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The Omotic languages are a group of languages spoken in southwestern Ethiopia, in the Omo River region. The Ge'ez script is used to write some of the Omotic languages, the Latin script for some others. They are fairly agglutinative and have complex tonal systems (for example, the Bench language). The languages have around 6.2 million speakers. The group is generally classified as belonging to the Afroasiatic language family, but this is disputed by some.
The North and South Omotic branches ("Nomotic" and "Somotic") are universally recognized, with some dispute as to the composition of North Omotic. The primary debate is over the placement of the Mao languages. Bender (2000) classifies Omotic languages as follows:
Apart from terminology, this differs from Fleming (1976) in including the Mao languages, whose affiliation had originally been controversial, and in abolishing the "Gimojan" group.[clarification needed] There are also differences in the subclassification of Ometo, which is not covered here.
A depiction of the classificiation of Cushitic and Omotic languages
Hayward (2003)
Hayward (2003) separates out the Mao languages as a third branch of Omotic and breaks up Ometo–Gimira:
Bosha† is unclassified; Ethnologue lists it as a dialect of Kafa but notes it may be a distinct language.
Classification
Omotic is generally considered the most divergent branch of the Afroasiatic languages. Greenberg (1963) had classified it as the Western branch of Cushitic. Fleming (1969) argued that it should instead be classified as an independent branch of Afroasiatic, a view which Bender (1971) established to most linguists' satisfaction,[3] though a few linguists maintain the West Cushitic position[4] or that only South Omotic forms a separate branch, with North Omotic remaining part of Cushitic. Blench (2006) notes that Omotic shares honey-related vocabulary with the rest of Afroasiatic but not cattle-related vocabulary, suggesting that the split occurred before the advent of pastoralism. A few scholars have raised doubts that the Omotic languages are part of the Afroasiatic language family at all,[5][6] and Theil (2006) proposes that Omotic be treated as an independent family.[7] However, the general consensus, based primarily on morphological evidence, is that membership in Afroasiatic is well established.[8][9][10]
Glottolog
Hammarström, et al. in Glottolog does not consider Omotic to be a unified group, and also does not consider any of the "Omotic" groups to be part of the Afroasiatic phylum. Glottolog accepts the following as independent language families.
These four families are also accepted by Güldemann (2018), who similarly doubts the validity of Omotic as a unified group.[1]
Reconstruction
Bender (1987: 33–35)[11] reconstructs the following proto-forms for Proto-Omotic and Proto-North Omotic, the latter which is considered to have descended from Proto-Omotic.
English gloss
Proto- Omotic
Proto-North Omotic
ashes
*bend
bird
*kaf
bite
*sats’
breast
*t’iam
claw
*ts’ugum
die
*hayk’
dog
*kan
egg
*ɓul
fire
*tam
grass
*maata
hand
*kuc
head
*to-
hear
*si-
mouth
*non-
nose
*si(n)t’
root
*ts’ab-
snake
*šooš
stand (vb.)
*yek’
this
*kʰan-
thou (2.SG)
*ne(n)
water
*haats’
we (1.PL)
*nu(n)
ye (2.PL)
*int-
green
*c’il-
house
*kyet
left
*hadr-
elephant
*daŋgVr
sister, mother
*ind
armpit
*šoɓ-
boat
*gong-
grave
*duuk
vomit
*c’oš-
Comparative vocabulary
Sample basic vocabulary of 40 Omotic languages from Blažek (2008):[12]
^ abGüldemann, Tom (2018). "Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa". In Güldemann, Tom (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of Africa. The World of Linguistics series. Vol. 11. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 58–444. doi:10.1515/9783110421668-002. ISBN978-3-11-042606-9. S2CID 133888593.
^Blench, 2006. The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List
^I. M. Diakonoff (1998) Journal of Semitic Studies 43:209: "It is quite evident that cultural ties between Proto-Semitic and the African branches of the Afrasian macrofamily must have been severed at a very early date indeed. However, the grammatical structure of [Common Semitic] (especially in the verb) is obviously close to that of Common Berbero-Libyan (CBL), as well as to Bedauye. (Bedauye might, quite possibly, be classified as a family distinct from the rest of Kushitic.) The same grammatical isoglosses are somewhat more feebly felt between Semitic and (the other?) Kushitic languages. They practically disappear between the Semitic and the Omotic languages, which were formerly termed Western Kushitic, but which actually may not be Afrasian at all, like their neighbours the Nubian languages and Meroitic."
^Rolf Theil (2006) Is Omotic Afro-Asiatic? pp 1–2: "I claim to show that no convincing arguments have been presented [for the inclusion of Omotic (OM) in Afro-Asiatic (AA)], and that OM should be regarded as an independent language family. No closer genetic relations have been demonstrated between OM and AA than between OM and any other language family."
^Gerrit Dimmendaal (2008) "Language Ecology and Linguistic Diversity on the African Continent", in Language and Linguistics Compass 2/5:841: "Although its Afroasiatic affiliation has been disputed, the allocation of Omotic within this family is now well-established, based on the attestation of morphological properties that this family shares with other Afroasiatic branches."
^Ehret, Christopher (2010-12-17). History and the Testimony of Language. University of California Press. ISBN978-0-520-94759-7.
^Lecarme, Jacqueline (2003-01-01). Research in Afroasiatic Grammar Two. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN978-90-272-4753-7.
^ abBender, Lionel M. 1987. "First Steps Toward proto-Omotic." Current Approaches to African Linguistics 3 (1987): 21–36.
^Blažek, Václav. 2008. A lexicostatistical comparison of Omotic languages. In Bengtson (ed.), 57–148.
^Aklilu, Yilma. 2003. Comparative phonology of the Maji languages. Journal of Ethiopian studies 36: 59–88.
Sources cited
Bender, M. Lionel. 2000. Comparative Morphology of the Omotic Languages. Munich: LINCOM.
Fleming, Harold. 1976. Omotic overview. In The Non-Semitic Languages of Ethiopia, ed. by M. Lionel Bender, pp. 299–323. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University.
Newman, Paul. 1980. The classification of Chadic within Afroasiatic. Universitaire Pers Leiden.
General Omotic bibliography
Bender, M. L. 1975. Omotic: a new Afroasiatic language family. (University Museum Series, 3.) Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University.
Blench, Roger. 2006. Archaeology, Language, and the African Past. AltaMira Press
Hayward, Richard J., ed. 1990. Omotic Language Studies. London: School of Oriental and African Studies.
Hayward, Richard J. 2003. Omotic: the "empty quarter" of Afroasiatic linguistics. In Research in Afroasiatic Grammar II: selected papers from the fifth conference on Afroasiatic languages, Paris 2000, ed. by Jacqueline Lecarme, pp. 241–261. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Lamberti, Marcello. 1991. Cushitic and its classification. Anthropos 86(4/6):552-561.
Zaborski, Andrzej. 1986. Can Omotic be reclassified as West Cushitic? In Gideon Goldenberg, ed., Ethiopian Studies: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference pp. 525–530. Rotterdam: Balkema.
omotic, languages, confused, with, omotik, language, this, article, expanded, with, text, translated, from, corresponding, article, swedish, november, 2018, click, show, important, translation, instructions, machine, translation, like, deepl, google, translate. Not to be confused with Omotik language This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Swedish November 2018 Click show for important translation instructions Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 1 022 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Swedish Wikipedia article at sv Omotiska sprak see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated sv Omotiska sprak to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation The Omotic languages are a group of languages spoken in southwestern Ethiopia in the Omo River region The Ge ez script is used to write some of the Omotic languages the Latin script for some others They are fairly agglutinative and have complex tonal systems for example the Bench language The languages have around 6 2 million speakers The group is generally classified as belonging to the Afroasiatic language family but this is disputed by some OmoticGeographicdistributionEthiopiaLinguistic classificationAfro AsiaticOmoticSubdivisionsNorth Omotic South OmoticISO 639 5omvGlottologNoneOmotic languages South Omotic Mao Dizoid Gonga Kefoid Gimojan languages Yemsa Bench Gimira Chara Ometo Neighboring languages Nilo Saharan Afro AsiaticFour separate Omotic groups are accepted by Glottolog 4 0 and Guldemann 2018 Ta Ne Omotic Dizoid Maji Mao and Aroid South Omotic 1 Contents 1 Languages 1 1 Hayward 2003 1 2 Blench 2006 2 Classification 2 1 Glottolog 3 Reconstruction 4 Comparative vocabulary 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Sources cited 8 General Omotic bibliography 9 External linksLanguages EditThe North and South Omotic branches Nomotic and Somotic are universally recognized with some dispute as to the composition of North Omotic The primary debate is over the placement of the Mao languages Bender 2000 classifies Omotic languages as follows South Omotic Aroid Hamer Banna Aari Dime Karo North Omotic Non Aroid Mao Bambassi West Mao Hozo Seze Ganza Dizoid Dizi Sheko Nayi Gonga Gimojan Gonga Kefoid Boro Anfillo Kafa Shekkacho Gimojan Yemsa Ometo Gimira Bench Chara Ometo languagesApart from terminology this differs from Fleming 1976 in including the Mao languages whose affiliation had originally been controversial and in abolishing the Gimojan group clarification needed There are also differences in the subclassification of Ometo which is not covered here A depiction of the classificiation of Cushitic and Omotic languages Hayward 2003 Edit Hayward 2003 separates out the Mao languages as a third branch of Omotic and breaks up Ometo Gimira South Omotic Mao North Omotic Dizoid Ta Ne languages Gonga Gimojan Yemsa Bench Ometo CharaBlench 2006 Edit Blench 2006 gives a more agnostic classification 2 South Omotic North Omotic Mao Dizoid Gonga Kefoid Yem Gimira Ometo Chara Bosha is unclassified Ethnologue lists it as a dialect of Kafa but notes it may be a distinct language Classification EditOmotic is generally considered the most divergent branch of the Afroasiatic languages Greenberg 1963 had classified it as the Western branch of Cushitic Fleming 1969 argued that it should instead be classified as an independent branch of Afroasiatic a view which Bender 1971 established to most linguists satisfaction 3 though a few linguists maintain the West Cushitic position 4 or that only South Omotic forms a separate branch with North Omotic remaining part of Cushitic Blench 2006 notes that Omotic shares honey related vocabulary with the rest of Afroasiatic but not cattle related vocabulary suggesting that the split occurred before the advent of pastoralism A few scholars have raised doubts that the Omotic languages are part of the Afroasiatic language family at all 5 6 and Theil 2006 proposes that Omotic be treated as an independent family 7 However the general consensus based primarily on morphological evidence is that membership in Afroasiatic is well established 8 9 10 Glottolog Edit Hammarstrom et al in Glottolog does not consider Omotic to be a unified group and also does not consider any of the Omotic groups to be part of the Afroasiatic phylum Glottolog accepts the following as independent language families Ta Ne Omotic Dizoid Maji Mao Aroid Ari Banna South Omotic These four families are also accepted by Guldemann 2018 who similarly doubts the validity of Omotic as a unified group 1 Reconstruction EditBender 1987 33 35 11 reconstructs the following proto forms for Proto Omotic and Proto North Omotic the latter which is considered to have descended from Proto Omotic English gloss Proto Omotic Proto North Omoticashes bendbird kafbite sats breast t iamclaw ts ugumdie hayk dog kanegg ɓulfire tamgrass maatahand kuchead to hear si mouth non nose si n t root ts ab snake soosstand vb yek this kʰan thou 2 SG ne n water haats we 1 PL nu n ye 2 PL int green c il house kyetleft hadr elephant daŋgVrsister mother indarmpit soɓ boat gong grave duukvomit c os Comparative vocabulary EditSample basic vocabulary of 40 Omotic languages from Blazek 2008 12 Language eye ear nose tooth tongue mouth blood bone tree water eat nameBasketo af waytsi sints acci B ɪnts ɨrs no na suuts mek ets B mɪts B waːtse A moy B sumsaDokka af waytsi si nts acci ɨrs ɪns no na su ts mik әts mittse wa tsi m suntsaMale aːpi waizi sied i aci ɪndɪrsi daŋka sugutsi megetsi mitsi waːtsi mo sunsiWolaita ayf iya A ayp iya haytta sir iya acca A acc a int arsa doona suutta Ch maccamie mek etta mitta hatta m suntaKullo ayp iya haytsa siid iya acc a ins arsa doona sutsa mek etsa barzap iya hatsa m suttaCancha ayp e hayts sire acc a ins arsa doona suts mek etsa mits haats m suntsMalo aɸe hʌ je sid e acʰә irɪ nts dɔ nʌ sutsʰ mek ɨ ts mɪ ts atsә m sʊnsGofa ayp e haytsa siide acc a intsarsa doona sutsa mek etta mitsa hatse m suntsaZala ayfe h aytsa sid e acca int arsa duna tsutsa mitsa hatsa maa Gamu ayp e haytsa siire acc a ins arsa doona suuts mek ets mitsa hatse m suntsDache ayfe hayts e siyd e ace ɪntsers duna suts mek ets sara hatse m suntsDorze ayp e waye sire acc a ins arsa duuna suts mek etsa mits haats m suntsOyda ape ayfe B haːye sid e ac pl o ci ilans B doːna suts mek ets mɪns a haytsi mu suntsuZayse aaɸe waaye kuŋke acc ints ere baade suuts mek eete mits a waats i m c uuc eZergulla aːɸe wai kuŋki ac e insәre haː e suːts nekete mintsa waːtse m suːnsGanjule aaɸe waase kuŋke gaggo ints ure baade suuts mek ete mits i waats i m ts unts iGidicho aaɸe waase kuŋke gaggo ints ure baade suuts i mek ete mits i waats i m ts unts iKachama aaɸe uwaase kuŋke gaggo ints ure baade suuts e mek etee mits i waats i m ts unts iKoyra aɸe waaye siid e gaggo unts ure aasa suuts mek eete mits e Ce akka waats e muuwa suuntsiChara aːpa woːya sint u ac a ins ila noːna suːta merta mitsa aːs a ḿ na sumaBench ap h ay sint gas san eyts non sut mert inc so m sumShe af ai sint gas ets non sut mert enc so mma sumYemsa aafa kema odo siya a ya terma noono anna mega i o aka me sunaBworo aawa waaza sint a gasa albeera noona ts atts a mak әttsa mitta aatsa maa suutsaAnfillo aːfo waːjo siːnto gaːsso erɪːtso nɔːno ts antso sauso mɪːtso yuːro m siːgoKafa affo aho wammo kendo muddo gaso ec iyo nono koko dammo sawuso met o ac o mammo c okko siggoMocha a p o wa mmo sit o gaso hac awo no no damo sa wuso mit o a c o ma ha segoProto Omotic 11 si n t non haats MajiProto Maji 13 ʔaːb haːy aːc u eːdu uːs incu haːy umDizi ab u aːi sin u azu yabɪl ed u yerm u us wɪc aːi m sɪm uShako aːb aːy B sɪnt aːc u erb eːd yarm uːsu iːncu aːy m suːmNayi aːf B haːy si n B acu B yalb eːdu yarbm uːs B incus B hai m suːmMaoMao aːfe waːle siːnt e aːts ὲ ants ilὲ pɔ ːnsὲ hande maːlt e iːntsὲ haːtsὲ ha mija jeːskeSeze aːb aːwi weὲ siːnte haːts e haːnsi jantsilὲ t agal waːnde hambilὲ bak ili innsi haːns i maːmɔ niːsiHozo abbi weera sini ats i S winte lә waandi hambile bak ile S iːnti haani maa iisiAroidDime afe aɸe k aːme nʊkʊ F baŋgɪl ɪts kәsɪl ɨdәm afe B app maxse F dzumt k oss F k ʊs axe B haːɣo naxe B nәːɣ ɨcɨn mɨze F naːbHamer api afi k a ː m nuki ats ad ab ap zum i leːfi ak noko kʊm nam Banna afi k ami nuki atsi adʌb adɪm afa zump i lefi ɑhaka haːk a noko its kum na a biKaro afi k ami nuki asi attәp M apo mәk әs lefi aka nuk o isidiAri afi k ami nuki atsi B kasel geegi adim afa zom i lefi ahaka noɣa B nɔk ɔ its namiUbamer a fi ɣ k a mi nuki atsi admi afa mek es ɣ lefi aɣa luk a luɣa its na miGalila a fi k a mi nuki aci admi afa mәk әs lefi aɣa ahaɣa lu ɣa lo ɣa ic la miSee also EditLanguages of EthiopiaNotes Edit a b Guldemann Tom 2018 Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa In Guldemann Tom ed The Languages and Linguistics of Africa The World of Linguistics series Vol 11 Berlin De Gruyter Mouton pp 58 444 doi 10 1515 9783110421668 002 ISBN 978 3 11 042606 9 S2CID 133888593 Blench 2006 The Afro Asiatic Languages Classification and Reference List Hayward 2000 85 Lamberti 1991 Zaborksi 1986 I M Diakonoff 1998 Journal of Semitic Studies 43 209 It is quite evident that cultural ties between Proto Semitic and the African branches of the Afrasian macrofamily must have been severed at a very early date indeed However the grammatical structure of Common Semitic especially in the verb is obviously close to that of Common Berbero Libyan CBL as well as to Bedauye Bedauye might quite possibly be classified as a family distinct from the rest of Kushitic The same grammatical isoglosses are somewhat more feebly felt between Semitic and the other Kushitic languages They practically disappear between the Semitic and the Omotic languages which were formerly termed Western Kushitic but which actually may not be Afrasian at all like their neighbours the Nubian languages and Meroitic Newman 1980 Rolf Theil 2006 Is Omotic Afro Asiatic pp 1 2 I claim to show that no convincing arguments have been presented for the inclusion of Omotic OM in Afro Asiatic AA and that OM should be regarded as an independent language family No closer genetic relations have been demonstrated between OM and AA than between OM and any other language family Gerrit Dimmendaal 2008 Language Ecology and Linguistic Diversity on the African Continent in Language and Linguistics Compass 2 5 841 Although its Afroasiatic affiliation has been disputed the allocation of Omotic within this family is now well established based on the attestation of morphological properties that this family shares with other Afroasiatic branches Ehret Christopher 2010 12 17 History and the Testimony of Language University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 94759 7 Lecarme Jacqueline 2003 01 01 Research in Afroasiatic Grammar Two John Benjamins Publishing ISBN 978 90 272 4753 7 a b Bender Lionel M 1987 First Steps Toward proto Omotic Current Approaches to African Linguistics 3 1987 21 36 Blazek Vaclav 2008 A lexicostatistical comparison of Omotic languages In Bengtson ed 57 148 Aklilu Yilma 2003 Comparative phonology of the Maji languages Journal of Ethiopian studies 36 59 88 Sources cited EditBender M Lionel 2000 Comparative Morphology of the Omotic Languages Munich LINCOM Fleming Harold 1976 Omotic overview In The Non Semitic Languages of Ethiopia ed by M Lionel Bender pp 299 323 East Lansing MI Michigan State University Newman Paul 1980 The classification of Chadic within Afroasiatic Universitaire Pers Leiden General Omotic bibliography EditBender M L 1975 Omotic a new Afroasiatic language family University Museum Series 3 Carbondale IL Southern Illinois University Blench Roger 2006 Archaeology Language and the African Past AltaMira Press Hayward Richard J ed 1990 Omotic Language Studies London School of Oriental and African Studies Hayward Richard J 2003 Omotic the empty quarter of Afroasiatic linguistics In Research in Afroasiatic Grammar II selected papers from the fifth conference on Afroasiatic languages Paris 2000 ed by Jacqueline Lecarme pp 241 261 Amsterdam John Benjamins Lamberti Marcello 1991 Cushitic and its classification Anthropos 86 4 6 552 561 Zaborski Andrzej 1986 Can Omotic be reclassified as West Cushitic In Gideon Goldenberg ed Ethiopian Studies Proceedings of the 6th International Conference pp 525 530 Rotterdam Balkema Zuckermann Ghil ad 2012 Burning Issues in Afro Asiatic Linguistics Cambridge Scholars ISBN 978 1 4438 4070 5 External links EditIs Omotic Afro Asiatic by Rolf Theil Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Omotic languages amp oldid 1130081674, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
