bulgarian authorities some 87 483 53 200 000 54 permanent residents of North Macedonia declared Bulgarian origin in their applications for Bulgarian citizenship of which 67 355 requests were granted A minor part of them are among the total of 2 934 North Macedonia born residents who are residing in Bulgaria by 2016 55 d by citizenship excluding dual citizens e by single ethnic group per person f by foreign born h by heritage n by legal nationality m by nationality naturalisation and descendant background Contents 1 Etymology 2 Citizenship 3 Ethnogenesis 3 1 Bulgarian ethnogenetic conception 4 Genetic origins 5 History 5 1 Bulgarian national movement 6 Demographics 7 Associated ethnic groups 8 Culture 8 1 Language 8 1 1 Cyrillic alphabet 8 1 2 Name system 8 2 Religion 8 3 Art and science 8 4 Cuisine 8 5 Folk beliefs and customs 8 6 Folk dress and music 8 7 Sport 8 8 Symbols 9 Maps 10 Historiography 11 See also 12 References 13 Sources 14 External linksEtymology EditSee also Bulgars Bulgarians derive their ethnonym from the Bulgars Their name is not completely understood and difficult to trace back earlier than the 4th century AD 59 but it is possibly derived from the Proto Turkic word bulgha to mix shake stir and its derivative bulgak revolt disorder 60 Alternative etymologies include derivation from a compound of Proto Turkic Oghuric bel five and gur arrow in the sense of tribe a proposed division within the Utigurs or Onogurs ten tribes 61 Citizenship EditAccording to the Art 25 1 of Constitution of Bulgaria a Bulgarian citizen shall be anyone born to at least one parent holding a Bulgarian citizenship or born on the territory of the Republic of Bulgaria should they not be entitled to any other citizenship by virtue of origin Bulgarian citizenship shall further be acquirable through naturalization 62 About 85 of Bulgaria s population identified themselves as ethnic Bulgarians in 2021 Bulgarian census 63 Ethnogenesis EditBulgarians are descended from peoples of vastly different origins and numbers and are thus the result of a melting pot effect The main ethnic elements which blended in to produce the modern Bulgarian ethnicity are Thracians a native ancient Balkan Indo European people from whom cultural and ethnic elements were retained 64 65 66 Early Slavs an Indo European group of tribes who migrated from Eastern Europe into the Balkans in the period of 6th 7th centuries CE and imposed their language and culture on the local Thracian Roman and Greek communities Bulgars semi nomadic Turkic tribes from Central Asia who arrived in the 7th century CE federated with the local Slavic and Slavicized populations organized the early medieval Bulgarian statehood and bequeathed their ethnonym to the modern Bulgarian ethnicity while eventually assimilating into the local Slavic population 67 68 From the indigenous Thracian people certain cultural and ethnic elements were taken 69 64 Other pre Slavic Indo European peoples including Dacians if distinct from Thracians Celts Goths Romans ancient Greeks Sarmatians Paeonians and Illyrians also settled into the later Bulgarian land The Thracian language was still spoken in the 6th century probably becoming extinct afterwards 70 71 72 but that in a later period the Bulgarians replaced long established Greek Latin toponyms with Thracian might suggest that it had not been completely obliterated then 73 Some pre Slavic linguistic and cultural traces might have been preserved in modern Bulgarians and Macedonians 74 75 Scythia Minor and Moesia Inferior appear to have been Romanized 76 although the region became a focus of barbarian re settlements various Goths and Huns during the 4th and early 5th centuries AD 77 before a further Romanization episode during the early 6th century 78 According to archeological evidence from the late periods of Roman rule the Romans did not decrease the number of Thracians significantly in major cities By the 4th century the major city of Serdica had predominantly Thracian populace based on epigraphic evidence which shows prevailing Latino Thracian given names but thereafter the names were completely replaced by Christian ones 79 The early Slavs emerged from their original homeland in the early 6th century and spread to most of the eastern Central Europe Eastern Europe and the Balkans thus forming three main branches the West Slavs in eastern Central Europe the East Slavs in Eastern Europe and the South Slavs in Southeastern Europe Balkans The latter gradually inflicted total linguistic replacement of Thracian if the Thracians had not already been Romanized or Hellenized 80 Most scholars accept that they began large scale settling of the Balkans in the 580s based on the statement of the 6th century historian Menander speaking of 100 000 Slavs in Thrace and consecutive attacks of Greece in 582 81 They continued coming to the Balkans in many waves but also leaving most notably Justinian II 685 695 settled as many as 30 000 Slavs from Thrace in Asia Minor The Byzantines grouped the numerous Slavic tribes into two groups the Sclaveni and Antes 82 Some Bulgarian scholars suggest that the Antes became one of the ancestors of the modern Bulgarians 82 The Bulgars are first mentioned in the 4th century in the vicinity of the North Caucasian steppe Scholars often suggest that the ultimate origins of the Bulgar is Turkic and can be traced to the Central Asian nomadic confederations 83 84 85 86 specifically as part of loosely related Oghuric tribes which spanned from the Pontic steppe to central Asia 87 However any direct connection between the Bulgars and postulated Asian counterparts rest on little more than speculative and contorted etymologies 88 Some Bulgarian historians question the identification of the Bulgars as a Turkic tribe and suggest an Iranian origin 89 90 Other Bulgarian scholars actively oppose the Iranian hypothesis 91 92 According to Raymond Detrez the Iranian theory is rooted in the periods of anti Turkish sentiment in Bulgaria and is ideologically motivated 93 Since 1989 anti Turkish rhetoric is now reflected in the theories that challenge the thesis of the Bulgars Turkic origin Alongside the Iranian or Aryan theory there appeared arguments favoring an autochthonous origin 94 In the 670s some Bulgar tribes the Danube Bulgars led by Asparuh and the Bulgars led by Kuber crossed the Danube river and settled in the Balkans with a single migration wave the former of which Michael the Syrian described as numbering 10 000 95 68 The Bulgars are often not thought to have been numerous becoming a ruling elite in the areas they controlled 68 96 However according to Steven Runciman a tribe that was able to defeat an Emperor lead Byzantine army must have been of considerable dimensions 97 Asparuh s Bulgars made a tribal union with the Severians and the Seven clans who were re settled to protect the flanks of the Bulgar settlements in Scythia Minor as the capital Pliska was built on the site of a former Slavic settlement During the Early Byzantine Era the Roman provincials in Scythia Minor and Moesia Secunda were already engaged in economic and social exchange with the barbarians north of the Danube This might have facilitated their eventual Slavonization 98 although the majority of the population appears to have been withdrawn to the hinterland of Constantinople or Asia Minor prior to any permanent Slavic and Bulgar settlement south of the Danube 99 The major port towns in Pontic Bulgaria remained Byzantine Greek in their outlook The large scale population transfers and territorial expansions during the 8th and 9th century additionally increased the number of the Slavs and Byzantine Christians within the state making the Bulgars quite obviously a minority 100 The establishment of a new state molded the various Slav Bulgar and earlier or later populations into the Bulgarian people of the First Bulgarian Empire 68 101 102 speaking a South Slavic language 103 In different periods to the ethnogenesis of the local population contributed also different Indo European and Turkic people who settled or lived on the Balkans Bulgarian ethnogenetic conception Edit The Bulgarians are usually regarded as part of the Slavic ethnolinguistic group 104 105 106 107 However the controversial issue of their ethnogenesis is a popular subject in the works of the nationalist scientists The fierce debates started in the 19th century and the questionable proportions of the presumed Thracian Bulgar and Slavic ancestry have depended on the geopolitical situation of the country and on ideological and political predilections 108 109 These supposed proportions have been changed several times during the 20th century emphasizing usually the Slavic part of Bulgarian ancestry related to the traditionally strong Russophilia in the country 110 111 However during the 1970s the Thracology was especially supported by the communist authority as an attempt to underline the indigenous influence into the Bulgarian ethnogenesis After the fall of Communism the spiritualized image of the Thracians began to fade Following the cooling of the relations with Russia and the country s EU accession the opinion on significant Bulgar genetic impact was launched among nationalist circles that lately have downplayed the country s Slavic ancestry 112 113 From a limited group of Turkic equestrian nomads the Danubian Bulgars were reinterpreted by them as a numerous Aryan people with an unique culture 114 115 Genetic origins EditMain article Genetic studies on Bulgarians According to a triple analysis autosomal mitochondrial and paternal of available data from large scale studies on Balto Slavs and their proximal populations the whole genome SNP data situates Bulgarians in a cluster with Romanians Macedonians and Gagauzes and they are at similar proximity to Serbs and Montenegrins 65 History Edit Officers from Bulgarian hussar regiment in Russia 1776 1783 See also Nationalism in the Middle Ages Byzantine commonwealth and Rum Millet The First Bulgarian Empire was founded in 681 After the adoption of Orthodox Christianity in 864 it became one of the cultural centres of Slavic Europe Its leading cultural position was consolidated with the invention of the Cyrillic script in its capital Preslav at the eve of the 10th century 116 The development of Old Church Slavonic literacy in the country had the effect of preventing the assimilation of the South Slavs into neighbouring cultures and it also stimulated the development of a distinct ethnic identity 117 A symbiosis was carried out between the numerically weak Bulgars and the numerous Slavic tribes in that broad area from the Danube to the north to the Aegean Sea to the south and from the Adriatic Sea to the west to the Black Sea to the east who accepted the common ethnonym Bulgarians 118 During the 10th century the Bulgarians established a form of national identity that was far from modern nationalism but helped them to survive as a distinct entity through the centuries 119 120 In 1018 Bulgaria lost its independence and remained a Byzantine subject until 1185 when the Second Bulgarian Empire was created 121 Nevertheless at the end of the 14th century the Ottomans conquered the whole of Bulgaria 122 Under the Ottoman system Christians were considered an inferior class of people Thus Bulgarians like other Christians were subjected to heavy taxes and a small portion of the Bulgarian populace experienced partial or complete Islamisation 123 Orthodox Christians were included in a specific ethno religious community called Rum Millet To the common people belonging to this Orthodox commonwealth became more important than their ethnic origins 124 This community became both basic form of social organization and source of identity for all the ethnic groups inside it 125 In this way ethnonyms were rarely used and between the 15th and 19th centuries most of the local people gradually began to identify themselves simply as Christians 126 127 However the public spirited clergy in some isolated monasteries still kept the distinct Bulgarian identity alive 128 and this helped it to survive predominantly in rural remote areas 129 Despite the process of ethno religious fusion among the Orthodox Christians strong nationalist sentiments persisted into the Catholic community in the northwestern part of the country 130 At that time a process of partial Hellenization occurred among the intelligentsia and the urban population as a result of the higher status of the Greek culture and the Greek Orthodox Church among the Balkan Christians During the second half of the 18th century the Enlightenment in Western Europe provided influence for the initiation of the National awakening of Bulgaria in 1762 131 Some Bulgarians supported the Russian Army when they crossed the Danube in the middle of the 18th century Russia worked to convince them to settle in areas recently conquered by it especially in Bessarabia As a consequence many Bulgarian refugees settled there and later they formed two military regiments as part of the Russian military colonization of the area in 1759 1763 132 Bulgarian national movement Edit See also Bulgarian Millet During the Russo Turkish Wars 1806 1812 and 1828 1829 Bulgarian emigrants formed the Bulgarian Countrymen s Army and joined the Russian Army hoping Russia would bring Bulgarian liberation but its imperial interests were focused then on Greece and Valachia 133 The rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire led to a struggle for cultural and religious autonomy of the Bulgarian people The Bulgarians wanted to have their own schools and liturgy in Bulgarian and they needed an independent ecclesiastical organisation Discontent with the supremacy of the Greek Orthodox clergy the struggle started to flare up in several Bulgarian dioceses in the 1820s It was not until the 1850s when the Bulgarians initiated a purposeful struggle against the Patriarchate of Constantinople The struggle between the Bulgarians and the Greek Phanariotes intensified throughout the 1860s In 1861 the Vatican and the Ottoman government recognized a separate Bulgarian Uniat Church As the Greek clerics were ousted from most Bulgarian bishoprics at the end of the decade significant areas had been seceded from the Patriarchate s control This movement restored the distinct Bulgarian national consciousness among the common people and led to the recognition of the Bulgarian millet in 1870 by the Ottomans As result two armed struggle movements started to develop as late as the beginning of the 1870s the Internal Revolutionary Organisation and the Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee Their armed struggle reached its peak with the April Uprising which broke out in 1876 It resulted in the Russo Turkish War 1877 1878 and led to the foundation of the third Bulgarian state after the Treaty of San Stefano The issue of Bulgarian nationalism gained greater significance following the Congress of Berlin which took back the Macedonia and Adrianople regions returning them under the control of the Ottoman Empire Also an autonomous Ottoman province called Eastern Rumelia was created in Northern Thrace As a consequence the Bulgarian national movement proclaimed as its aim the inclusion of most of Macedonia Thrace and Moesia under Greater Bulgaria Eastern Rumelia was annexed to Bulgaria in 1885 through bloodless revolution During the early 1890s two pro Bulgarian revolutionary organizations were founded the Internal Macedonian Adrianople Revolutionary Organization and the Supreme Macedonian Adrianople Committee In 1903 they participated in the unsuccessful Ilinden Preobrazhenie Uprising against the Ottomans in Macedonia and the Adrianople Vilayet Macedonian Slavs were identified then predominantly as Bulgarians and significant Bulgarophile sentiments endured up among them until the end of the Second World War 134 135 136 137 138 In the early 20th century the control over Macedonia became a key point of contention between Bulgaria Greece and Serbia who fought the First Balkan War of 1912 1913 and the Second Balkan War of 1913 The area was further fought over during the World War I 1915 1918 and the World War II 1941 1944 Demographics EditMain article Demographics of Bulgaria Map of the Bulgarian diaspora in the world includes people with Bulgarian ancestry or citizenship Bulgaria 100 000 10 000 1 000 Most Bulgarians live in Bulgaria where they number around 6 million 139 140 constituting 85 of the population Bulgarian minorities exist in Serbia Romania Banat Bulgarians Hungary Albania as well as in Ukraine and Moldova see Bessarabian Bulgarians Many Bulgarians also live in the diaspora which is formed by representatives and descendants of the old before 1989 and new after 1989 emigration The old emigration was made up of some 2 470 000 citation needed economic and several tens of thousands of political emigrants and was directed for the most part to the U S Canada Argentina Brazil and Germany The new emigration is estimated at some 970 000 people and can be divided into two major subcategories permanent emigration at the beginning of the 1990s directed mostly to the U S Canada Austria and Germany and labour emigration at the end of the 1990s directed for the most part to Greece Italy the UK and Spain Migrations to the West have been quite steady even in the late 1990s and early 21st century as people continue moving to countries like the US Canada and Australia Most Bulgarians living in Canada can be found in Toronto Ontario and the provinces with the most Bulgarians in Canada are Ontario and Quebec According to the 2001 census there were 1 124 240 Bulgarian citizens in the city of Sofia 140 302 858 in Plovdiv 300 000 in Varna and about 200 000 in Burgas The total number of Bulgarians stood at over 9 million 141 142 Associated ethnic groups EditBulgarians are considered most closely related to the neighbouring Macedonians 44 The ethnic Macedonians were considered Bulgarians by most ethnographers until the early 20th century and beyond with a big portion of them evidently self identifying as such 143 144 145 The majority of the Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia and part of the Torlak speakers in Serbia have also had a history of identifying as Bulgarians and being members of the Bulgarian Exarchate which included most of the Torlak speaking and Greek Macedonian territory The greater part of these people were also considered Bulgarians by most ethnographers until the early 20th century and beyond 146 147 148 149 Culture EditLanguage Edit Main article Bulgarian language Bulgarians speak a South Slavic language which is mutually intelligible with Macedonian and to a lesser degree with Serbo Croatian especially the eastern dialects 150 The lexical similarities between Bulgarian and Macedonian are 86 between Bulgarian and other Slavic languages between 71 and 80 but with the Baltic languages they are 40 46 while with English are about 20 151 152 Less than a dozen Bulgarian words are derived from Turkic Bulgar 68 Bulgarian demonstrates some linguistic developments that set it apart from other Slavic languages shared with Romanian Albanian and Greek see Balkan language area Bulgarian was influenced lexically by medieval and modern Greek and Turkish Medieval Bulgarian influenced the other South Slavic languages and Romanian With Bulgarian and Russian there was a mutual influence in both directions Both languages were official or a lingua franca of each other during the Middle Ages and the Cold War Recently Bulgarian has borrowed many words from German French and English The Bulgarian language is spoken by the majority of the Bulgarian diaspora but less so by the descendants of earlier emigrants to the U S Canada Argentina and Brazil Bulgarian linguists consider the officialized Macedonian language since 1944 to be a local variation of Bulgarian just as most ethnographers and linguists until the early 20th century considered the local Slavic speech in the Macedonian region The president of Bulgaria Zhelyu Zhelev declined to recognize Macedonian as a separate language when North Macedonia became a new independent state The Bulgarian language is written in the Cyrillic script Cyrillic alphabet Edit Main article Cyrillic alphabet Cyrillic alphabet of the medieval Old Bulgarian language In the first half of the 10th century the Cyrillic script was devised in the Preslav Literary School Bulgaria based on the Glagolitic the Greek and Latin alphabets Modern versions of the alphabet are now used to write five more Slavic languages such as Belarusian Macedonian Russian Serbian and Ukrainian as well as Mongolian and some other 60 languages spoken in the former Soviet Union Medieval Bulgaria was the most important cultural centre of the Slavic peoples at the end of the 9th and throughout the 10th century The two literary schools of Preslav and Ohrid developed a rich literary and cultural activity with authors of the rank of Constantine of Preslav John Exarch Chernorizets Hrabar Clement and Naum of Ohrid Bulgaria exerted similar influence on her neighbouring countries in the mid to late 14th century at the time of the Tarnovo Literary School with the work of Patriarch Evtimiy Gregory Tsamblak Constantine of Kostenets Konstantin Kostenechki Bulgarian cultural influence was especially strong in Wallachia and Moldova where the Cyrillic script was used until 1860 while Church Slavonic was the official language of the princely chancellery and of the church until the end of the 17th century Name system Edit Main article Bulgarian name There are several different layers of Bulgarian names The vast majority of them have either Christian names like Lazar Ivan Anna Maria Ekaterina or Slavic origin Vladimir Svetoslav Velislava After the Liberation in 1878 the names of historical Bulgar rulers like Asparuh Krum Kubrat and Tervel were resurrected The Bulgar name Boris has spread from Bulgaria to a number of countries in the world Most Bulgarian male surnames have an ov surname suffix Cyrillic ov a tradition used mostly by Eastern Slavic nations such as Russia Ukraine and Belarus This is sometimes transcribed as off or of John Atanasov John Atanasoff but more often as ov e g Boyko Borisov The ov suffix is the Slavic gender agreeing suffix thus Ivanov Bulgarian Ivanov literally means Ivan s Bulgarian middle names are patronymic and use the gender agreeing suffix as well thus the middle name of Nikola s son becomes Nikolov and the middle name of Ivan s son becomes Ivanov Since names in Bulgarian are gender based Bulgarian women have the ova surname suffix Cyrillic ova for example Maria Ivanova The plural form of Bulgarian names ends in ovi Cyrillic ovi for example the Ivanovi family Ivanovi Other common Bulgarian male surnames have the ev surname suffix Cyrillic ev for example Stoev Ganchev Peev and so on The female surname in this case would have the eva surname suffix Cyrillic eva for example Galina Stoeva The last name of the entire family then would have the plural form of evi Cyrillic evi for example the Stoevi family Stoevi Another typical Bulgarian surname suffix though less common is ski This surname ending also gets an a when the bearer of the name is female Smirnenski becomes Smirnenska The plural form of the surname suffix ski is still ski e g the Smirnenski family Smirnenski The ending in female ina also appears rarely It used to be given to the child of an unmarried woman for example the son of Kuna will get the surname Kunin and the son of Gana Ganin The surname suffix ich can be found only occasionally primarily among the Roman Catholic Bulgarians The surname ending ich does not get an additional a if the bearer of the name is female Religion Edit Main articles Eastern Orthodox Church and Bulgarian Orthodox Church Map of the Bulgarian Exarchate 1870 1913 The Ottomans required a threshold of two thirds of positive votes of the Orthodox population to include a region into this jurisdiction 153 Most Bulgarians are at least nominally members of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church founded in 870 AD autocephalous since 927 AD The Bulgarian Orthodox Church is the independent national church of Bulgaria like the other national branches of the Eastern Orthodox communion and is considered a dominating element of Bulgarian national consciousness The church was abolished once during the period of Ottoman rule 1396 1878 in 1873 it was revived as Bulgarian Exarchate and soon after raised again to Bulgarian Patriarchate In 2011 the Orthodox Church at least nominally had a total of 4 374 000 members in Bulgaria 59 of the population down from 6 552 000 83 at the 2001 census 4 240 000 of these pointed out the Bulgarian ethnic group The Orthodox Bulgarian minorities in Romania Serbia Greece Albania Ukraine and Moldova nowadays hold allegiance to the respective national Orthodox churches Despite the position of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church as a unifying symbol for all Bulgarians small groups of Bulgarians have converted to other faiths through the course of time During Ottoman rule a substantial number of Bulgarians converted to Islam forming the community of the Pomaks or Muslim Bulgarians 154 In the 16th and the 17th centuries Roman Catholic missionaries converted a small number of Bulgarian Paulicians in the districts of Plovdiv and Svishtov to Roman Catholicism Nowadays there are some 40 000 Roman Catholic Bulgarians in Bulgaria additional 10 000 in the Banat in Romania and up to 100 000 people of Bulgarian ancestry in South America The Roman Catholic Bulgarians of the Banat are also descendants of Paulicians who fled there at the end of the 17th century after an unsuccessful uprising against the Ottomans Protestantism was introduced in Bulgaria by missionaries from the United States in 1857 Missionary work continued throughout the second half of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century Nowadays there are some 25 000 Protestant Bulgarians in Bulgaria Art and science Edit Main articles Cinema of Bulgaria Bulgarian literature Music of Bulgaria and Bulgarian dances Assen Jordanoff left Bulgarian American inventor considered by prominent aviation specialists the main contributor to the American knowledge of aviation likewise the Boeing airbag and tape recorder 155 John Vincent Atanasoff right Bulgarian American inventor of the Atanasoff Berry computer legally the inventor of the electronic digital computer in the U S and considered the father of the computer 156 157 158 Boris Christoff Nicolai Ghiaurov Raina Kabaivanska and Ghena Dimitrova made a precious contribution to opera singing with Ghiaurov and Christoff being two of the greatest bassos in the post war period Similarly Anna Maria Ravnopolska Dean is one of the best known harpists today Bulgarians have made valuable contributions to world culture in modern times as well Julia Kristeva and Tzvetan Todorov were among the most influential European philosophers in the second half of the 20th century The artist Christo is among the most famous representatives of environmental art with projects such as the Wrapped Reichstag Bulgarians in the diaspora have also been active American scientists and inventors of Bulgarian descent include John Atanasoff Peter Petroff and Assen Jordanoff Bulgarian American Stephane Groueff wrote the celebrated book Manhattan Project about the making of the first atomic bomb and also penned Crown of Thorns a biography of Tsar Boris III of Bulgaria Cuisine Edit Main article Bulgarian cuisine Bulgarian peach kompot non alcoholic clear juice obtained by cooking fruit Famous for its rich salads required at every meal Bulgarian cuisine is also noted for the diversity and quality of dairy products and the variety of local wines and alcoholic beverages such as rakia mastika and menta Bulgarian cuisine features also a variety of hot and cold soups an example of a cold soup being tarator There are many different Bulgarian pastries as well such as banitsa Most Bulgarian dishes are oven baked steamed or in the form of stew Deep frying is not very typical but grilling especially different kinds of meats is very common Pork meat is the most common meat in the Bulgarian cuisine Oriental dishes do exist in Bulgarian cuisine with most common being moussaka gyuvetch and baklava A very popular ingredient in Bulgarian cuisine is the Bulgarian white brine cheese called sirene sirene It is the main ingredient in many salads as well as in a variety of pastries Fish and chicken are widely eaten and while beef is less common as most cattle are bred for milk production rather than meat veal is a natural byproduct of this process and it is found in many popular recipes Bulgaria is a net exporter of lamb and its own consumption of the meat is prevalent during its production time in spring 159 The bread and salt tradition which is widespread amongBalto Slavs is the usual welcome given tostrangers and politicians Folk beliefs and customs Edit Main articles Bulgarian customs and Slavic mythology Kukeri from the area of Burgas Girls celebrating Lazaruvane from Gabra Sofia Province Bulgarians may celebrate Saint Theodore s Day with horse racings At Christmas Eve a Pogaca with fortunes is cooked which are afterwards put under the pillow At Easter the first egg is painted red and is kept for a whole year On the Baptism of Jesus a competition to catch the cross in the river is held and is believed the sky is opened and any wish will be fulfilled Bulgarians as well as Albanians nod the head up and down to indicates no and shake to indicate yes They may wear the martenitsa martenica an adornment made of white and red yarn and worn on the wrist or pinned on the clothes from 1 March until the end of the month Alternatively one can take off the martenitsa earlier if one sees a stork considered a harbinger of spring One can then tie the martenitsa to the blossoming branch of a tree Family members and friends in Bulgaria customarily exchange martenitsas which they regard as symbols of health and longevity When a stork is seen the martenitsa should be left on a tree The white thread represents peace and tranquility while the red one stands for the cycles of life Bulgarians may also refer to the holiday of 1 March as Baba Marta Baba Marta meaning Grandmother March It preserves an ancient pagan tradition possibly celebrating the old Roman new Year beginning on 1 March identical with Romanian Mărțișor Pagan customs found their way to the Christian holidays The ancient ritual of kukeri kukeri similar to Slovenian Kurentovanje Busojaras and Halloween is performed by costumed men in different times of the year and after Easter This seeks to scare away evil spirits and bring good harvest and health to the community Goat is symbolized that was left from the Thracian cult of Dionysian Mysteries The ritual consists of dancing jumping shouting and collect gifts from the houses in an attempt to banish all evil from the village The adornments on the costumes vary from one region to another The Thracian Heros remains in the image of Saint George at whose feast the agriculture is celebrated a lamb is traditionally eaten accomplished with ritual bathing Saint Tryphon s fertility and wine is attributed a Thracian origin considered to preserve the cult to Sabazius as the Kukeri 160 This is followed in February by Pokladi a tradition of setting massively large fire and jump over as at the Kupala Night and a competition between couples to eat an egg on a thread is held Another characteristic custom called nestinarstvo nestinarstvo or firedancing distinguishes the Strandzha region as well as Dog spinning The authentic nestinarstvo with states of trance is only preserved in the village Balgari This ancient custom involves dancing into fire or over live embers Women dance into the fire with their bare feet without suffering any injury or pain Slavic pagan customs are preserved in Bulgarian Christian holidays The Miladinov brothers and foreign authors noticed that even pagan prayers are preserved quoting plenty of Slavic pagan rite songs and tales remained in Bulgarians including Macedonians and Pomaks mainly dedicated to the divine nymphs samovili and peperuna for the feasts surva Saint George s Day Koleda etc with evidence of toponymy throughout the regional groups linking directly to the deities Svarog Perun Hors and Veles while the regional group Hartsoi derive their name from god Hors 161 162 163 Songs dedicated to the Thracian divinity Orpheus were found in Pomaks who is said to marry the samovili The old Bulgarian name of the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple was Gromnitsa and Perunov den dedicated to the supreme Slavic thunder god Perun In the mix of Christian and pagan patrons of thunder at Saint Elijah s feast day Ognyena Maria is worshiped the Slavic goddesses assisting Perun that took a substitutional dual position of the Christian Mother of God The custom for rain begging Peperuna is derived from the wife of Perun and the god of the rain Dodola this was described by a 1792 Bulgarian book as a continued worship of Perun at times of absence of rain with a ritual performed by a boy or a girl dressed like Perun 164 Similar rain begging is called German In case of continuous lack of rain a custom of driving out the zmey from the area is performed In the dualistic Slavic belief the zmey may be both good tutelary spirit and evil in which case is considered not local and good but evil and trying to inflict harm and drought 165 Saint Jeremiah s feast is of the snakes and the reptiles there is a tradition of jumping over fire At the Rusalska Week the girls don t go outside to prevent themselves from diseases and harm that the dead forces Rusalii can cause 165 This remained the holiday of the samovili The men performing the custom are also called Rusalii they don t let anybody pass through between them don t talk with each other except for the evening avoid water if someone lacks behind a member swoops the sword over the lacker s head to prevent him from evil spirits 166 If the group encounter on their way a well dry tree old cemeteries crossroads they go round them three times Before leaving rusalii say goodbye to their relatives as if they went to war which is not surprising because some of them are killed When two rusalii groups met there was a fight to the death in which the dead were buried in special rusaliyski cemetery Each year there are holidays in honour of wolves and mouses A relief for the scared believers is celebrated at the Beheading of St John the Baptist when according to Bulgarian belief all the mythical figures go back to their caves in a mythical village in the middle of nowhere Zmeykovo of the zmey king along with the rusalki samodivi and return at Annunciation 165 According to other beliefs the danger peaks at the so called few days around the New Year Eve Dirty Days this time starts at Koleda which merged with Christmas when groups of kids koledari visit houses singing carols and receiving a gift at parting It is believed that no man can go in Zmeyovo and only the magpie knows the location of this place At many of the holidays a sexual taboo is said to be practiced to prevent conceiving a vampire or werewolf and not to work not to go to Sedenki or go out Live fire is set in case of epidemics 165 Babinden for example is rooted in the mother goddess On the day of St Vlas the tradition of a wooly god Veles established itself a god who is considered to be a protector of shepherds and bread is given to the livestock on that day 165 The ancient Slavic custom to marry died people occurred in Bulgarian society 165 Survakane is performed each new year with a decorated stick by children who hit adults on the back for health at the New Year Eve usually in exchange of money In the Chech region there is a custom forbidding touching the land i e construction and agriculture at the equinox on 25 March and the same custom is found in Belarusian Volhynia and Polesia 165 Bulgarian mythology and fairy tales are mainly about forest figures such as the dragon zmey the nymphs samovili samodivi the witch veshtitsa They are usually harmful and devastating but can also help the people The samovili are said to live in beeches and sycamores the which are therefore considered holy and not permitted burning 165 Samovili although believed to be masters of everything between the sky and the earth run away from fraxinus garlic dew and walnut 165 Walnut remained in Christianity to be used in prayers to see the dead in Spirits Day 165 Dictamnus is believed to be their favourite herb which is intoxicating The samovili are spirits in Bulgarian beliefs are the diseases themselves and punish people kidnap shepherds make blind the people or drown them and are in white colored dress they are in odd numbers which suggest they are ones of the dead 165 Epic heroes as Prince Marko are believed to be descended from the samodivi The elm is believed to scare the evil forces Sacral trees in Bulgarian beliefs are beeches and oaks 165 Hawthorn is believed to expel all evil forces and is applied to cure suspected vampires The tradition forbids killing of sacred animals deer while it is hold a belief the samodivi runaway from horse The alleged as unclean animals resembling the devil such as the goat are however exempted from being eaten as the holy ones The zmey is transhuman and can turn into animals plants and items he is also responsible for diseases madness and missing women 165 The female version of the Slavic zmey is Lamia and Ala is another version The girls who practiced Lazaruvane and other rituals could not be kidnapped by the zmey The main enemy of the Sun is the zmey which tries to eat the Sun which scene is preserved in church art 165 The sun is painted one eyed as recorded by beliefs Perun stabbed one of the sun s eyes to save the world from overheating 165 The born on Saturday are thought as having supernatural powers those born at the wolves holidays and a number of people are alleged as varkolaks and vampires 165 The most spread Bulgarian view of the vampire was that of a rolling bulbous balloon of blood derived from the Slavic term pir drink 165 Rusalka is believed to be a variety of the samodivi and Nav but the latter are considered little fairies 165 The Thursdays remained feasts of Perun in Bulgarian beliefs 165 The wind and the hot steam of the bread is believed to be the souls of the dead 165 From Easter to Feast of the Ascension it is believed that the death are in the flowers and the animals Mora in Bulgarian beliefs is a black hairy evil spirit with four firing eyes associated with nightmares when causing someone to scream similarly to Kikimora Polunoshtnitsa and Poludnica are believed to be evil spirits causing death while to Lesnik Domovnik and Vodnik a dualistic nature is attributed 165 Thanks to the Vlshebnik a man of the community a magician and a priest communication with the other world was held 165 Torbalan is the Sack Man used to scare children along with Baba Yaga who is a witch in her Bulgarian version 165 Kuma Lisa and Hitar Petar are the tricky fox and villager from the fairy tales the tricked antagonist is often Nasreddin Hoca whereas Bay Ganyo is a ridiculed Bulgarian villager Ivancho and Mariika are the protagonists of the jokes Despite eastern Ottoman influence is obvious in areas such as cuisine and music Bulgarian folk beliefs and mythology seem to lack analogies with Turkic mythology paganism and any non European folk beliefs 165 so in pre Christian times the ancient Bulgars were much inferior to the Slavs in the ethnogenesis and culture that resulted in modern Bulgarians The Slavic language was officialized at the same time with Christianity so Slavic paganism has never been a state religion of Bulgaria or more influential than Tengriism Most of Bulgarian land lack any pagan archeology left from the Bulgars despite early Christianization and that during most of the pagan period medieval Bulgarian borders spread significantly only in today s northern Bulgaria Although legacy indicating ancient Bulgar culture is at most virtually absent in modern Bulgarian culture some authors claim there is a similarity between the dress and customs of the Chuvashes who descend from the Volga Bulgars and the Bulgarian ethnographic group Kapantsi from Targovishte Province and Razgrad Province among whom the claim that they are direct descendants of Asparuh s Bulgars is popular 167 168 169 but Slavic elements are found among them 170 Folk dress and music Edit Bulgarian folk dancers in a national costume with embroidery on the penultimate row of the aprons showing the most spread Slavic cryptogram Bur 171 with a cross inside the rhombus representing the sun and spirals indicating rain 172 which is similarly represented as the Rising Sun 173 decorative pattern of the Flag of Belarus Similar carpet patterns appear on the Flag of Turkmenistan ultimately derived from ancient Persia Bulgarian folk costumes feature long white robes usually with red embrdoiery and ornaments derived from the Slavic Rachenik The costume is considered to be mainly derived from the dress of the ancient Slavs the female dress with the overgarments joined at the shoulders that evolved from Sarafan and all the types of sukman saya and aprons fasten at the waist are said to be directly descended from the ancient Slavs only with negligible mutation 168 174 The women s head dress which turned to be a must for the Bulgarian costume is a decoration with flowers optionally on a headband that distinguishes all the Balto Slavic peoples and is not found in western cultures The male dress is of likewise origin usually Riza robe poyas belt poturi full bottomed breeches typical for the Slavs and often a tsarvul and kalpak for shoes and jacket Among the most similar relatives of the latter for example is Ukrainian hutsul but the kalpak is attributed to Ottoman influence The male skirt fustanella appears on the dress only of the Macedonian Bulgarians and is of indigenous Balkan origin or influence In some dress of Thrace the symbol of the snake as in medieval tombs is found and is considered a Thracian cultural legacy and belief 165 Folk songs are most often about the nymphs from Bulgarian and West Slavic mythology samovili and the epic heroes yunaks 162 Instruments Gadulka Gusla Duduk gaida Dvoyanka are analogous to other Slavic gudok dudka and Dvodentsivka Kaval is common in the Balkans and Turkey and is akin to Arab Kawala as well as Tapan Goblet Drum Zurna The most spread dance is a circle dance called horo and khorovod Songs are generally loud Recent eastern influences from the genre music chalga and turbo folk even brought a prestige for the masculine voices of females Valya Balkanska is a folk singer thanks to whom the Bulgarian speech in her song Izlel ye Delyo Haydutin will be played in the Outer space for at least 60 000 years more as part of the Voyager Golden Record selection of music included in the two Voyager spacecraft launched in 1977 Sport Edit Main article Sport in Bulgaria Hristo Stoichkov awarded the Golden Ball and regarded as one of the best footballers by Barcelona 175 Veselin Topalov the 21st World Chess Champion As for most European peoples football became by far the most popular sport for the Bulgarians Hristo Stoichkov was one of the best football soccer players in the second half of the 20th century having played with the national team and FC Barcelona He received a number of awards and was the joint top scorer at the 1994 World Cup Dimitar Berbatov formerly in Manchester United Tottenham Hotspur Bayer Leverkusen and others the national team and two domestic clubs is still the most popular Bulgarian football player of the 21st century In the beginning of the 20th century Bulgaria was famous for two of the best wrestlers in the world Dan Kolov and Nikola Petroff Stefka Kostadinova is the best female high jumper still holding the world record from 1987 one of the oldest unbroken world records for all kind of athletics Ivet Lalova along with Irina Privalova is currently the fastest white woman at 100 metres Kaloyan Mahlyanov has been the first European sumo wrestler to win the Emperor s Cup in Japan Veselin Topalov won the 2005 World Chess Championship He was ranked No 1 in the world from April 2006 to January 2007 and had the second highest Elo rating of all time 2813 He regained the world No 1 ranking again in October 2008 Symbols Edit The national symbols of the Bulgarians are the Flag the Coat of Arms the National anthem and the National Guard as well other unofficial symbols such as the Samara flag The national flag of Bulgaria is a rectangle with three colours white green and red positioned horizontally top to bottom The colour fields are of same form and equal size It is generally known that the white represents the sky the green the forest and nature and the red the blood of the people referencing the strong bond of the nation through all the wars and revolutions that have shaken the country in the past The Coat of arms of Bulgaria is a state symbol of the sovereignty and independence of the Bulgarian people and state It represents a crowned rampant golden lion on a dark red background with the shape of a shield Above the shield there is a crown modeled after the crowns of the emperors of the Second Bulgarian Empire with five crosses and an additional cross on top Two crowned rampant golden lions hold the shield from both sides facing it They stand upon two crossed oak branches with acorns which symbolize the power and the longevity of the Bulgarian state Under the shield there is a white band lined with the three national colours The band is placed across the ends of the branches and the phrase Unity Makes Strength is inscribed on it Both the Bulgarian flag and the Coat of Arms are also used as symbols of various Bulgarian organisations political parties and institutions The horse of the Madara Rider is preserved on the back of the Bulgarian stotinka Maps Edit Map of A Scobel Andrees Allgemeiner Handatlas 1908 Distribution of the Balkan peoples in 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica Ethnic groups in the Balkans and Asia Minor by William R Shepherd 1911 Distribution of European peoples in 1914 according to L Ravenstein Swiss ethnographic map of Europe published in 1918 by Juozas Gabrys Percentage of Pomaks by first language according to the 1965 Census excluding Bulgarian Distribution of Bulgarians in Odessa Oblast Ukraine according to the 2001 census Distribution of Bulgarians by first language in Zaporizhzhia Oblast Ukraine according to the 2001 census Distribution of predominant ethnic groups in Bulgaria according to the 2011 census Distribution of Bulgarians in Romania according to the 2002 census Distribution of Bulgarians in Moldova according to the 2004 censusHistoriography EditSee also List of Slavic studies journalsSee also Edit Bulgaria portalBalkan Danubian culture Macedonian Bulgarians Macedonians ethnic group Thracian BulgariansReferences Edit Danver Steven L 10 March 2015 Native Bulgarian people s of the World google bg ISBN 9781317464006 a b Cole Jeffrey E 25 May 2011 Ethnic Groups of Europe An Encyclopedia google bg ISBN 9781598843033 Bevolkerung und Erwerbstatigkeit Auslandische Bevolkerung Ergebnisse des Auslanderzentralregisters 2020 PDF Ukrainian 2001 census ukrcensus gov ua Retrieved 28 April 2008 Bulgarians in Ukraine Bulgarian Parliament in Bulgarian Retrieved 21 October 2015 Idva li krayat na iznasyaneto ot Blgariya 24chasa bg in Bulgarian Retrieved 13 July 2022 TablaPx Ine es Retrieved 20 December 2017 Dimitrova Tanya Kahl Thede 1 November 2013 Migration from and towards Bulgaria 1989 2011 p 56 ISBN 9783865965202 Retrieved 22 November 2016 2016 American Community Survey 1 Year Estimates Factfinder census gov Archived from the original on 14 February 2020 Retrieved 22 November 2016 Cortes Carlos E 15 August 2013 Multicultural America A Multimedia Encyclopedia p 404 ISBN 9781452276267 Retrieved 22 November 2016 Population of the UK by country of birth and nationality Office for National Statistics Ons gov uk National Bureau of Statistics Population Census 2004 Statistica md 30 September 2009 Retrieved 22 November 2016 De acordo com dados do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica IBGE cerca de 62 000 brasileiros declararam possuir ascendencia bulgara no ano de 2006 o que faz com que o pais abrigue a nona maior colonia bulgara do mundo bTV estimate for Bulgarians in Brazil in Bulgarian btv bg Archived from the original on 11 October 2010 a b c World Migration International Organization for Migration 15 January 2015 a b 3 mln blgari sa napusnali stranata za poslednite 23 godini bTV quote of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archived from the original on 12 December 2017 Retrieved 12 December 2017 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria Bulgarians in Argentina Mfa bg in Bulgarian Archived from the original on 30 June 2020 Retrieved 29 April 2008 Nad 2 mln blgari zhiveyat v chuzhbina news bg Bulgarian News 3 February 2019 Dimitrova Tanya Kahl Thede 1 November 2013 Migration from and towards Bulgaria 1989 2011 p 39 ISBN 9783865965202 Italianskite blgari 24 Chasa in Bulgarian Statistiche demografiche ISTAT demo istat it Retrieved 20 December 2017 Bevolking geslacht leeftijd generatie en migratieachtergrond 1 januari in Dutch Central Bureau of Statistics CBS 22 July 2021 Retrieved 16 January 2022 2011 National Household Survey Data tables Statistics Canada 8 May 2013 Retrieved 11 February 2014 International Migration Outlook 2016 OECD READ edition OECD iLibrary Retrieved 20 December 2017 STATISTIK AUSTRIA Bevolkerung nach Staatsangehorigkeit und Geburtsland Statistik at Russia 2010 census XLS Gks ru in Russian Retrieved 20 December 2017 Cypriot 2011 census Cystat gov cy Serbian 2011 census PDF Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia Retrieved 25 December 2012 Archived copy Archived from the original on 19 October 2017 Retrieved 11 October 2017 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Population by country of origin statbank dk Utrikes fodda efter fodelseland kon och ar Scb se Statistiska Centralbyran Retrieved 25 May 2017 Many new Syrian immigrants Ssb no Retrieved 20 December 2017 statistique Office federal de la Population Bfs admin ch in French National Institute of Statistics of Portugal Foreigners in 2013 PDF Sefstat sef pt in Portuguese Retrieved 16 April 2011 Bulgaria s State Agency for Bulgarians Abroad Study about the number of Bulgarian immigrants as of 03 2011 Aba government bg in Bulgarian Retrieved 22 November 2016 Romanian 2011 census XLS Edrc ro in Romanian Australian 2011 census PDF Abs gov au Archived from the original PDF on 17 April 2017 Retrieved 20 December 2017 Archived copy Archived from the original on 27 June 2015 Retrieved 7 December 2016 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria Bulgarians in South Africa Mfa bg in Bulgarian Retrieved 8 February 2011 Vukovich Gabriella 2018 Mikrocenzus 2016 12 Nemzetisegi adatok 2016 microcensus 12 Ethnic data PDF Hungarian Central Statistical Office in Hungarian Budapest ISBN 978 963 235 542 9 Retrieved 9 January 2019 Vaesto 31 12 Muuttujina Maakunta Kieli Ika Sukupuoli Vuosi ja Tiedot SODB2021 Obyvatelia Zakladne vysledky www scitanie sk Retrieved 25 August 2022 SODB2021 Obyvatelia Zakladne vysledky www scitanie sk Retrieved 25 August 2022 a b Day Alan John East Roger Thomas Richard 2002 Political and economic dictionary of Eastern Europe Routledge p 96 ISBN 9780203403747 Retrieved 13 November 2011 Bulgarian 2011 census PDF in Bulgarian nsi bg p 25 Retrieved 15 October 2012 EPC 2014 Epc2014 princeton edu Retrieved 30 August 2015 Svobodno vreme 27 July 2011 Eksperti po demografiya osporiha prebroyavaneto Dnes bg Novini Dnes bg Retrieved 30 August 2015 Raymond G Gordon Jr Barbara F Grimes eds 2005 Languages of Turkey Europe Ethnologue Languages of the World Dallas Texas SIL International ISBN 978 1 55671 159 6 Retrieved 14 June 2016 Turkiye deki Kurtlerin sayisi in Turkish 6 June 2008 Retrieved 17 August 2010 Thomas Raju G C 2003 Yugoslavia Unraveled Sovereignty Self Determination Intervention Lexington Books ISBN 9780739107577 Most scholars categorize Pomaks as Slav Bulgarians Poulton Hugh Committee Minnesota Lawyers International Human Rights 1989 Minorities in the Balkans Minority Rights Group p 7 ISBN 9780946690718 Pomaks are a religious minority They are Slav Bulgarians who speak Bulgarian Republic of North Macedonia State Statistical Office 3 July 2010 Archived from the original on 3 July 2010 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Novite blgari Capital bg in Bulgarian Јonchev Nad 200 000 Makedonci chekaat bugarski pasoshi MKD mk in Macedonian Perspectives migrations internationales 2016 et Eurostat Minahan James 2000 One Europe many nations a historical dictionary of European national groups James Minahan Greenwood Publishing Group 2000 ISBN 0 313 30984 1 pp 134 135 ISBN 9780313309847 Retrieved 29 March 2020 Fine John Van Antwerp 1991 The early medieval Balkans a critical survey from the sixth to the late twelfth century University of Michigan Press p 308 ISBN 978 0 472 08149 3 Kopecek Michal 2007 Balazs Trencsenyi ed Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe 1770 1945 texts and commentaries Central European University Press p 240 ISBN 978 963 7326 60 8 Gurov Dilian March 2007 The Origins of the Bulgars PDF p 3 Archived from the original PDF on 14 October 2017 Retrieved 23 July 2018 Bowersock Glen W amp al Late Antiquity a Guide to the Postclassical World p 354 Harvard University Press 1999 ISBN 0 674 51173 5 Karataty Osman In Search of the Lost Tribe the Origins and Making of the Croatian Nation p 28 Narodno sbranie na Republika Blgariya Konstituciya Parliament bg Retrieved 22 November 2016 Prebroyavane 2021 Etnokulturna harakteristika na naselenieto 2021 Census Ethnocultural characteristics of the population PDF National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria Archived PDF from the original on 24 November 2022 a b Many Thracian survivals have been detected in the sphere of Bulgarian national costume and folk tradition The Bulgarians from pagan times to the Ottoman conquest David Marshall Lang Westview Press 1976 ISBN 0 89158 530 3 p 27 a b Kushniarevich Alena Utevska Olga Chuhryaeva Marina Agdzhoyan Anastasia Dibirova Khadizhat Uktveryte Ingrida Mols Mart Mulahasanovic Lejla Pshenichnov Andrey Frolova Svetlana Shanko Andrey Metspalu Ene Reidla Maere Tambets Kristiina Tamm Erika Koshel Sergey Zaporozhchenko Valery Atramentova Lubov Kucinskas Vaidutis Davydenko Oleg Goncharova Olga Evseeva Irina Churnosov Michail Pocheshchova Elvira Yunusbayev Bayazit Khusnutdinova Elza Marjanovic Damir Rudan Pavao Rootsi Siiri et al 2015 Genetic Heritage of the Balto Slavic Speaking Populations A Synthesis of Autosomal Mitochondrial and Y Chromosomal Data PLOS ONE 10 9 e0135820 Bibcode 2015PLoSO 1035820K doi 10 1371 journal pone 0135820 PMC 4558026 PMID 26332464 A detailed analysis is made of the assimilation process which took place between Slavs and Thracians It ended in the triumph of the Slav element and in the ultimate disappearance of the Thracian ethnos Attention is drawn to the fact that even though assimilated the Thracian ethnicon left behind traces of its existence in toponymy the lexical wealth of the Bulgarian language religious beliefs material culture etc which should be extensively studied in all their aspects in the future For more see Dimitr Angelov Obrazuvane na blgarskata narodnost Izdatelstvo Nauka i izkustvo Vekove Sofiya 1971 pp 409 410 Summary in Englis h Bulgar people Britannica com Retrieved 20 December 2017 a b c d e Fine John V A Fine John Van Antwerp 1991 The Early Medieval Balkans A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century University of Michigan Press p 68 ISBN 978 0472081493 The so called Bulgar inscriptions are with few exceptions written in Greek rather than in Turkic runes they mention officials with late antique titles and use late Antique terminology and indictional dating Contemporary Byzantine inscriptions are not obviously similar implying that this Bulgar epigraphic habit was not imported from Constantinople but was a local Bulgar development or rather it was an indigenous Roman inheritance Nicopolis ad Istrium Backward and Balkan by M Whittow Bulgarian historical review Publishing House of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences pp 53 The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome 7th edition pp 57 Ethnic Continuity in the Carpatho Danubian Area Elemer Illyes editors Mallory J P Adams D Q 1997 Encyclopedia of Indo European culture p 576 ISBN 9781884964985 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a last1 has generic name help Bulgarian Folk Customs Mercia MacDermott Jessica Kingsley Publishers 1998 ISBN 1853024856 pp 18 19 Ancient Languages of the Balkans Radoslav Katicic Walter de Gruyter 1976 ISBN 3111568873 pp 9 10 71 Liviu Petculescu The Roman Army as a Factor of Romanisation in the North Eastern Part of Moesia Inferior PDF Pontos dk Retrieved 30 August 2015 Christie Neil 2004 Landscapes of Change Chapter 8 ISBN 9781840146172 War and Warfare in Late Antiquity 2 vol set 23 August 2013 p 781 ISBN 9789004252585 Sofia 127 years capital Sofia Municipality Encyclopedia of Indo European Culture by Douglas Q Adams pp 576 Fine John Van Antwerp 1983 The Early Medieval Balkans University of Michigan Press ISBN 0 472 08149 7 p 31 a b Hupchick Dennis P The Balkans From Constantinople to Communism Palgrave Macmillan 2004 ISBN 1 4039 6417 3 Obrazuvane na blgarskata drzhava prof Petr Petrov Izdatelstvo Nauka i izkustvo Sofiya 1981 Obrazuvane na blgarskata narodnost prof Dimitr Angelov Izdatelstvo Nauka i izkustvo Vekove Sofiya 1971 Kroraina com Retrieved 13 November 2011 Runciman Steven 1930 A history of the First Bulgarian Empire London G Bell amp Sons I 1 Vassil Karloukovski Istoriya na blgarskata drzhava prez srednite vekove Vasil N Zlatarski I izd Sofiya 1918 II izd Nauka i izkustvo Sofiya 1970 pod red na prof Petr Hr Petrov Kroraina com Retrieved 13 November 2011 Rasho Rashev Die Protobulgaren im 5 7 Jahrhundert Orbel Sofia 2005 in Bulgarian German summary Sinor Denis 2005 Reflections on the History and Historiography of the Nomad Empires of Central Eurasia Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 58 1 3 14 doi 10 1556 AOrient 58 2005 1 1 JSTOR 23658601 permanent dead link Dobrev Petar Ezikt na Asparuhovite i Kuberovite blgari 1995 in Bulgarian Bakalov Georgi Malko izvestni fakti ot istoriyata na drevnite blgari Part 1 amp Part 2 in Bulgarian Jordanov Stefan Slavyani tyurki i indo iranci v rannoto srednovekovie ezikovi problemi na blgarskiya etnogenezis V Blgaristichni prouchvaniya 8 Aktualni problemi na blgaristikata i slavistikata Sedma mezhdunarodna nauchna sesiya Veliko Trnovo 22 23 avgust 2001 g Veliko Trnovo 2002 275 295 Nadpis 21 ot blgarskoto zlatno skrovishe Nagi Sent Miklosh studiya ot prof d r Ivan Kalchev Dobrev ot Sbornik s materiali ot Nauchna konferenciya na VA G S Rakovski Sofiya 2005 g Detrez Raymond 2005 Developing Cultural Identity in the Balkans Convergence Vs Divergence Peter Lang p 29 ISBN 9789052012971 Cristian Emilian Ghita Claudia Florentina Dobre 2016 Quest for a Suitable Past Myths and Memory in Central and Eastern Europe p 142 Hupchick D 11 January 2002 The Balkans From Constantinople to Communism Springer p 35 ISBN 9780312299132 Komatina 2010 p 55 82 Steven Runciman A history of the First Bulgarian Empire page 28 Goetz Hans Werner Jarnut Jorg Pohl Walter 2003 Regna and gentes the relationship between late antique and early medieval peoples and kingdoms in the transformation of the Roman world Brill pp 582 583 ISBN 978 9004125247 Retrieved 11 February 2015 Florin Curta Horsemen in forts or peasants in villages Remarks on the archaeology of warfare in the 6th to 7th century Balkansmore 2013 A Concise History of Bulgaria R J Crampton Cambridge University Press 2005 ISBN 0521616379 p 13 John Norman 1977 An historical geography of Europe 450 B C A D 1330 CUP Archive p 179 ISBN 9780521291262 Retrieved 13 November 2011 The Formation of the Bulgarian Nation Academician Dimitŭr Simeonov Angelov Summary Sofia Press 1978 Kroraina com Retrieved 13 November 2011 L Ivanov Essential History of Bulgaria in Seven Pages Sofia 2007 Minahan James 2000 One Europe many nations a historical dictionary of European national groups James Minahan Greenwood Publishing Group 2000 ISBN 0 313 30984 1 pp 134 135 ISBN 9780313309847 Retrieved 13 November 2011 Fine John Van Antwerp 1991 The early medieval Balkans a critical survey from the sixth to the late twelfth century University of Michigan Press p 308 ISBN 978 0 472 08149 3 Kopecek Michal 2007 Balazs Trencsenyi ed Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe 1770 1945 texts and commentaries Central European University Press p 240 ISBN 978 963 7326 60 8 Expansions Competition and Conquest in Europe Since the Bronze Age Reykjavikur Akademian 2010 ISBN 9979992212 p 194 Nikolova L Gergova D 2017 Contemporary Bulgarian Archaeology as a Social Practice in the Later Twentieth to Early Twenty first Century In Lozny L eds Archaeology of the Communist Era Springer ISBN 978 3 319 45108 4 Differentiation in Entanglement Debates on Antiquity Ethnogenesis and Identity in Nineteenth Century Bulgaria in Klaniczay Gabor and Werner Michael eds Multiple Antiquities Multiple Modernities Ancient Histories in Nineteenth Century European Cultures Frankfurt Chicago University of Chicago Press 2011 213 246 Stefan Detchev Who are the Bulgarians Race Science and Politics in Fin de siecle Bulgaria pp 237 269 in We the People Politics of National Peculiarity in Southeastern Europe 2009 by Diana Mishkova Author Editor Central European University Press ISBN 9639776289 T Kamusella Peter Burke The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe Springer 2008 ISBN 0230583474 p 285 Raymond Detrez Historical Dictionary of Bulgaria Rowman amp Littlefield 2014 ISBN 1442241802 pp 189 190 Tchavdar Marinov Ancient Thrace in the Modern Imagination Ideological Aspects of the Construction of Thracian Studies in Southeast Europe Romania Greece Bulgaria in Entangled Histories of the Balkans Volume Three 2015 ISBN 9789004290365 pp 10 117 Rumen Daskalov Chudniyat svyat na drevnite blgari Gutenberg 2011 ISBN 9546171212 pp 7 11 Aleksandr Nikolov Paraistoriyata kato fenomen na prehoda preotkrivaneto na drevnite blgari v Istoricheskiyat habitus opredmetenata istoriya 2013 sst Yu Todorov i A Lunin str 24 63 Curta Florin 2006 Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages 500 1250 Cambridge Medieval Textbooks Cambridge University Press pp 221 222 ISBN 9780521815390 Retrieved 11 February 2015 Poulton Hugh 2000 Who are the Macedonians 2nd ed C Hurst amp Co Publishers pp 19 20 ISBN 978 1 85065 534 3 Vassil Karloukovski 1996 Srednovekovni gradovi i tvrdini vo Makedoniјa Ivan Mikulchiќ Skopјe Makedonska civilizaciјa 1996 Kroraina com p 72 ISBN 978 9989756078 Retrieved 11 February 2015 Giatzidis Emil 2002 An Introduction to Post Communist Bulgaria Political Economic and Social Transformations Manchester University Press ISBN 9780719060953 Retrieved 11 February 2015 Fine John V A Jr 1991 The Early Medieval Balkans A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century University of Michigan p 165 ISBN 978 0472081493 Retrieved 11 February 2015 via Books google bg Sedlar Jean W 1994 East Central Europe in the Middle Ages 1000 1500 University of Washington Press p 364 ISBN 9780295800646 Retrieved 11 February 2015 Bulgaria Ottoman rule Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Retrieved 21 December 2011 With the capture of a rump Bulgarian kingdom centred at Bdin Vidin in 1396 the last remnant of Bulgarian independence disappeared The Bulgarian nobility was destroyed its members either perished fled or accepted Islam and Turkicization and the peasantry was enserfed to Turkish masters Minkov Anton 2004 Conversion to Islam in the Balkans Kisve Bahasi Petitions and Ottoman Social Life 1670 1730 BRILL p 193 ISBN 978 9004135765 Retrieved 11 February 2015 Detrez Raymond Segaert Barbara Lang Peter 2008 Europe and the Historical Legacies in the Balkans p 36 ISBN 9789052013749 Retrieved 11 February 2015 Karpat Kemal H 2002 Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History Selected Articles and Essays Brill p 17 ISBN 978 9004121010 Retrieved 11 February 2015 Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity Disciplinary and Regional Perspectives Joshua A Fishman Ofelia Garcia Oxford University Press 2010 ISBN 0195374924 p 276 There were almost no remnants of a Bulgarian ethnic identity the population defined itself as Christians according to the Ottoman system of millets that is communities of religious beliefs The first attempts to define a Bulgarian ethnicity started at the beginning of the 19th century Roudometof Victor Robertson Roland 2001 Nationalism globalization and orthodoxy the social origins of ethnic conflict in the Balkans Greenwood Publishing Group pp 68 71 ISBN 978 0313319495 Nikolova Houston Tatiana Nikolaeva 2008 Margins and Marginality Marginalia and Colophons in South Slavic Manuscripts During the Ottoman Period 1393 1878 pp 202 206 ISBN 9780549650751 Retrieved 11 February 2015 Crampton R J 1987 Modern Bulgaria Cambridge University Press p 8 ISBN 9780521273237 Retrieved 11 February 2015 Carvalho Joaquim 2007 Religion and Power in Europe Conflict and Convergence Edizioni Plus p 261 ISBN 9788884924643 Retrieved 11 February 2015 Stith Spencer S 2008 A Comparative Study of Post Ottoman Political Influences on Bulgarian National Identity Construction and Conflict pp 22 23 ISBN 9780549683957 Retrieved 11 February 2015 Milchev Vladimir 2002 Dva husarski polka s blgarsko uchastie v sistemata na drzhavnata voenna kolonizaciya v Yuzhna Ukrajna 1759 1762 63 g Two Hussar Regiments with Bulgarian Participation in the System of the State Military Colonization in Southern Ukraine 1759 1762 63 Istoricheski pregled in Bulgarian 5 6 154 65 Jelavich Charles Jelavich Barbara 1977 Establishment of the Balkan National States 1804 1918 University of Washington Press p 128 ISBN 9780295803609 Retrieved 11 February 2015 During the 20th century Slavo Macedonian national feeling has shifted At the beginning of the 20th century Slavic patriots in Macedonia felt a strong attachment to Macedonia as a multi ethnic homeland They imagined a Macedonian community uniting themselves with non Slavic Macedonians Most of these Macedonian Slavs also saw themselves as Bulgarians By the middle of the 20th century however Macedonian patriots began to see Macedonian and Bulgarian loyalties as mutually exclusive Regional Macedonian nationalism had become ethnic Macedonian nationalism This transformation shows that the content of collective loyalties can shift Roth Klaus Brunnbauer Ulf 2010 Region Regional Identity and Regionalism in Southeastern Europe Ethnologia Balkanica Series LIT Verlag Munster p 127 ISBN 978 3825813871 Up until the early 20th century and beyond the international community viewed Macedonians as regional variety of Bulgarians i e Western Bulgarians Nationalism and Territory Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern Europe Geographical perspectives on the human past Europe Current Events George W White Rowman amp Littlefield 2000 ISBN 0847698092 p 236 Most of the Slavophone inhabitants in all parts of divided Macedonia perhaps a million and a half in all had a Bulgarian national consciousness at the beginning of the Occupation and most Bulgarians whether they supported the Communists VMRO or the collaborating government assumed that all Macedonia would fall to Bulgaria after the WWII Tito was determined that this should not happen Woodhouse Christopher Montague 2002 The struggle for Greece 1941 1949 C Hurst amp Co Publishers p 67 ISBN 978 1 85065 492 6 At the end of the WWI there were very few historians or ethnographers who claimed that a separate Macedonian nation existed Of those Slavs who had developed some sense of national identity the majority probably considered themselves to be Bulgarians although they were aware of differences between themselves and the inhabitants of Bulgaria The question as of whether a Macedonian nation actually existed in the 1940s when a Communist Yugoslavia decided to recognize one is difficult to answer Some observers argue that even at this time it was doubtful whether the Slavs from Macedonia considered themselves to be a nationality separate from the Bulgarians Danforth Loring M 1997 The Macedonian conflict ethnic nationalism in a transnational world Princeton University Press pp 65 66 ISBN 978 0 691 04356 2 Kaufman Stuart J 2001 Modern hatreds the symbolic politics of ethnic war New York Cornell University Press p 193 ISBN 978 0 8014 8736 1 The key fact about Macedonian nationalism is that it is new in the early twentieth century Macedonian villagers defined their identity religiously they were either Bulgarian Serbian or Greek depending on the affiliation of the village priest While Bulgarian was most common affiliation then mistreatment by occupying Bulgarian troops during WWII cured most Macedonians from their pro Bulgarian sympathies leaving them embracing the new Macedonian identity promoted by the Tito regime after the war Experts for Census 2011 in Bulgarian a b Bulgarian 2001 census in Bulgarian nsi bg Retrieved 21 July 2011 Chairman of Bulgaria s State Agency for Bulgarians Abroad 3 4 million Bulgarians abroad in 2009 in Bulgarian 2009 Retrieved 7 March 2011 Bozhidar Dimitrov prebroi 4 mln blgari zad granica in Bulgarian 2010 Archived from the original on 14 July 2011 Retrieved 7 March 2011 Cousinery Esprit Marie Langlume 20 December 2017 Voyage dans la Macedoine contenant des recherches sur l histoire la geographie et les antiquites de ce pays Imprimerie Royale Retrieved 20 December 2017 via Google Books I The Middle Ages 1 Promacedonia org Retrieved 20 December 2017 II The National Revival Period 1 Promacedonia org Retrieved 20 December 2017 Woodhouse Christopher Montague 2002 The Struggle for Greece 1941 1949 C Hurst amp Co Publishers p 67 ISBN 9781850654926 Retrieved 13 November 2011 Who are the Macedonians Hugh Poulton C Hurst amp Co Publishers 1995 ISBN 1 85065 238 4 p 109 Felix Philipp Kanitz Das Konigreich Serbien und das Serbenvolk von der Romerzeit bis dur Gegenwart 1904 in two volume In this time 1872 they the inhabitants of Pirot did not presume that six years later the often damn Turkish rule in their town will be finished and at least they did not presume that they will be include in Serbia because they always feel that they are Bulgarians Srbiјa zemљa i stanovnishtvo od rimskog doba do kraјa XIX veka Druga kњiga Beograd 1986 p 215 And today in the end of the 19th century among the older generation there are many fondness to Bulgarians that it led him to collision with Serbian government Some hesitation can be noticed among the youngs Srbiјa zemљa i stanovnishtvo od rimskog doba do kraјa XIX veka Druga kњiga Beograd 1986 c 218 Serbia its land and inhabitants Belgrade 1986 p 218 Jerome Adolphe Blanqui Voyage en Bulgarie pendant l annee 1841 Zherom Adolf Blanki Ptuvane iz Blgariya prez 1841 godina Prev ot frenski El Rajcheva predg Iv Ilchev Sofiya Kolibri 2005 219 s ISBN 9789545293672 It describes a population in Nish sandjak as Bulgarian see 1 Stojkov Stojko Blgarska dialektologiya Akad izd Prof Marin Drinov 2006 Girdenis A Maziulis V Baltu kalbu divercencine chronologija Baltistica T XXVII 2 Vilnius 1994 P 9 Toporov V N Prusskij yazyk Slovar A D M 1975 S 5 S7 hostingkartinok com Retrieved 20 December 2017 Hupchick D The Palgrave Concise Historical Atlas of Eastern Europe p 67 Springer 2016 ISBN 9781137048172 Social Construction of Identities Pomaks in Bulgaria Ali Eminov JEMIE 6 2007 2 c 2007 by European Centre for Minority Issues PDF Archived from the original PDF on 26 March 2017 Retrieved 11 February 2015 Ot Trud onlajn Arhivt e v proces na prehvrlyane Trud Trud bg Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 22 November 2016 2 dead link Harry Henderson 14 May 2014 A to Z of Computer Scientists p 8 ISBN 9781438109183 Retrieved 22 November 2016 Clark R Mollenhoff 28 February 1999 Atanasoff Forgotten Father of the Computer ISBN 9780813800325 Retrieved 22 November 2016 Bulgaria Poultry and Products Meat Market Update The Poultry Site 8 May 2006 Retrieved 30 August 2015 Koleva T A Bolgary Kalendarnye obychai i obryady v stranah zarubezhnoj Evropy Konec XIX nachalo XX v Vesennie prazdniki M Nauka 1977 S 274 295 360 s PDF Tangrabg files wordpress com Retrieved 22 November 2016 a b PDF Bkks org Retrieved 22 November 2016 Ancho Kaloyanov STAROBLGARSKOTO EZIChESTVO LiterNet 06 11 2002 ISBN 954 304 009 5 Istoriya vo kratce o bolgarskom narode slovenskom a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y PDF Mling ru Retrieved 22 November 2016 Rusalii drevnite blgarski obichai po Koleda Bgnow eu Retrieved 22 November 2016 Sledi ot bita i ezika na prablgarite v nashata narodna kultura Ivan Koev Sofiya 1971 a b MacDermott Mercia 1 January 1998 Bulgarian Folk Customs Jessica Kingsley Publishers pp 41 44 ISBN 9781853024856 The so called Kapantsi an ethnographic group living mainly in the Razgrad and Turgovishte area of north east Bulgaria are believed to be descendants of Asparuh s Proto Bulgars who have maintained at least something of their original heritage the traditional costumes of Bulgaria are derived mainly from the ancient Slav costumes Women s costumes fall into four main categories one apron two apron sukman and saya Like men s costumes these are not intrinsically separate types but have evolved from the original chemise and apron worn by the early Slavs Directly descended with little mutation from the dress of the ancient Slavs the one apron D Angelov Obrazuvane na blgarskata narodnost 4 3 Promacedonia org Retrieved 22 November 2016 Ekip7 Razgrad Korennite zhiteli na Razgrad i rajona blgari ama ne kakvi da e a kapanci Ekip7 bg 14 September 2015 Archived from the original on 12 October 2017 Retrieved 22 November 2016 Znachenie uzorov i ornamentov Russkie ornamenty i uzory 21 November 2013 Archived from the original on 21 November 2013 Retrieved 20 December 2017 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Simvoly v ornamentah drevnih slavyan Etnoxata com ua 25 January 2015 Retrieved 22 November 2016 V V Yakzhik Gosudarstvennyj flag Respubliki Belarus w Rekomendacii po ispolzovaniyu gosudarstvennoj simvoliki v uchrezhdeniyah obrazovaniya page 3 Mellish Liz 2010 Berg Encyclopedia of World Dress and Fashion Vol 9 East Europe Russia and the Caucasus Bloomsbury p PART 5 Southeast Europe Bulgaria Ethnic Dress ISBN 9781847883988 Bulgarian women s dress include overgarments that are joined at the shoulders and are considered to have evolved from the sarafan the pinafore dress typically worn by women of various Slav nations This type of garment includes the soukman and the saya and aprons that fasten at the waist that are also attributed to a Slavic origin HRISTO STOICHKOV FCBarcelona cat Fcbarcelona com Archived from the original on 3 January 2013 Retrieved 11 February 2015 Dave Meltzer Bret Hart 1 January 2004 Tributes II Remembering More of the World s Greatest Professional Wrestlers ISBN 9781582618173 Retrieved 22 November 2016 Sources EditKomatina Predrag 2010 The Slavs of the mid Danube basin and the Bulgarian expansion in the first half of the 9th century PDF Zbornik radova Vizantoloshkog instituta 47 55 82 Obolensky Dimitri 1974 1971 The Byzantine Commonwealth Eastern Europe 500 1453 London Cardinal ISBN 9780351176449 Ostrogorsky George 1956 History of the Byzantine State Oxford Basil Blackwell External links Edit Media related to Bulgarians at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bulgarians amp oldid 1129817465, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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