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Ankara

February 28, 2023

"Ancyra" redirects here. For the insect genus, see Ancyra (genus). For the archdiocese, see Ancyra (Catholic titular see). For other uses, see Ankara (disambiguation).

Ankara (/ˈæŋkərə/ ANG-kə-rə, US also /ˈɑːŋ-/ AHNG-kə-rə; Turkish: [ˈaŋkaɾa] (listen)),[a] historically known as Ancyra[b] and Angora,[13][c] is the capital of Turkey. Located in the central part of Anatolia, the city has a population of 5.1 million in its urban center and 5.7 million in Ankara Province,[6][4] making it Turkey's second-largest city after Istanbul.

Ankara
Capital city and metropolitan municipality
Clockwise, from top: Söğütözü business district, Anıtkabir, Presidential Library, Kocatepe Mosque, Atakule Tower
Nickname(s): 
Heart of Turkey
(Turkish: Türkiye'nin Kalbi)
Ankara
Location within Turkey
Ankara
Ankara (Asia)
Coordinates: 39°55′48″N 32°51′00″E / 39.93000°N 32.85000°E / 39.93000; 32.85000Coordinates: 39°55′48″N 32°51′00″E / 39.93000°N 32.85000°E / 39.93000; 32.85000
Country Turkey
RegionCentral Anatolia
ProvinceAnkara
Founded byMustafa Kemal Atatürk
Districts25
Government
 • MayorMansur Yavaş (CHP)
 • GovernorVasip Şahin
Area
[1][2][3][4]
 • Capital city and metropolitan municipality24,521 km2 (9,468 sq mi)
 • Urban
2,767.85 km2 (1,068.67 sq mi)
Elevation
938 m (3,077 ft)
Population
 (31 December 2022)[6]
 • Capital city and metropolitan municipality5,782,285
 • Rank2nd in Turkey
 • Urban
5,187,949[5][4]
 • Urban density1,874/km2 (4,850/sq mi)
 • Metro density236/km2 (610/sq mi)
DemonymAnkaran
Time zoneUTC+3 (TRT)
Postal code
06xxx
Area code1
Vehicle registration06
GDP (Nominal)2021[7]
 - TotalUS$ 74.83 billion
 - Per capitaUS$ 13,020
HDI (2018)0.855[8] – very high
Websitewww.ankara.bel.tr
www.ankara.gov.tr

Serving as the capital of the ancient Celtic state of Galatia (280–64 BC), and later of the Roman province with the same name (25 BC–7th century), the city is very old, with various Hattian, Hittite, Lydian, Phrygian, Galatian, Greek, Persian, Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman archeological sites. The Ottomans made the city the capital first of the Anatolia Eyalet (1393 – late 15th century) and then the Angora Eyalet (1827–1864) and the Angora Vilayet (1867–1922). The historical center of Ankara is a rocky hill rising 150 m (500 ft) over the left bank of the Ankara River, a tributary of the Sakarya River. The hill remains crowned by the ruins of Ankara Castle. Although few of its outworks have survived, there are well-preserved examples of Roman and Ottoman architecture throughout the city, the most remarkable being the 20 BC Temple of Augustus and Rome that boasts the Monumentum Ancyranum, the inscription recording the Res Gestae Divi Augusti.[15]

On 23 April 1920, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey was established in Ankara, which became the headquarters of the Turkish National Movement during the Turkish War of Independence. Ankara became the new Turkish capital upon the establishment of the Republic on 29 October 1923, succeeding in this role as the former Turkish capital Istanbul following the fall of the Ottoman Empire. The government is a prominent employer, but Ankara is also an important commercial and industrial city located at the center of Turkey's road and railway networks. The city gave its name to the Angora wool shorn from Angora rabbits, the long-haired Angora goat (the source of mohair), and the Angora cat. The area is also known for its pears, honey and Muscat grapes. Although situated in one of the driest regions of Turkey and surrounded mostly by steppe vegetation (except for the forested areas on the southern periphery), Ankara can be considered a green city in terms of green areas per inhabitant, at 72 square meters (775 square feet) per head.[16]

Etymology

The orthography of the name Ankara[17] has varied over the ages. It has been identified with the Hittite cult center Ankuwaš, [18][19] although this remains a matter of debate.[20] In classical antiquity and during the medieval period, the city was known as Ánkyra (Ἄγκυρα, lit "anchor") in Greek and Ancyra in Latin; the Galatian Celtic name was probably a similar variant. Following its annexation by the Seljuk Turks in 1073, the city became known in many European languages as Angora; it was also known in Ottoman Turkish as Engürü.[21][15] The form "Angora" is preserved in the names of breeds of many different kinds of animals, and in the names of several locations in the US (see Angora).

History

Main article: History of Ankara
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Ankara.

The region's history can be traced back to the Bronze Age Hattic civilization, which was succeeded in the 2nd millennium BC by the Hittites, in the 10th century BC by the Phrygians, and later by the Lydians, Persians, Greeks, Galatians, Romans, Byzantines, and Turks (the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm, the Ottoman Empire and finally republican Turkey).

Ancient history

 
Alaca Höyük bronze standards is a pre-Hittite tomb dating to the third millennium BC. It is considered the symbol of the city still today.

The oldest settlements in and around the city center of Ankara belonged to the Hattic civilization which existed during the Bronze Age and was gradually absorbed c. 2000 – 1700 BC by the Indo-European Hittites. The city grew significantly in size and importance under the Phrygians starting around 1000 BC, and experienced a large expansion following the mass migration from Gordion, (the capital of Phrygia), after an earthquake which severely damaged that city around that time. In Phrygian tradition, King Midas was venerated as the founder of Ancyra, but Pausanias mentions that the city was actually far older, which accords with present archeological knowledge.[22]

Phrygian rule was succeeded first by Lydian and later by Persian rule, though the strongly Phrygian character of the peasantry remained, as evidenced by the gravestones of the much later Roman period. Persian sovereignty lasted until the Persians' defeat at the hands of Alexander the Great who conquered the city in 333 BC. Alexander came from Gordion to Ankara and stayed in the city for a short period. After his death at Babylon in 323 BC and the subsequent division of his empire among his generals, Ankara, and its environs fell into the share of Antigonus.

Another important expansion took place under the Greeks of Pontos who came there around 300 BC and developed the city as a trading center for the commerce of goods between the Black Sea ports and Crimea to the north; Assyria, Cyprus, and Lebanon to the south; and Georgia, Armenia and Persia to the east. By that time the city also took its name Ἄγκυρα (Ánkyra, meaning anchor in Greek) which, in slightly modified form, provides the modern name of Ankara.

Celtic history

 
The Dying Galatian was a famous statue commissioned some time between 230 and 220 BC by King Attalos I of Pergamon to honor his victory over the Celtic Galatians in Anatolia. Roman marble copy of a Hellenistic work of the late 3rd century BC, at the Capitoline Museums, Rome.

In 278 BC, the city, along with the rest of central Anatolia, was occupied by a Celtic group, the Galatians, who were the first to make Ankara one of their main tribal centers, the headquarters of the Tectosages tribe.[23] Other centers were Pessinus, today's Ballıhisar, for the Trocmi tribe, and Tavium, to the east of Ankara, for the Tolistobogii tribe. The city was then known as Ancyra. The Celtic element was probably relatively small in numbers; a warrior aristocracy which ruled over Phrygian-speaking peasants. However, the Celtic language continued to be spoken in Galatia for many centuries. At the end of the 4th century, St. Jerome, a native of Dalmatia, observed that the language spoken around Ankara was very similar to that being spoken in the northwest of the Roman world near Trier.

Roman history

 
Ancyra was the capital of the Celtic kingdom of Galatia, and later of the Roman province with the same name, after its conquest by Augustus in 25 BC.
 
Marble head of a Roman woman on display at the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, Ankara.

The city was subsequently passed under the control of the Roman Empire. In 25 BC, Emperor Augustus raised it to the status of a polis and made it the capital city of the Roman province of Galatia.[24] Ankara is famous for the Monumentum Ancyranum (Temple of Augustus and Rome) which contains the official record of the Acts of Augustus, known as the Res Gestae Divi Augusti, an inscription cut in marble on the walls of this temple. The ruins of Ancyra still furnish today valuable bas-reliefs, inscriptions and other architectural fragments. Two other Galatian tribal centers, Tavium near Yozgat, and Pessinus (Balhisar) to the west, near Sivrihisar, continued to be reasonably important settlements in the Roman period, but it was Ancyra that grew into a grand metropolis.

 
The Res Gestae Divi Augusti is the self-laudatory autobiography completed in 13 AD, just before his death, by the first Roman emperor Augustus. Most of the text is preserved on the walls of the Monumentum Ancyranum.
 
The Roman Baths of Ankara were constructed by the Roman emperor Caracalla (212–217) in honor of Asclepios, the God of Medicine, and built around three principal rooms: the caldarium (hot bath), the tepidarium (warm bath) and the frigidarium (cold bath) in a typically laid-out 80-by-120-meter (260-by-390-foot) classical complex.

An estimated 200,000 people lived in Ancyra in good times during the Roman Empire, a far greater number than was to be the case from after the fall of the Roman Empire until the early 20th century. The small Ankara River ran through the center of the Roman town. It has now been covered and diverted, but it formed the northern boundary of the old town during the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman periods. Çankaya, the rim of the majestic hill to the south of the present city center, stood well outside the Roman city, but may have been a summer resort. In the 19th century, the remains of at least one Roman villa or large house were still standing not far from where the Çankaya Presidential Residence stands today. To the west, the Roman city extended until the area of the Gençlik Park and Railway Station, while on the southern side of the hill, it may have extended downwards as far as the site presently occupied by Hacettepe University. It was thus a sizeable city by any standards and much larger than the Roman towns of Gaul or Britannia.[citation needed]

Ancyra's importance rested on the fact that it was the junction point where the roads in northern Anatolia running north–south and east–west intersected, giving it major strategic importance for Rome's eastern frontier.[24] The great imperial road running east passed through Ankara and a succession of emperors and their armies came this way. They were not the only ones to use the Roman highway network, which was equally convenient for invaders. In the second half of the 3rd century, Ancyra was invaded in rapid succession by the Goths coming from the west (who rode far into the heart of Cappadocia, taking slaves and pillaging) and later by the Arabs. For about a decade, the town was one of the western outposts of one of Palmyrean empress Zenobia in the Syrian Desert, who took advantage of a period of weakness and disorder in the Roman Empire to set up a short-lived state of her own.

The town was reincorporated into the Roman Empire under Emperor Aurelian in 272. The tetrarchy, a system of multiple (up to four) emperors introduced by Diocletian (284–305), seems to have engaged in a substantial program of rebuilding and of road construction from Ancyra westwards to Germe and Dorylaeum (now Eskişehir).

In its heyday, Roman Ancyra was a large market and trading center but it also functioned as a major administrative capital, where a high official ruled from the city's Praetorium, a large administrative palace or office. During the 3rd century, life in Ancyra, as in other Anatolian towns, seems to have become somewhat militarized in response to the invasions and instability of the town.

Byzantine history

The city is well known during the 4th century as a center of Christian activity (see also below), due to frequent imperial visits, and through the letters of the pagan scholar Libanius.[24] Bishop Marcellus of Ancyra and Basil of Ancyra were active in the theological controversies of their day, and the city was the site of no fewer than three church synods in 314, 358 and 375, the latter two in favor of Arianism.[24]

 
The Column of Julian (362) was erected in honor of the Roman emperor Julian the Apostate's visit to Ancyra.

The city was visited by Emperor Constans I (r. 337–350) in 347 and 350, Julian (r. 361–363) during his Persian campaign in 362, and Julian's successor Jovian (r. 363–364) in winter 363/364 (he entered his consulship while in the city). After Jovian's death soon after, Valentinian I (r. 364–375) was acclaimed emperor at Ancyra, and in the next year his brother Valens (r. 364–378) used Ancyra as his base against the usurper Procopius.[24] When the province of Galatia was divided sometime in 396/99, Ancyra remained the civil capital of Galatia I, as well as its ecclesiastical center (metropolitan see).[24] Emperor Arcadius (r. 383–408) frequently used the city as his summer residence, and some information about the ecclesiastical affairs of the city during the early 5th century is found in the works of Palladius of Galatia and Nilus of Ancyra.[24]

In 479, the rebel Marcian attacked the city, without being able to capture it.[24] In 610/11, Comentiolus, brother of Emperor Phocas (r. 602–610), launched his own unsuccessful rebellion in the city against Heraclius (r. 610–641).[24] Ten years later, in 620 or more likely 622, it was captured by the Sassanid Persians during the Byzantine–Sassanid War of 602–628. Although the city returned to Byzantine hands after the end of the war, the Persian presence left traces in the city's archeology, and likely began the process of its transformation from a late antique city to a medieval fortified settlement.[24]

In 654, the city, also known in Arabic sources as Qalat as-Salasil ("fortress of the chains"),[25] was captured for the first time by the Arabs of the Rashidun Caliphate, under Muawiyah, the future founder of the Umayyad Caliphate.[24] At about the same time, the themes were established in Anatolia, and Ancyra became capital of the Opsician Theme, which was the largest and most important theme until it was split up under Emperor Constantine V (r. 741–775); Ancyra then became the capital of the new Bucellarian Theme.[24] The city was captured at least temporarily by the Umayyad prince Maslama ibn Hisham in 739/40, the last of the Umayyads' territorial gains from the Byzantine Empire.[26] Ancyra was attacked without success by Abbasid forces in 776 and in 798/99. In 805, Emperor Nikephoros I (r. 802–811) strengthened its fortifications, a fact which probably saved it from sack during the large-scale invasion of Anatolia by Caliph Harun al-Rashid in the next year.[24] Arab sources report that Harun and his successor al-Ma'mun (r. 813–833) took the city, but this information is later invention. In 838, however, during the Amorium campaign, the armies of Caliph al-Mu'tasim (r. 833–842) converged and met at the city; abandoned by its inhabitants, Ancara was razed to the ground, before the Arab armies went on to besiege and destroy Amorium reaching as far as Smyrna.[24] In 859, Emperor Michael III (r. 842–867) came to the city during a campaign against the Arabs, and ordered its fortifications restored.[24] In 872, the city was menaced, but not taken, by the Paulicians under Chrysocheir.[24] The last Arab raid to reach the city was undertaken in 931, by the Abbasid governor of Tarsus, Thamal al-Dulafi, but the city again was not captured.[24]

Ecclesiastical history

Early Christian martyrs of Ancyra, about whom little is known, included Proklos and Hilarios who were natives of the otherwise unknown nearby village of Kallippi, and suffered repression under the emperor Trajan (98–117). In the 280s we hear of Philumenos, a Christian corn merchant from southern Anatolia, being captured and martyred in Ankara, and Eustathius.

As in other Roman towns, the reign of Diocletian marked the culmination of the persecution of the Christians. In 303, Ancyra was one of the towns where the co-emperors Diocletian and his deputy Galerius launched their anti-Christian persecution. In Ancyra, their first target was the 38-year-old Bishop of the town, whose name was Clement. Clement's life describes how he was taken to Rome, then sent back, and forced to undergo many interrogations and hardship before he, and his brother, and various companions were put to death. The remains of the church of St. Clement can be found today in a building just off Işıklar Caddesi in the Ulus district. Quite possibly this marks the site where Clement was originally buried. Four years later, a doctor of the town named Plato and his brother Antiochus also became celebrated martyrs under Galerius. Theodotus of Ancyra is also venerated as a saint.

However, the persecution proved unsuccessful and in 314 Ancyra was the center of an important council of the early church;[27] its 25 disciplinary canons constitute one of the most important documents in the early history of the administration of the Sacrament of Penance. [27] The synod also considered ecclesiastical policy for the reconstruction of the Christian Church after the persecutions, and in particular the treatment of lapsi—Christians who had given in to forced paganism (sacrifices) to avoid martyrdom during these persecutions.[27]

Though paganism was probably tottering in Ancyra in Clement's day, it may still have been the majority religion. Twenty years later, Christianity and monotheism had taken its place. Ancyra quickly turned into a Christian city, with a life dominated by monks and priests and theological disputes. The town council or senate gave way to the bishop as the main local figurehead. During the middle of the 4th century, Ancyra was involved in the complex theological disputes over the nature of Christ, and a form of Arianism seems to have originated there.[28]

In 362–363, Emperor Julian passed through Ancyra on his way to an ill-fated campaign against the Persians, and according to Christian sources, engaged in a persecution of various holy men.[29] The stone base for a statue, with an inscription describing Julian as "Lord of the whole world from the British Ocean to the barbarian nations", can still be seen, built into the eastern side of the inner circuit of the walls of Ankara Castle. The Column of Julian which was erected in honor of the emperor's visit to the city in 362 still stands today. In 375, Arian bishops met at Ancyra and deposed several bishops, among them St. Gregory of Nyssa.

In the late 4th century, Ancyra became something of an imperial holiday resort. After Constantinople became the East Roman capital, emperors in the 4th and 5th centuries would retire from the humid summer weather on the Bosporus to the drier mountain atmosphere of Ancyra. Theodosius II (408–450) kept his court in Ancyra in the summers. Laws issued in Ancyra testify to the time they spent there.

 
Ottoman houses in Hamamönü district

The Metropolis of Ancyra continued to be a residential see of the Eastern Orthodox Church until the 20th century, with about 40,000 faithful, mostly Turkish-speaking, but that situation ended as a result of the 1923 Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations. The earlier Armenian genocide put an end to the residential eparchy of Ancyra of the Armenian Catholic Church, which had been established in 1850.[30][31] It is also a titular metropolis of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.

Both the Ancient Byzantine Metropolitan archbishopric and the 'modern' Armenian eparchy are now listed by the Catholic Church as titular sees,[32] with separate apostolic successions.

Seljuk and Ottoman history

 
President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (center) and Prime Minister İsmet İnönü (left) leaving the Grand National Assembly of Turkey during the 7th anniversary celebrations of the Turkish Republic in 1930.
 
A view of the old general directorate building of Ziraat Bank. It was designed by Istanbul-born Italian Levantine architect Giulio Mongeri and built between 1926 and 1929.

After the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, the Seljuk Turks overran much of Anatolia. By 1073, the Turkish settlers had reached the vicinity of Ancyra, and the city was captured shortly after, at the latest by the time of the rebellion of Nikephoros Melissenos in 1081.[24] In 1101, when the Crusade under Raymond IV of Toulouse arrived, the city had been under Danishmend control for some time. The Crusaders captured the city, and handed it over to the Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118).[24] Byzantine rule did not last long, and the city was captured by the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum at some unknown point; in 1127, it returned to Danishmend control until 1143, when the Seljuks of Rum retook it.[24]

After the Battle of Köse Dağ in 1243, in which the Mongols defeated the Seljuks, most of Anatolia became part of the dominion of the Mongols. Taking advantage of Seljuk decline, a semi-religious cast of craftsmen and trade people named Ahiler chose Angora as their independent city-state in 1290. Orhan I, the second Bey of the Ottoman Empire, captured the city in 1356. Timur defeated Bayezid I at the Battle of Ankara in 1402 and took the city, but in 1403 Angora was again under Ottoman control.

The Levant Company maintained a factory in the town from 1639 to 1768.[15] In the 19th century, its population was estimated at 20,000 to 60,000.[21] It was sacked by Egyptians under Ibrahim Pasha in 1832.[15]

From 1867 to 1922, the city served as the capital of the Angora Vilayet, which included most of ancient Galatia.

Prior to World War I, the town had a British consulate and a population of around 28,000, roughly 1⁄3 of whom were Christian.[15]

Turkish republican capital

 
Anıtkabir, the mausoleum of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in Ankara, is visited by large crowds every year during national holidays such as Republic Day on 29 October.

Following the Ottoman defeat in World War I, the Ottoman capital Constantinople (modern Istanbul) and much of Anatolia was occupied by the Allies, who planned to share these lands between Armenia, France, Greece, Italy and the United Kingdom, leaving for the Turks the core piece of land in central Anatolia. In response, the leader of the Turkish nationalist movement, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, established the headquarters of his resistance movement in Angora in 1920. After the Turkish War of Independence was won and the Treaty of Sèvres was superseded by the Treaty of Lausanne (1923), the Turkish nationalists replaced the Ottoman Empire with the Republic of Turkey on 29 October 1923. A few days earlier, Angora had officially replaced Constantinople as the new Turkish capital city, on 13 October 1923,[33] and Republican officials declared that the city's name is Ankara.[34]

 
The Presidential Library in Ankara is the largest library in Turkey, with a collection of over 4 million printed books[35] and over 120 million electronic editions[35] published in 134 languages.[35]

After Ankara became the capital of the newly founded Republic of Turkey, new development divided the city into an old section, called Ulus, and a new section, called Yenişehir. Ancient buildings reflecting Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman history and narrow winding streets mark the old section. The new section, now centered on Kızılay Square, has the trappings of a more modern city: wide streets, hotels, theaters, shopping malls, and high-rises.

Government offices and foreign embassies are also located in the new section. Ankara has experienced a phenomenal growth since it was made Turkey's capital in 1923, when it was "a small town of no importance".[36] In 1924, the year after the government had moved there, Ankara had about 35,000 residents. By 1927 there were 44,553 residents and by 1950 the population had grown to 286,781. After 1930, the city officially became known in Western languages as Ankara. By the late 1930s, the English name "Angora" was no longer in popular use.[37]

 
The Presidential Complex is located inside the Atatürk Forest Farm

Ankara continued to grow rapidly during the latter half of the 20th century and eventually outranked Izmir as Turkey's second-largest city, after Istanbul. Ankara's urban population reached 4,587,558 in 2014, while the population of Ankara Province reached 5,150,072 in 2015.[38]

The Presidential Palace of Turkey is situated in Ankara. This building serves as the main residence of the president.

Economy and infrastructure

 
Söğütözü business and shopping district

Ankara has long been a productive agricultural region in Anatolia. In the Ottoman period, Ankara was well known for producing grain, cotton, and fruits.[39]

The city has exported mohair (from the Angora goat) and Angora wool (from the Angora rabbit) internationally for centuries. In the 19th century, the city also exported substantial amounts of goat and cat skins, gum, wax, honey, berries, and madder root.[21] It was connected to Istanbul by railway before the First World War, continuing to export mohair, wool, berries, and grain.[15]

The Central Anatolia Region is one of the primary locations of grape and wine production in Turkey, and Ankara is particularly famous for its Kalecik Karası and Muscat grapes; and its Kavaklıdere wine, which is produced in the Kavaklıdere neighborhood within the Çankaya district of the city. Ankara is also famous for its pears. Another renowned natural product of Ankara is its indigenous type of honey (Ankara Balı) which is known for its light color and is mostly produced by the Atatürk Forest Farm and Zoo in the Gazi district, and by other facilities in the Elmadağ, Çubuk and Beypazarı districts. Çubuk-1 and Çubuk-2 dams on the Çubuk Brook in Ankara were among the first dams constructed in the Turkish Republic.

 
Kızılay Square in central Ankara, with the Emek Business Center (1959–1965), the first International Style mixed-use office tower and shopping center in Turkey.[40][41]

Ankara is the center of the state-owned and private Turkish defence and aerospace companies, where the industrial plants and headquarters of the Turkish Aerospace Industries, MKE, ASELSAN, HAVELSAN, ROKETSAN, FNSS,[42] Nurol Makina,[43] and numerous other firms are located. Exports to foreign countries from these defense and aerospace firms have steadily increased in the past decades. The IDEF in Ankara is one of the largest international expositions of the global arms industry. A number of the global automotive companies also have production facilities in Ankara, such as the German bus and truck manufacturer MAN SE.[44] Ankara hosts the OSTIM Industrial Zone, Turkey's largest industrial park.

A large percentage of the complicated employment in Ankara is provided by the state institutions; such as the ministries, subministries, and other administrative bodies of the Turkish government. There are also many foreign citizens working as diplomats or clerks in the embassies of their respective countries.

Geography

Geographically, Ankara is located in the middle of the Kızılırmak and Sakarya rivers, and the Sakarya River forms its border with Eskişehir in the west. Ankara shares its borders with Bolu and Çankırı in the north; Konya in the south and Kırıkkale in the east.[45]

Ankara and its province are located in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. The Çubuk Brook flows through the city center of Ankara. It is connected in the western suburbs of the city to the Ankara River, which is a tributary of the Sakarya River.

Climate

Ankara has a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSk).[46] Under the Trewartha climate classification, Ankara has a temperate humid continental climate (Dc). Due to its elevation and inland location, Ankara has cold and snowy winters, and hot and dry summers. Rainfall occurs mostly during the spring and autumn. The city lies in USDA Hardiness zone 7b, and its annual average precipitation is fairly low at 414 millimeters (16 in), nevertheless precipitation can be observed throughout the year. Monthly mean temperatures range from 0.9 °C (33.6 °F) in January to 24.3 °C (75.7 °F) in July, with an annual mean of 12.6 °C (54.7 °F).[47]

Climate data for Ankara (Turkish State Meteorological Service Compound, Keçiören), 1991–2020, extremes 1927–2021
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 18.4
(65.1) 		21.3
(70.3) 		27.8
(82.0) 		31.6
(88.9) 		34.4
(93.9) 		37.0
(98.6) 		41.0
(105.8) 		40.4
(104.7) 		39.1
(102.4) 		33.3
(91.9) 		24.7
(76.5) 		20.4
(68.7) 		41.0
(105.8)
Average high °C (°F) 4.7
(40.5) 		7.4
(45.3) 		12.2
(54.0) 		17.5
(63.5) 		22.8
(73.0) 		27.3
(81.1) 		31.0
(87.8) 		31.0
(87.8) 		26.5
(79.7) 		20.3
(68.5) 		13.0
(55.4) 		6.7
(44.1) 		18.4
(65.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.9
(33.6) 		2.7
(36.9) 		6.7
(44.1) 		11.5
(52.7) 		16.5
(61.7) 		20.6
(69.1) 		24.2
(75.6) 		24.3
(75.7) 		19.6
(67.3) 		13.9
(57.0) 		7.3
(45.1) 		2.8
(37.0) 		12.59
(54.66)
Average low °C (°F) −2.2
(28.0) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		1.9
(35.4) 		6.0
(42.8) 		10.5
(50.9) 		14.1
(57.4) 		17.2
(63.0) 		17.4
(63.3) 		13.1
(55.6) 		8.4
(47.1) 		2.7
(36.9) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		7.3
(45.1)
Record low °C (°F) −24.9
(−12.8) 		−24.2
(−11.6) 		−19.2
(−2.6) 		−7.2
(19.0) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		3.8
(38.8) 		4.5
(40.1) 		5.5
(41.9) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		−9.8
(14.4) 		−17.5
(0.5) 		−24.2
(−11.6) 		−24.9
(−12.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 38.6
(1.52) 		36.6
(1.44) 		46.9
(1.85) 		44.5
(1.75) 		51.0
(2.01) 		40.2
(1.58) 		14.8
(0.58) 		14.6
(0.57) 		17.9
(0.70) 		33.4
(1.31) 		31.9
(1.26) 		43.2
(1.70) 		413.6
(16.28)
Average precipitation days 13.60 12.67 13.87 13.40 14.53 11.47 4.60 5.10 5.50 9.23 8.93 14.00 126.9
Average relative humidity (%) 79 75 65 58 57 51 43 41 46 56 70 78 60
Mean monthly sunshine hours 68.2 101.7 148.8 189.0 238.7 279.0 328.6 316.2 264.0 195.3 129.0 74.4 2,332.9
Mean daily sunshine hours 2.2 3.6 4.8 6.3 7.7 9.3 10.6 10.2 8.8 6.3 4.3 2.4 6.4
Percent possible sunshine 25 35 42 48 54 65 74 76 70 58 43 28 52
Average ultraviolet index 2 3 5 7 9 10 10 9 7 4 2 2 6
Source 1: Turkish State Meteorological Service[47]
Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity 1931–1960)[48]
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
20074,466,756—    
20084,548,939+1.84%
20094,650,802+2.24%
20104,771,716+2.60%
20114,890,893+2.50%
20124,965,542+1.53%
20135,045,083+1.60%
20145,150,072+2.08%
20155,270,575+2.34%
20165,346,518+1.44%
20175,445,026+1.84%
20185,503,985+1.08%
source:[49]

Demographics

Ankara had a population of 75,000 in 1927. As of 2019, the population of the Ankara Province was 5,639,076.[50] When Ankara became the capital of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, it was designated as a planned city for 500,000 future inhabitants. During the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s, the city grew in a planned and orderly pace. However, from the 1950s onward, the city grew much faster than envisioned, because unemployment and poverty forced people to migrate from the countryside into the city in order to seek a better standard of living. As a result, many illegal houses called gecekondu were built around the city, causing the unplanned and uncontrolled urban landscape of Ankara, as not enough planned housing could be built fast enough. Although precariously built, the vast majority of them have electricity, running water and modern household amenities.

Nevertheless, many of these gecekondus have been replaced by huge public housing projects in the form of tower blocks such as Elvankent, Eryaman and Güzelkent; and also as mass housing compounds for military and civil service accommodation. Although many gecekondus still remain, they too are gradually being replaced by mass housing compounds, as empty land plots in the city of Ankara for new construction projects are becoming impossible to find.

Çorum and Yozgat, which are located in Central Anatolia and whose population is decreasing, are the provinces with the highest net migration to Ankara.[51] About one third of the Central Anatolia population of 15,608,868 people resides in Ankara.

The literacy rate in the whole province for people who are 15 years old or older is 98.18% according to 2020 TÜİK data. Ankara Province also has the highest percentage of tertiary education graduates in Turkey with 29.08% of the population having either an undergraduate, master's or doctor's degree.[52]

Transportation

See also: Ankara Metro, Ankara Central Station, and Esenboğa International Airport
 
Ankara railway station is a hub for conventional trains.
 
The new ATG terminal is a hub for the high-speed rail (YHT) services.

The Electricity, Gas, Bus General Directorate (EGO)[53] operates the Ankara Metro and other forms of public transportation. Ankara is served by a suburban rail named Ankaray (A1) and three subway lines (M1, M2, M3) of the Ankara Metro with about 300,000 total daily commuters, while an additional subway line (M4) is under construction. A 3.2 km (2.0 mi) long gondola lift with four stations connects the district of Şentepe to the Yenimahalle metro station.[54]

The Ankara Central Station is a major rail hub in Turkey. The Turkish State Railways operates passenger train service from Ankara to other major cities, such as: Istanbul, Eskişehir, Balıkesir, Kütahya, İzmir, Kayseri, Adana, Kars, Elazığ, Malatya, Diyarbakır, Karabük, Zonguldak and Sivas. Commuter rail also runs between the stations of Sincan and Kayaş. On 13 March 2009, the new Yüksek Hızlı Tren (YHT) high-speed rail service began operation between Ankara and Eskişehir. On 23 August 2011, another YHT high-speed line commercially started its service between Ankara and Konya. On 25 July 2014, the Ankara–Istanbul high-speed line of YHT entered service.[55]

Esenboğa International Airport, located in the north-east of the city, is Ankara's main airport.

Ankara public transportation statistics

The average amount of time people spend commuting on public transit in Ankara on a weekday is 71 minutes. 17% of public transit passengers, ride for more than two hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is sixteen minutes, while 28% of users wait for over twenty minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 9.9 km (6.2 mi), while 27% travel for over 12 km (7.5 mi) in a single direction.[56]

 
Esenboğa International Airport

Politics

See also: List of mayors of Ankara
 
 
Mansur Yavaş of the CHP is the Mayor of Ankara, elected in 2019.

Since 8 April 2019, the Mayor of Ankara is Mansur Yavaş from the Republican People's Party (CHP), who won the mayoral election in 2019.

Ankara is politically a triple battleground between the ruling conservative AK Party, the opposition Kemalist center-left Republican People's Party (CHP) and the nationalist far-right MHP. The province of Ankara is divided into 25 districts. The CHP's key and almost only political stronghold in Ankara lies within the central area of Çankaya, which is the city's most populous district. While the CHP has always gained between 60 and 70% of the vote in Çankaya since 2002, political support elsewhere throughout Ankara is minimal. The high population within Çankaya, as well as Yenimahalle to an extent, has allowed the CHP to take overall second place behind the AK Party in both local and general elections, with the MHP a close third, despite the fact that the MHP is politically stronger than the CHP in almost every other district. Overall, the AK Party enjoys the most support throughout the city. The electorate of Ankara thus tend to vote in favor of the political right, far more so than the other main cities of Istanbul and İzmir. In retrospect, the 2013–14 protests against the AK Party government were particularly strong in Ankara, proving to be fatal on multiple occasions.[57]

Ankara district Municipalities
Local elections, 2019
AK Party
19 / 25
CHP
3 / 25
MHP
3 / 25

The city suffered from a series of terrorist attacks in 2015 and 2016, most notably on 10 October 2015; 17 February 2016; 13 March 2016; and 15 July 2016.

Melih Gökçek was the Metropolitan Mayor of Ankara between 1994 and 2017. Initially elected in the 1994 local elections, he was re-elected in 1999, 2004 and 2009. In the 2014 local elections, Gökçek stood for a fifth term. The MHP's metropolitan mayoral candidate for the 2009 local elections, Mansur Yavaş, stood as the CHP's candidate against Gökçek in 2014. In a heavily controversial election, Gökçek was declared the winner by just 1% ahead of Yavaş amid allegations of systematic electoral fraud. With the Supreme Electoral Council and courts rejecting his appeals, Yavaş declared his intention to take the irregularities to the European Court of Human Rights. Although Gökçek was inaugurated for a fifth term, most election observers believe[58] that Yavaş was the winner of the election.[59][60][61][62][63] Gökçek resigned on 28 October 2017 and was replaced by the former mayor of Sincan district, Mustafa Tuna; who was succeeded by Mansur Yavaş of the CHP, the current Mayor of Ankara, elected in 2019.

Main sights

Ancient/archeological sites

 
At the Monumentum Ancyranum (Temple of Augustus and Rome) in Ulus, the primary intact copy of Res Gestae written by the first Roman emperor Augustus survives.

Ankara Citadel

The foundations of the Ankara castle and citadel were laid by the Galatians on a prominent lava outcrop (39°56′28″N 32°51′50″E / 39.941°N 32.864°E / 39.941; 32.864), and the rest was completed by the Romans. The Byzantines and Seljuks further made restorations and additions. The area around and inside the citadel, being the oldest part of Ankara, contains many fine examples of traditional architecture. There are also recreational areas to relax. Many restored traditional Turkish houses inside the citadel area have found new life as restaurants, serving local cuisine.

The citadel was depicted in various Turkish banknotes during 1927–1952 and 1983–1989.[64]

Roman Theater

The remains, the stage, and the backstage of the Roman theater can be seen outside the castle. Roman statues that were found here are exhibited in the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations. The seating area is still under excavation.

Temple of Augustus and Rome

Main article: Monumentum Ancyranum

The Augusteum,[65] now known as the Temple of Augustus and Rome, was built 25 x 20 BC following the conquest of Central Anatolia by the Roman Empire. Ancyra then formed the capital of the new province of Galatia. After the death of Augustus in AD 14, a copy of the text of the Res Gestae Divi Augusti (the Monumentum Ancyranum) was inscribed on the interior of the temple's pronaos in Latin and a Greek translation on an exterior wall of the cella. The temple on the ancient acropolis of Ancyra was enlarged in the 2nd century and converted into a church in the 5th century. It is located in the Ulus quarter of the city. It was subsequently publicized by the Austrian ambassador Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq in the 16th century.

Roman Baths

The Roman Baths of Ankara have all the typical features of a classical Roman bath complex: a frigidarium (cold room), a tepidarium (warm room) and a caldarium (hot room). The baths were built during the reign of the Roman emperor Caracalla in the early 3rd century to honor Asclepios, the God of Medicine. Today, only the basement and first floors remain. It is situated in the Ulus quarter.

Roman Road

The Roman Road of Ankara or Cardo Maximus was found in 1995 by Turkish archeologist Cevdet Bayburtluoğlu. It is 216 meters (709 feet) long and 6.7 meters (22.0 feet) wide. Many ancient artifacts were discovered during the excavations along the road and most of them are displayed at the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations.[66][67]

Column of Julian

The Column of Julian or Julianus, now in the Ulus district, was erected in honor of the Roman emperor Julian the Apostate's visit to Ancyra in 362.

Mosques

Kocatepe Mosque

 
 
Top: Kocatepe Mosque (1987)
Bottom: Ahmet Hamdi Akseki Mosque (2013)

Kocatepe Mosque is the largest mosque in the city. Located in the Kocatepe quarter, it was constructed between 1967 and 1987 in classical Ottoman style with four minarets. Its size and prominent location have made it a landmark for the city.

Ahmet Hamdi Akseki Mosque

Ahmet Hamdi Akseki Mosque is located near the Presidency of Religious Affairs on the Eskişehir Road. Built in the Turkish neoclassical style, it is one of the largest new mosques in the city, completed and opened in 2013. It can accommodate 6 thousand people during general prayers, and up to 30 thousand people during funeral prayers. The mosque was decorated with Anatolian Seljuk style patterns.[68]

Yeni (Cenab Ahmet) Mosque

It is the largest Ottoman mosque in Ankara and was built by the famous architect Sinan in the 16th century. The mimber (pulpit) and mihrap (prayer niche) are of white marble, and the mosque itself is of Ankara stone, an example of very fine workmanship.

Hacı Bayram Mosque

 
Hacı Bayram Mosque (1428)

This mosque, in the Ulus quarter next to the Temple of Augustus, was built in the early 15th century in Seljuk style by an unknown architect. It was subsequently restored by architect Mimar Sinan in the 16th century, with Kütahya tiles being added in the 18th century. The mosque was built in honor of Hacı Bayram-ı Veli, whose tomb is next to the mosque, two years before his death (1427–28).[69] The usable space inside this mosque is 437 m2 (4,704 sq ft) on the first floor and 263 m2 (2,831 sq ft) on the second floor.

Ahi Elvan Mosque

It was founded in the Ulus quarter near the Ankara Citadel and was constructed by the Ahi fraternity during the late 14th and early 15th centuries. The finely carved walnut mimber (pulpit) is of particular interest.[70]

Alâeddin Mosque

The Alâeddin Mosque is the oldest mosque in Ankara. It has a carved walnut mimber, the inscription on which records that the mosque was completed in early AH 574 (which corresponds to the summer of 1178 AD) and was built by the Seljuk prince Muhiddin Mesud Şah (died 1204), the Bey of Ankara, who was the son of the Anatolian Seljuk sultan Kılıç Arslan II (reigned 1156–1192.)

Modern monuments

Victory Monument

 
 
Top: Victory Monument (1927)
Bottom: Hittite Sun Course Monument (1978)

The Victory Monument (Turkish: Zafer Anıtı) was crafted by Austrian sculptor Heinrich Krippel in 1925 and was erected in 1927 at Ulus Square. The monument is made of marble and bronze and features an equestrian statue of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who wears a Republic era modern military uniform, with the rank Field Marshal.[71]

Statue of Atatürk

Located at Zafer(Victory) Square (Turkish: Zafer Meydanı), the marble and bronze statue was crafted by the renowned Italian sculptor Pietro Canonica in 1927 and depicts a standing Atatürk who wears a Republic era modern military uniform, with the rank Field Marshal.

Monument to a Secure, Confident Future

This monument, located in Güven Park near Kızılay Square, was erected in 1935 and bears Atatürk's advice to his people: "Turk! Be proud, work hard, and believe in yourself." (There is debate on whether or not Atatürk actually said "Use your mind"(Turkish: öğün) instead of "Be proud"(Turkish: övün))[72]

The monument was depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 5 lira banknote of 1937–1952[73] and of the 1000 lira banknotes of 1939–1946.[74]

Hatti Monument

Erected in 1978 at Sıhhiye Square, this impressive monument symbolizes the Hatti Sun Disc (which was later adopted by the Hittites) and commemorates Anatolia's earliest known civilization. The Hatti Sun Disc has been used in the previous logo of Ankara Metropolitan Municipality. It was also used in the previous logo of the Ministry of Culture & Tourism.

Inns

Suluhan

 
Çengelhan Rahmi Koç Museum courtyard has been covered with a glass roof.

Suluhan is a historical Inn in Ankara. It is also called the Hasanpaşa Han. It is about 400 meters (1,300 ft) southeast of Ulus Square and situated in the Hacıdoğan neighborhood. According to the vakfiye (inscription) of the building, the Ottoman era han was commissioned by Hasan Pasha, a regional beylerbey, and was constructed between 1508 and 1511, during the final years of the reign of Sultan Bayezid II.[75] There are 102 rooms (now shops) which face the two yards.[76] In each room there is a window, a niche and a chimney.[77]

Çengelhan Rahmi Koç Museum

Çengelhan Rahmi Koç Museum is a museum of industrial technology situated in Çengel Han, an Ottoman era Inn which was completed in 1523, during the early years of the reign of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. The exhibits include industrial/technological artifacts from the 1850s onwards. There are also sections about Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder of modern Turkey; Vehbi Koç, Rahmi Koç's father and one of the first industrialists of Turkey, and Ankara city.

Shopping

 
Armada Shopping Mall

Foreign visitors to Ankara usually like to visit the old shops in Çıkrıkçılar Yokuşu (Weavers' Road) near Ulus, where myriad things ranging from traditional fabrics, hand-woven carpets and leather products can be found at bargain prices. Bakırcılar Çarşısı (Bazaar of Coppersmiths) is particularly popular, and many interesting items, not just of copper, can be found here like jewelry, carpets, costumes, antiques and embroidery. Up the hill to the castle gate, there are many shops selling a huge and fresh collection of spices, dried fruits, nuts, and other produce.

Modern shopping areas are mostly found in Kızılay, or on Tunalı Hilmi Avenue, including the modern mall of Karum (named after the ancient Assyrian merchant colonies called Kârum that were established in central Anatolia at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC) which is located towards the end of the Avenue; and in Çankaya, the quarter with the highest elevation in the city. Atakule Tower next to Atrium Mall in Çankaya has views over Ankara and also has a revolving restaurant at the top. The symbol of the Armada Shopping Mall is an anchor, and there's a large anchor monument at its entrance, as a reference to the ancient Greek name of the city, Ἄγκυρα (Ánkyra), which means anchor. Likewise, the anchor monument is also related with the Spanish name of the mall, Armada, which means naval fleet.

 
YDA Center in Söğütözü, Ankara

As Ankara started expanding westward in the 1970s, several modern, suburbia-style developments and mini-cities began to rise along the western highway, also known as the Eskişehir Road. The Armada, CEPA and Kentpark malls on the highway, the Galleria, Arcadium and Gordion in Ümitköy, and a huge mall, Real in Bilkent Center, offer North American and European style shopping opportunities (these places can be reached through the Eskişehir Highway.) There is also the newly expanded ANKAmall at the outskirts, on the Istanbul Highway, which houses most of the well-known international brands. This mall is the largest throughout the Ankara region. In 2014, a few more shopping malls were open in Ankara. They are Next Level and Taurus on the Boulevard of Mevlana (also known as Konya Road).

Culture

The arts

 
CSO Ada Ankara serves as the Presidential Symphony Orchestra Concert Hall

Turkish State Opera and Ballet, the national directorate of opera and ballet companies of Turkey, has its headquarters in Ankara, and serves the city with three venues:

  • Ankara Opera House (Opera Sahnesi, also known as Büyük Tiyatro) is the largest of the three venues for opera and ballet in Ankara.

Music

Ankara is host to five classical music orchestras:

There are four concert halls in the city:

The city has been host to several well-established, annual theater, music, film festivals:

Ankara also has a number of concert venues such as Eskiyeni, IF Performance Hall, Jolly Joker, Kite, Nefes Bar, and Route, which host the live performances and events of popular musicians.

Theater

The Turkish State Theatres also has its head office in Ankara and runs the following stages in the city:

In addition, the city is served by several private theater companies, among which Ankara Sanat Tiyatrosu, who have their own stage in the city center, is a notable example.

Museums

There are about 50 museums in the city.

Museum of Anatolian Civilizations

The Museum of Anatolian Civilizations (Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi) is situated at the entrance of the Ankara Castle. It is an old 15th century bedesten (covered bazaar)[79] that has been restored and now houses a collection of Paleolithic, Neolithic, Hatti, Hittite, Phrygian, Urartian and Roman works as well as a major section dedicated to Lydian treasures.

Anıtkabir

 
Atatürk's Mausoleum is the mausoleum of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder of the Republic of Turkey.

Anıtkabir is located on an imposing hill, which forms the Anıttepe quarter of the city, where the mausoleum of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder of the Republic of Turkey, stands. Completed in 1953, it is an impressive fusion of ancient and modern architectural styles. An adjacent museum houses a wax statue of Atatürk, his writings, letters and personal items, as well as an exhibition of photographs recording important moments in his life and during the establishment of the Republic. Anıtkabir is open every day, while the adjacent museum is open every day except Mondays.

Ankara Ethnography Museum

Ankara Ethnography Museum (Etnoğrafya Müzesi) is located opposite to the Ankara Opera House on Talat Paşa Boulevard, in the Ulus district. There is a fine collection of folkloric items, as well as artifacts from the Seljuk and Ottoman periods. In front of the museum building, there is a marble and bronze equestrian statue of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (who wears a Republic era modern military uniform, with the rank Field Marshal) which was crafted in 1927[80] by the renowned Italian sculptor Pietro Canonica.

State Art and Sculpture Museum

The State Art and Sculpture Museum (Resim-Heykel Müzesi) which opened to the public in 1980[81] is close to the Ethnography Museum and houses a rich collection of Turkish art from the late 19th century to the present day. There are also galleries which host guest exhibitions.

Cer Modern

Cer Modern is the modern-arts museum of Ankara, inaugurated on 1 April 2010. It is situated in the renovated building of the historic TCDD Cer Atölyeleri, formerly a workshop of the Turkish State Railways. The museum incorporates the largest exhibition hall in Turkey. The museum holds periodic exhibitions of modern and contemporary art as well as hosting other contemporary arts events.

War of Independence Museum

 
The War of Independence Museum, used as the first Turkish Grand National Assembly building.

The War of Independence Museum (Kurtuluş Savaşı Müzesi) is located on Ulus Square. It was originally the first Parliament building (TBMM) of the Republic of Turkey. The War of Independence was planned and directed here as recorded in various photographs and items presently on exhibition. In another display, wax figures of former presidents of the Republic of Turkey are on exhibit.

Mehmet Akif Literature Museum Library

The Mehmet Akif Literature Museum Library is an important literary museum and archive opened in 2011 and dedicated to Mehmet Akif Ersoy (1873–1936), the poet of the Turkish National Anthem.

TCDD Open Air Steam Locomotive Museum

The TCDD Open Air Steam Locomotive Museum is an open-air museum which traces the history of steam locomotives.

Ankara Aviation Museum

Ankara Aviation Museum (Hava Kuvvetleri Müzesi Komutanlığı) is located near the Istanbul Road in Etimesgut. The museum opened to the public in September 1998.[82] It is home to various missiles, avionics, aviation materials and aircraft that have served in the Turkish Air Force (e.g. combat aircraft such as the F-86 Sabre, F-100 Super Sabre, F-102 Delta Dagger, F-104 Starfighter, F-5 Freedom Fighter, F-4 Phantom; and cargo planes such as the Transall C-160.) Also a Hungarian MiG-21, a Pakistani MiG-19, and a Bulgarian MiG-17 are on display at the museum.

METU Science and Technology Museum

The METU Science and Technology Museum (ODTÜ Bilim ve Teknoloji Müzesi) is located inside the Middle East Technical University campus.

Sports

 
Ankara Arena (2010)

As with all other cities of Turkey, football is the most popular sport in Ankara. The city has two football clubs competing in the Turkish Süper Lig: Ankaragücü, founded in 1910, is the oldest club in Ankara and is associated with Ankara's military arsenal manufacturing company MKE. They were the Turkish Cup winners in 1972 and 1981. Gençlerbirliği, founded in 1923, are known as the Ankara Gale or the Poppies because of their colors: red and black. They were the Turkish Cup winners in 1987 and 2001. Gençlerbirliği's B team, Hacettepe S.K. (formerly known as Gençlerbirliği OFTAŞ) played in the Süper Lig but currently plays in the TFF Second League. A fourth team, Büyükşehir Belediye Ankaraspor, played in the Süper Lig until 2010, when they were expelled. The club was reconstituted in 2014 as Osmanlıspor but have since returned to their old identity as Ankaraspor. Ankaraspor currently play in the TFF First League at the Osmanlı Stadium in the Sincan district of Yenikent, outside the city center. Keçiörengücü also currently play in the TFF First League.

Ankara has a large number of minor teams, playing at regional levels. In the TFF Second League: Mamak FK in Mamak, Ankara Demirspor in Çankaya, Etimesgut Belediyespor in Etimesgut; in the TFF Third League: Çankaya FK in Keçiören; Altındağspor[83] in Altındağ; in the Amateur League: Turanspor in Etimesgut, Türk Telekomspor owned by the phone company in Yenimahalle, Çubukspor in Çubuk, and Bağlumspor in Keçiören.

In the Turkish Basketball League, Ankara is represented by Türk Telekom, whose home is the Ankara Arena, and CASA TED Kolejliler, whose home is the TOBB Sports Hall.

Halkbank Ankara is the leading domestic powerhouse in men's volleyball, having won many championships and cups in the Turkish Men's Volleyball League and even the CEV Cup in 2013.

Ankara Buz Pateni Sarayı is where the ice skating and ice hockey competitions take place in the city.

There are many popular spots for skateboarding which is active in the city since the 1980s. Skaters in Ankara usually meet in the park near the Grand National Assembly of Turkey.

The 2012-built THF Sport Hall hosts the Handball Super League and Women's Handball Super League matches scheduled in Ankara.[84]

Parks

 
Gençlik Parkı (Youth Park)

Ankara has many parks and open spaces mainly established in the early years of the Republic and well maintained and expanded thereafter. The most important of these parks are: Gençlik Parkı (houses an amusement park with a large pond for rowing), the Botanical garden, Seğmenler Park, Anayasa Park, Kuğulu Park (famous for the swans received as a gift from the Chinese government), Abdi İpekçi Park, Esertepe Parkı, Güven Park (see above for the monument), Kurtuluş Park (has an ice-skating rink), Altınpark (also a prominent exposition/fair area), Harikalar Diyarı (claimed to be Biggest Park of Europe inside city borders) and Göksu Park. Dikmen Vadisi (Dikmen Valley) is a 70 hectares (170 acres) park and recreation area situated in Çankaya district.

Gençlik Park was depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 100 lira banknotes of 1952–1976.[85]

Atatürk Forest Farm and Zoo (Atatürk Orman Çiftliği) is an expansive recreational farming area which houses a zoo, several small agricultural farms, greenhouses, restaurants, a dairy farm and a brewery. It is a pleasant place to spend a day with family, be it for having picnics, hiking, biking or simply enjoying good food and nature. There is also an exact replica of the house where Atatürk was born in 1881, in Thessaloniki, Greece. Visitors to the "Çiftlik" (farm) as it is affectionately called by Ankarans, can sample such famous products of the farm such as old-fashioned beer and ice cream, fresh dairy products and meat rolls/kebabs made on charcoal, at a traditional restaurant (Merkez Lokantası, Central Restaurant), cafés and other establishments scattered around the farm.

Education

Main article: Education in Ankara

Universities

Ankara is noted, within Turkey, for the multitude of universities it is home to. These include the following, several of them being among the most reputable in the country:

Fauna

Angora cat

Main article: Turkish Angora
 
Angora cat with odd eyes (heterochromia), which is common among the Angoras

Ankara is home to a world-famous domestic cat breed – the Turkish Angora, called Ankara kedisi (Ankara cat) in Turkish. Turkish Angoras are one of the ancient, naturally occurring cat breeds, having originated in Ankara and its surrounding region in central Anatolia.

They mostly have a white, silky, medium to long length coat, no undercoat and a fine bone structure. There seems to be a connection between the Angora Cats and Persians, and the Turkish Angora is also a distant cousin of the Turkish Van. Although they are known for their shimmery white coat, there are more than twenty varieties including black, blue and reddish fur. They come in tabby and tabby-white, along with smoke varieties, and are in every color other than pointed, lavender, and cinnamon (all of which would indicate breeding to an outcross.)

Eyes may be blue, green, or amber, or even one blue and one amber or green. The W gene which is responsible for the white coat and blue eye is closely related to the hearing ability, and the presence of a blue eye can indicate that the cat is deaf to the side the blue eye is located. However, a great many blue and odd-eyed white cats have normal hearing, and even deaf cats lead a very normal life if kept indoors.

Ears are pointed and large, eyes are almond shaped and the head is massive with a two plane profile. Another characteristic is the tail, which is often kept parallel to the back.

Angora goat

Main article: Angora goat

The Angora goat (Turkish: Ankara keçisi) is a breed of domestic goat that originated in Ankara and its surrounding region in central Anatolia.[86]

This breed was first mentioned in the time of Moses, roughly in 1500 BC.[87] The first Angora goats were brought to Europe by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, about 1554, but, like later imports, were not very successful. Angora goats were first introduced in the United States in 1849 by Dr. James P. Davis. Seven adult goats were a gift from Sultan Abdülmecid I in appreciation for his services and advice on the raising of cotton.

The fleece taken from an Angora goat is called mohair. A single goat produces between five and eight kilograms (11 and 18 pounds) of hair per year. Angoras are shorn twice a year, unlike sheep, which are shorn only once. Angoras have high nutritional requirements due to their rapid hair growth. A poor quality diet will curtail mohair development. The United States, Turkey, and South Africa are the top producers of mohair.

For a long period of time, Angora goats were bred for their white coat. In 1998, the Colored Angora Goat Breeders Association was set up to promote breeding of colored Angoras. Today, Angora goats produce white, black (deep black to greys and silver), red (the color fades significantly as the goat gets older), and brownish fiber.

Angora goats were depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 50 lira banknotes of 1938–1952.[88]

Angora rabbit

Main article: Angora rabbit

The Angora rabbit (Turkish: Ankara tavşanı) is a variety of domestic rabbit bred for its long, soft hair. The Angora is one of the oldest types of domestic rabbit, originating in Ankara and its surrounding region in central Anatolia, along with the Angora cat and Angora goat. The rabbits were popular pets with French royalty in the mid-18th century, and spread to other parts of Europe by the end of the century. They first appeared in the United States in the early 20th century. They are bred largely for their long Angora wool, which may be removed by shearing, combing, or plucking (gently pulling loose wool.)

Angoras are bred mainly for their wool because it is silky and soft. They have a humorous appearance, as they oddly resemble a fur ball. Most are calm and docile but should be handled carefully. Grooming is necessary to prevent the fiber from matting and felting on the rabbit. A condition called "wool block" is common in Angora rabbits and should be treated quickly.[89] Sometimes they are shorn in the summer as the long fur can cause the rabbits to overheat.

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey

Twin towns and sister cities

Ankara is twinned with:[90][91]

Partner cities

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Ankara Province / Metropolitan municipality (25,653.46 km² including lake / 24,521 km² excluding lake) is a province (il) of Turkey which has 25 districts (ilçe), and 9 of these districts form the urban area of Ankara city (2,767.85 km² including lake).
    Altındağ = 174.53 km²
    Çankaya = 267.61 km²
    Etimesgut = 49.19 km²
    Gölbaşı = 738.30 km²
    Keçiören = 189.88 km²
    Mamak = 478.40 km²
    Pursaklar = 251.52 km²
    Sincan = 344.26 km²
    Yenimahalle = 274.16 km²
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    • On the reverse of the 10 lira banknote of 1927–1938 (1. Emission Group – Ten Turkish Lira – I. Series 26 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine).
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    • On the reverse of the 100 lira banknotes of 1983–1989 (7. Emission Group – One Hundred Turkish Lira – I. Series 3 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine & II. Series 3 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine).
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  1. ^ [9][10][11][12]
  2. ^ /ænˈsaɪrə/ an-SY-rə[11][12]
  3. ^ /æŋˈɡɔːrə/ ang-GOR-ə,[14] US also /ˈæŋɡərə/ ANG-gə-rə),[11]

References

  • Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878). "Angora" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 45.
  • Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911b). "Ancyra" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 953.
  • Parvis, Sarah (2006). Marcellus of Ancyra And the Lost Years of the Arian Controversy 325–345. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-928013-1.

Attribution

  •   This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Angora". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 40–41.
  •   This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rockwell, William Walker (1911). "Ancyra". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Further reading

  • Members of Staff of the Museum (2006). Guide book to The Museum of Anatolian Civilizations. Ankara: "The association for the support and encouragement of the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations." Dönmez offset (Printer). ISBN 978-975-17-2198-3.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Ankara (category)
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Ankara.
  • Governorate of Ankara
  • GCatholic – (former and) Latin titular see
  • GCatholic – former and titular Armenian Catholic see
  • Ankara Development Agency
  •   Geographic data related to Ankara at OpenStreetMap

February 28, 2023
ankara, ancyra, redirects, here, insect, genus, ancyra, genus, archdiocese, ancyra, catholic, titular, other, uses, disambiguation, also, ɑː, ahng, turkish, ˈaŋkaɾa, listen, historically, known, ancyra, angora, capital, turkey, located, central, part, anatolia. Ancyra redirects here For the insect genus see Ancyra genus For the archdiocese see Ancyra Catholic titular see For other uses see Ankara disambiguation Ankara ˈ ae ŋ k er e ANG ke re US also ˈ ɑː ŋ AHNG ke re Turkish ˈaŋkaɾa listen a historically known as Ancyra b and Angora 13 c is the capital of Turkey Located in the central part of Anatolia the city has a population of 5 1 million in its urban center and 5 7 million in Ankara Province 6 4 making it Turkey s second largest city after Istanbul AnkaraCapital city and metropolitan municipalityClockwise from top Sogutozu business district Anitkabir Presidential Library Kocatepe Mosque Atakule TowerNickname s Heart of Turkey Turkish Turkiye nin Kalbi AnkaraLocation within TurkeyShow map of TurkeyAnkaraAnkara Asia Show map of AsiaCoordinates 39 55 48 N 32 51 00 E 39 93000 N 32 85000 E 39 93000 32 85000 Coordinates 39 55 48 N 32 51 00 E 39 93000 N 32 85000 E 39 93000 32 85000Country TurkeyRegionCentral AnatoliaProvinceAnkaraFounded byMustafa Kemal AtaturkDistricts25Government MayorMansur Yavas CHP GovernorVasip SahinArea 1 2 3 4 Capital city and metropolitan municipality24 521 km2 9 468 sq mi Urban2 767 85 km2 1 068 67 sq mi Elevation938 m 3 077 ft Population 31 December 2022 6 Capital city and metropolitan municipality5 782 285 Rank2nd in Turkey Urban5 187 949 5 4 Urban density1 874 km2 4 850 sq mi Metro density236 km2 610 sq mi DemonymAnkaranTime zoneUTC 3 TRT Postal code06xxxArea code1Vehicle registration06GDP Nominal 2021 7 TotalUS 74 83 billion Per capitaUS 13 020HDI 2018 0 855 8 very highWebsitewww wbr ankara wbr bel wbr tr www wbr ankara wbr gov wbr trServing as the capital of the ancient Celtic state of Galatia 280 64 BC and later of the Roman province with the same name 25 BC 7th century the city is very old with various Hattian Hittite Lydian Phrygian Galatian Greek Persian Roman Byzantine and Ottoman archeological sites The Ottomans made the city the capital first of the Anatolia Eyalet 1393 late 15th century and then the Angora Eyalet 1827 1864 and the Angora Vilayet 1867 1922 The historical center of Ankara is a rocky hill rising 150 m 500 ft over the left bank of the Ankara River a tributary of the Sakarya River The hill remains crowned by the ruins of Ankara Castle Although few of its outworks have survived there are well preserved examples of Roman and Ottoman architecture throughout the city the most remarkable being the 20 BC Temple of Augustus and Rome that boasts the Monumentum Ancyranum the inscription recording the Res Gestae Divi Augusti code lat promoted to code la 15 On 23 April 1920 the Grand National Assembly of Turkey was established in Ankara which became the headquarters of the Turkish National Movement during the Turkish War of Independence Ankara became the new Turkish capital upon the establishment of the Republic on 29 October 1923 succeeding in this role as the former Turkish capital Istanbul following the fall of the Ottoman Empire The government is a prominent employer but Ankara is also an important commercial and industrial city located at the center of Turkey s road and railway networks The city gave its name to the Angora wool shorn from Angora rabbits the long haired Angora goat the source of mohair and the Angora cat The area is also known for its pears honey and Muscat grapes Although situated in one of the driest regions of Turkey and surrounded mostly by steppe vegetation except for the forested areas on the southern periphery Ankara can be considered a green city in terms of green areas per inhabitant at 72 square meters 775 square feet per head 16 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Ancient history 2 2 Celtic history 2 3 Roman history 2 4 Byzantine history 2 5 Ecclesiastical history 2 6 Seljuk and Ottoman history 2 7 Turkish republican capital 3 Economy and infrastructure 4 Geography 5 Climate 6 Demographics 7 Transportation 7 1 Ankara public transportation statistics 8 Politics 9 Main sights 9 1 Ancient archeological sites 9 1 1 Ankara Citadel 9 1 2 Roman Theater 9 1 3 Temple of Augustus and Rome 9 1 4 Roman Baths 9 1 5 Roman Road 9 1 6 Column of Julian 9 2 Mosques 9 2 1 Kocatepe Mosque 9 2 2 Ahmet Hamdi Akseki Mosque 9 2 3 Yeni Cenab Ahmet Mosque 9 2 4 Haci Bayram Mosque 9 2 5 Ahi Elvan Mosque 9 2 6 Alaeddin Mosque 9 3 Modern monuments 9 3 1 Victory Monument 9 3 2 Statue of Ataturk 9 3 3 Monument to a Secure Confident Future 9 3 4 Hatti Monument 9 4 Inns 9 4 1 Suluhan 9 4 2 Cengelhan Rahmi Koc Museum 10 Shopping 11 Culture 11 1 The arts 11 1 1 Music 11 1 2 Theater 11 2 Museums 11 2 1 Museum of Anatolian Civilizations 11 2 2 Anitkabir 11 2 3 Ankara Ethnography Museum 11 2 4 State Art and Sculpture Museum 11 2 5 Cer Modern 11 2 6 War of Independence Museum 11 2 7 Mehmet Akif Literature Museum Library 11 2 8 TCDD Open Air Steam Locomotive Museum 11 2 9 Ankara Aviation Museum 11 2 10 METU Science and Technology Museum 11 3 Sports 12 Parks 13 Education 13 1 Universities 14 Fauna 14 1 Angora cat 14 2 Angora goat 14 3 Angora rabbit 15 International relations 15 1 Twin towns and sister cities 15 2 Partner cities 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 18 1 Attribution 19 Further reading 20 External linksEtymology Seated Woman of Catalhoyuk on display at the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations Ankara The orthography of the name Ankara 17 has varied over the ages It has been identified with the Hittite cult center Ankuwas 18 19 although this remains a matter of debate 20 In classical antiquity and during the medieval period the city was known as Ankyra Ἄgkyra lit anchor in Greek and Ancyra in Latin the Galatian Celtic name was probably a similar variant Following its annexation by the Seljuk Turks in 1073 the city became known in many European languages as Angora it was also known in Ottoman Turkish as Enguru 21 15 The form Angora is preserved in the names of breeds of many different kinds of animals and in the names of several locations in the US see Angora HistoryThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Ankara news newspapers books scholar JSTOR October 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message Main article History of Ankara For a chronological guide see Timeline of Ankara Alaca Hoyuk bronze standard on display at the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations Ankara The region s history can be traced back to the Bronze Age Hattic civilization which was succeeded in the 2nd millennium BC by the Hittites in the 10th century BC by the Phrygians and later by the Lydians Persians Greeks Galatians Romans Byzantines and Turks the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum the Ottoman Empire and finally republican Turkey Ancient history Alaca Hoyuk bronze standards is a pre Hittite tomb dating to the third millennium BC It is considered the symbol of the city still today The oldest settlements in and around the city center of Ankara belonged to the Hattic civilization which existed during the Bronze Age and was gradually absorbed c 2000 1700 BC by the Indo European Hittites The city grew significantly in size and importance under the Phrygians starting around 1000 BC and experienced a large expansion following the mass migration from Gordion the capital of Phrygia after an earthquake which severely damaged that city around that time In Phrygian tradition King Midas was venerated as the founder of Ancyra but Pausanias mentions that the city was actually far older which accords with present archeological knowledge 22 Phrygian rule was succeeded first by Lydian and later by Persian rule though the strongly Phrygian character of the peasantry remained as evidenced by the gravestones of the much later Roman period Persian sovereignty lasted until the Persians defeat at the hands of Alexander the Great who conquered the city in 333 BC Alexander came from Gordion to Ankara and stayed in the city for a short period After his death at Babylon in 323 BC and the subsequent division of his empire among his generals Ankara and its environs fell into the share of Antigonus Another important expansion took place under the Greeks of Pontos who came there around 300 BC and developed the city as a trading center for the commerce of goods between the Black Sea ports and Crimea to the north Assyria Cyprus and Lebanon to the south and Georgia Armenia and Persia to the east By that time the city also took its name Ἄgkyra Ankyra meaning anchor in Greek which in slightly modified form provides the modern name of Ankara Celtic history The Dying Galatian was a famous statue commissioned some time between 230 and 220 BC by King Attalos I of Pergamon to honor his victory over the Celtic Galatians in Anatolia Roman marble copy of a Hellenistic work of the late 3rd century BC at the Capitoline Museums Rome In 278 BC the city along with the rest of central Anatolia was occupied by a Celtic group the Galatians who were the first to make Ankara one of their main tribal centers the headquarters of the Tectosages tribe 23 Other centers were Pessinus today s Ballihisar for the Trocmi tribe and Tavium to the east of Ankara for the Tolistobogii tribe The city was then known as Ancyra The Celtic element was probably relatively small in numbers a warrior aristocracy which ruled over Phrygian speaking peasants However the Celtic language continued to be spoken in Galatia for many centuries At the end of the 4th century St Jerome a native of Dalmatia observed that the language spoken around Ankara was very similar to that being spoken in the northwest of the Roman world near Trier Roman history Ancyra was the capital of the Celtic kingdom of Galatia and later of the Roman province with the same name after its conquest by Augustus in 25 BC Marble head of a Roman woman on display at the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations Ankara The city was subsequently passed under the control of the Roman Empire In 25 BC Emperor Augustus raised it to the status of a polis and made it the capital city of the Roman province of Galatia 24 Ankara is famous for the Monumentum Ancyranum Temple of Augustus and Rome which contains the official record of the Acts of Augustus known as the Res Gestae Divi Augusti an inscription cut in marble on the walls of this temple The ruins of Ancyra still furnish today valuable bas reliefs inscriptions and other architectural fragments Two other Galatian tribal centers Tavium near Yozgat and Pessinus Balhisar to the west near Sivrihisar continued to be reasonably important settlements in the Roman period but it was Ancyra that grew into a grand metropolis The Res Gestae Divi Augusti is the self laudatory autobiography completed in 13 AD just before his death by the first Roman emperor Augustus Most of the text is preserved on the walls of the Monumentum Ancyranum The Roman Baths of Ankara were constructed by the Roman emperor Caracalla 212 217 in honor of Asclepios the God of Medicine and built around three principal rooms the caldarium hot bath the tepidarium warm bath and the frigidarium cold bath in a typically laid out 80 by 120 meter 260 by 390 foot classical complex An estimated 200 000 people lived in Ancyra in good times during the Roman Empire a far greater number than was to be the case from after the fall of the Roman Empire until the early 20th century The small Ankara River ran through the center of the Roman town It has now been covered and diverted but it formed the northern boundary of the old town during the Roman Byzantine and Ottoman periods Cankaya the rim of the majestic hill to the south of the present city center stood well outside the Roman city but may have been a summer resort In the 19th century the remains of at least one Roman villa or large house were still standing not far from where the Cankaya Presidential Residence stands today To the west the Roman city extended until the area of the Genclik Park and Railway Station while on the southern side of the hill it may have extended downwards as far as the site presently occupied by Hacettepe University It was thus a sizeable city by any standards and much larger than the Roman towns of Gaul or Britannia citation needed Ancyra s importance rested on the fact that it was the junction point where the roads in northern Anatolia running north south and east west intersected giving it major strategic importance for Rome s eastern frontier 24 The great imperial road running east passed through Ankara and a succession of emperors and their armies came this way They were not the only ones to use the Roman highway network which was equally convenient for invaders In the second half of the 3rd century Ancyra was invaded in rapid succession by the Goths coming from the west who rode far into the heart of Cappadocia taking slaves and pillaging and later by the Arabs For about a decade the town was one of the western outposts of one of Palmyrean empress Zenobia in the Syrian Desert who took advantage of a period of weakness and disorder in the Roman Empire to set up a short lived state of her own The town was reincorporated into the Roman Empire under Emperor Aurelian in 272 The tetrarchy a system of multiple up to four emperors introduced by Diocletian 284 305 seems to have engaged in a substantial program of rebuilding and of road construction from Ancyra westwards to Germe and Dorylaeum now Eskisehir In its heyday Roman Ancyra was a large market and trading center but it also functioned as a major administrative capital where a high official ruled from the city s Praetorium a large administrative palace or office During the 3rd century life in Ancyra as in other Anatolian towns seems to have become somewhat militarized in response to the invasions and instability of the town Byzantine history The city is well known during the 4th century as a center of Christian activity see also below due to frequent imperial visits and through the letters of the pagan scholar Libanius 24 Bishop Marcellus of Ancyra and Basil of Ancyra were active in the theological controversies of their day and the city was the site of no fewer than three church synods in 314 358 and 375 the latter two in favor of Arianism 24 The Column of Julian 362 was erected in honor of the Roman emperor Julian the Apostate s visit to Ancyra The city was visited by Emperor Constans I r 337 350 in 347 and 350 Julian r 361 363 during his Persian campaign in 362 and Julian s successor Jovian r 363 364 in winter 363 364 he entered his consulship while in the city After Jovian s death soon after Valentinian I r 364 375 was acclaimed emperor at Ancyra and in the next year his brother Valens r 364 378 used Ancyra as his base against the usurper Procopius 24 When the province of Galatia was divided sometime in 396 99 Ancyra remained the civil capital of Galatia I as well as its ecclesiastical center metropolitan see 24 Emperor Arcadius r 383 408 frequently used the city as his summer residence and some information about the ecclesiastical affairs of the city during the early 5th century is found in the works of Palladius of Galatia and Nilus of Ancyra 24 In 479 the rebel Marcian attacked the city without being able to capture it 24 In 610 11 Comentiolus brother of Emperor Phocas r 602 610 launched his own unsuccessful rebellion in the city against Heraclius r 610 641 24 Ten years later in 620 or more likely 622 it was captured by the Sassanid Persians during the Byzantine Sassanid War of 602 628 Although the city returned to Byzantine hands after the end of the war the Persian presence left traces in the city s archeology and likely began the process of its transformation from a late antique city to a medieval fortified settlement 24 In 654 the city also known in Arabic sources as Qalat as Salasil fortress of the chains 25 was captured for the first time by the Arabs of the Rashidun Caliphate under Muawiyah the future founder of the Umayyad Caliphate 24 At about the same time the themes were established in Anatolia and Ancyra became capital of the Opsician Theme which was the largest and most important theme until it was split up under Emperor Constantine V r 741 775 Ancyra then became the capital of the new Bucellarian Theme 24 The city was captured at least temporarily by the Umayyad prince Maslama ibn Hisham in 739 40 the last of the Umayyads territorial gains from the Byzantine Empire 26 Ancyra was attacked without success by Abbasid forces in 776 and in 798 99 In 805 Emperor Nikephoros I r 802 811 strengthened its fortifications a fact which probably saved it from sack during the large scale invasion of Anatolia by Caliph Harun al Rashid in the next year 24 Arab sources report that Harun and his successor al Ma mun r 813 833 took the city but this information is later invention In 838 however during the Amorium campaign the armies of Caliph al Mu tasim r 833 842 converged and met at the city abandoned by its inhabitants Ancara was razed to the ground before the Arab armies went on to besiege and destroy Amorium reaching as far as Smyrna 24 In 859 Emperor Michael III r 842 867 came to the city during a campaign against the Arabs and ordered its fortifications restored 24 In 872 the city was menaced but not taken by the Paulicians under Chrysocheir 24 The last Arab raid to reach the city was undertaken in 931 by the Abbasid governor of Tarsus Thamal al Dulafi but the city again was not captured 24 Ecclesiastical history St Theodotus of Ancyra Early Christian martyrs of Ancyra about whom little is known included Proklos and Hilarios who were natives of the otherwise unknown nearby village of Kallippi and suffered repression under the emperor Trajan 98 117 In the 280s we hear of Philumenos a Christian corn merchant from southern Anatolia being captured and martyred in Ankara and Eustathius As in other Roman towns the reign of Diocletian marked the culmination of the persecution of the Christians In 303 Ancyra was one of the towns where the co emperors Diocletian and his deputy Galerius launched their anti Christian persecution In Ancyra their first target was the 38 year old Bishop of the town whose name was Clement Clement s life describes how he was taken to Rome then sent back and forced to undergo many interrogations and hardship before he and his brother and various companions were put to death The remains of the church of St Clement can be found today in a building just off Isiklar Caddesi in the Ulus district Quite possibly this marks the site where Clement was originally buried Four years later a doctor of the town named Plato and his brother Antiochus also became celebrated martyrs under Galerius Theodotus of Ancyra is also venerated as a saint However the persecution proved unsuccessful and in 314 Ancyra was the center of an important council of the early church 27 its 25 disciplinary canons constitute one of the most important documents in the early history of the administration of the Sacrament of Penance 27 The synod also considered ecclesiastical policy for the reconstruction of the Christian Church after the persecutions and in particular the treatment of lapsi Christians who had given in to forced paganism sacrifices to avoid martyrdom during these persecutions 27 Though paganism was probably tottering in Ancyra in Clement s day it may still have been the majority religion Twenty years later Christianity and monotheism had taken its place Ancyra quickly turned into a Christian city with a life dominated by monks and priests and theological disputes The town council or senate gave way to the bishop as the main local figurehead During the middle of the 4th century Ancyra was involved in the complex theological disputes over the nature of Christ and a form of Arianism seems to have originated there 28 In 362 363 Emperor Julian passed through Ancyra on his way to an ill fated campaign against the Persians and according to Christian sources engaged in a persecution of various holy men 29 The stone base for a statue with an inscription describing Julian as Lord of the whole world from the British Ocean to the barbarian nations can still be seen built into the eastern side of the inner circuit of the walls of Ankara Castle The Column of Julian which was erected in honor of the emperor s visit to the city in 362 still stands today In 375 Arian bishops met at Ancyra and deposed several bishops among them St Gregory of Nyssa In the late 4th century Ancyra became something of an imperial holiday resort After Constantinople became the East Roman capital emperors in the 4th and 5th centuries would retire from the humid summer weather on the Bosporus to the drier mountain atmosphere of Ancyra Theodosius II 408 450 kept his court in Ancyra in the summers Laws issued in Ancyra testify to the time they spent there Ottoman houses in Hamamonu district The Metropolis of Ancyra continued to be a residential see of the Eastern Orthodox Church until the 20th century with about 40 000 faithful mostly Turkish speaking but that situation ended as a result of the 1923 Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations The earlier Armenian genocide put an end to the residential eparchy of Ancyra of the Armenian Catholic Church which had been established in 1850 30 31 It is also a titular metropolis of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople Both the Ancient Byzantine Metropolitan archbishopric and the modern Armenian eparchy are now listed by the Catholic Church as titular sees 32 with separate apostolic successions Seljuk and Ottoman history President Mustafa Kemal Ataturk center and Prime Minister Ismet Inonu left leaving the Grand National Assembly of Turkey during the 7th anniversary celebrations of the Turkish Republic in 1930 A view of the old general directorate building of Ziraat Bank It was designed by Istanbul born Italian Levantine architect Giulio Mongeri and built between 1926 and 1929 After the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 the Seljuk Turks overran much of Anatolia By 1073 the Turkish settlers had reached the vicinity of Ancyra and the city was captured shortly after at the latest by the time of the rebellion of Nikephoros Melissenos in 1081 24 In 1101 when the Crusade under Raymond IV of Toulouse arrived the city had been under Danishmend control for some time The Crusaders captured the city and handed it over to the Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos r 1081 1118 24 Byzantine rule did not last long and the city was captured by the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum at some unknown point in 1127 it returned to Danishmend control until 1143 when the Seljuks of Rum retook it 24 After the Battle of Kose Dag in 1243 in which the Mongols defeated the Seljuks most of Anatolia became part of the dominion of the Mongols Taking advantage of Seljuk decline a semi religious cast of craftsmen and trade people named Ahiler chose Angora as their independent city state in 1290 Orhan I the second Bey of the Ottoman Empire captured the city in 1356 Timur defeated Bayezid I at the Battle of Ankara in 1402 and took the city but in 1403 Angora was again under Ottoman control The Levant Company maintained a factory in the town from 1639 to 1768 15 In the 19th century its population was estimated at 20 000 to 60 000 21 It was sacked by Egyptians under Ibrahim Pasha in 1832 15 From 1867 to 1922 the city served as the capital of the Angora Vilayet which included most of ancient Galatia Prior to World War I the town had a British consulate and a population of around 28 000 roughly 1 3 of whom were Christian 15 Turkish republican capital Anitkabir the mausoleum of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk in Ankara is visited by large crowds every year during national holidays such as Republic Day on 29 October Following the Ottoman defeat in World War I the Ottoman capital Constantinople modern Istanbul and much of Anatolia was occupied by the Allies who planned to share these lands between Armenia France Greece Italy and the United Kingdom leaving for the Turks the core piece of land in central Anatolia In response the leader of the Turkish nationalist movement Mustafa Kemal Ataturk established the headquarters of his resistance movement in Angora in 1920 After the Turkish War of Independence was won and the Treaty of Sevres was superseded by the Treaty of Lausanne 1923 the Turkish nationalists replaced the Ottoman Empire with the Republic of Turkey on 29 October 1923 A few days earlier Angora had officially replaced Constantinople as the new Turkish capital city on 13 October 1923 33 and Republican officials declared that the city s name is Ankara 34 The Presidential Library in Ankara is the largest library in Turkey with a collection of over 4 million printed books 35 and over 120 million electronic editions 35 published in 134 languages 35 After Ankara became the capital of the newly founded Republic of Turkey new development divided the city into an old section called Ulus and a new section called Yenisehir Ancient buildings reflecting Roman Byzantine and Ottoman history and narrow winding streets mark the old section The new section now centered on Kizilay Square has the trappings of a more modern city wide streets hotels theaters shopping malls and high rises Government offices and foreign embassies are also located in the new section Ankara has experienced a phenomenal growth since it was made Turkey s capital in 1923 when it was a small town of no importance 36 In 1924 the year after the government had moved there Ankara had about 35 000 residents By 1927 there were 44 553 residents and by 1950 the population had grown to 286 781 After 1930 the city officially became known in Western languages as Ankara By the late 1930s the English name Angora was no longer in popular use 37 The Presidential Complex is located inside the Ataturk Forest Farm Ankara continued to grow rapidly during the latter half of the 20th century and eventually outranked Izmir as Turkey s second largest city after Istanbul Ankara s urban population reached 4 587 558 in 2014 while the population of Ankara Province reached 5 150 072 in 2015 38 The Presidential Palace of Turkey is situated in Ankara This building serves as the main residence of the president Economy and infrastructure Sogutozu business and shopping district Ankara has long been a productive agricultural region in Anatolia In the Ottoman period Ankara was well known for producing grain cotton and fruits 39 The city has exported mohair from the Angora goat and Angora wool from the Angora rabbit internationally for centuries In the 19th century the city also exported substantial amounts of goat and cat skins gum wax honey berries and madder root 21 It was connected to Istanbul by railway before the First World War continuing to export mohair wool berries and grain 15 The Central Anatolia Region is one of the primary locations of grape and wine production in Turkey and Ankara is particularly famous for its Kalecik Karasi and Muscat grapes and its Kavaklidere wine which is produced in the Kavaklidere neighborhood within the Cankaya district of the city Ankara is also famous for its pears Another renowned natural product of Ankara is its indigenous type of honey Ankara Bali which is known for its light color and is mostly produced by the Ataturk Forest Farm and Zoo in the Gazi district and by other facilities in the Elmadag Cubuk and Beypazari districts Cubuk 1 and Cubuk 2 dams on the Cubuk Brook in Ankara were among the first dams constructed in the Turkish Republic Kizilay Square in central Ankara with the Emek Business Center 1959 1965 the first International Style mixed use office tower and shopping center in Turkey 40 41 Ankara is the center of the state owned and private Turkish defence and aerospace companies where the industrial plants and headquarters of the Turkish Aerospace Industries MKE ASELSAN HAVELSAN ROKETSAN FNSS 42 Nurol Makina 43 and numerous other firms are located Exports to foreign countries from these defense and aerospace firms have steadily increased in the past decades The IDEF in Ankara is one of the largest international expositions of the global arms industry A number of the global automotive companies also have production facilities in Ankara such as the German bus and truck manufacturer MAN SE 44 Ankara hosts the OSTIM Industrial Zone Turkey s largest industrial park A large percentage of the complicated employment in Ankara is provided by the state institutions such as the ministries subministries and other administrative bodies of the Turkish government There are also many foreign citizens working as diplomats or clerks in the embassies of their respective countries Geography Soguksu National Park Geographically Ankara is located in the middle of the Kizilirmak and Sakarya rivers and the Sakarya River forms its border with Eskisehir in the west Ankara shares its borders with Bolu and Cankiri in the north Konya in the south and Kirikkale in the east 45 Ankara and its province are located in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey The Cubuk Brook flows through the city center of Ankara It is connected in the western suburbs of the city to the Ankara River which is a tributary of the Sakarya River ClimateAnkara has a cold semi arid climate Koppen climate classification BSk 46 Under the Trewartha climate classification Ankara has a temperate humid continental climate Dc Due to its elevation and inland location Ankara has cold and snowy winters and hot and dry summers Rainfall occurs mostly during the spring and autumn The city lies in USDA Hardiness zone 7b and its annual average precipitation is fairly low at 414 millimeters 16 in nevertheless precipitation can be observed throughout the year Monthly mean temperatures range from 0 9 C 33 6 F in January to 24 3 C 75 7 F in July with an annual mean of 12 6 C 54 7 F 47 Climate data for Ankara Turkish State Meteorological Service Compound Kecioren 1991 2020 extremes 1927 2021Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 18 4 65 1 21 3 70 3 27 8 82 0 31 6 88 9 34 4 93 9 37 0 98 6 41 0 105 8 40 4 104 7 39 1 102 4 33 3 91 9 24 7 76 5 20 4 68 7 41 0 105 8 Average high C F 4 7 40 5 7 4 45 3 12 2 54 0 17 5 63 5 22 8 73 0 27 3 81 1 31 0 87 8 31 0 87 8 26 5 79 7 20 3 68 5 13 0 55 4 6 7 44 1 18 4 65 1 Daily mean C F 0 9 33 6 2 7 36 9 6 7 44 1 11 5 52 7 16 5 61 7 20 6 69 1 24 2 75 6 24 3 75 7 19 6 67 3 13 9 57 0 7 3 45 1 2 8 37 0 12 59 54 66 Average low C F 2 2 28 0 1 2 29 8 1 9 35 4 6 0 42 8 10 5 50 9 14 1 57 4 17 2 63 0 17 4 63 3 13 1 55 6 8 4 47 1 2 7 36 9 0 3 31 5 7 3 45 1 Record low C F 24 9 12 8 24 2 11 6 19 2 2 6 7 2 19 0 1 6 29 1 3 8 38 8 4 5 40 1 5 5 41 9 1 5 29 3 9 8 14 4 17 5 0 5 24 2 11 6 24 9 12 8 Average precipitation mm inches 38 6 1 52 36 6 1 44 46 9 1 85 44 5 1 75 51 0 2 01 40 2 1 58 14 8 0 58 14 6 0 57 17 9 0 70 33 4 1 31 31 9 1 26 43 2 1 70 413 6 16 28 Average precipitation days 13 60 12 67 13 87 13 40 14 53 11 47 4 60 5 10 5 50 9 23 8 93 14 00 126 9Average relative humidity 79 75 65 58 57 51 43 41 46 56 70 78 60Mean monthly sunshine hours 68 2 101 7 148 8 189 0 238 7 279 0 328 6 316 2 264 0 195 3 129 0 74 4 2 332 9Mean daily sunshine hours 2 2 3 6 4 8 6 3 7 7 9 3 10 6 10 2 8 8 6 3 4 3 2 4 6 4Percent possible sunshine 25 35 42 48 54 65 74 76 70 58 43 28 52Average ultraviolet index 2 3 5 7 9 10 10 9 7 4 2 2 6Source 1 Turkish State Meteorological Service 47 Source 2 Deutscher Wetterdienst humidity 1931 1960 48 Historical populationYearPop p a 20074 466 756 20084 548 939 1 84 20094 650 802 2 24 20104 771 716 2 60 20114 890 893 2 50 20124 965 542 1 53 20135 045 083 1 60 20145 150 072 2 08 20155 270 575 2 34 20165 346 518 1 44 20175 445 026 1 84 20185 503 985 1 08 source 49 Demographics Ankara metropolitan area Ankara had a population of 75 000 in 1927 As of 2019 the population of the Ankara Province was 5 639 076 50 When Ankara became the capital of the Republic of Turkey in 1923 it was designated as a planned city for 500 000 future inhabitants During the 1920s 1930s and 1940s the city grew in a planned and orderly pace However from the 1950s onward the city grew much faster than envisioned because unemployment and poverty forced people to migrate from the countryside into the city in order to seek a better standard of living As a result many illegal houses called gecekondu were built around the city causing the unplanned and uncontrolled urban landscape of Ankara as not enough planned housing could be built fast enough Although precariously built the vast majority of them have electricity running water and modern household amenities Nevertheless many of these gecekondus have been replaced by huge public housing projects in the form of tower blocks such as Elvankent Eryaman and Guzelkent and also as mass housing compounds for military and civil service accommodation Although many gecekondus still remain they too are gradually being replaced by mass housing compounds as empty land plots in the city of Ankara for new construction projects are becoming impossible to find Corum and Yozgat which are located in Central Anatolia and whose population is decreasing are the provinces with the highest net migration to Ankara 51 About one third of the Central Anatolia population of 15 608 868 people resides in Ankara The literacy rate in the whole province for people who are 15 years old or older is 98 18 according to 2020 TUIK data Ankara Province also has the highest percentage of tertiary education graduates in Turkey with 29 08 of the population having either an undergraduate master s or doctor s degree 52 TransportationSee also Ankara Metro Ankara Central Station and Esenboga International Airport Ankara railway station is a hub for conventional trains The new ATG terminal is a hub for the high speed rail YHT services The Electricity Gas Bus General Directorate EGO 53 operates the Ankara Metro and other forms of public transportation Ankara is served by a suburban rail named Ankaray A1 and three subway lines M1 M2 M3 of the Ankara Metro with about 300 000 total daily commuters while an additional subway line M4 is under construction A 3 2 km 2 0 mi long gondola lift with four stations connects the district of Sentepe to the Yenimahalle metro station 54 The Ankara Central Station is a major rail hub in Turkey The Turkish State Railways operates passenger train service from Ankara to other major cities such as Istanbul Eskisehir Balikesir Kutahya Izmir Kayseri Adana Kars Elazig Malatya Diyarbakir Karabuk Zonguldak and Sivas Commuter rail also runs between the stations of Sincan and Kayas On 13 March 2009 the new Yuksek Hizli Tren YHT high speed rail service began operation between Ankara and Eskisehir On 23 August 2011 another YHT high speed line commercially started its service between Ankara and Konya On 25 July 2014 the Ankara Istanbul high speed line of YHT entered service 55 Esenboga International Airport located in the north east of the city is Ankara s main airport Ankara public transportation statistics The average amount of time people spend commuting on public transit in Ankara on a weekday is 71 minutes 17 of public transit passengers ride for more than two hours every day The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is sixteen minutes while 28 of users wait for over twenty minutes on average every day The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 9 9 km 6 2 mi while 27 travel for over 12 km 7 5 mi in a single direction 56 Esenboga International AirportPoliticsSee also List of mayors of Ankara Mansur Yavas of the CHP is the Mayor of Ankara elected in 2019 Since 8 April 2019 the Mayor of Ankara is Mansur Yavas from the Republican People s Party CHP who won the mayoral election in 2019 Ankara is politically a triple battleground between the ruling conservative AK Party the opposition Kemalist center left Republican People s Party CHP and the nationalist far right MHP The province of Ankara is divided into 25 districts The CHP s key and almost only political stronghold in Ankara lies within the central area of Cankaya which is the city s most populous district While the CHP has always gained between 60 and 70 of the vote in Cankaya since 2002 political support elsewhere throughout Ankara is minimal The high population within Cankaya as well as Yenimahalle to an extent has allowed the CHP to take overall second place behind the AK Party in both local and general elections with the MHP a close third despite the fact that the MHP is politically stronger than the CHP in almost every other district Overall the AK Party enjoys the most support throughout the city The electorate of Ankara thus tend to vote in favor of the political right far more so than the other main cities of Istanbul and Izmir In retrospect the 2013 14 protests against the AK Party government were particularly strong in Ankara proving to be fatal on multiple occasions 57 Ankara district Municipalities Local elections 2019AK Party19 25CHP3 25MHP3 25The city suffered from a series of terrorist attacks in 2015 and 2016 most notably on 10 October 2015 17 February 2016 13 March 2016 and 15 July 2016 Melih Gokcek was the Metropolitan Mayor of Ankara between 1994 and 2017 Initially elected in the 1994 local elections he was re elected in 1999 2004 and 2009 In the 2014 local elections Gokcek stood for a fifth term The MHP s metropolitan mayoral candidate for the 2009 local elections Mansur Yavas stood as the CHP s candidate against Gokcek in 2014 In a heavily controversial election Gokcek was declared the winner by just 1 ahead of Yavas amid allegations of systematic electoral fraud With the Supreme Electoral Council and courts rejecting his appeals Yavas declared his intention to take the irregularities to the European Court of Human Rights Although Gokcek was inaugurated for a fifth term most election observers believe 58 that Yavas was the winner of the election 59 60 61 62 63 Gokcek resigned on 28 October 2017 and was replaced by the former mayor of Sincan district Mustafa Tuna who was succeeded by Mansur Yavas of the CHP the current Mayor of Ankara elected in 2019 Main sightsAncient archeological sites Ankara castle and citadel At the Monumentum Ancyranum Temple of Augustus and Rome in Ulus the primary intact copy of Res Gestae written by the first Roman emperor Augustus survives Roman Baths of Ankara Ankara Citadel The foundations of the Ankara castle and citadel were laid by the Galatians on a prominent lava outcrop 39 56 28 N 32 51 50 E 39 941 N 32 864 E 39 941 32 864 and the rest was completed by the Romans The Byzantines and Seljuks further made restorations and additions The area around and inside the citadel being the oldest part of Ankara contains many fine examples of traditional architecture There are also recreational areas to relax Many restored traditional Turkish houses inside the citadel area have found new life as restaurants serving local cuisine The citadel was depicted in various Turkish banknotes during 1927 1952 and 1983 1989 64 Roman Theater The remains the stage and the backstage of the Roman theater can be seen outside the castle Roman statues that were found here are exhibited in the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations The seating area is still under excavation Temple of Augustus and Rome Main article Monumentum Ancyranum The Augusteum 65 now known as the Temple of Augustus and Rome was built 25 x 20 BC following the conquest of Central Anatolia by the Roman Empire Ancyra then formed the capital of the new province of Galatia After the death of Augustus in AD 14 a copy of the text of the Res Gestae Divi Augusti the Monumentum Ancyranum was inscribed on the interior of the temple s pronaos in Latin and a Greek translation on an exterior wall of the cella The temple on the ancient acropolis of Ancyra was enlarged in the 2nd century and converted into a church in the 5th century It is located in the Ulus quarter of the city It was subsequently publicized by the Austrian ambassador Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq in the 16th century Roman Baths The Roman Baths of Ankara have all the typical features of a classical Roman bath complex a frigidarium cold room a tepidarium warm room and a caldarium hot room The baths were built during the reign of the Roman emperor Caracalla in the early 3rd century to honor Asclepios the God of Medicine Today only the basement and first floors remain It is situated in the Ulus quarter Roman Road The Roman Road of Ankara or Cardo Maximus was found in 1995 by Turkish archeologist Cevdet Bayburtluoglu It is 216 meters 709 feet long and 6 7 meters 22 0 feet wide Many ancient artifacts were discovered during the excavations along the road and most of them are displayed at the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations 66 67 Column of Julian The Column of Julian or Julianus now in the Ulus district was erected in honor of the Roman emperor Julian the Apostate s visit to Ancyra in 362 Mosques Kocatepe Mosque Top Kocatepe Mosque 1987 Bottom Ahmet Hamdi Akseki Mosque 2013 Kocatepe Mosque is the largest mosque in the city Located in the Kocatepe quarter it was constructed between 1967 and 1987 in classical Ottoman style with four minarets Its size and prominent location have made it a landmark for the city Ahmet Hamdi Akseki Mosque Ahmet Hamdi Akseki Mosque is located near the Presidency of Religious Affairs on the Eskisehir Road Built in the Turkish neoclassical style it is one of the largest new mosques in the city completed and opened in 2013 It can accommodate 6 thousand people during general prayers and up to 30 thousand people during funeral prayers The mosque was decorated with Anatolian Seljuk style patterns 68 Yeni Cenab Ahmet Mosque It is the largest Ottoman mosque in Ankara and was built by the famous architect Sinan in the 16th century The mimber pulpit and mihrap prayer niche are of white marble and the mosque itself is of Ankara stone an example of very fine workmanship Haci Bayram Mosque Haci Bayram Mosque 1428 This mosque in the Ulus quarter next to the Temple of Augustus was built in the early 15th century in Seljuk style by an unknown architect It was subsequently restored by architect Mimar Sinan in the 16th century with Kutahya tiles being added in the 18th century The mosque was built in honor of Haci Bayram i Veli whose tomb is next to the mosque two years before his death 1427 28 69 The usable space inside this mosque is 437 m2 4 704 sq ft on the first floor and 263 m2 2 831 sq ft on the second floor Ahi Elvan Mosque It was founded in the Ulus quarter near the Ankara Citadel and was constructed by the Ahi fraternity during the late 14th and early 15th centuries The finely carved walnut mimber pulpit is of particular interest 70 Alaeddin Mosque The Alaeddin Mosque is the oldest mosque in Ankara It has a carved walnut mimber the inscription on which records that the mosque was completed in early AH 574 which corresponds to the summer of 1178 AD and was built by the Seljuk prince Muhiddin Mesud Sah died 1204 the Bey of Ankara who was the son of the Anatolian Seljuk sultan Kilic Arslan II reigned 1156 1192 Modern monuments Victory Monument Top Victory Monument 1927 Bottom Hittite Sun Course Monument 1978 The Victory Monument Turkish Zafer Aniti was crafted by Austrian sculptor Heinrich Krippel in 1925 and was erected in 1927 at Ulus Square The monument is made of marble and bronze and features an equestrian statue of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk who wears a Republic era modern military uniform with the rank Field Marshal 71 Statue of Ataturk Located at Zafer Victory Square Turkish Zafer Meydani the marble and bronze statue was crafted by the renowned Italian sculptor Pietro Canonica in 1927 and depicts a standing Ataturk who wears a Republic era modern military uniform with the rank Field Marshal Monument to a Secure Confident Future This monument located in Guven Park near Kizilay Square was erected in 1935 and bears Ataturk s advice to his people Turk Be proud work hard and believe in yourself There is debate on whether or not Ataturk actually said Use your mind Turkish ogun instead of Be proud Turkish ovun 72 The monument was depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 5 lira banknote of 1937 1952 73 and of the 1000 lira banknotes of 1939 1946 74 Hatti Monument Erected in 1978 at Sihhiye Square this impressive monument symbolizes the Hatti Sun Disc which was later adopted by the Hittites and commemorates Anatolia s earliest known civilization The Hatti Sun Disc has been used in the previous logo of Ankara Metropolitan Municipality It was also used in the previous logo of the Ministry of Culture amp Tourism Inns Suluhan Cengelhan Rahmi Koc Museum courtyard has been covered with a glass roof Suluhan is a historical Inn in Ankara It is also called the Hasanpasa Han It is about 400 meters 1 300 ft southeast of Ulus Square and situated in the Hacidogan neighborhood According to the vakfiye inscription of the building the Ottoman era han was commissioned by Hasan Pasha a regional beylerbey and was constructed between 1508 and 1511 during the final years of the reign of Sultan Bayezid II 75 There are 102 rooms now shops which face the two yards 76 In each room there is a window a niche and a chimney 77 Cengelhan Rahmi Koc Museum Cengelhan Rahmi Koc Museum is a museum of industrial technology situated in Cengel Han an Ottoman era Inn which was completed in 1523 during the early years of the reign of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent The exhibits include industrial technological artifacts from the 1850s onwards There are also sections about Mustafa Kemal Ataturk the founder of modern Turkey Vehbi Koc Rahmi Koc s father and one of the first industrialists of Turkey and Ankara city Shopping Armada Shopping Mall Foreign visitors to Ankara usually like to visit the old shops in Cikrikcilar Yokusu Weavers Road near Ulus where myriad things ranging from traditional fabrics hand woven carpets and leather products can be found at bargain prices Bakircilar Carsisi Bazaar of Coppersmiths is particularly popular and many interesting items not just of copper can be found here like jewelry carpets costumes antiques and embroidery Up the hill to the castle gate there are many shops selling a huge and fresh collection of spices dried fruits nuts and other produce Atakule Shopping Mall Modern shopping areas are mostly found in Kizilay or on Tunali Hilmi Avenue including the modern mall of Karum named after the ancient Assyrian merchant colonies called Karum that were established in central Anatolia at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC which is located towards the end of the Avenue and in Cankaya the quarter with the highest elevation in the city Atakule Tower next to Atrium Mall in Cankaya has views over Ankara and also has a revolving restaurant at the top The symbol of the Armada Shopping Mall is an anchor and there s a large anchor monument at its entrance as a reference to the ancient Greek name of the city Ἄgkyra Ankyra which means anchor Likewise the anchor monument is also related with the Spanish name of the mall Armada which means naval fleet YDA Center in Sogutozu Ankara As Ankara started expanding westward in the 1970s several modern suburbia style developments and mini cities began to rise along the western highway also known as the Eskisehir Road The Armada CEPA and Kentpark malls on the highway the Galleria Arcadium and Gordion in Umitkoy and a huge mall Real in Bilkent Center offer North American and European style shopping opportunities these places can be reached through the Eskisehir Highway There is also the newly expanded ANKAmall at the outskirts on the Istanbul Highway which houses most of the well known international brands This mall is the largest throughout the Ankara region In 2014 a few more shopping malls were open in Ankara They are Next Level and Taurus on the Boulevard of Mevlana also known as Konya Road CultureThe arts Ankara Opera House of the Turkish State Opera and Ballet 1933 CSO Ada Ankara serves as the Presidential Symphony Orchestra Concert Hall Turkish State Opera and Ballet the national directorate of opera and ballet companies of Turkey has its headquarters in Ankara and serves the city with three venues Ankara Opera House Opera Sahnesi also known as Buyuk Tiyatro is the largest of the three venues for opera and ballet in Ankara Music Ankara is host to five classical music orchestras Presidential Symphony Orchestra Turkish Presidential Symphony Orchestra Bilkent Symphony Orchestra BSO is a major symphony orchestra of Turkey Hacettepe Symphony Orchestra was founded in 2003 and directed by Erol Erdinc Baskent Oda Orkestrasi Chamber Orchestra of the Capital 78 There are four concert halls in the city CSO Concert Hall Bilkent Concert Hall is a performing arts center in Ankara It is located in the Bilkent University campus MEB Sura Salonu also known as the Festival Hall It is noted for its tango performances Cankaya Cagdas Sanatlar Merkezi Concert Hall was founded in 1994 The city has been host to several well established annual theater music film festivals Ankara International Music Festival a music festival organized in the Turkish capital presenting classical music and ballet programs Ankara also has a number of concert venues such as Eskiyeni IF Performance Hall Jolly Joker Kite Nefes Bar and Route which host the live performances and events of popular musicians Theater The Turkish State Theatres also has its head office in Ankara and runs the following stages in the city 125 Yil Cayyolu Sahnesi Buyuk Tiyatro Kucuk Tiyatro Sinasi Sahnesi Akun Sahnesi Altindag Tiyatrosu Irfan Sahinbas Atolye Sahnesi Oda Tiyatrosu Mahir Canova Sahnesi Muhsin Ertugrul Sahnesi In addition the city is served by several private theater companies among which Ankara Sanat Tiyatrosu who have their own stage in the city center is a notable example Museums There are about 50 museums in the city Museum of Anatolian Civilizations The Museum of Anatolian Civilizations Anadolu Medeniyetleri Muzesi is situated at the entrance of the Ankara Castle It is an old 15th century bedesten covered bazaar 79 that has been restored and now houses a collection of Paleolithic Neolithic Hatti Hittite Phrygian Urartian and Roman works as well as a major section dedicated to Lydian treasures Anitkabir Ataturk s Mausoleum is the mausoleum of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk founder of the Republic of Turkey Anitkabir is located on an imposing hill which forms the Anittepe quarter of the city where the mausoleum of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk founder of the Republic of Turkey stands Completed in 1953 it is an impressive fusion of ancient and modern architectural styles An adjacent museum houses a wax statue of Ataturk his writings letters and personal items as well as an exhibition of photographs recording important moments in his life and during the establishment of the Republic Anitkabir is open every day while the adjacent museum is open every day except Mondays Ankara Ethnography Museum Ethnography Museum of Ankara Ankara Ethnography Museum Etnografya Muzesi is located opposite to the Ankara Opera House on Talat Pasa Boulevard in the Ulus district There is a fine collection of folkloric items as well as artifacts from the Seljuk and Ottoman periods In front of the museum building there is a marble and bronze equestrian statue of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk who wears a Republic era modern military uniform with the rank Field Marshal which was crafted in 1927 80 by the renowned Italian sculptor Pietro Canonica State Art and Sculpture Museum State Art and Sculpture Museum The State Art and Sculpture Museum Resim Heykel Muzesi which opened to the public in 1980 81 is close to the Ethnography Museum and houses a rich collection of Turkish art from the late 19th century to the present day There are also galleries which host guest exhibitions Cer Modern Cer Modern is the modern arts museum of Ankara inaugurated on 1 April 2010 It is situated in the renovated building of the historic TCDD Cer Atolyeleri formerly a workshop of the Turkish State Railways The museum incorporates the largest exhibition hall in Turkey The museum holds periodic exhibitions of modern and contemporary art as well as hosting other contemporary arts events War of Independence Museum The War of Independence Museum used as the first Turkish Grand National Assembly building The War of Independence Museum Kurtulus Savasi Muzesi is located on Ulus Square It was originally the first Parliament building TBMM of the Republic of Turkey The War of Independence was planned and directed here as recorded in various photographs and items presently on exhibition In another display wax figures of former presidents of the Republic of Turkey are on exhibit Mehmet Akif Literature Museum Library The Mehmet Akif Literature Museum Library is an important literary museum and archive opened in 2011 and dedicated to Mehmet Akif Ersoy 1873 1936 the poet of the Turkish National Anthem TCDD Open Air Steam Locomotive Museum The TCDD Open Air Steam Locomotive Museum is an open air museum which traces the history of steam locomotives Ankara Aviation Museum Ankara Aviation Museum Hava Kuvvetleri Muzesi Komutanligi is located near the Istanbul Road in Etimesgut The museum opened to the public in September 1998 82 It is home to various missiles avionics aviation materials and aircraft that have served in the Turkish Air Force e g combat aircraft such as the F 86 Sabre F 100 Super Sabre F 102 Delta Dagger F 104 Starfighter F 5 Freedom Fighter F 4 Phantom and cargo planes such as the Transall C 160 Also a Hungarian MiG 21 a Pakistani MiG 19 and a Bulgarian MiG 17 are on display at the museum METU Science and Technology Museum The METU Science and Technology Museum ODTU Bilim ve Teknoloji Muzesi is located inside the Middle East Technical University campus Sports Ankara Arena 2010 As with all other cities of Turkey football is the most popular sport in Ankara The city has two football clubs competing in the Turkish Super Lig Ankaragucu founded in 1910 is the oldest club in Ankara and is associated with Ankara s military arsenal manufacturing company MKE They were the Turkish Cup winners in 1972 and 1981 Genclerbirligi founded in 1923 are known as the Ankara Gale or the Poppies because of their colors red and black They were the Turkish Cup winners in 1987 and 2001 Genclerbirligi s B team Hacettepe S K formerly known as Genclerbirligi OFTAS played in the Super Lig but currently plays in the TFF Second League A fourth team Buyuksehir Belediye Ankaraspor played in the Super Lig until 2010 when they were expelled The club was reconstituted in 2014 as Osmanlispor but have since returned to their old identity as Ankaraspor Ankaraspor currently play in the TFF First League at the Osmanli Stadium in the Sincan district of Yenikent outside the city center Keciorengucu also currently play in the TFF First League Ankara has a large number of minor teams playing at regional levels In the TFF Second League Mamak FK in Mamak Ankara Demirspor in Cankaya Etimesgut Belediyespor in Etimesgut in the TFF Third League Cankaya FK in Kecioren Altindagspor 83 in Altindag in the Amateur League Turanspor in Etimesgut Turk Telekomspor owned by the phone company in Yenimahalle Cubukspor in Cubuk and Baglumspor in Kecioren In the Turkish Basketball League Ankara is represented by Turk Telekom whose home is the Ankara Arena and CASA TED Kolejliler whose home is the TOBB Sports Hall Halkbank Ankara is the leading domestic powerhouse in men s volleyball having won many championships and cups in the Turkish Men s Volleyball League and even the CEV Cup in 2013 Ankara Buz Pateni Sarayi is where the ice skating and ice hockey competitions take place in the city There are many popular spots for skateboarding which is active in the city since the 1980s Skaters in Ankara usually meet in the park near the Grand National Assembly of Turkey The 2012 built THF Sport Hall hosts the Handball Super League and Women s Handball Super League matches scheduled in Ankara 84 Parks Genclik Parki Youth Park Goksu Park Ankara has many parks and open spaces mainly established in the early years of the Republic and well maintained and expanded thereafter The most important of these parks are Genclik Parki houses an amusement park with a large pond for rowing the Botanical garden Segmenler Park Anayasa Park Kugulu Park famous for the swans received as a gift from the Chinese government Abdi Ipekci Park Esertepe Parki Guven Park see above for the monument Kurtulus Park has an ice skating rink Altinpark also a prominent exposition fair area Harikalar Diyari claimed to be Biggest Park of Europe inside city borders and Goksu Park Dikmen Vadisi Dikmen Valley is a 70 hectares 170 acres park and recreation area situated in Cankaya district Genclik Park was depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 100 lira banknotes of 1952 1976 85 Ataturk Forest Farm and Zoo Ataturk Orman Ciftligi is an expansive recreational farming area which houses a zoo several small agricultural farms greenhouses restaurants a dairy farm and a brewery It is a pleasant place to spend a day with family be it for having picnics hiking biking or simply enjoying good food and nature There is also an exact replica of the house where Ataturk was born in 1881 in Thessaloniki Greece Visitors to the Ciftlik farm as it is affectionately called by Ankarans can sample such famous products of the farm such as old fashioned beer and ice cream fresh dairy products and meat rolls kebabs made on charcoal at a traditional restaurant Merkez Lokantasi Central Restaurant cafes and other establishments scattered around the farm EducationMain article Education in Ankara Universities Ankara is noted within Turkey for the multitude of universities it is home to These include the following several of them being among the most reputable in the country Ankara University Atilim University Baskent University Bilkent University Cankaya University Gazi University Gulhane Military Medical Academy Hacettepe University Middle East Technical University TED University TOBB University of Economics and Technology Turkish Aeronautical Association University Turkish Military Academy Turkish National Police Academy Ufuk University Yildirim Beyazit UniversityFaunaAngora cat Main article Turkish Angora Angora cat with odd eyes heterochromia which is common among the Angoras Ankara is home to a world famous domestic cat breed the Turkish Angora called Ankara kedisi Ankara cat in Turkish Turkish Angoras are one of the ancient naturally occurring cat breeds having originated in Ankara and its surrounding region in central Anatolia They mostly have a white silky medium to long length coat no undercoat and a fine bone structure There seems to be a connection between the Angora Cats and Persians and the Turkish Angora is also a distant cousin of the Turkish Van Although they are known for their shimmery white coat there are more than twenty varieties including black blue and reddish fur They come in tabby and tabby white along with smoke varieties and are in every color other than pointed lavender and cinnamon all of which would indicate breeding to an outcross Eyes may be blue green or amber or even one blue and one amber or green The W gene which is responsible for the white coat and blue eye is closely related to the hearing ability and the presence of a blue eye can indicate that the cat is deaf to the side the blue eye is located However a great many blue and odd eyed white cats have normal hearing and even deaf cats lead a very normal life if kept indoors Ears are pointed and large eyes are almond shaped and the head is massive with a two plane profile Another characteristic is the tail which is often kept parallel to the back Angora goat Main article Angora goat Angora goat The Angora goat Turkish Ankara kecisi is a breed of domestic goat that originated in Ankara and its surrounding region in central Anatolia 86 This breed was first mentioned in the time of Moses roughly in 1500 BC 87 The first Angora goats were brought to Europe by Charles V Holy Roman Emperor about 1554 but like later imports were not very successful Angora goats were first introduced in the United States in 1849 by Dr James P Davis Seven adult goats were a gift from Sultan Abdulmecid I in appreciation for his services and advice on the raising of cotton The fleece taken from an Angora goat is called mohair A single goat produces between five and eight kilograms 11 and 18 pounds of hair per year Angoras are shorn twice a year unlike sheep which are shorn only once Angoras have high nutritional requirements due to their rapid hair growth A poor quality diet will curtail mohair development The United States Turkey and South Africa are the top producers of mohair For a long period of time Angora goats were bred for their white coat In 1998 the Colored Angora Goat Breeders Association was set up to promote breeding of colored Angoras Today Angora goats produce white black deep black to greys and silver red the color fades significantly as the goat gets older and brownish fiber Angora goats were depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 50 lira banknotes of 1938 1952 88 Angora rabbit Main article Angora rabbit Angora rabbit The Angora rabbit Turkish Ankara tavsani is a variety of domestic rabbit bred for its long soft hair The Angora is one of the oldest types of domestic rabbit originating in Ankara and its surrounding region in central Anatolia along with the Angora cat and Angora goat The rabbits were popular pets with French royalty in the mid 18th century and spread to other parts of Europe by the end of the century They first appeared in the United States in the early 20th century They are bred largely for their long Angora wool which may be removed by shearing combing or plucking gently pulling loose wool Angoras are bred mainly for their wool because it is silky and soft They have a humorous appearance as they oddly resemble a fur ball Most are calm and docile but should be handled carefully Grooming is necessary to prevent the fiber from matting and felting on the rabbit A condition called wool block is common in Angora rabbits and should be treated quickly 89 Sometimes they are shorn in the summer as the long fur can cause the rabbits to overheat International relationsSee also List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey Twin towns and sister cities Ankara is twinned with 90 91 Seoul South Korea since 1971 92 93 Islamabad Pakistan since 1982 94 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia since 1984 Beijing China since 1990 95 Amman Jordan since 1992 Bishkek Kyrgyzstan since 1992 Budapest Hungary since 1992 Khartoum Sudan since 1992 Moscow Russia since 1992 Sofia Bulgaria since 1992 Havana Cuba since 1993 Kyiv Ukraine since 1993 Ashgabat Turkmenistan since 1994 Kuwait City Kuwait since 1994 Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina since 1994 96 Tirana Albania since 1995 97 Tbilisi Georgia since 1996 98 Ufa Bashkortostan Russia since 1997 Alanya Turkey Bucharest Romania since 1998 Hanoi Vietnam since 1998 Manama Bahrain since 2000 Mogadishu Somalia since 2000 Santiago Chile since 2000 Astana Kazakhstan since 2001 Dushanbe Tajikistan since 2003 Kabul Afghanistan since 2003 Ulan Bator Mongolia since 2003 Cairo Egypt since 2004 Chișinău Moldova since 2004 99 Sana a Yemen since 2004 Tashkent Uzbekistan since 2004 Pristina Kosovo since 2005 Kazan Tatarstan Russia since 2005 Kinshasa Democratic Republic of the Congo since 2005 Addis Ababa Ethiopia since 2006 Minsk Belarus since 2007 100 Zagreb Croatia since 2008 101 Damascus Syria since 2010 Bissau Guinea Bissau since 2011 Washington D C USA since 2011 102 Bangkok Thailand since 2012 103 Tehran Iran since 2013 104 Doha Qatar since 2016 105 Podgorica Montenegro since 7 March 2019 North Nicosia Northern Cyprus Djibouti City Djibouti since 2017 106 Partner cities Skopje North Macedonia since 1995 107 Vienna AustriaSee also Turkey portalAngora cat Angora goat Angora rabbit Ankara Agreement Ankara Arena Ankara Central Station Ankara Esenboga International Airport Ankara Metro Ankara Province Ankara University ATO Congresium Basil of Ancyra Battle of Ancyra Battle of Ankara Clement of Ancyra Gemellus of Ancyra History of Ankara List of hospitals in Ankara Province List of mayors of Ankara List of municipalities in Ankara Province List of districts of Ankara List of people from Ankara List of tallest buildings in Ankara Marcellus of Ancyra Monumentum Ancyranum Nilus of Ancyra Roman Baths of Ankara Synod of Ancyra Theodotus of Ancyra bishop Theodotus of Ancyra martyr Timeline of Ankara Treaty of Ankara disambiguation Victory Monument Ankara Notes Ankara Province Metropolitan municipality 25 653 46 km including lake 24 521 km excluding lake is a province il of Turkey which has 25 districts ilce and 9 of these districts form the urban area of Ankara city 2 767 85 km including lake Altindag 174 53 km Cankaya 267 61 km Etimesgut 49 19 km Golbasi 738 30 km Kecioren 189 88 km Mamak 478 40 km Pursaklar 251 52 km Sincan 344 26 km Yenimahalle 274 16 km Area of regions including lakes km Regional Statistics Database Turkish Statistical Institute 2002 Retrieved 5 March 2013 Ilker Alan Zerrin Demirors Ruya Bayar Kerime Karabacak 10 June 2020 Markov Chains Based Land Cover Estimation Model Development The Case Of Ankara Province Ankara University www ankara edu tr International Journal of Geography and Geography Education IGGE 42 pg 650 667 a b c TURKEY Ankara City City Population Nufus ve Demografi Toplam Nufus kisi the year is updated Turkish Statistical Institute www tuik gov tr Retrieved 4 February 2022 a b The Results of Address Based Population Registration System 2022 Turkish Statistical Institute 31 December 2022 Retrieved 6 February 2023 Ulusal Hesaplar Kisi basina GSYH the year is 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Ankara Green areas per head Ankara bel tr Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 Retrieved 29 June 2010 Perevod sankara s sanskrita na russkij Slovari i enciklopedii na Akademike in Russian Retrieved 11 October 2022 Judy Turman Early Christianity in Turkey Socialscience tjc edu Archived from the original on 15 November 2002 Retrieved 29 June 2010 Saffet Emre Tonguc Ankara Hurriyet Seyahat Hurriyet com tr Archived from the original on 8 June 2009 Retrieved 29 June 2010 Gorny Ronald L Zippalanda and Ankuwa The Geography of Central Anatolia in the Second Millennium B C The Journal of the American Oriental Society Vol 117 1997 a b c Baynes 1878 p 45 Pausanias Description of Greece 1 4 1 Ancyra was actually older even than that Livy xxxviii 16 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Belke Klaus 1984 Ankyra Tabula Imperii Byzantini Band 4 Galatien und Lykaonien in German Vienna Verlag der Osterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften pp 126 130 ISBN 978 3 7001 0634 0 The History of al 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Facts Britannica Archived from the original on 1 January 2021 Retrieved 9 January 2021 Society 4 March 2014 Istanbul not Constantinople National Geographic Society Archived from the original on 3 January 2020 Retrieved 28 March 2019 a b c Sibel Morrow 19 February 2020 Turkey s largest library to be disabled friendly aa com tr Anadolu Agency Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer Deriu Davide A challenge to the West British views of republican Ankara Chapter 12 In Gharipour Mohammad and Nilay Ozlu editors The City in the Muslim World Depictions by Western Travel Writers Routledge 5 March 2015 ISBN 1317548221 9781317548225 Start p 279 Archived 26 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine CITED p 299 Archived 4 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine Turkey Major cities and provinces City Population Archived from the original on 24 February 2015 Retrieved 8 February 2015 Chen Yuan Julian 11 October 2021 Between the Islamic and Chinese Universal Empires The Ottoman Empire Ming Dynasty and Global Age of 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Climate Classification Cografya Dergisi Journal of Geography 35 2017 17 27 doi 10 26650 JGEOG295515 Archived from the original on 5 February 2020 Retrieved 23 June 2020 in Turkish and English a b Resmi Istatistikler Illerimize Ait Genel Istatistik Verileri in Turkish Turkish State Meteorological Service Archived from the original on 12 January 2019 Retrieved 26 June 2021 Klimatafel von Ankara Central Turkei PDF Baseline climate means 1961 1990 from stations all over the world in German Deutscher Wetterdienst Retrieved 12 January 2019 Ankara Nufusu 2019 2020 nufusu com Archived from the original on 4 December 2020 Retrieved 9 January 2021 Turkish Statistical Institute 1 February 2019 data Illere gore il ilce merkezi ve belde koy nufusu 2008 report tuik gov tr in Turkish Archived from the original on 20 September 2011 Retrieved 11 January 2022 Illere Gore Turkiye de 15 Yas Nufusun Egitim Durumu ve Oranlar DrDataStats based on TUIK data in Turkish Retrieved 10 March 2022 EGO Genel Mudurlugu Ego gov tr Archived from the original on 23 November 2008 Retrieved 5 May 2009 Largest urban ropeway on Eurasian continent opens to celebrations in Ankara Leitner ropeways Archived from the original on 21 May 2014 Retrieved 21 May 2014 Successful inauguration of Ankara Istanbul High Speed Line uic org Archived from the original on 14 February 2015 Retrieved 17 September 2014 Ankara Public Transportation Statistics Global Public Transit Index by Moovit Archived from the original on 3 August 2017 Retrieved 19 June 2017 Material was copied from this source which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4 0 International License Turkish Protester Ethem Sarisuluk Is Dead Family Says UPDATED HuffPost 5 June 2013 Archived from the original on 20 October 2017 Retrieved 20 February 2020 Turkey s Prime Minister Erdogan v judges again The Economist Vol 411 no 8883 19 April 2014 pp 32 36 Turkish opposition party will challenge Ankara vote Al Monitor the Pulse of the Middle East Al Monitor Archived from the original on 21 July 2015 Retrieved 29 October 2014 Is Something Rotten in Ankara s Mayoral Election A Very Preliminary Statistical Analysis Erik Meyersson April 2014 Archived from the original on 16 July 2016 Retrieved 29 October 2014 Joe Parkinson And Emre Peker 1 April 2014 Turkish Opposition Cries Vote Fraud Amid Crackdown WSJ The Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on 14 April 2017 Retrieved 13 March 2017 CHP s Ankara candidate vows to defend votes as police crack down on protest POLITICS hurriyetdailynews com Archived from the original on 29 October 2014 Retrieved 29 October 2014 Turkey s Weirdest Mayor Won t Be Distracted By Electoral Fraud Allegations VICE News Archived from the original on 29 October 2014 Retrieved 29 October 2014 The citadel was depicted in the following Turkish banknotes On the obverse of the 1 lira banknote of 1927 1939 1 Emission Group One Turkish Lira I Series Archived 17 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine On the obverse of the 5 lira banknote of 1927 1937 1 Emission Group Five Turkish Lira I Series Archived 26 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine On the reverse of the 10 lira banknote of 1927 1938 1 Emission Group Ten Turkish Lira I Series Archived 26 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine On the reverse of the 10 lira banknote of 1938 1952 2 Emission Group Ten Turkish Lira I Series Archived 25 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine On the reverse of the 100 lira banknotes of 1983 1989 7 Emission Group One Hundred Turkish Lira I Series Archived 3 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine amp II Series Archived 3 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey Archived 3 June 2009 at WebCite Banknote Museum Links retrieved on 20 April 2009 E 1 The Banknotes of 1 Emission Group One Turkish Lira tcmb gov tr Archived from the original on 17 April 2009 Retrieved 20 April 2009 Chisholm 1911b p 953 Roma Yolu arkitera com 14 March 2007 Archived from the original on 12 May 2015 Retrieved 10 June 2013 Sargin Haluk 2012 Antik Ankara in Turkish Ankara Arkadas Yayinevi pp 126 127 128 ISBN 978 975 509 719 0 Ahmet Hamdi Akseki Mosque has been opened for prayers Archived from the original on 18 February 2015 SonTech Yazilim Haci Bayram i Veli hacibayramveli haci bayramveli haci bayrami veli hacibayram nasihatleri haci bayram cami hayati hacibayram i veli Hacibayramiveli com Archived from the original on 25 May 2009 Retrieved 5 May 2009 Museums Ankara com City guide of Turkey s Capital Archived from the original on 31 January 2019 Retrieved 8 July 2016 Ministry of Culture page Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine in Turkish Turk Ogun Calis Guven Sozundeki Ovunmek Vurgusu 29 October 2021 Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey Archived 3 June 2009 at WebCite The Banknotes of 2 Emission Group Five Turkish Lira I SeriesArchived 3 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey Archived 3 June 2009 at WebCite Banknote Museum 2 Emission Group One Thousand 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diyanet gov tr Archived from the original on 6 April 2019 Retrieved 9 January 2021 Kardes Kentleri Lists ve 5 Mayis Avrupa Gunu Kutlamasi via WaybackMachine com in Turkish Ankara Buyuksehir Belediyesi Tum Haklari Saklidir Archived from the original on 14 January 2009 Retrieved 21 July 2013 9 10 11 12 ae n ˈ s aɪ r e an SY re 11 12 ae ŋ ˈ ɡ ɔːr e ang GOR e 14 US also ˈ ae ŋ ɡ e r e ANG ge re 11 ReferencesBaynes T S ed 1878 Angora Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 2 9th ed New York Charles Scribner s Sons p 45 Chisholm Hugh ed 1911b Ancyra Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 1 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 953 Parvis Sarah 2006 Marcellus of Ancyra And the Lost Years of the Arian Controversy 325 345 New York Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 928013 1 Attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Angora Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 2 11th ed Cambridge University Press pp 40 41 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Rockwell William Walker 1911 Ancyra In Chisholm Hugh ed Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 1 11th ed Cambridge University Press Further readingMembers of Staff of the Museum 2006 Guide book to The Museum of Anatolian Civilizations Ankara The association for the support and encouragement of the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations Donmez offset Printer ISBN 978 975 17 2198 3 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ankara category Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Ankara Governorate of Ankara Municipality of Ankara GCatholic former and Latin titular see GCatholic former and titular Armenian Catholic see Ankara Development Agency Esenboga International Airport Geographic data related to Ankara at OpenStreetMap Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ankara amp oldid 1141468071, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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