fbpx
Wikipedia

Croatian language

December 26, 2022

"Hrvatski" redirects here. For other uses, see Hrvatski (disambiguation).

Croatian (/kroʊˈeɪʃən/ (listen); hrvatski [xř̩ʋaːtskiː]) is the standardized variety of the Serbo-Croatian pluricentric language[9][10][11][12][13] used by Croats,[14] principally in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Serbian province of Vojvodina, and other neighboring countries. It is the official and literary standard of Croatia and one of the official languages of the European Union. Croatian is also one of the official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina and a recognized minority language in Serbia and neighboring countries.

Croatian
hrvatski
Pronunciation[xř̩ʋaːtskiː]
Native toCroatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia (Vojvodina), Montenegro (Bay of Kotor), Romania (Caraș-Severin County)
EthnicityCroats
Native speakers
Native: 7 million (including all dialects spoken by Croats) (2011)[1]
L2: 7 million (2011)
Latin (Gaj's alphabet)
Yugoslav Braille
Official status
Official language in
 Croatia
 Bosnia and Herzegovina (co-official)
 Montenegro (co-official)[4]
 Serbia (in Vojvodina)
 Austria (in Burgenland)
 European Union
Recognised minority
language in
Regulated byInstitute of Croatian Language and Linguistics
Language codes
ISO 639-1hr
ISO 639-2hrv
ISO 639-3hrv
Glottologcroa1245
Linguaspherepart of 53-AAA-g
Traditional extent of Serbo-Croatian dialects in Croatia and in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Croatian is not endangered according to the classification system of the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Standard Croatian is based on the most widespread dialect of Serbo-Croatian, Shtokavian, more specifically on Eastern Herzegovinian, which is also the basis of Standard Serbian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin. In the mid-18th century, the first attempts to provide a Croatian literary standard began on the basis of the Neo-Shtokavian dialect that served as a supraregional lingua franca pushing back regional Chakavian, Kajkavian, and Shtokavian vernaculars.[15] The decisive role was played by Croatian Vukovians, who cemented the usage of Ijekavian Neo-Shtokavian as the literary standard in the late 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, in addition to designing a phonological orthography.[16] Croatian is written in Gaj's Latin alphabet.[17]

Besides the Shtokavian dialect, on which Standard Croatian is based, there are two other main dialects spoken on the territory of Croatia, Chakavian and Kajkavian. These dialects, and the four national standards, are usually subsumed under the term "Serbo-Croatian" in English, though this term is controversial for native speakers,[18] and paraphrases such as "Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian" are therefore sometimes used instead, especially in diplomatic circles.

History

See also: Early development of Serbo-Croatian
Further information: Bunjevac dialect

Modern language and standardization

In the late medieval period up to the 17th century, the majority of semi-autonomous Croatia was ruled by two domestic dynasties of princes (banovi), the Zrinski and the Frankopan, which were linked by inter-marriage.[19] Toward the 17th century, both of them attempted to unify Croatia both culturally and linguistically, writing in a mixture of all three principal dialects (Chakavian, Kajkavian and Shtokavian), and calling it "Croatian", "Dalmatian", or "Slavonian".[20] Historically, several other names were used as synonyms for Croatian, in addition to Dalmatian and Slavonian, and these were Illyrian (ilirski) and Slavic (slovinski).[21] It is still used now in parts of Istria, which became a crossroads of various mixtures of Chakavian with Ekavian, Ijekavian and Ikavian isoglosses.[22]

The most standardized form (Kajkavian–Ikavian) became the cultivated language of administration and intellectuals from the Istrian peninsula along the Croatian coast, across central Croatia up into the northern valleys of the Drava and the Mura. The cultural apex of this 17th century idiom is represented by the editions of "Adrianskoga mora sirena" ("The Siren of the Adriatic Sea") by Petar Zrinski and "Putni tovaruš" ("Traveling escort") by Katarina Zrinska.[23][24]

However, this first linguistic renaissance in Croatia was halted by the political execution of Petar Zrinski and Fran Krsto Frankopan by the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I in Vienna in 1671.[25] Subsequently, the Croatian elite in the 18th century gradually abandoned this combined Croatian standard.[26]

Illyrian period

Main article: Illyrian movement

The Illyrian movement was a 19th-century pan-South Slavic political and cultural movement in Croatia that had the goal to standardize the regionally differentiated and orthographically inconsistent literary languages in Croatia, and finally merge them into a common South Slavic literary language. Specifically, three major groups of dialects were spoken on Croatian territory, and there had been several literary languages over four centuries. The leader of the Illyrian movement Ljudevit Gaj standardized the Latin alphabet in 1830–1850 and worked to bring about a standardized orthography. Although based in Kajkavian-speaking Zagreb, Gaj supported using the more populous Neo-Shtokavian – a version of Shtokavian that eventually became the predominant dialectal basis of both Croatian and Serbian literary language from the 19th century on.[27] Supported by various South Slavic proponents, Neo-Shtokavian was adopted after an Austrian initiative at the Vienna Literary Agreement of 1850,[26] laying the foundation for the unified Serbo-Croatian literary language. The uniform Neo-Shtokavian then became common in the Croatian elite.[26]

In the 1860s, the Zagreb Philological School dominated the Croatian cultural life, drawing upon linguistic and ideological conceptions advocated by the members of the Illyrian movement.[28] While it was dominant over the rival Rijeka Philological School and Zadar Philological Schools, its influence waned with the rise of the Croatian Vukovians (at the end of the 19th century).[29]

Distinguishing features and differences between standards

Main article: Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian
See also: Serbo-Croatian phonology and Serbo-Croatian grammar

Croatian is commonly characterized by the Ijekavian pronunciation (see an explanation of yat reflexes), the sole use of the Latin alphabet, and a number of lexical differences in common words that set it apart from standard Serbian.[30] Some differences are absolute, while some appear mainly in the frequency of use.[30] However, "an examination of all the major 'levels' of language shows that BCS is clearly a single language with a single grammatical system."[31]

Sociopolitical standpoints

 
States and/or regions in which Croatian is an official language (dark red) and states in which Croatian is a minority language (light red)

Croatian, although technically a form of Serbo-Croatian, is sometimes considered a distinct language by itself.[18] Purely linguistic considerations of languages based on mutual intelligibility (abstand and ausbau languages)[32] are frequently incompatible with political conceptions of language so that varieties that are mutually intelligible can not be considered separate languages. "There is no doubt of the near 100% mutual intelligibility of (standard) Croatian and (standard) Serbian, as is obvious from the ability of all groups to enjoy each others’ films, TV and sports broadcasts, newspapers, rock lyrics etc."[31] Differences between various standard forms of Serbo-Croatian are often exaggerated for political reasons.[33] Most Croatian linguists regard Croatian as a separate language that is considered key to national identity.[34] The issue is sensitive in Croatia as the notion of a separate language being the most important characteristic of a nation is widely accepted, stemming from the 19th-century history of Europe.[35] The 1967 Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Literary Language, in which a group of Croatian authors and linguists demanded greater autonomy for Croatian, is viewed in Croatia as a linguistic policy milestone that was also a general milestone in national politics.[36] At the 50th anniversary of the Declaration, at the beginning of 2017, a two-day meeting of experts from Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro was organized in Zagreb, at which the text of the Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Bosniaks, Serbs and Montenegrins was drafted.[37] The new Declaration has received more than ten thousand signatures. It states that in Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Montenegro a common polycentric standard language is used, consisting of several standard varieties, similar to the existing varieties of German, English or Spanish.[38] The aim of the new Declaration is to stimulate discussion on language without the nationalistic baggage[39] and to counter nationalistic divisions.[40]

The terms "Serbo-Croatian" or "Serbo-Croat" are still used as a cover term for all these forms by foreign scholars, even though the speakers themselves largely do not use it.[30] Within ex-Yugoslavia, the term has largely been replaced by the ethnic terms Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian.[41]

The use of the name "Croatian" for a language names has been historically attested to, though not always distinctively; the Croatian–Hungarian Agreement, for example, designated "Croatian" as one of its official languages,[42] and Croatian became an official EU language upon accession of Croatia to the EU on 1 July 2013.[43][44] In 2013, the EU started publishing a Croatian-language version of its official gazette.[45]

Official status

 
Areas with an ethnic Croatian majority (as of 2006)

Standard Croatian is the official language of the Republic of Croatia[46] and, along with Standard Bosnian and Standard Serbian, one of three official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[1] It is also official in the regions of Burgenland (Austria),[47] Molise (Italy)[48] and Vojvodina (Serbia).[49] Additionally, it has co-official status alongside Romanian in the communes of Carașova[50] and Lupac,[51][52] Romania. In these localities, Croats or Krashovani make up the majority of the population, and education, signage and access to public administration and the justice system are provided in Croatian, alongside Romanian.

Croatian is officially used and taught at all the universities in Croatia, and at the University of Mostar in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

There is no regulatory body that determines the proper usage of Croatian. The current standard language is generally laid out in the grammar books and dictionaries used in education, such as the school curriculum prescribed by the Ministry of Education and the university programmes of the Faculty of Philosophy at the four main universities.[citation needed][needs update] In 2013, a Hrvatski pravopis by the Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics received an official sole seal of approval from the Ministry of Education.

The most prominent recent editions describing the Croatian standard language are:

Also notable are the recommendations of Matica hrvatska, the national publisher and promoter of Croatian heritage, and the Lexicographical institute Miroslav Krleža, as well as the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

Numerous representative Croatian linguistic works were published since the independence of Croatia, among them three voluminous monolingual dictionaries of contemporary Croatian.

Sample text

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Croatian:

Sva ljudska bića rađaju se slobodna i jednaka u dostojanstvu i pravima. Ona su obdarena razumom i sviješću i treba da jedno prema drugome postupaju u duhu bratstva.[53]

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English:

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.[54]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Croatian at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)  
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference e18 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ "Croatia: Language Situation". Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (2nd ed.). The official language of Croatia is Croatian (Serbo-Croatian). [...] The same language is referred to by different names, Serbian (srpski), Serbo-Croat (in Croatia: hrvatsko-srpski), Bosnian (bosanski), based on political and ethnic grounds. [...] the language that used to be officially called Serbo-Croat has gotten several new ethnically and politically based names. Thus, the names Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian are politically determined and refer to the same language with possible slight variations.
  4. ^ "Language and alphabet Article 13". Constitution of Montenegro. WIPO. 19 October 2007. Serbian, Bosnian, Albanian and Croatian shall also be in the official use.
  5. ^ Slovenskej Republiky, Národná Rada (1999). "Zákon 184/1999 Z. z. o používaní jazykov národnostných menšín" (in Slovak). Zbierka zákonov. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
  6. ^ "Národnostní menšiny v České republice a jejich jazyky" [National Minorities in Czech Republic and Their Language] (PDF) (in Czech). Government of Czech Republic. p. 2. Podle čl. 3 odst. 2 Statutu Rady je jejich počet 12 a jsou uživateli těchto menšinových jazyků: [...], srbština a ukrajinština
  7. ^ "2011. évi CLXXIX. törvény a nemzetiségek jogairól" [Act CLXXIX/2011 on the Rights of Nationalities] (in Hungarian). Government of Hungary. 22. § (1) E törvény értelmében nemzetiségek által használt nyelvnek számít [...] a horvát
  8. ^ "Legge 15 Dicembre 1999, n. 482 "Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche" pubblicata nella Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 297 del 20 dicembre 1999". Italian Parliament. from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
  9. ^ Dalby, David (1999). Linguasphere. 53-AAA-g. Srpski+Hrvatski, Serbo-Croatian. Linguasphere Observatory. p. 445.
  10. ^ Benjamin W. Fortson IV (2010). Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction (2nd ed.). Blackwell. p. 431. Because of their mutual intelligibility, Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian are usually thought of as constituting one language called Serbo-Croatian.
  11. ^ Blažek, Václav. On the Internal Classification of Indo-European Languages: Survey (PDF). pp. 15–16. Retrieved 2021-10-26.
  12. ^ Šipka, Danko (2019). Lexical layers of identity: words, meaning, and culture in the Slavic languages. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 206. doi:10.1017/9781108685795. ISBN 978-953-313-086-6. LCCN 2018048005. OCLC 1061308790. S2CID 150383965. Serbo-Croatian, which features four ethnic variants: Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin
  13. ^ Ćalić, Jelena (2021). "Pluricentricity in the classroom: the Serbo-Croatian language issue for foreign language teaching at higher education institutions worldwide". Sociolinguistica: European Journal of Sociolinguistics. De Gruyter. 35 (1): 113–140. doi:10.1515/soci-2021-0007. ISSN 0933-1883. S2CID 244134335. Retrieved 9 June 2022. The debate about the status of the Serbo-Croatian language and its varieties has recently shifted (again) towards a position which looks at the internal variation within Serbo-Croatian through the prism of linguistic pluricentricity
  14. ^ E.C. Hawkesworth (2006). "Serbian-Croatian-Bosnian Linguistic Complex". Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (2nd ed.).
  15. ^ Bičanić et al. (2013:55)
  16. ^ Bičanić et al. (2013:84)
  17. ^ "Croatia: Themes, Authors, Books". Yale University Library Slavic and East European Collection. 2009-11-16. Retrieved 2010-10-27.
  18. ^ a b Cvetkovic, Ljudmila (2010). "Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Or Montenegrin? Or Just 'Our Language'? – Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty". Rferl.org. Retrieved 2021-10-26.
  19. ^ Gazi, Stephen (1973). A History of Croatia. New York: Philosophical library. ISBN 978-0-8022-2108-7.
  20. ^ Van Antwerp Fine, John (2006). When Ethnicity did not Matter in the Balkans. Michigan, USA: University of Michigan Press. pp. 377–379. ISBN 978-0-472-11414-6.
  21. ^ Stankiewicz, Edward (1984). Grammars and Dictionaries of the Slavic Languages from the Middle Ages Up to 1850. ISBN 9783110097788. Retrieved 2021-10-26.
  22. ^ Kalsbeek, Janneke (1998). "The Čakavian dialect of Orbanići near Žminj in Istria". Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics. 25.
  23. ^ Ivana, Sabljak. "Dva brata i jedna Sirena" [Two Sisters and One Siren]. Matica hrvatska (in Croatian). Retrieved 9 March 2012.
  24. ^ . Archived from the original on 2013-05-13. Retrieved 2021-10-26.
  25. ^ Tanner, Marcus (1997). Croatia: a Nation Forged in War. New Haven, USA: Yale University Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-300-06933-4.
  26. ^ a b c Malić, Dragica (1997). Razvoj hrvatskog književnog jezika. ISBN 978-953-0-40010-8.[page needed]
  27. ^ Uzelac, Gordana (2006). The development of the Croatian nation: an historical and sociological analysis. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-7734-5791-1.
  28. ^ Bičanić et al. 2013, p. 77.
  29. ^ Bičanić et al. 2013, p. 78.
  30. ^ a b c Corbett & Browne 2009, p. 334.
  31. ^ a b Bailyn, John Frederick (2010). (PDF). Journal of Slavic Linguistics. 18 (2): 181–219. ISSN 1068-2090. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
  32. ^ Mader Skender, Mia (2022). "Schlussbemerkung" [Summary]. Die kroatische Standardsprache auf dem Weg zur Ausbausprache [The Croatian standard language on the way to ausbau language] (PDF) (Dissertation). UZH Dissertations (in German). Zurich: University of Zurich, Faculty of Arts, Institute of Slavonic Studies. pp. 196–197. doi:10.5167/uzh-215815. Retrieved 8 June 2022. Obwohl das Kroatische sich in den letzten Jahren in einigen Gebieten, vor allem jedoch auf lexikalischer Ebene, verändert hat, sind diese Änderungen noch nicht bedeutend genug, dass der Terminus Ausbausprache gerechtfertigt wäre. Ausserdem können sich Serben, Kroaten, Bosnier und Montenegriner immer noch auf ihren jeweiligen Nationalsprachen unterhalten und problemlos verständigen. Nur schon diese Tatsache zeigt, dass es sich immer noch um eine polyzentrische Sprache mit verschiedenen Varietäten handelt.
  33. ^ Benjamin W. Fortson IV, Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, 2nd ed. (2010, Blackwell), pg. 431.
  34. ^ Snježana Ramljak (June 2008). ""Jezično" pristupanje Hrvatske Europskoj Uniji: prevođenje pravne stečevine i europsko nazivlje" [The Accession of the Croatian Language to the European Union: Translation of the Acquis Communautaire and European Legal Terminology]. Croatian Political Science Review (in Serbo-Croatian). Faculty of Political Science, University of Zagreb. 45 (1). ISSN 0032-3241. Retrieved 2012-02-27.
  35. ^ Stokes 2008, p. 348.
  36. ^ Šute 1999, p. 317.
  37. ^ Derk, Denis (28 March 2017). "Donosi se Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku Hrvata, Srba, Bošnjaka i Crnogoraca" [A Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins is About to Appear]. Večernji list (in Croatian). Zagreb. pp. 6–7. ISSN 0350-5006. from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 2021-10-26.
  38. ^ Trudgill, Peter (30 November 2017). "Time to Make Four Into One". The New European. p. 46. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  39. ^ J., T. (10 April 2017). "Is Serbo-Croatian a Language?". The Economist. London. ISSN 0013-0613. from the original on 10 April 2017. Retrieved 2021-10-26. (alternate URL 2021-10-26 at the Wayback Machine)
  40. ^ Milekić, Sven (30 March 2017). "Post-Yugoslav 'Common Language' Declaration Challenges Nationalism". London: Balkan Insight. from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 2021-10-26.
  41. ^ Crystal, David (2000). Language Death. Cambridge University Press. pp. 11–12.
  42. ^ (PDF). www.crohis.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2021-10-26.
  43. ^ "Vandoren: EU membership – challenge and chance for Croatia – Daily – tportal.hr". tportal.hr. 2010-09-30. from the original on 2010-11-15. Retrieved 2021-10-26.
  44. ^ . EU careers. 2012-06-21. Archived from the original on 2012-06-28. Retrieved 2012-09-10.
  45. ^ "Službeni list Europske unije" [Official Gazette of the European Union] (in Croatian). European Union. 2013. from the original on 2013-05-13. Retrieved 2021-10-26.
  46. ^ "Croatia". Cia.gov. Retrieved 2010-12-21.
  47. ^ Kinda-Berlakovich, Andrea Zorka (2006). "Hrvatski nastavni jezik u Gradišću u školsko-političkome kontekstu" [Croatian as the Language of Instruction and Language Policy in Burgenland from 1921 onwards]. LAHOR. 1 (1): 27–35. ISSN 1846-2197. Retrieved 2021-10-26.
  48. ^ . Helsinki.fi. Archived from the original on 2010-11-17. Retrieved 2010-10-27.
  49. ^ "Official Use of Languages and Scripts in the AP Vojvodina". puma.vojvodina.gov.rs. Retrieved 2010-12-21.
  50. ^ "Structura Etno-demografică a României". Edrc.ro. Retrieved 2010-10-27.
  51. ^ "Structura Etno-demografică a României". Edrc.ro. Retrieved 2010-10-27.
  52. ^ "Structura Etno-demografică a României". Edrc.ro. Retrieved 2010-12-21.
  53. ^ "Universal Declaration of Human Rights". ohchr.org.
  54. ^ "Universal Declaration of Human Rights". un.org.

Sources

  • Bičanić, Ante; Frančić, Anđela; Hudeček, Lana; Mihaljević, Milica (2013), Pregled povijesti, gramatike i pravopisa hrvatskog jezika (in Serbo-Croatian), Croatica
  • Corbett, Greville; Browne, Wayles (2009). "Serbo-Croat – Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, Serbian". In Comrie, Bernard (ed.). The World's Major Languages. Routledge. ISBN 9781134261567.
  • Stokes, Gale (2008). Yugoslavia: Oblique Insights and Observations. University of Pittsburgh Pre. ISBN 9780822973492.
  • Šute, Ivica (April 1999). "Deklaracija o nazivu i položaju hrvatskog književnog jezika – Građa za povijest Deklaracije, Zagreb, 1997, str. 225" [Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Standard Language – Declaration History Articles, Zagreb, 1997, p. 225]. Radovi Zavoda Za Hrvatsku Povijest (in Serbo-Croatian). 31 (1): 317–318. ISSN 0353-295X. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
  • "SOS ili tek alibi za nasilje nad jezikom" [SOS, or nothing but an alibi for violence against language] (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Forum. 16 March 2012. pp. 38–39. ISSN 1848-204X. CROSBI 578565. from the original on 21 December 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2015.

Further reading

  • Bičanić, Ante; Frančić, Anđela; Hudeček, Lana; Mihaljević, Milica (2013), Pregled povijesti, gramatike i pravopisa hrvatskog jezika (in Serbo-Croatian), Croatica
  • Banac, Ivo: Main Trends in the Croatian Language Question, YUP 1984
  • Blum, Daniel (2002). Sprache und Politik : Sprachpolitik und Sprachnationalismus in der Republik Indien und dem sozialistischen Jugoslawien (1945–1991) [Language and Policy: Language Policy and Linguistic Nationalism in the Republic of India and the Socialist Yugoslavia (1945–1991)]. Beiträge zur Südasienforschung ; vol. 192 (in German). Würzburg: Ergon. p. 200. ISBN 978-3-89913-253-3. OCLC 51961066. (CROLIB).
  • Franolić, Branko: A Historical Survey of Literary Croatian, Nouvelles Editions Latines, 1984
  • —— (1985). A Bibliography of Croatian Dictionaries. Paris: Nouvelles Editions Latines. p. 139.
  • —— (1988). Language Policy in Yugoslavia with special reference to Croatian. Paris: Nouvelles Editions Latines.
  • ——; Žagar, Mateo (2008). A Historical Outline of Literary Croatian & The Glagolitic Heritage of Croatian Culture. London & Zagreb: Erasmus & CSYPN. ISBN 978-953-6132-80-5.
  • Greenberg, Robert David (2004). Language and identity in the Balkans: Serbo-Croatian and its disintegration. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925815-4. (reprinted in 2008 as ISBN 978-0-19-920875-3)
  • Gröschel, Bernhard (2009). Das Serbokroatische zwischen Linguistik und Politik: mit einer Bibliographie zum postjugoslavischen Sprachenstreit [Serbo-Croatian Between Linguistics and Politics: With a Bibliography of the Post-Yugoslav Language Dispute]. Lincom Studies in Slavic Linguistics ; vol 34 (in German). Munich: Lincom Europa. p. 451. ISBN 978-3-929075-79-3. LCCN 2009473660. OCLC 428012015. OL 15295665W. (Inhaltsverzeichnis).
  • Kačić, Miro: Croatian and Serbian: Delusions and Distortions, Novi Most, Zagreb 1997
  • Kordić, Snježana (2010). Jezik i nacionalizam [Language and Nationalism] (PDF). Rotulus Universitas (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Durieux. p. 430. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3467646. ISBN 978-953-188-311-5. LCCN 2011520778. OCLC 729837512. OL 15270636W. CROSBI 475567. (PDF) from the original on 1 June 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
  • Moguš, Milan: A History of the Croatian Language, NZ Globus, 1995
  • Težak, Stjepko: "Hrvatski naš (ne)zaboravljeni" [Croatian, our (un)forgotten language], 301 p., knjižnica Hrvatski naš svagdašnji (knj. 1), Tipex, Zagreb, 1999, ISBN 953-6022-35-4 (Croatian)
  • Zanelli, Aldo (2018). Eine Analyse der Metaphern in der kroatischen Linguistikfachzeitschrift Jezik von 1991 bis 1997 [Analysis of Metaphors in Croatian Linguistic Journal Language from 1991 to 1997]. Studien zur Slavistik ; 41 (in German). Hamburg: Dr. Kovač. p. 142. ISBN 978-3-8300-9773-0. OCLC 1023608613. (NSK). (FFZG).

External links

 
Croatian edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Croatian language.
 
Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Croatian.
 
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Croatian
 
For a list of words relating to Croatian language, see the Croatian language category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  • Croatian Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words (Wiktionary)
  • Croatian Old Dictionary Portal
  • Most similar languages to Croatian (similarity measure)

Language history

  • , a lecture given by dr. Branko Franolić
  • History of Croatian Dictionaries and Grammar books at Yale University Library – Slavic and East European Collection

December 26, 2022
croatian, language, hrvatski, redirects, here, other, uses, hrvatski, disambiguation, croatian, listen, hrvatski, ʋaːtskiː, standardized, variety, serbo, croatian, pluricentric, language, used, croats, principally, croatia, bosnia, herzegovina, serbian, provin. Hrvatski redirects here For other uses see Hrvatski disambiguation Croatian k r oʊ ˈ eɪ ʃ en listen hrvatski xr ʋaːtskiː is the standardized variety of the Serbo Croatian pluricentric language 9 10 11 12 13 used by Croats 14 principally in Croatia Bosnia and Herzegovina the Serbian province of Vojvodina and other neighboring countries It is the official and literary standard of Croatia and one of the official languages of the European Union Croatian is also one of the official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina and a recognized minority language in Serbia and neighboring countries CroatianhrvatskiPronunciation xr ʋaːtskiː Native toCroatia Bosnia and Herzegovina Serbia Vojvodina Montenegro Bay of Kotor Romania Caraș Severin County EthnicityCroatsNative speakersNative 7 million including all dialects spoken by Croats 2011 1 L2 7 million 2011 Language familyIndo European Balto SlavicSlavicSouth SlavicWestern 2 Serbo Croatian 1 3 CroatianWriting systemLatin Gaj s alphabet Yugoslav BrailleOfficial statusOfficial language in Croatia Bosnia and Herzegovina co official Montenegro co official 4 Serbia in Vojvodina Austria in Burgenland European UnionRecognised minoritylanguage in Slovakia 5 Czech Republic 6 Hungary in Baranya County 7 Italy 8 Regulated byInstitute of Croatian Language and LinguisticsLanguage codesISO 639 1 span class plainlinks hr span ISO 639 2 span class plainlinks hrv span ISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code hrv class extiw title iso639 3 hrv hrv a Glottologcroa1245Linguaspherepart of a href 53 AAA g html class mw redirect title 53 AAA g 53 AAA g a Traditional extent of Serbo Croatian dialects in Croatia and in Bosnia and HerzegovinaCroatian is not endangered according to the classification system of the UNESCO Atlas of the World s Languages in DangerThis article contains IPA phonetic symbols Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Unicode characters For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA Standard Croatian is based on the most widespread dialect of Serbo Croatian Shtokavian more specifically on Eastern Herzegovinian which is also the basis of Standard Serbian Bosnian and Montenegrin In the mid 18th century the first attempts to provide a Croatian literary standard began on the basis of the Neo Shtokavian dialect that served as a supraregional lingua franca pushing back regional Chakavian Kajkavian and Shtokavian vernaculars 15 The decisive role was played by Croatian Vukovians who cemented the usage of Ijekavian Neo Shtokavian as the literary standard in the late 19th and the beginning of the 20th century in addition to designing a phonological orthography 16 Croatian is written in Gaj s Latin alphabet 17 Besides the Shtokavian dialect on which Standard Croatian is based there are two other main dialects spoken on the territory of Croatia Chakavian and Kajkavian These dialects and the four national standards are usually subsumed under the term Serbo Croatian in English though this term is controversial for native speakers 18 and paraphrases such as Bosnian Croatian Montenegrin Serbian are therefore sometimes used instead especially in diplomatic circles Contents 1 History 1 1 Modern language and standardization 1 2 Illyrian period 2 Distinguishing features and differences between standards 3 Sociopolitical standpoints 4 Official status 5 Sample text 6 See also 7 References 8 Sources 9 Further reading 10 External links 10 1 Language historyHistorySee also Early development of Serbo Croatian Further information Bunjevac dialect Modern language and standardization In the late medieval period up to the 17th century the majority of semi autonomous Croatia was ruled by two domestic dynasties of princes banovi the Zrinski and the Frankopan which were linked by inter marriage 19 Toward the 17th century both of them attempted to unify Croatia both culturally and linguistically writing in a mixture of all three principal dialects Chakavian Kajkavian and Shtokavian and calling it Croatian Dalmatian or Slavonian 20 Historically several other names were used as synonyms for Croatian in addition to Dalmatian and Slavonian and these were Illyrian ilirski and Slavic slovinski 21 It is still used now in parts of Istria which became a crossroads of various mixtures of Chakavian with Ekavian Ijekavian and Ikavian isoglosses 22 The most standardized form Kajkavian Ikavian became the cultivated language of administration and intellectuals from the Istrian peninsula along the Croatian coast across central Croatia up into the northern valleys of the Drava and the Mura The cultural apex of this 17th century idiom is represented by the editions of Adrianskoga mora sirena The Siren of the Adriatic Sea by Petar Zrinski and Putni tovarus Traveling escort by Katarina Zrinska 23 24 However this first linguistic renaissance in Croatia was halted by the political execution of Petar Zrinski and Fran Krsto Frankopan by the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I in Vienna in 1671 25 Subsequently the Croatian elite in the 18th century gradually abandoned this combined Croatian standard 26 Illyrian period Main article Illyrian movement The Illyrian movement was a 19th century pan South Slavic political and cultural movement in Croatia that had the goal to standardize the regionally differentiated and orthographically inconsistent literary languages in Croatia and finally merge them into a common South Slavic literary language Specifically three major groups of dialects were spoken on Croatian territory and there had been several literary languages over four centuries The leader of the Illyrian movement Ljudevit Gaj standardized the Latin alphabet in 1830 1850 and worked to bring about a standardized orthography Although based in Kajkavian speaking Zagreb Gaj supported using the more populous Neo Shtokavian a version of Shtokavian that eventually became the predominant dialectal basis of both Croatian and Serbian literary language from the 19th century on 27 Supported by various South Slavic proponents Neo Shtokavian was adopted after an Austrian initiative at the Vienna Literary Agreement of 1850 26 laying the foundation for the unified Serbo Croatian literary language The uniform Neo Shtokavian then became common in the Croatian elite 26 In the 1860s the Zagreb Philological School dominated the Croatian cultural life drawing upon linguistic and ideological conceptions advocated by the members of the Illyrian movement 28 While it was dominant over the rival Rijeka Philological School and Zadar Philological Schools its influence waned with the rise of the Croatian Vukovians at the end of the 19th century 29 Distinguishing features and differences between standardsMain article Comparison of standard Bosnian Croatian Montenegrin and Serbian See also Serbo Croatian phonology and Serbo Croatian grammar Croatian is commonly characterized by the Ijekavian pronunciation see an explanation of yat reflexes the sole use of the Latin alphabet and a number of lexical differences in common words that set it apart from standard Serbian 30 Some differences are absolute while some appear mainly in the frequency of use 30 However an examination of all the major levels of language shows that BCS is clearly a single language with a single grammatical system 31 Sociopolitical standpoints States and or regions in which Croatian is an official language dark red and states in which Croatian is a minority language light red Croatian although technically a form of Serbo Croatian is sometimes considered a distinct language by itself 18 Purely linguistic considerations of languages based on mutual intelligibility abstand and ausbau languages 32 are frequently incompatible with political conceptions of language so that varieties that are mutually intelligible can not be considered separate languages There is no doubt of the near 100 mutual intelligibility of standard Croatian and standard Serbian as is obvious from the ability of all groups to enjoy each others films TV and sports broadcasts newspapers rock lyrics etc 31 Differences between various standard forms of Serbo Croatian are often exaggerated for political reasons 33 Most Croatian linguists regard Croatian as a separate language that is considered key to national identity 34 The issue is sensitive in Croatia as the notion of a separate language being the most important characteristic of a nation is widely accepted stemming from the 19th century history of Europe 35 The 1967 Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Literary Language in which a group of Croatian authors and linguists demanded greater autonomy for Croatian is viewed in Croatia as a linguistic policy milestone that was also a general milestone in national politics 36 At the 50th anniversary of the Declaration at the beginning of 2017 a two day meeting of experts from Croatia Bosnia Herzegovina Serbia and Montenegro was organized in Zagreb at which the text of the Declaration on the Common Language of Croats Bosniaks Serbs and Montenegrins was drafted 37 The new Declaration has received more than ten thousand signatures It states that in Croatia Serbia Bosnia Herzegovina and Montenegro a common polycentric standard language is used consisting of several standard varieties similar to the existing varieties of German English or Spanish 38 The aim of the new Declaration is to stimulate discussion on language without the nationalistic baggage 39 and to counter nationalistic divisions 40 The terms Serbo Croatian or Serbo Croat are still used as a cover term for all these forms by foreign scholars even though the speakers themselves largely do not use it 30 Within ex Yugoslavia the term has largely been replaced by the ethnic terms Serbian Croatian and Bosnian 41 The use of the name Croatian for a language names has been historically attested to though not always distinctively the Croatian Hungarian Agreement for example designated Croatian as one of its official languages 42 and Croatian became an official EU language upon accession of Croatia to the EU on 1 July 2013 43 44 In 2013 the EU started publishing a Croatian language version of its official gazette 45 Official status Areas with an ethnic Croatian majority as of 2006 Standard Croatian is the official language of the Republic of Croatia 46 and along with Standard Bosnian and Standard Serbian one of three official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 It is also official in the regions of Burgenland Austria 47 Molise Italy 48 and Vojvodina Serbia 49 Additionally it has co official status alongside Romanian in the communes of Carașova 50 and Lupac 51 52 Romania In these localities Croats or Krashovani make up the majority of the population and education signage and access to public administration and the justice system are provided in Croatian alongside Romanian Croatian is officially used and taught at all the universities in Croatia and at the University of Mostar in Bosnia and Herzegovina There is no regulatory body that determines the proper usage of Croatian The current standard language is generally laid out in the grammar books and dictionaries used in education such as the school curriculum prescribed by the Ministry of Education and the university programmes of the Faculty of Philosophy at the four main universities citation needed needs update In 2013 a Hrvatski pravopis by the Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics received an official sole seal of approval from the Ministry of Education The most prominent recent editions describing the Croatian standard language are Hrvatski pravopis by the Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics available online Hrvatski jezicni portal by University Computing Centre Srce and Znanje available online Rjecnik hrvatskoga jezika by Anic Rjecnik hrvatskoga jezika by Sonje et al Hrvatski enciklopedijski rjecnik by a group of authors Hrvatska gramatika by Baric et al Also notable are the recommendations of Matica hrvatska the national publisher and promoter of Croatian heritage and the Lexicographical institute Miroslav Krleza as well as the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts Numerous representative Croatian linguistic works were published since the independence of Croatia among them three voluminous monolingual dictionaries of contemporary Croatian Sample textArticle 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Croatian Sva ljudska bica rađaju se slobodna i jednaka u dostojanstvu i pravima Ona su obdarena razumom i svijescu i treba da jedno prema drugome postupaju u duhu bratstva 53 Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood 54 See also Croatia portal Languages portal Bunjevac dialect Croatian Language Corpus Croatian Language Days Declaration on the Common Language 2017 Dialects of Serbo Croatian Gaj s Latin alphabet Language secessionism in Serbo Croatian Mutual intelligibility Pluricentric Serbo Croatian languageReferences a b c Croatian at Ethnologue 25th ed 2022 Cite error The named reference e18 was invoked but never defined see the help page Croatia Language Situation Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics 2nd ed The official language of Croatia is Croatian Serbo Croatian The same language is referred to by different names Serbian srpski Serbo Croat in Croatia hrvatsko srpski Bosnian bosanski based on political and ethnic grounds the language that used to be officially called Serbo Croat has gotten several new ethnically and politically based names Thus the names Serbian Croatian and Bosnian are politically determined and refer to the same language with possible slight variations Language and alphabet Article 13 Constitution of Montenegro WIPO 19 October 2007 Serbian Bosnian Albanian and Croatian shall also be in the official use Slovenskej Republiky Narodna Rada 1999 Zakon 184 1999 Z z o pouzivani jazykov narodnostnych mensin in Slovak Zbierka zakonov Retrieved 3 December 2016 Narodnostni mensiny v Ceske republice a jejich jazyky National Minorities in Czech Republic and Their Language PDF in Czech Government of Czech Republic p 2 Podle cl 3 odst 2 Statutu Rady je jejich pocet 12 a jsou uzivateli techto mensinovych jazyku srbstina a ukrajinstina 2011 evi CLXXIX torveny a nemzetisegek jogairol Act CLXXIX 2011 on the Rights of Nationalities in Hungarian Government of Hungary 22 1 E torveny ertelmeben nemzetisegek altal hasznalt nyelvnek szamit a horvat Legge 15 Dicembre 1999 n 482 Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche pubblicata nella Gazzetta Ufficiale n 297 del 20 dicembre 1999 Italian Parliament Archived from the original on 12 May 2015 Retrieved 2 December 2014 Dalby David 1999 Linguasphere 53 AAA g Srpski Hrvatski Serbo Croatian Linguasphere Observatory p 445 Benjamin W Fortson IV 2010 Indo European Language and Culture An Introduction 2nd ed Blackwell p 431 Because of their mutual intelligibility Serbian Croatian and Bosnian are usually thought of as constituting one language called Serbo Croatian Blazek Vaclav On the Internal Classification of Indo European Languages Survey PDF pp 15 16 Retrieved 2021 10 26 Sipka Danko 2019 Lexical layers of identity words meaning and culture in the Slavic languages New York Cambridge University Press p 206 doi 10 1017 9781108685795 ISBN 978 953 313 086 6 LCCN 2018048005 OCLC 1061308790 S2CID 150383965 Serbo Croatian which features four ethnic variants Serbian Croatian Bosnian and Montenegrin Calic Jelena 2021 Pluricentricity in the classroom the Serbo Croatian language issue for foreign language teaching at higher education institutions worldwide Sociolinguistica European Journal of Sociolinguistics De Gruyter 35 1 113 140 doi 10 1515 soci 2021 0007 ISSN 0933 1883 S2CID 244134335 Retrieved 9 June 2022 The debate about the status of the Serbo Croatian language and its varieties has recently shifted again towards a position which looks at the internal variation within Serbo Croatian through the prism of linguistic pluricentricity E C Hawkesworth 2006 Serbian Croatian Bosnian Linguistic Complex Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics 2nd ed Bicanic et al 2013 55 Bicanic et al 2013 84 Croatia Themes Authors Books Yale University Library Slavic and East European Collection 2009 11 16 Retrieved 2010 10 27 a b Cvetkovic Ljudmila 2010 Serbian Croatian Bosnian Or Montenegrin Or Just Our Language Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty Rferl org Retrieved 2021 10 26 Gazi Stephen 1973 A History of Croatia New York Philosophical library ISBN 978 0 8022 2108 7 Van Antwerp Fine John 2006 When Ethnicity did not Matter in the Balkans Michigan USA University of Michigan Press pp 377 379 ISBN 978 0 472 11414 6 Stankiewicz Edward 1984 Grammars and Dictionaries of the Slavic Languages from the Middle Ages Up to 1850 ISBN 9783110097788 Retrieved 2021 10 26 Kalsbeek Janneke 1998 The Cakavian dialect of Orbanici near Zminj in Istria Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics 25 Ivana Sabljak Dva brata i jedna Sirena Two Sisters and One Siren Matica hrvatska in Croatian Retrieved 9 March 2012 Matica Hrvatska Putni tovarus izvornik I Archived from the original on 2013 05 13 Retrieved 2021 10 26 Tanner Marcus 1997 Croatia a Nation Forged in War New Haven USA Yale University Press p 50 ISBN 978 0 300 06933 4 a b c Malic Dragica 1997 Razvoj hrvatskog knjizevnog jezika ISBN 978 953 0 40010 8 page needed Uzelac Gordana 2006 The development of the Croatian nation an historical and sociological analysis Lewiston New York Edwin Mellen Press p 75 ISBN 978 0 7734 5791 1 Bicanic et al 2013 p 77 Bicanic et al 2013 p 78 a b c Corbett amp Browne 2009 p 334 a b Bailyn John Frederick 2010 To what degree are Croatian and Serbian the same language Evidence from a Translation Study PDF Journal of Slavic Linguistics 18 2 181 219 ISSN 1068 2090 Archived from the original PDF on 9 October 2019 Retrieved 9 October 2019 Mader Skender Mia 2022 Schlussbemerkung Summary Die kroatische Standardsprache auf dem Weg zur Ausbausprache The Croatian standard language on the way to ausbau language PDF Dissertation UZH Dissertations in German Zurich University of Zurich Faculty of Arts Institute of Slavonic Studies pp 196 197 doi 10 5167 uzh 215815 Retrieved 8 June 2022 Obwohl das Kroatische sich in den letzten Jahren in einigen Gebieten vor allem jedoch auf lexikalischer Ebene verandert hat sind diese Anderungen noch nicht bedeutend genug dass der Terminus Ausbausprache gerechtfertigt ware Ausserdem konnen sich Serben Kroaten Bosnier und Montenegriner immer noch auf ihren jeweiligen Nationalsprachen unterhalten und problemlos verstandigen Nur schon diese Tatsache zeigt dass es sich immer noch um eine polyzentrische Sprache mit verschiedenen Varietaten handelt Benjamin W Fortson IV Indo European Language and Culture An Introduction 2nd ed 2010 Blackwell pg 431 Snjezana Ramljak June 2008 Jezicno pristupanje Hrvatske Europskoj Uniji prevođenje pravne stecevine i europsko nazivlje The Accession of the Croatian Language to the European Union Translation of the Acquis Communautaire and European Legal Terminology Croatian Political Science Review in Serbo Croatian Faculty of Political Science University of Zagreb 45 1 ISSN 0032 3241 Retrieved 2012 02 27 Stokes 2008 p 348 Sute 1999 p 317 Derk Denis 28 March 2017 Donosi se Deklaracija o zajednickom jeziku Hrvata Srba Bosnjaka i Crnogoraca A Declaration on the Common Language of Croats Serbs Bosniaks and Montenegrins is About to Appear Vecernji list in Croatian Zagreb pp 6 7 ISSN 0350 5006 Archived from the original on 20 September 2017 Retrieved 2021 10 26 Trudgill Peter 30 November 2017 Time to Make Four Into One The New European p 46 Retrieved 3 October 2018 J T 10 April 2017 Is Serbo Croatian a Language The Economist London ISSN 0013 0613 Archived from the original on 10 April 2017 Retrieved 2021 10 26 alternate URL Archived 2021 10 26 at the Wayback Machine Milekic Sven 30 March 2017 Post Yugoslav Common Language Declaration Challenges Nationalism London Balkan Insight Archived from the original on 27 April 2017 Retrieved 2021 10 26 Crystal David 2000 Language Death Cambridge University Press pp 11 12 Hrvatsko ugarska nagodba 1868 PDF www crohis com Archived from the original PDF on 2012 02 07 Retrieved 2021 10 26 Vandoren EU membership challenge and chance for Croatia Daily tportal hr tportal hr 2010 09 30 Archived from the original on 2010 11 15 Retrieved 2021 10 26 Applications now open for Croatian linguists EU careers 2012 06 21 Archived from the original on 2012 06 28 Retrieved 2012 09 10 Sluzbeni list Europske unije Official Gazette of the European Union in Croatian European Union 2013 Archived from the original on 2013 05 13 Retrieved 2021 10 26 Croatia Cia gov Retrieved 2010 12 21 Kinda Berlakovich Andrea Zorka 2006 Hrvatski nastavni jezik u Gradiscu u skolsko politickome kontekstu Croatian as the Language of Instruction and Language Policy in Burgenland from 1921 onwards LAHOR 1 1 27 35 ISSN 1846 2197 Retrieved 2021 10 26 Endangered languages in Europe report Helsinki fi Archived from the original on 2010 11 17 Retrieved 2010 10 27 Official Use of Languages and Scripts in the AP Vojvodina puma vojvodina gov rs Retrieved 2010 12 21 Structura Etno demografică a Romaniei Edrc ro Retrieved 2010 10 27 Structura Etno demografică a Romaniei Edrc ro Retrieved 2010 10 27 Structura Etno demografică a Romaniei Edrc ro Retrieved 2010 12 21 Universal Declaration of Human Rights ohchr org Universal Declaration of Human Rights un org SourcesBicanic Ante Francic Anđela Hudecek Lana Mihaljevic Milica 2013 Pregled povijesti gramatike i pravopisa hrvatskog jezika in Serbo Croatian Croatica Corbett Greville Browne Wayles 2009 Serbo Croat Bosnian Croatian Montenegrin Serbian In Comrie Bernard ed The World s Major Languages Routledge ISBN 9781134261567 Stokes Gale 2008 Yugoslavia Oblique Insights and Observations University of Pittsburgh Pre ISBN 9780822973492 Sute Ivica April 1999 Deklaracija o nazivu i polozaju hrvatskog knjizevnog jezika Građa za povijest Deklaracije Zagreb 1997 str 225 Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Standard Language Declaration History Articles Zagreb 1997 p 225 Radovi Zavoda Za Hrvatsku Povijest in Serbo Croatian 31 1 317 318 ISSN 0353 295X Retrieved 5 July 2014 SOS ili tek alibi za nasilje nad jezikom SOS or nothing but an alibi for violence against language in Serbo Croatian Zagreb Forum 16 March 2012 pp 38 39 ISSN 1848 204X CROSBI 578565 Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 Retrieved 9 April 2015 Further readingBicanic Ante Francic Anđela Hudecek Lana Mihaljevic Milica 2013 Pregled povijesti gramatike i pravopisa hrvatskog jezika in Serbo Croatian Croatica Banac Ivo Main Trends in the Croatian Language Question YUP 1984 Blum Daniel 2002 Sprache und Politik Sprachpolitik und Sprachnationalismus in der Republik Indien und dem sozialistischen Jugoslawien 1945 1991 Language and Policy Language Policy and Linguistic Nationalism in the Republic of India and the Socialist Yugoslavia 1945 1991 Beitrage zur Sudasienforschung vol 192 in German Wurzburg Ergon p 200 ISBN 978 3 89913 253 3 OCLC 51961066 CROLIB Franolic Branko A Historical Survey of Literary Croatian Nouvelles Editions Latines 1984 1985 A Bibliography of Croatian Dictionaries Paris Nouvelles Editions Latines p 139 1988 Language Policy in Yugoslavia with special reference to Croatian Paris Nouvelles Editions Latines Zagar Mateo 2008 A Historical Outline of Literary Croatian amp The Glagolitic Heritage of Croatian Culture London amp Zagreb Erasmus amp CSYPN ISBN 978 953 6132 80 5 Greenberg Robert David 2004 Language and identity in the Balkans Serbo Croatian and its disintegration Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 925815 4 reprinted in 2008 as ISBN 978 0 19 920875 3 Groschel Bernhard 2009 Das Serbokroatische zwischen Linguistik und Politik mit einer Bibliographie zum postjugoslavischen Sprachenstreit Serbo Croatian Between Linguistics and Politics With a Bibliography of the Post Yugoslav Language Dispute Lincom Studies in Slavic Linguistics vol 34 in German Munich Lincom Europa p 451 ISBN 978 3 929075 79 3 LCCN 2009473660 OCLC 428012015 OL 15295665W Inhaltsverzeichnis Kacic Miro Croatian and Serbian Delusions and Distortions Novi Most Zagreb 1997 Kordic Snjezana 2010 Jezik i nacionalizam Language and Nationalism PDF Rotulus Universitas in Serbo Croatian Zagreb Durieux p 430 doi 10 2139 ssrn 3467646 ISBN 978 953 188 311 5 LCCN 2011520778 OCLC 729837512 OL 15270636W CROSBI 475567 Archived PDF from the original on 1 June 2012 Retrieved 7 March 2013 Mogus Milan A History of the Croatian Language NZ Globus 1995 Tezak Stjepko Hrvatski nas ne zaboravljeni Croatian our un forgotten language 301 p knjiznica Hrvatski nas svagdasnji knj 1 Tipex Zagreb 1999 ISBN 953 6022 35 4 Croatian Zanelli Aldo 2018 Eine Analyse der Metaphern in der kroatischen Linguistikfachzeitschrift Jezik von 1991 bis 1997 Analysis of Metaphors in Croatian Linguistic JournalLanguagefrom 1991 to 1997 Studien zur Slavistik 41 in German Hamburg Dr Kovac p 142 ISBN 978 3 8300 9773 0 OCLC 1023608613 NSK FFZG External links Croatian edition of Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Wikimedia Commons has media related to Croatian language Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Croatian Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Croatian For a list of words relating to Croatian language see the Croatian language category of words in Wiktionary the free dictionary Croatian Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words Wiktionary Croatian Language Corpus Croatian Old Dictionary Portal Most similar languages to Croatian similarity measure Language history The Croatian Language Today a lecture given by dr Branko Franolic History of Croatian Dictionaries and Grammar books at Yale University Library Slavic and East European Collection Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Croatian language amp oldid 1129642655, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.