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Wikipedia

Gujarati people

February 28, 2023

For Gujarati Muslims who settled in Pakistan, see Muhajir (Pakistan).

The Gujarati people or Gujaratis, are an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group who reside in or can trace their ancestry or heritage to the present-day western Indian state of Gujarat. They primarily speak Gujarati, an Indo-Aryan language. While Gujaratis mainly inhabit Gujarat, they have a diaspora worldwide.Many notable independence activists were Gujarati, including Gandhi, Patel, and Jinnah.[14][15][16][17]

Gujaratis
ગુજરાતીઓ
Total population
c. 70 million[1]
Regions with significant populations
 India63,872,399[2]
 Pakistan3,500,000[3]
 United States1,520,000[4]
 United Kingdom864,000[5]
 Canada209,410[6][nb 1]
 Australia81,341[7]
 Kenya72,000[8][9]
 Bangladesh60,000[10]
 Oman45,000[11]
 South Africa40,000[citation needed]
 Portugal30,000[12]
 New Zealand28,000[13]
Languages
Gujarati, Hindi
Religion
Majority:
Hinduism
Minority:
Related ethnic groups
Indo-Aryan peoples

Geographical locations

Despite significant migration primarily for economic reasons, most Gujaratis in India live in the state of Gujarat in Western India.[18] Gujaratis also form a significant part of the populations in the neighboring metropolis of Mumbai and union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, which was a former Portuguese colony.[19] There are very large Gujarati immigrant communities in other parts of India, most notably in Mumbai,[20] Pune, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore[21] and other cities like Kochi.[22][23] All throughout history[24] Gujaratis have earned a reputation as being India's greatest merchants, their direct role in slavery and slave trading in East Africa is skillfully occluded in most writing that commemorated the Gujarati mercantile elite,[25][26][27] industrialists and business entrepreneurs[28] and have therefore been at forefront of migrations all over the world, particularly to regions that were part of the British empire such as Fiji, Hong Kong, Malaya, East Africa and South Africa.[29] Diasporas and transnational networks in many of these countries date back to more than a century.[30][31] In recent decades, larger numbers of Gujaratis have migrated to English-speaking countries such as the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States.[32][33]

History

Main article: History of Gujarat
 
The king of Cambay (in present-day Gujarat) from "Figurae variae Asiae et Africae," a 16th-century Portuguese manuscript in the Casanatense Library in Rome (Codex Casanatense 1889)

In anthropological surveys conducted in India about 60% of the people claim that their community is a migrant to their state or region. In Gujarat that number is around 70%. In the state, 124 Hindu communities out of 186 claim a migrant past. For example, the Audichya Brahmins claim migration from present day Uttar Pradesh. With Muslims in Gujarat, 67 out of 86 communities claim a migrant past.[34]

Early European travelers like Ludovico di Varthema (15th century) traveled to Gujarat and wrote on the people of Gujarat. He noted that Jainism had a strong presence in Gujarat and opined that Gujaratis were deprived of their kingdom by Mughals because of their kind heartedness. His description of Gujaratis was:[35]

...a certain race which eats nothing that has blood, never kills any living things... and these people are neither moors nor heathens... if they were baptized, they would all be saved by the virtue of their works, for they never do to others what they would not do unto them.

In 1790 and 1791, an epidemic devastated numerous parts of Gujarat during which 100,000 Gujaratis were killed in Surat alone.[36]

An outbreak of bubonic plague in 1812 has been claimed to have killed about half the Gujarati population.[37]

Social stratification

Orthodox Gujarati society, which was mercantile by nature,[38] was historically organized along ethno-religious lines and shaped into existence on the strength of its Mahajan ("guild assemblies"),[39][40] and for its institution of Nagarsheth ("head of the guild assembly"); a 16th-century Mughal system akin to medieval European guilds which self-regulated the mercantile affairs of multi-ethnic, multi-religious communities in the Gujarati bourgeoisie long before municipal state politics was introduced.[41][42] Historically, Gujaratis belonging to numerous faiths and castes, thrived in an inclusive climate surcharged by a degree of cultural syncretism, in which Hindus and Jains dominated occupations such as shroffs and brokers whereas, Muslims, Hindus and Parsis largely dominated sea shipping trade. This led to religious interdependence, tolerance, assimilation and community cohesion ultimately becoming the hallmark of modern-day Gujarati society.[43][44][45]

Religion

The Gujarati people are predominantly Hindu. There are also minority of Muslims, Jains, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jews, and followers of the Baháʼí Faith.[46][47][48]

Hindu communities

The major communities in Gujarat are traditional agriculturalist (such as Patidar, Koli), traders (such as Bania, Bhatia, Soni), sailor and seafood exporters Kharwa, Artisan communities (such as Prajapati, Sindhi Mochi), Brahmin communities (such as Joshi, Anavil, Nagar, Modh, Shrimali), other farming communities (such as Charan, Rabari, Bharvad), Genealogist communities (such as Barots), Kshatriya communities (such as Koli Thakor,[49] Bhanushali, Choudhary jats, Rajput, Kathi Darbars, Karadia, Nadoda, Dabhi, Chudasama, (Ahir,gurjar), Lohana, Maher), Tribal communities (such as Bhils, Meghwal and Kolis, Gamit, Konkani, varli) and Devipujak (such as Dataniya, Dantani, Chunara, Patni).[citation needed]

Muslim communities

Further information: Gujarati Muslims

The majority of Gujarati Muslims are Sunni Muslim. Minority communities include Twelver, Nizari Ismailis, Daudi Bohra, Khoja.

Diaspora

Gujaratis have a long tradition of seafaring and a history of overseas migration to foreign lands, to Yemen[50] Oman[51] Bahrain,[52] Kuwait, Zanzibar[53] and other countries in the Persian Gulf[54] since a mercantile culture resulted naturally from the state's proximity to the Arabian Sea.[55] The countries with the largest Gujarati populations are Pakistan, United Kingdom, United States, Canada and many countries in Southern and East Africa.[56] Globally, Gujaratis are estimated to comprise around 33% of the Indian diaspora worldwide and can be found in 129 of 190 countries listed as sovereign nations by the United Nations.[57] Non Resident Gujaratis (NRGs) maintain active links with the homeland in the form of business, remittance, philanthropy, and through their political contribution to state governed domestic affairs.[58][59][60]

Gujarati parents in the diaspora are not comfortable with the possibility of their language not surviving them.[61] In a study, 80% of Malayali parents felt that "children would be better off with English", compared to 36% of Kannada parents and only 19% of Gujarati parents.[61]

Pakistan

Main article: Demographics of Pakistan
 
Jinnah with Mahatma Gandhi in Bombay, 1944

There is a large community of Gujarati Muslims mainly settled in the Pakistani province of Sindh for generations. Community leaders say there are 3,500,000 speakers of Gujarati language in Karachi.[62] Significant Gujarati communities existed here before 1947 Partition of India. Many of them migrated after the Partition of India and subsequent creation of Pakistan in 1947. These Pakistani Gujaratis belong mainly to the Ismāʿīlī, Khoja, Dawoodi Bohra, Chundrigar, Charotar Sunni Vohra, khatri Muslims Kutchi Memons and Khatiawari Memons; however, many Gujaratis are also a part of Pakistan's small but dying Hindu community.[63] Famous Gujaratis of Pakistan include Muhammed Ali Jinnah (father of Pakistan), Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar (sixth Prime Minister of Pakistan), Sir Adamjee Haji Dawood (philanthropist), Abu Bakr Osman Mitha (Major-General), Abdul Razzak Yaqoob (philanthropist), Javed Miandad (Pakistani cricketer),[64] Abdul Sattar Edhi (humanitarian), Abdul Gaffar Billoo (philanthropist), Ramzan Chhipa (philanthropist), Tapu Javeri (Pakistani fashion and art photographer), Pervez Hoodbhoy (Pakistani nuclear physicist),[65] Dipak Bardolikar (poet).

Sri Lanka

Main article: Gujarati Muslims in Sri Lanka

There is relatively a large number of Gujarati Muslims settled in Sri Lanka. They mainly represent the Dawoodi Bhora and the Memon community, and there is also a minority of Sindhi people in Sri Lanka. These communities are mainly into trading businesses and lately, they have diversified into different trades and sectors. Gujarati Muslims started their trading route between India and Ceylon (Sri Lanka) in the late 1880s. Great number of Gujarati Muslims migrated after the Partition of India in 1947. These communities are well known for their social welfare activities in Sri Lanka. In addition, Gujarati Muslims have shown their excellence in business and various trades by developing large enterprises in Sri Lanka. Few of them are: Expolanka, Brandix, Amana Bank of Sri Lanka, Adam Group, Akbar Tea, Timex Garments, and Abans Group. Members of these community maintain their Indian Gujarati culture in their every day life. Bhoras speak the Gujarati language and follow Shia Islam and the Memon people speak the Memon language and they follow the Sunni Hanafi Islam.

United States

Main article: Gujarati Americans
 
Gujaratis have achieved a high demographic profile in many urban districts worldwide, notably in India Square, or Little Gujarat, in Bombay, Jersey City, New Jersey, USA, within the New York City Metropolitan Area, as large-scale immigration from India continues into New York,[66][67][68][69] with the largest metropolitan Gujarati population outside of India.

The United States has the second-largest Gujarati diaspora after Pakistan. The highest concentration of the population of over 200,000 is in the New York City Metropolitan Area, notably in the growing Gujarati diasporic center of India Square in Jersey City, New Jersey, and Edison in Middlesex County in Central New Jersey. Significant immigration from India to the United States started after the landmark Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965.[70][71] Early immigrants after 1965 were highly educated professionals. Since US immigration laws allow sponsoring immigration of parents, children and particularly siblings on the basis of family reunion, the numbers rapidly swelled.[72] A number of Gujarati are twice or thrice-migrant because they came directly from the former British colonies of East Africa or from East Africa via Great Britain respectively[73] Given the Gujarati propensity for business enterprise, a number of them opened shops and motels. While they may make up only around 0.1% of the population in the United States, Gujarati Americans control over 40% of the hospitality market in the country, for a combined net worth of over US$40 billion and employing over one million employees.[74][75][76] Gujaratis, especially the Patidar samaj, also dominate as franchisees of fast food restaurant chains such as Subway and Dunkin' Donuts.[77] The descendants of the Gujarati immigrant generation have also made high levels of advancement into professional fields, including as physicians, engineers and politicians.

Notable Gujarati Americans include Sunita Williams (NASA Astronaut), Ami Bera (United States Congress),[78] Reshma Saujani (American politician),[79] Sonal Shah (economist to Whitehouse),[80] Raj Shah (White House Deputy Press Secretary under President Trump),[81] Rohit Vyas (Indian American journalist), Bharat Desai (CEO Syntel),[82] Vyomesh Joshi (Forbes),[83] Raj Bhavsar (sports)[84] Halim Dhanidina (first Muslim judge of California), Savan Kotecha (Grammy nominated American songwriter),[85] and Hollywood actresses, Sheetal Sheth[86] and Noureen DeWulf.[87] Kal Penn, actor, author, and civil servant.

Europe

United Kingdom

 
The Swaminarayan Temple in Neasden, London, the largest Hindu temple in Europe

Gujaratis have had a long involvement with Britain. The original East India Company set up a factory (trading post) in the port city of Surat in Gujarat in 1615. These were the beginnings of first real British involvement with India that eventually led to the formation of the British Raj. The third largest overseas diaspora of Gujaratis, after Pakistan and United States, is in the United Kingdom. At a population of around 800,000[88] Gujaratis form almost more than half of the Indian community who live in the UK (1.2 million). Gujaratis first went to the UK in the 19th century with the establishment of the British Raj in India. Prominent members of this community such as Shyamji Krishna Varma played a vital role in exerting political pressure upon colonial powers during the Indian independence movement.

The present day Gujarati diaspora in the UK is mostly the second and third generation descendants of "twice-over" immigrants from the former British colonies of East Africa, Portugal, and Indian Ocean Islands. Most of them despite being British Subjects had restricted access to Britain after successive Immigration acts of 1962, 1968 and 1971. Most were, however, eventually admitted on the basis of a Quota voucher system or, in case of Uganda, as refugees after the expulsion order by the Ugandan ruler, Idi Amin in August 1972.

Gujaratis in Britain are regarded as affluent middle-class peoples who have assimilated into the milieu of British society.[89][90] They are celebrated for revolutionizing the corner shop, and energising the British economy which changed Britain's antiquated retail laws forever.[91][92] Demographically, Hindus form a majority along with a significant number of Jains and Muslims,[93] and smaller numbers of Gujarati Christians.[94] They are predominantly settled in metropolitan areas like Greater London, East Midlands, West Midlands, Lancashire and Yorkshire.[88] Cities with significant Gujarati populations include Leicester and London boroughs of Harrow, Barnet and Brent. There is also a small, but vibrant Gujarati-speaking Parsi community of Zoroastrians present in the country, dating back to the bygone era of Dadabhai Navroji, Shapurji Saklatvala and Pherozeshah Mehta.[95] Both Hindus and Muslims have established caste or community associations, temples, and mosques to cater for the needs of their respective communities. A well known temple popular with Gujaratis is the BAPS Swaminarayan Temple in Neasden, London. A popular mosque that caters for the Gujarati Muslim community in Leicester is the Masjid Umar. Leicester has a Jain Temple that is also the headquarters of Jain Samaj Europe.[96] The Shree Prajapati Association is a charity, already thriving in East Africa, which has 13 branches in the U.K. and is strongly dependent on support from the Gujarati community in

Gujarati Hindus in the UK have maintained many traditions from their homeland. The community remains religious with more than 100 temples catering for their religious needs. All major Hindu festivals such as Navratri, Dassara, and Diwali are celebrated with a lot of enthusiasm even from the generations brought up in UK. Gujarati Hindus also maintain their caste affiliation to some extent with most major castes having their own community association in each population center with significant Gujarati population such as Leicester and London suburbs. Patidars form the largest community in the diaspora including Kutch Leva Patels,[97] followed closely by Lohanas of Saurashtra origin.[98] Gujarati Rajputs from various regional backgrounds are affiliated with several independent British organizations dependent on caste such as Shree Maher Samaj UK,[99] and the Gujarati Arya Kshatriya Mahasabha-UK.[100]

Endogamy remains important to Gujarati Muslims in UK with the existence of matrimonial services specifically dedicated to their community.[101] Gujarati Muslim society in the UK have kept the custom of Jamat Bandi, literally meaning communal solidarity. This system is the traditional expression of communal solidarity. It is designed to regulate the affairs of the community and apply sanctions against infractions of the communal code. Gujarati Muslim communities, such as the Ismāʿīlī, Khoja, Dawoodi Bohra, Sunni Bohra, and Memon have caste associations, known as jamats that run mosques and community centers for their respective communities.

India becoming the predominant IT powerhouse in the 1990s has led to waves of new immigration by Gujaratis, and other Indians with software skills to the UK.[citation needed]

In 2005, the Gujarat Studies Association was formed in order to raise awareness about research being conducted on the Gujaratis - their patron is Lord Bhikhu Parekh.

Belgium

Two Gujarati business communities, the Palanpuri Jains and the Kathiawadi Patels from Surat, have come to dominate the diamond industry of Belgium.[102] They have largely displaced the Orthodox Jewish community which previously dominated this industry in Belgium.[103]

Portugal

The 1961 takeover of Portuguese Goa by India made life difficult for the Indian population in the then Portuguese colony of Mozambique. The independence of Mozambique like in other African countries led to many Gujaratis to move to Portugal.[104] Many Hindu Gujaratis have moved from Portugal to Great Britain since the 1990s.[105]

Canada

 
Ali Velshi, multifaceted journalist, born in Nairobi, raised in Toronto, and now based in New York City.

Canada, just like its southern neighbour, is home to a large Gujarati community. As per the 2021 Canadian census, Gujarati Canadians number approximately 210,000 and account for roughly 0.6% of Canada's population.[6][nb 1] The majority of them live in Toronto and its suburbs - home to the second largest Gujarati community in North America, after the New York Metropolitan Area. Gujarati Hindus are the second largest linguistic/religious group in Canada's Indian community after Punjabi Sikhs, and Toronto is home to the largest Navratri raas garba festival in North America.[106] The Muslim Ismaili Khoja form a significant part of the Canadian diaspora estimated to be about 80,000 in numbers overall.[107] Most of them arrived in Canada in the 1970s as either refugees or immigrants from Uganda and other countries of East Africa.[108][109]

Notable Gujarati Canadians include Naheed Nenshi (36th Mayor of Calgary),[110] Bharat Masrani (CEO of TD Bank Group),[111] Zain Verjee (CNN journalist),[112] Ali Velshi (former CNN, current MSNBC journalist),[113] Rizwan Manji (Canadian actor), Avan Jogia (Canadian actor[114][circular reference]), Richie Mehta (Canadian film director), Nazneen Contractor (Canadian actress), Ishu Patel (BAFTA-winning Animations director), Arif Virani (Member of Parliament for Parkdale-High Park),[115] Rahim Jaffer (Member of Parliament for Edmonton-Strathcona),[116] Omar Sachedina (CTV News anchor)[117] and Prashant Pathak (Investor and Philanthropist).[118]

Gujarati Canadians by province and territory (1991−2021)[nb 1]
Province/
territory 		Population
(2021)[6]		 %
2021 		Population
(2016)[119]		 %
2016 		Population
(2011)[120]		 %
2011 		Population
(2006)[121]		 %
2006 		Population
(2001)[122]		 %
2001 		Population
(1996)[123]		 %
1996 		Population
(1991)[124]: 184 		 %
1991
  Ontario 143,240 1.02% 103,890 0.78% 87,805 0.69% 76,910 0.64% 53,485 0.47% 40,605 0.38% 32,110 0.32%
  Alberta 24,780 0.59% 18,005 0.45% 11,875 0.33% 9,170 0.28% 8,685 0.3% 8,025 0.3% 6,545 0.26%
  British
Columbia 		14,340 0.29% 11,500 0.25% 9,325 0.21% 10,410 0.26% 10,520 0.27% 10,080 0.27% 8,120 0.25%
  Quebec 10,640 0.13% 7,950 0.1% 7,485 0.1% 7,155 0.1% 7,005 0.1% 5,450 0.08% 4,040 0.06%
  Saskatchewan 6,965 0.63% 3,320 0.31% 765 0.08% 320 0.03% 310 0.03% 385 0.04% 405 0.04%
  Manitoba 6,535 0.5% 3,905 0.31% 1,460 0.12% 960 0.08% 550 0.05% 480 0.04% 735 0.07%
  Nova
Scotia 		1,475 0.15% 240 0.03% 105 0.01% 230 0.03% 115 0.01% 150 0.02% 140 0.02%
  New
Brunswick 		765 0.1% 110 0.02% 105 0.01% 175 0.02% 85 0.01% 85 0.01% 105 0.01%
  Prince Edward
Island 		325 0.22% 5 0% 5 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%
  Newfoundland
and Labrador 		255 0.05% 70 0.01% 50 0.01% 50 0.01% 85 0.02% 70 0.01% 110 0.02%
  Yukon 65 0.16% 50 0.14% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%
  Northwest
Territories 		25 0.06% 15 0.04% 15 0.04% 20 0.05% 10 0.03% 0 0% 10 0.02%
  Nunavut 10 0.03% 10 0.03% 5 0.02% 0 0% 10 0.04% N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Canada 209,410 0.58% 149,045 0.43% 118,950 0.36% 105,395 0.34% 80,835 0.27% 65,345 0.23% 54,210 0.2%

East Africa

Former British colonies in East Africa had many residents of South Asian descent. The primary immigration was mainly from Gujarat and to a lesser extent from Punjab. They were brought there by the British Empire from India to do clerical work in Imperial service, or unskilled and semi-skilled manual labour such as construction or farm work. In the 1890s, 32,000 labourers from British India were brought to the then British East African colonies under indentured labour contracts to work on the construction of the Uganda Railway that started in the Kenyan port city of Mombasa and ended in Kisumu on Kenyan side of Lake Victoria. Most of the surviving Indians returned home, but 6,724 individuals decided to remain in the African Great Lakes after the line's completion.

Many Asians, particularly the Gujaratis, in these regions were in the trading businesses. They included Gujaratis of all religions as well many of the castes and Quoms. Since the representation of Indians in these occupations was high, stereotyping of Indians in Kenya, Uganda, and Tanganyika as shopkeepers was common. A number of people worked for the British run banks. They also worked in skilled labor occupations, as managers, teachers and administrators. Gujarati and other South Asians had significant influence on the economy, constituting 1% of the population while receiving a fifth of the national income. For example, in Uganda, the Mehta and Madhvani families controlled the bulk of the manufacturing businesses. Gated ethnic communities served elite healthcare and schooling services. Additionally, the tariff system in Uganda had historically been oriented toward the economic interests of South Asian traders.[125] One of the oldest Jain overseas diaspora was of Gujarat. Their number was estimated at 45,000 at the independence of the East African countries in the early 1960s.[126] Most members of this community belonged to Gujarati speaking Halari Visa Oshwal Jain community originally from the Jamnagar area of Saurashtra.[126][127]

The countries of East Africa gained independence from Britain in the early 1960s. At that time most Gujarati and other Asians opted to remain as British Subjects. The African politicians at that time accused Asians of economic exploitation and introduced a policy of Africanization. The 1968 Committee on "Africanisation in Commerce and Industry" in Uganda made far-reaching Indophobic proposals. A system of work permits and trade licenses was introduced in 1969 to restrict the role of Indians in economic and professional activities. Indians were segregated and discriminated against in all walks of life.[128] During the middle of the 1960s many Asians saw the writing on the wall and started moving either to UK or India. However, restrictive British immigration policies stopped a mass exodus of East African Asians until Idi Amin came to power in 1971. He exploited pre-existing Indophobia and spread propaganda against Indians involving stereotyping and scapegoating the Indian minority. Indians were stereotyped as "only traders" and "inbred" to their profession. Indians were labelled as "dukawallas" (an occupational term that degenerated into an anti-Indian slur during Amin's time), and stereotyped as "greedy, conniving", without any racial identity or loyalty but "always cheating, conspiring and plotting" to subvert Uganda. Amin used this propaganda to justify a campaign of "de-Indianization", eventually resulting in the expulsion and ethnic cleansing of Uganda's Indian minority.[128]

Kenya

Gujarati and other Indians started moving to the Kenya colony at the end of the 19th century when the British colonial authorities started opening up the country with the laying down of the railroads. A small colony of merchants, however, had existed on the port cities such Mombasa on the Kenyan coast for hundreds of years prior to that.[129] The immigrants who arrived with the British were the first ones to open up businesses in rural Kenya a century ago. These dukanwalas or shopkeepers were mainly Gujarati (Mostly Jains and Hindus and a minority of Muslims). Over the following decades the population, mainly Gujarati but also a sizable number of Punjabi, increased in size. The population started declining after the independence of Kenya in the 1960s. At that time the majority of Gujaratis opted for British citizenship and eventually moved there, especially to cities like Leicester or London suburbs. Famous Kenyans of Gujarati heritage who contributed greatly to the development of East Africa include Thakkar Bapa, Manu Chandaria,[130] Atul Shah, Baloobhai Patel,[131] Bhimji Depar Shah (Forbes),[132] Naushad Merali (Forbes),[133] and Indian philanthropist, Alibhai Mulla Jeevanjee,[134] who played a large role in the development of modern-day Kenya during colonial rule.[135][136]

Uganda

Main article: Indians in Uganda

There is a small community of people of Indian origin living in Uganda, but the community is far smaller than before 1972 when Ugandan ruler Idi Amin expelled most Asians, including Gujaratis.[137] In the late 19th century, mostly Sikhs, were brought on three-year contracts, with the aid of Imperial British contractor Alibhai Mulla Jeevanjee to build the Uganda Railway from Mombasa to Kisumu by 1901, and to Kampala by 1931. Some died, while others returned to India after the end of their contracts, but few chose to stay. They were joined by Gujarati traders called "passenger Indians",[138] both Hindu and Muslim free migrants who came to serve the economic needs of the indentured labourers, and to capitalise on the economic opportunities.

After the 1972 expulsion, most Indians and Gujaratis migrated to the United Kingdom. Due to the efforts of the Aga Khan, many Khoja Nizari Ismaili refugees from Uganda were offered asylum in Canada.[139]

Tanzania

Main article: Indians in Tanzania

Indians have a long history in Tanzania starting with the arrival of Gujarati traders in the 19th century.[140] There are currently over 50,000 people of Indian origin in Tanzania. Many of them are traders and they control a sizeable portion of the Tanzanian economy. They came to gradually control the trade in Zanzibar. Many of the buildings constructed then still remain in Stone Town, the focal trading point on the island.

South Africa

 
Amla training with South Africa in 2009.

The Indian community in South Africa is more than a 150 years old and is concentrated in and around the city of Durban.[141] The vast majority of immigrant pioneer Gujaratis who came in the latter half of the 19th century were passenger Indians who paid for their own travel fare and means of transport to arrive and settle South Africa, in pursuit of fresh trade and career opportunities and as such were treated as British subjects, unlike the fate of a class of Indian indentured laborours who were transported to work on the sugarcane plantations of Natal Colony in dire conditions. Passenger Indians, who initially operated in Durban, expanded inland, to the South African Republic (Transvaal), establishing communities in settlements on the main road between Johannesburg and Durban. After wealthy Gujarati Muslim merchants began experiencing discrimination from repressive colonial legislation in Natal,[142] they sought the help of one young lawyer, Mahatma Gandhi to represent the case of a Memon businessman. Umar Hajee Ahmed Jhaveri was consequently elected the first president of the South African Indian Congress. Indians in South Africa could traditionally be bifurcated as either indentured labourers (largely from Tamil Nadu, with smaller amounts from UP and Bihar) and merchants (exclusively from Gujarat).

Peculiarities of the South African Gujarati diaspora include high amounts of Southern Gujaratis and a disproportionately high amount of Surti Sunni Vohra and Khatiawari Memons. Post apartheid, a sizeable number of new immigrants have settled in various parts of South Africa, including many Gujarati.

Indians have played an important role in the anti-apartheid movement of South Africa.[143] Many were incarcerated alongside Nelson Mandela following the Rivonia Trial, and many became martyred fighting to end racial discrimination. Notable South African Indians of Gujarati heritage include Marxist freedom fighters such as Ahmed Timol (activist),[144] Yusuf Dadoo (activist),[145] Ahmed Kathrada (activist),[146] Amina Cachalia (activist) and Dullah Omar (activist),[147] as well as Ahmed Deedat (missionary), Imran Garda (Al Jazeera English) and Hashim Amla (cricketer).[148]

Mozambique

In the second half of the 1800s, many Gujarati Hindus belonging to the Vaniya community migrated to the South of Mozambique, in particular to the provinces of Inhambane and Lourenço Marques to run businesses. This was followed by migration of Hindus of various artisan castes from Diu to the region. Later in 1800s, immigration restrictions imposed by the colonial authorities in neighboring South Africa and the Boer republic made Mozambique the preferred destination for many Gujarati Hindus from the Saurashtra (namely, Rajkot and Porbandar) and Surat regions.[149][150]

The 1961 takeover of Portuguese Goa by India made life difficult for the Indian population in the then Portuguese colony of Mozambique. The independence of Mozambique like in other African countries led to many Gujaratis to move to Portugal.[104]

Oman

Main article: Indians in Oman

Oman, holding a strategically important position at the mouth of the Persian Gulf, has been the primary focus of trade and commerce for medieval Gujarati merchants for much of its history and Gujaratis, along with various other ethnic groups, founded and settled its capital port city, Muscat.[151] Some of the earliest Indian immigrants to settle in Oman were the Bhatias of Kutch, who have had a powerful presence in Oman dating back to the 16th century.[152] At the turn of the 19th century, Gujaratis wielded enough clout that Faisal bin Turki, the great-grandfather of the current ruler, spoke Gujarati and Swahili along with his native Arabic[153] and Oman's sultan Syed Said (1791-1856) was persuaded to shift his capital from Muscat to Zanzibar, more than two thousand miles from the Arabian mainland, on the recommendation of Shivji Topan and Bhimji families who lent money to the Sultan.[154] In modern times, business tycoon Kanaksi Khimji, from the famous Khimji family of Gujarat[155] was conferred title of Sheikh by the Sultan, the first ever use of the title for a member of the Hindu community.[156][157] The Muscati Mahajan is one of the oldest merchants associations founded more than a century ago.[158][159]

Southeast Asia

Gujaratis had a flourishing trade with Southeast Asia in the 15th and 16th centuries, and played a pivotal role in establishing Islam in the region.[160] Miller (2010) presented a theory that the indigenous scripts of Sumatra (Indonesia), Sulawesi (Indonesia) and the Philippines are descended from an early form of the Gujarati script. Tomé Pires reported a presence of a thousand Gujaratis in Malacca (Malaysia) prior to 1512.[161] The Gujarati language continues to be spoken in Singapore and Malaysia.[162][163]

Hong Kong

The Gujarati community in Hong Kong is tiny but nevertheless contributed to progress and growth of Hong Kong over the years.

The Hong Kong University: In 1911 a Gujarati Parsi businessman in Hong Kong, Sir Hormusjee Naorojee Mody donated HK$150,000 towards the construction and HK$30,000 towards other costs to build the Hong Kong University.

Star Ferry: Dorabjee Naorojee Mithaiwala founded of the Kowloon Ferry Company in 1888 for transporting passengers and cargo (especially bread) between Kowloon and Hong Kong Island. The company was renamed in 1898 to Star Ferry, which today transports passengers throughout Hong Kong.

Ruttonjee Hospital: Jehangir Hormusjee Ruttonjee born in a Gujarati Parsi family in Mumbai moved to Hong Kong in 1892 to join his father. Ruttonjee donated a great deal of money to build Ruttonjee Sanatorium, now Ruttonjee Hospital, to fight against tuberculosis.

Gujaratis also dominate the diamond trade in the city. As of 2012 350 diamond firms in Hong Kong were owned by Gujaratis. [164]

Malaysia

Main article: Gujarati Malaysian

There estimated around 31,500 Gujarati in Malaysia. Most of this community work as traders and settled in the urban parts of Malaysia like Melaka, George Town, Kuala Lumpur and Ipoh.[163]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Gujarat

Literature

Main article: Gujarati literature
 
Excerpt from "My experiments with truth" - the autobiography of Mahatma Gandhi in its original Gujarati.

The history of Gujarati literature may be traced to 1000 AD. Since then literature has flourished until date. Well known laureates of Gujarati literature are Jhaverchand Meghani, Avinash Vyas, Hemchandracharya, Narsinh Mehta, Gulabdas Broker, Akho, Premanand Bhatt, Shamal Bhatt, Dayaram, Dalpatram, Narmad, Govardhanram Tripathi, Mahatma Gandhi, K. M. Munshi, Umashankar Joshi, Suresh Joshi, Pannalal Patel, Imamuddin Khanji Babi Saheb (Ruswa Majhalumi), Niranjan Bhagat, Rajendra Keshavlal Shah, Raghuveer Chaudhari and Sitanshu Yashaschandra Mehta.

Kavi Kant, Kalapi and Abbas Abdulali Vasi are Gujarati language poets. Ardeshar Khabardar, Gujarati-speaking Parsi who was president of Gujarati Sahitya Parishad was a nationalist poet. His poem, Jya Jya Vase Ek Gujarati, Tya Tya Sadakal Gujarat (Wherever a Gujarati resides, there forever is Gujarat) depicts Gujarati ethnic pride and is widely popular in Gujarat.[165]

Gujarat Vidhya Sabha, Gujarat Sahitya Sabha, and Gujarati Sahitya Parishad are Ahmedabad based literary institutions promoting the spread of Gujarati literature. Saraswatichandra is a novel by Govardhanram Tripathi. Writers like Harindra Dave, Suresh Dalal, Jyotindra Dave, Dinkar Joshi, Prahlad Brahmbhatt, Tarak Mehta, Harkisan Mehta, Chandrakant Bakshi, Vinod Bhatt, Kanti Bhatt, Makarand Dave, and Varsha Adalja have influenced Gujarati thinkers.

Swaminarayan paramhanso, like Bramhanand, Premanand, contributed to Gujarati language literature with prose like Vachanamrut and poetry in the form of bhajans. Kanji Swami a spiritual mystic who was honored with the title, 'Koh-i-Noor of Kathiawar' made literary contributions to Jain philosophy and promoted Ratnatraya.[166]

Gujarati theatre owes a lot to bhavai. Bhavai is a musical performance of stage plays. Ketan Mehta and Sanjay Leela Bhansali explored artistic use of bhavai in films such as Bhavni Bhavai, Oh Darling! Yeh Hai India and Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam. Dayro (gathering) involves singing and conversation reflecting on human nature.

Gujarati language is enriched by the Adhyatmik literature written by the Jain scholar, Shrimad Rajchandra and Pandit Himmatlal Jethalal Shah. This literature is both in the form of poetry and prose.[167]

Cuisine

Main article: Gujarati cuisine
 
Vedhmi is a sweet lentil stuffed chapatis.

Gujarati food has famously been described as "the haute cuisine of vegetarianism" and meals have a subtle balance of sweet, tart and mild hot sensations on the palate.[168] Gujarati Jains, many Hindus and Buddhist in Gujarat are vegetarian. However, many Gujarati Hindu communities such as Ghanchi, Koli Patel, and Kharwa consume fish as part of their diet.[169] Christians, and Muslims have traditionally eaten a variety of meats and seafood, although Muslims don't eat pork and Hindus don't eat beef.[170] Gujarati cuisine follows the traditional Indian full meal structure of rice, cooked vegetables, lentil dal or curry and roti. The different types of flatbreads that a Gujarati cooks are rotli or chapati, bhakhri, puri, thepla, rotla, dhebara, maal purah, and puran-pohli. Popular snacks such as Khaman, Dhokla, Dhokli, dal-dhokli, Undhiyu, Jalebi, fafda, chevdoh, Muthia, Bhajia, Patra, bhusu, locho, sev usal, fafda gathiya, vanela gathiya and Sev mamra, Sev Khaman, Dabeli are traditional Gujarati dishes savoured by many communities across the world.[171]

Khichdi – a mix of rice and mung dal, cooked with spice – is a popular and nutritious dish which has regional variations. Quite often the khichdi is accompanied by Kadhi. It is found satisfying by most Gujaratis, and cooked very regularly in most homes, typically on a busy day due to its ease of cooking. It can also become an elaborate meal such as a thali when served with several other side dishes such as a vegetable curry, yogurt, sabzi shaak, onions, mango pickle and papad.[172]

Spices have traditionally been made on grinding stones, however, since villages have seen rapid growth and industrialization in recent decades, today people may use a blender or grinder. People from north Gujarat use dry red chili powder, whereas people from south Gujarat prefer using green chili and coriander in their cooking. There is no standard recipe for Gujarati dishes, however the use of tomatoes and lemons is a consistent theme throughout Gujarat.[173] Traditionally Gujaratis eat mukhwas at the end of a meal to enhance digestion, and desserts such as aam shrikhand made using mango salad and hung curd are very popular.[173] In many parts of Gujarat, drinking chaas (chilled buttermilk) or soda after lunch or dinner is also quite common.

Surti delicasies include ghari which is a puri filled with khoa and nuts that is typically eaten during the festival Chandani Padva. Khambhat delicacies include famous sutarfeni – made from fine strands of sweet dough (rice or maida) garnished with pistachios, and halwasan which are hard squares made from broken wheat, khoa, nutmeg and pistachios.[174] A version of English custard is made in Gujarat that uses cornstarch instead of the traditional eggs. It is cooked with cardamom and saffron, and served with fruit and sliced almonds.[175] Gujarati families celebrate Sharad Purnima by having dinner with doodh-pauva under moonlight.[176]

Folk dance and music

The folk dances of Gujurat are Garba, Dandiya Padhar, Dangi and Tippani etc. which are done during festivals.[177]

 
Women and men performing Garba as part of Navaratri celebrations in the city of Ahmedabad
 
Mer Dandiya, a sword dance performed by the martial communities of Saurashtra

Gujarati folklore

Folklores are important part of Gujarati culture. The folktales of Kankavati are religious in nature because they sprung from the ordinary day-to-day human cycle of life independent of, and sometimes deviating from the scriptures. They are part of the Hindu rituals and practices for marriage, baby shower, naming ceremony, the harvest and death, and are not merely religious acts but they reflect the lived life of people in rural and urban societies. The anthologies of Dadaji Ni Vato and Raang Chhe Barot are pragmatic with practical and the esoteric wisdom. Saurashtra Ni Rasdhar is a collection of love legends and depicts every shade of love and love is the main emotion which makes human world beautiful because it calls forth patience, responsibility, sense of commitment and dedication. Also the study of Meghani's works is quintessential because he was a trailblazer in exploring the vast unexplored heritage of Gujarati folklore. His folktales mirrors milieu of Gujarat, dialects, duhas, decors, humane values, sense of sacrifice and spirit of adventure, enthusiasm and, of course, the flaws in people. Meghani's folktales are verbal miniature of Gujarati culture.[178]

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Gujarat

Business people

  • Savji Dholakia

    • Politicians

    Name Country Positions
    Mahatma Gandhi India Led India's struggle for Independence, also known as the Father of India
    Muhammad Ali Jinnah Pakistan Successful Lawyer and The founder of Pakistan, also known as the Father of Pakistan
    Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel India Led India's struggle for Independence, first Deputy Prime Minister of India
    Vijay Rupani India/Myanmar Former Chief Minister of Gujarat (2016–present)
    Nitinbhai Patel India Current Deputy Chief Minister of Gujarat (2016–present)
    Morarji Desai India Former Prime Minister of India (1977–79)
    Anandiben Patel India Former Chief Minister of Gujarat (2014–16), Governor of various states
    Kashyap Pramod Patel United States Author and served as chief of staff to the Acting United States Secretary of Defense under President Donald Trump. Patel has worked at the United States National Security Council and United States House of Representatives and was previously a federal public defender, a federal prosecutor working on national security cases, and a legal liaison to the United States Armed Forces.
    Shankersinh Vaghela India Former Chief Minister of Gujarat (1996–97)
    Shaktisinh Gohil India Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha, National spokesperson of All India Congress Committee, Former Minister for Finance, Education, Health, Environment, Narmada, General Administration Department, Technical Education and Education Policy, Gujarat (1991–95).
    Arjun Modhwadia India Former president of Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee
    Bharatsinh Solanki India Former president of Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee
    Poonamben Maadam India Member of Parliament
    Ahmed Patel India Member of Parliament
    Vitthal Radadiya India Former Member of Parliament and a Former Member of Legislative Assemblies
    Saurabh Patel India Member of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly
    Parshottambhai Solanki India Member of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly
    Pradipsinh Jadeja India Member of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly
    Vasanbhai Ahir India Former Member of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly
    Shankar Chaudhary India Former Member of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly
    Michael Dabhi India Politician from BJP
    Fatima Jinnah Pakistan Stateswoman and leading founder of Pakistan
    I. I. Chundrigar Pakistan Former Prime Minister of Pakistan(1957)
    Saleem Mandviwalla Pakistan Current Deputy Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan
    Mahmoud Haroon Pakistan Veteran politician
    Hussain Haroon Pakistan Former Foreign Minister and Pakistan Ambassador to United Nations (2008–12)
    Muhammad Dilawar Khanji Pakistan Former Governor of Sindh, Pakistan
    Zubeida Rahimtoola Pakistan Founding member of All Pakistan Women's Association
    Ashraf W. Tabani Pakistan Former Governor of Sindh, Pakistan
    Arshad Vohra Pakistan Former Deputy Mayor of Karachi, Pakistan
    Habib Rahimtoola Pakistan Former High Commissioner to the United Kingdom (1947–52)
    Abdul Qadir Patel Pakistan Youngest Parliamentarian of Pakistan
    Meghnad Desai The United Kingdom Labour Party politician in the Upper House
    Dolar Popat The United Kingdom First Gujarati to represent the Conservative Party in the Upper House
    Rumi Verjee The United Kingdom Liberal Democrat politician in the Upper House
    Navnit Dholakia The United Kingdom Liberal Democrat politician in the Upper House
    Bhikhu Parekh The United Kingdom Labour Party politician in the Upper House
    Juned Patel India Gujarat State SM Co- Coordinator - Minority Dept - Indian National Congress
    Shailesh Vara The United Kingdom Member of Parliament for North West Cambridgeshire
    Arif Virani Canada Member of Parliament for Parkdale-High Park

    Social activists

    Arts and entertainment

    Science and technology

    Gallery

    Images

    •  

      Nagar Brahmins in western India (c. 1855–1862)

    •  

      Bhatias in western India (c. 1855–1862)

    •  

      Gujarati brokers in western India (c. 1855–1862)

    •  

      Gujarati accountants in western India (c. 1855–1862)

    •  

      Rajputs in western India (c. 1855–1862)

    •  

      Parsis in western India (c. 1855–1862)

    •  

      Parsi priests in western India (c. 1855–1862)

    •  

      Lohanas in western India (c. 1855–1862)

    •  

      Bohras in western India (c. 1855–1862)

    •  

      Banians of Damnaggar (Kutch)

    •  

      Khojas of Western India ca. 1855-1862

    •  

      Memon men - photographs of Western India Series 1855-1862

    See also

    References

    1. ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe (9 May 2016). "Narendra Modi between Hindutva and subnationalism: The Gujarati asmita of a Hindu Hriday Samrat". India Review. Taylor & Francis Group. 15 (2): 196–217. doi:10.1080/14736489.2016.1165557. S2CID 156137272.
    2. ^ "State-UT wise Aadhaar Saturation (Overall) - All Age Groups 31st December 2020" (PDF). Aadhaar.
    3. ^ "Karachi's Gujarati speaking youth strive to revive Jinnah's language". 2 October 2018.
    4. ^ "Gujaratis in the US". The Times of India. 4 January 2015.
    5. ^ "Gujaratis in the UK". Times Now. 21 April 2022.
    6. ^ a b c Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (17 August 2022). "Knowledge of languages by age and gender: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
    7. ^ "Language spoken at home, Australia". .id (informed decisions). Retrieved 29 December 2021.
    8. ^ "2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume IV: Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics". Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
    9. ^ An Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism. University Press, Cambridge. 2001. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-521-65279-7. Retrieved 5 February 2015. Temple building is a sign of the growth in numbers and the increased prosperity of the Gujarati immigrants...The two decades between 1950 and 1969 were a heady period of success for the Gujaratis of East Africa... Michael Lyon observed that the Gujaratis acquired a new role in the colonial economics of East Africa, and ultimately a tragic one. They became a privileged racial estate under British protection. The Indian population in Kenya increased from 43,625 in 1931 to 176,613 in 1962... More than 80 percent were Gujaratis.
    10. ^ Transnationalism: Diasporas and the Advent of a New (Dis)order. 20 May 2009. ISBN 9789047440116.
    11. ^ Bharat Yagnik (3 January 2015). "Oman was Gujaratis' first stop in their world sweep". The Times of India. Retrieved 5 February 2015. Oman's capital Muscat was the first home for Gujarati traders away from the subcontinent. The Bhatia community from Kutch was the first among all Gujaratis to settle overseas — relocating to Muscat as early as 1507! The Bhatias' settlement in the Gulf is emphasized by Hindu places of worship, seen there since the 16th century. As historian Makrand Mehta asserts, "Business and culture go together."
    12. ^ Rita d'Ávila Cachado. "Samosas And Saris:Informal Economies In The Informal City Among Portuguese Hindu families". Retrieved 3 February 2022. The Hindus in Great Lisbon have similarities with Hindus in the United Kingdom: they are mostly from a Gujarati background and migrated from ex-colonial countries. Yet the colonial system they came from was mostly Portuguese, both in India and in East Africa... Nevertheless, a realistic estimate is that there are about 30,000 Hindus in Portugal. That includes Hindu-Gujaratis, who migrated in the early 1980s, as well as Hindu migrants from all parts of India and Bangladesh, who migrated in the late 1990s. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
    13. ^ "New Zealand". Stats New Zealand. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
    14. ^ M. K. Gandhi (2014). Hind Swaraj: Indian Home Rule. Sarva Seva Sangh Prakashan. ISBN 9789383982165. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
    15. ^ Minahan, James B. (2012). Ethnic groups of South Asia and the Pacific : an encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 90. ISBN 978-1598846591. Retrieved 12 December 2015. Anti-British sentiment led to a strong Gujarati participation in the Indian independence movement.
    16. ^ Yagnik, Achyut; Sheth, Suchitra (2005). The shaping of modern Gujarat : plurality, Hindutva, and beyond. New Delhi: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0144000388. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
    17. ^ Gujarati communities across the globe : memory, identity and continuity. Mawani, Sharmina., Mukadam, Anjoom A. Stoke-on-Trent: Trentham Books. 2012. ISBN 9781858565026. OCLC 779242654.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
    18. ^ Singh, A. Didar; Rajan, S. Irudaya (6 November 2015). Politics of Migration: Indian Emigration in a Globalised World. Routledge. p. 141. ISBN 9781317412243. Gujarat has a very strong history of migration. The ancient Gujaratis were known for their trading with other countries. The Mercantile caste of western India, including Gujarat, has participated in overseas trade for many centuries and, as new opportunities arose in different parts of the British Empire, they were among the first to emigrate... The Gujarati Diaspora community is well known for their legendary entrepreneurship.
    19. ^ Bhargava (2006). S.C. Bhatt; Gopal K. (eds.). Daman & Diu. Delhi: Kalpaz publ. p. 17. ISBN 978-81-7835-389-0. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
    20. ^ Blank, Jonah (15 March 2002). Mullahs on the Mainframe: Islam and Modernity Among the Daudi Bohras. The University of Chicago Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-226-05677-7. Modern-day Mumbai is the capital of the state of Maharashtra, but until the creation of this state in 1960 the city has always been as closely linked to Gujarati culture as it has been to Marathi culture. During most of the colonial period, Gujaratis held the preponderance of economic and political power.
    21. ^ Raymond Brady Williams (15 March 1984). A New Face of Hinduism: The Swaminarayan Religion. Cambridge University Press 1984. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-521-25454-0. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
    22. ^ "Rubber Boom Raises Hope Of Repatriates". Counter Currents. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
    23. ^ "Gujarat should learn from Kerala - The New Indian Express". Retrieved 16 February 2015.
    24. ^ Edward A. Alpers (1975). Ivory and Slaves: Changing Pattern of International Trade in East Central Africa. University of California Press. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-520-02689-6. Retrieved 4 February 2015. In the early 1660s, Surat merchants had 50 ships trading overseas, and the wealthiest of these, Virji Vora had an estate valued at perhaps 8 million rupees...
    25. ^ Peck, Amelia (2013). Interwoven Globe: The Worldwide Textile Trade, 1500-1800. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-58839-496-5. Retrieved 4 February 2015. Of the Asian trading communities the most successful were the Gujaratis, as witnessed not only by Pires and Barbosa but by a variety of other sources. All confirm that merchants from the Gujarati community routinely held the most senior post open to an expatriate trader, that of shah-bandar (controller of maritime trade).
    26. ^ Farhat Hasan (2004). State and Locality in Mughal India: Power Relations in Western India, C.1572 - 1730. University Press, Cambridge. p. 42. ISBN 0-521-841 19-4. Retrieved 5 February 2015. Mulla Abdul Ghafur, one of the richest merchants in Surat, his son, Mulla Abdul Hai, was awarded the title of 'umdat-tud-tujjar' (lit. the most eminent merchant) by the imperial court. Shantidas Shahu, a powerful merchant of Surat, was gifted an elephant and robe by the emperor, both things being emblems of imperial sovereignty, that 'symbolized the incorporation of the recipient into his [King's] person as his subordinate, to act in future as an extension of himself.
    27. ^ Mawani, Sharmina; Mukadam, Anjoom A. (5 May 2016). Perspectives of female researchers : interdisciplinary approaches to the study of Gujarati identities. Mawani, Sharmina,, Mukadam, Anjoom A. Berlin. ISBN 9783832541248. OCLC 953734376.
    28. ^ Mehta, Makrand (1991). Indian merchants and entrepreneurs in historical perspective : with special reference to shroffs of Gujarat, 17th to 19th centuries. Delhi: Academic Foundation. pp. 21, 27. ISBN 978-8171880171. Retrieved 29 October 2015. The Gujarat region situated in the western part of India is known for its business activities since ancient times. The region has been agriculturally fertile and it also contains a long sea-coast enabling the merchants to undertake overseas trade. Thevenot held the Gujarati merchants in high esteem. Commending them for their skills in the currency business he states that he saw some 15000 banians in Ispahan, the capital of Persia operating exclusively as money-lenders and sharafs. He compared them with the Jews of Turkey and pointed out that they had their own residential settlements at Basra and Ormuz where they had constructed their temples.
    29. ^ Kalpana Hiralal. Indian Family Businesses in Natal, 1870 – 1950 (PDF). Natal Society Foundation 2010. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
    30. ^ Poros, Maritsa V. (2010). Modern Migrations Gujarati Indian Networks in New York and London. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0804775830. However, Gujaratis have been migrating as part of wide-ranging trade diasporas for centuries, long before capitalist development became concentrated in Europe and the United States.
    31. ^ Vinay Lal. "Diaspora Purana: The Indic Presence in World Culture". Retrieved 22 October 2015. Most historians, even those who have sought to move away from the narratives furnished by the framework of colonial knowledge, are unable to begin their narrative of the Indian diaspora before the nineteenth century, but the Gujaratis had justly established a diasporic presence in the early part of the second millennium. So renowned had the Gujaratis become for their entrepreneurial spirit, commercial networks, and business acumen that a bill of credit issued by a Gujarati merchant would be honored as far as 5,000 miles away merely on the strength of the community's business reputation. They traversed the vast spaces of the Indian Ocean world with confidence, and a Gujarati pilot guided Vasco da Gama's ship to India... Under Portuguese rule, the Indian Ocean trading system went into precipitous decline, and not until the nineteenth century did the Gujarati diaspora find a new lease of life. Gujarati traders migrated under the British dispensation in large numbers to Kenya, Tanganyika, South Africa, and Fiji, among other places, and Mohandas Gandhi, himself a Gujarati, has recorded that the early political proceedings of the Indian community in South Africa were conducted in the Gujarati language. In East Africa their presence was so prominent that banknotes in Kenya, before the country acquired independence, had inscriptions in Gujarati. Khojas, or Gujarati Ismailis, flourished and even occupied positions as teachers and educators in Muslim countries around the world.[dead link]
    32. ^ Seeing Krishna in America The Hindu Bhakti Tradition of Vallabhacharya in India and Its Movement to the West. McFarland Publishing. 2014. pp. 48, 49. ISBN 9780786459735. Retrieved 24 October 2015. Among Gujaratis, emigration from India has a long history that has also affected Pushtimargiyas. As a seacoast mercantile population, the migration patterns of Gujaratis are ancient and may extend back over two millennia.
    33. ^ Peggy Levitt. "Towards an Understanding of Transnational Community Forms and Their Impact on Immigrant Incorporation". research & seminars. Retrieved 25 October 2015. In the Indian case, though organizational arrangements encourage U.S. and sending-country involvements, and the community displays high levels of economic and political integration, the goals of participation in home-country groups, the requirements of membership, and the insular social milieu in which participation occurs, reinforces homeland ties. Gujaratis may become the most transnational of groups because they assimilate selectively into the U.S. and maintain strong sending-country attachments
    34. ^ Acyuta Yājñika; Suchitra Sheth (2005). The Shaping of Modern Gujarat: Plurality, Hindutva, and Beyond. Penguin Books India. pp. 2–3. ISBN 978-0-14-400038-8.
    35. ^ André Wink (1997) Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slavic Kings and the Islamic conquest, BRILL ISBN 90-04-10236-1 pp.355–356
    36. ^ Ghulam A. Nadri (2009). Eighteenth-Century Gujarat: The Dynamics of Its Political Economy, 1750-1800. p. 193. ISBN 978-9004172029.
    37. ^ Eskild Petersen; Lin Hwei Chen; Patricia Schlagenhauf-Lawlor (14 February 2017). Infectious Diseases: A Geographic Guide. Wiley. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-119-08573-7.
    38. ^ "Gujarat & India Same, Different But Same". outlookindia.com. 5 February 2022. A historically mercantile culture, widespread influence of non violent Jainism, diluted casteism and an intrinsic irreverence makes society and polity in Gujarat different from other Indian states. Centre-right in their economic leaning, people here naturally gravitate towards leaner governments with high standards of governance... Absence of local rulers' courts meant that trade-mercantile guilds ran affairs and administration. The kind of socio-cultural influence that pervaded the feudal kingdoms of Rajasthan etc was absent in Gujarat. The trade guilds were akin to the influential mercantile guilds of Belgium and the Netherlands, which contributed to making the Dutch world leaders in finance. In Gujarat, this cascaded into a strong entrepreneurial culture. As the English philosopher Bertrand Russell puts it, governments which consist of mercantilists tend to be more prudent in running the administration.
    39. ^ Jacobsen, Knut A. (11 August 2015). Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India. Routledge. ISBN 9781317403586.
    40. ^ Pearson, Michael Naylor (1 January 1976). Merchants and Rulers in Gujarat: The Response to the Portuguese in the Sixteenth Century. University of California Press. p. 124. ISBN 9780520028098. Mahajan means different things in different parts of India; it can refer to an individual banker, a money-lender, a merchant, or an unspecified "great man". In Gujarat it usually meant a body representing a group of people engaged in the same commercial occupation, a governing council with an elected or occasionally hereditary headman...
    41. ^ "Going global". The Economist. 19 December 2015. Whereas one religion, Protestantism, has often been associated with the rise of Anglo-Saxon capitalism, Gujarati capitalism was much more a fusion of influences. Ethnic and religious diversity became a source of strength, multiplying the trading networks that each community could exploit. Pragmatism and flexibility over identity, and a willingness to accommodate, perhaps inherited from the mahajans, are strong Gujarati traits, argues Edward Simpson of the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London. Gujaratis have been adept at remaining proudly Gujarati while becoming patriotically British, Ugandan or Fijian—an asset in a globalised economy.
    42. ^ Sundar, Pushpa (24 January 2013). Business and Community: The Story of Corporate Social Responsibility in India. SAGE Publications India. ISBN 9788132111535. The merchants were organized into mahajans or guilds with hereditary seths. A mahajan could include merchants of different religions and there was no strict segregation of religious, social, and occupational functions.
    43. ^ Rai, Rajesh; Reeves, Peter; Pro, Visiting Professor Coordinator South Asia Studies Programme Peter Reeves (25 July 2008). The South Asian Diaspora: Transnational Networks and Changing Identities. Routledge. p. 41. ISBN 9781134105953. For Banias and Muslims there was a clear division of commercial activities based on religious persuasions and canonical injunctions. For example, Muslim merchants did not deal in printed textiles with motifs of living creatures on it, while these were procured by the Bania and Jain brokers. On the other hand Bania and Jain merchants would not deal in the trade of animals while Muslims did not have any problems with such trade. Similarly, Muslim merchants dominated the shipping trade and many were big ship-owners. The nakhudas and the lascars were also primarily from the Muslim community. On the other hand, some of the Banias and the Jains were prominent merchants and they organized an extensive trade from Gujarat to other parts of Asia. Thus, two forms of trade which formed the shipping and commerce were controlled by these two major communities of Gujarati merchants. For both these communities their relationship necessitated mutual understanding and interdependence in commercial matters so that they could play a complementary role in advancing their trading interests
    44. ^ Malik, Ashish; Pereira, Vijay (20 April 2016). Indian Culture and Work Organisations in Transition. Routledge. ISBN 9781317232025. He found that Gujaratis are highly family-oriented valuing family network and highly familial. They are also spiritualistic, religious and relationship oriented, attaching importance to co-operation. They are accepted to be materialistic. Panda, on the basis of empirical evidence, has named the society as 'collectivist familial (clannish) society'. Further, Gujarati society is found to have a high social capital. The dominant cultural characteristics identified from this study, which are essentially 'familial', 'co-operative' and 'non-hierarchical' (democratic) are consistent with Joshi's findings.
    45. ^ Berger, Peter; Heidemann, Frank (3 June 2013). The Modern Anthropology of India: Ethnography, Themes and Theory. Routledge. ISBN 978-1134061112. Gujaratis continuously redefine and contest caste and hiearchical values in a competitive pluralistic social environment. In post-colonial Gujarat, the merchant culture and its values of purity and economic wealth have prevailed over plural notions of hierarchy (Tambs-Lyche 1982)
    46. ^ "Gujarat Religion Census 2011". Census of India, 2011. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.
    47. ^ Anjali H. Desai (2007). India Guide Gujarat. India Guide Publications. ISBN 9780978951702.
    48. ^ Mawani, Sharmina; Mukadam, Anjoom A. (2014). Globalisation, diaspora and belonging : exploring transnationalism and Gujarati identity. Mawani, Sharmina,, Mukadam, Anjoom A. Jaipur. ISBN 9788131606322. OCLC 871342185.
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    50. ^ Pedro Machado (2014). Ocean of Trade: South Asian merchants, Africa and the Indian Ocean, c.1750 - 1850. Cambridge University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-107-07026-4. Retrieved 4 February 2015. Hindu Vaniya networks from Kathiawar, in particular, operated prominently in the region, and directed their trade primarily to Yemen, and Hadramawt. They were also active in the early eighteenth century in the southern Red Sea, where Mocha and other ports such as Aden provided them with their principal markets
    51. ^ Cordell Crownover (5 October 2014). Ultimate Handbook Guide to Muscat : (Oman) Travel Guide. Retrieved 4 February 2015. As an important port-town in the Gulf of Oman, Muscat attracted foreign tradesman and settlers, such as the Persians, the Balochs and Gujaratis.
    52. ^ Andrew Gardner (1969). City of Strangers: Gulf Migration and the Indian Community in Bahrain. Cornell University Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-8014-7602-0. Retrieved 4 February 2015. Other Indian groups with a long-standing presence in Bahrain include the Gujarati businessmen whose enterprises historically centered on the trade of gold; the Bohra community, an Indian Muslim sect with a belief system particularly configured around business...
    53. ^ Ababu Minda Yimene (2004). An African Indian Community in Hyderabad: Siddi Identity, Its Maintenance and Change. pp. 66, 67. ISBN 978-3-86537-206-2. Retrieved 4 February 2015. Some centuries later, the Gujarati merchants established permanent trading posts in Zanzibar, consolidating their influence in the Indian Ocean... Gujarati Muslims, and their Omani partners, engaged in a network of mercantile activities among Oman, Zanzibar and Bombay. Thanks to those mercantile Gujarati, India remained by far the principal trading partner of Zanzibar.
    54. ^ Irfan Habib (2011). Economic History of Medieval India, 1200-1500. p. 166. ISBN 978-81-317-2791-1. Retrieved 4 February 2015. In the Persian Gulf, Hurmuz (Hormuz), was the most important entrepot for the international exchange for goods which were either bartered or purchased with money. The rise of Hurmuz in the thirteenth century followed the decline of the neighbouring entrepot of Qays, where there was a community of Gujarati Bohra merchants
    55. ^ Paul R. Magocsi (1999). Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples. University of Toronto Press. p. 631. ISBN 978-0-8020-2938-6. Retrieved 4 February 2015. Gujarat's proximity to the Arabian Sea has been responsible for the ceaseless mercantile and maritime activities of its people. Through the ports of Gujarat, some of which date back to the dawn of history, trade and commerce flourished, and colonizers left for distant lands.
    56. ^ Gujaratis in the West : evolving identities in contemporary society. Mukadam, Anjoom A., Mawani, Sharmina. Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars Pub. 2007. ISBN 9781847183682. OCLC 233491089.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
    57. ^ Chidanand Rajghatta. "Global Gujaratis: Now in 129 nations". The economic times. Retrieved 21 October 2015. A lot of the spread worldwide took place after a pit-stop in East Africa, right across the sea from Gujarat. When Idi Amin turfed out some 100,000 Indians (mostly Gujaratis) from Uganda in 1972, most of them descended on Britain before peeling off elsewhere.
    58. ^ Premal Balan & Kalpesh Damor (17 June 2015). "Thanks to NRIs, 3 small Gujarat villages each have Rs 2,000cr bank deposits". the times of india. Retrieved 26 October 2015. No wonder bank hoardings flashing interest rates for NRI deposits (up to 10%) is a common sight in these villages. "Some villages in Kutch like Madhapar and Baladia have very high NRI deposits. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest in the country," said K C Chippa, former convener of the State Level Banker's Committee (SLBC) Gujarat. Between them, Madhapar, Baladia and Kera have 30 bank branches and 24 ATMs.
    59. ^ Piyush Mishra (July 2015). "NRI deposits in Gujarat cross Rs 50K crore mark". the times of India. Retrieved 26 October 2015. Gujaratis form 33% of the Indian diaspora and Gujarat is among the top five states in the country in terms of NRI deposits. RBI data shows there was a little over $115 billion (about Rs 7 lakh crore) in NRI accounts in India in 2014-15, with Gujarat accounting for 7.78% of the kitty.
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    84. ^ "IG Online Interview: Raj Bhavsar (USA)". intlgymnast. Retrieved 6 February 2015. Born in Houston, Bhavsar is 100 percent Gujarati; his father hails from Vadadora (Baroda), a city in the small Indian state of Gujarat, near Mumbai. His mother was born in Kampala, Uganda, but was educated in Gujarat. Most of Bhavsar's relatives are Gujarati.
    85. ^ . ofindianorigin.co.uk. Archived from the original on 3 November 2010. Retrieved 24 October 2015. I come from a pretty traditional Gujarati family and that made getting into the music business pretty tricky. My parents like most Indian parents, wanted me to go to Uni and be a Doctor or Lawyer. That meant I was on my own for the most part as far as figuring out how to 'make it'. It also gave me something to prove which made me work extra hard.
    86. ^ "Movers and shakers". india today. Retrieved 6 February 2015. "We are close to our extended families in Ahmedabad and Mumbai and grew up with Gujarati culture as a predominant influence in our lives.... The Gujarati community has done it all in the US — from doctors to entrepreneurs, from retail to the hospitality industry.
    87. ^ "Stereotypes are very hard to escape: Noureen DeWulf". Zee News India. Retrieved 6 February 2015. DeWulf, a Gujarati Muslim by origin, has carved out a successful career for herself in Hollywood and her repertoire includes Hollywood films like `West Bank Story` and `Ghosts of Girlfriends Past` besides TV shows `Maneater`, `90210` and `Girlfriends`.
    88. ^ a b . NATIONAL CONGRESS OF GUJARATI ORGANISATIONS (UK). Archived from the original on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
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    90. ^ Shastri Ramachandaran. "India has much to learn from Britain and Germany". dnaindia.com. Retrieved 22 October 2015. Britain places high value on the power of commerce. After all, its political and military dominance when Britannia ruled the waves was founded on its trading power. The Gujaratis know this better than many others, which explains their prosperity and success in the UK.
    91. ^ Chitra Unnithan (23 May 2012). "Family is key to success of Gujarati businessmen in Britain". The Times of India. Retrieved 4 February 2015. British Gujaratis were also more successful than other minority communities in Britain because they had already tasted success in Africa. The book also says that Gujarati Hindus have become notably successful public citizens of contemporary, capitalistic Britain; on the other hand, they maintain close family links with India. "British Gujaratis have been successful in a great variety of fields. Many younger Gujaratis took to professions rather than stay behind the counter of their parents' corner shops, or they entered public life, while those who went into business have not remained in some narrow commercial niche," says the book.
    92. ^ Sudeshna Sen (8 January 2013). "How Gujaratis changed corner shop biz in UK". The Economic Times. Retrieved 4 February 2015. "What most people don't get is that those who took the Arab dhows in the 17th and 18th century to leave their villages and set up life in an alien land were already an entrepreneurial and driven minority, in search of a better life. They communicated that hunger to their children," says Raxa Mehta, director at Nomura, based in Tokyo and first generation child of Kenyan Indian parents. So it doesn't surprise the Gujaratis that they did well in Britain – it only surprises the Brits and Indians. The Gujaratis are a trader community. As Manubhai says, they always left the fighting to the others. If there's one diaspora community that East African Asians model themselves on, it's the Jews. Except of course, the Jews get more publicity than they do.
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    110. ^ "The Genius of Naheed Nenshi". The Parallel Parliament. 19 February 2014. But there was more. In two words, he was challenging and electric. And his own background is so varied as to make him unique. He's an east Indian who lived in Tanzania prior to coming to Canada. He's slightly over 40 years of age, a Muslim, has a degree from Harvard, and just happened to best three solid status quo challengers to win Calgary's top job. Seated together at the front of that assembly room, I realized it was the very mystique about him that caused people to look at things in a new fashion.
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    116. ^ "Canada's Prime Minister Stephen Harper is not a real Evangelical Christian". the nonconformer.wordpress.com. Retrieved 7 December 2015. Jaffer, who is an Ismaili Muslim of Gujarati origin, became Canada's youngest non-white MP at the age of 25 in 1997. He served four terms till his loss in the 2008 parliamentary elections.
    117. ^ "Omar Sachedina". ctvnews.ca. Retrieved 7 December 2015. Sachedina speaks French, Gujarati, and Kutchi. He enjoys travelling, music, and sampling food from around the world
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    128. ^ a b Patel, Hasu H. (1972). "General Amin and the Indian Exodus from Uganda". Issue: A Journal of Opinion. 2 (4): 12–22. doi:10.2307/1166488. JSTOR 1166488.
    129. ^ Parth Shastri (5 April 2015). "US researcher looks for Gujarati influence in Kenya and East Africa". the times of india. Retrieved 28 October 2015. During British ascendancy, the early Gujarati-speaking traders were predominantly Muslims—Khoja, Bhora, and Ithna Asheri. They were quickly followed by Patel, Lohana, Bhatia and Oshawal. "Community was a major factor. It both energized Indian identity and simultaneously prevented Indians from coming together as a political whole except in times of dire crisis," Misha says.
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    131. ^ "The rise and rise of Kenya's silent billionaires at NSE". Business daily Africa. Retrieved 7 February 2015. Baloobhai Patel, a director of Pan Africa Insurance, is invariably listed as one of the largest individual shareholders of more than 10 companies on the Nairobi bourse. The 75-year-old has major interests in Pan Africa Insurance, Barclays, Bamburi, DTB, Mumias Sugar, and Safaricom currently valued at Sh2.4 billion.
    132. ^ "Vimal replaced on Forbes list of Africa's 50 richest people". Business daily Africa. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
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    135. ^ Bharat Yagnik (27 October 2015). "Non-Resident Gujaratis build Rs 100cr hospital in Nairobi". the times of India. Retrieved 1 November 2015. Even as the India-Africa Forum Summit 2015 kicked off celebrating Indo-Africa ties, the Kutchi Leuva Patel Samaj settled in Kenya is building a super-speciality charitable hospital at the cost of Rs 100 crore in Nairobi to gift a state-of-art healthcare facility to locals...Lakshman Raghwani, a Nairobi-based contractor and community leader, said the community is running a school for 22 years in Nairobi that has over 3,000 Indian and Kenyan students. "The hospital is an extension of our engagement with the local community. Two other major hospitals on national level - MP Shah Hospital in Nairobi and Agha Khan Hospital in Mombasa - also have Gujarati connection," he said.
    136. ^ Bharat Yagnik (18 July 2015). "From assistant priest to Kenya's steel tycoon". the times of India. Retrieved 1 November 2015. He has earned the sobriquet 'Guru' amongst his peers in Kenya. With a net worth of $650 million, Gujarati steel tycoon Narendra Raval (53) of Devki Group is one of the wealthiest businessmen of Kenya today. Narendra Raval, through his pragmatic business ideologies and philanthropy, aims to transform the once-hostile perception of Africans about Indian businessmen. His company employs 98% staff from local Kenyan and African populace and also runs many orphanages and schools for the underprivileged.
    137. ^ . spectator.co.uk. Archived from the original on 10 November 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2015. In 1997, Ugandan President Museveni invited the displaced Asians to return home. And while some returned to sort out their affairs, very few went back for good.
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    139. ^ . www.canada.com. Calgary Herald. Archived from the original on 17 January 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2015. Through the efforts of the Aga Khan, other countries agreed to take in the refugees, and they were scattered over the world. Britain took in 20,000, the U.S. took 50,000, and 75,000 came to Canada... Ladha said Canada's role in taking in the refugees has earned the praise of the Aga Khan for its treatment of refugees and its multiculturalism. "The Aga Khan is a great admirer of Canada's multicultural policies," said Ladha. As a result, he's putting $4 million toward a global centre for pluralism in Ottawa, with the Canadian government providing $3 million..
    140. ^ Anna Greenwood; Harshad Topiwala (2015). Indian Doctors in Kenya, 1895-1940: The Forgotten History Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 25. ISBN 9781137440532. The Gujaratis comprised a large number of the traders drawn from the Western Indian port province of Gujarat (including Kutch) who had had long historical trading links with Zanzibar. Their presence meant that from very early on Zanzibar became demographically colonised by a religiously and ethnically diverse Gujarati speaking population of Ismaili Khojas, Bhoras, Suni Memons, Hindu Vaniyas and the Parsis. Frustratingly for historians this group of immigrants left few records, but it is widely agreed that they were the ancestors of the communities of Indian traders that the British encountered when they arrived in Zanzibar and the East Coast of Africa at the end of the nineteenth century.
    141. ^ Robin David (4 July 2010). "Rainbow Nation's colourful Indians". Times of India. Retrieved 5 February 2015. Gujaratis of Durban, who came to South Africa mainly from Surat and Saurashtra, have gone a step further and are keeping their unique Gujarati identity alive as well. Most of them arrived as traders soon after the first Indian labourers were brought in to work on sugarcane fields in the 1860s and have carved out a unique niche for themselves.
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    152. ^ Khalid M. Al-Azri (2013). Social and Gender Inequality in Oman: The Power of Religious and Political Tradition. Routledge. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-415-67241-2. Retrieved 5 February 2015. Hindus had settled in Oman by the sixteenth century, and from at least the early nineteenth century Omani commerce and trade has been conducted by Hindu Banyans of Bhatia caste deriving from Kutch in Gujarat.
    153. ^ Hugh Eakin (14 August 2014). "In the Heart of Mysterious Oman". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
    154. ^ Bharat Yagnik (3 January 2015). "Oman was Gujaratis' first stop in their world sweep". The Times of India. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
    155. ^ Marc Valeri (2009). Oman : politics and society in the Qaboos state. London: C. Hurst. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-85065-933-4. Retrieved 5 February 2015. One of these families is another Banyan one, known today as Khimji, whose ancestor came to Oman around 1870 from Gujarat. The family business grew during the Second World War, when it became the Sultan's most important contractor: the Khimji group was the exclusive supplier of the royal palace, and was granted the monopoly and distribution of food products in the Dhofar region.
    156. ^ Runa Mukherjee Parikh (11 May 2013). "World's only Hindu Sheikh traces his roots to Gujarat". The Times of India. Retrieved 5 February 2015. "We see achievements as milestones in the quest for excellence. We just want to be the best," says the 77-year-old tycoon, Kanaksi Khimji. Not sales and volumes, Khimji believes that the most important measure of success for his family's business is how far it has helped advance the national development plans laid out by Oman's Sultan Qaboos bin Said. In fact, Khimji with his Indian roots was one of the first to embrace Omanisation, a directive to train and empower Omani professionals. Such a rare honour makes Khimji the most distinguished Indian in this Middle Eastern country.
    157. ^ Alpers, Edward A. (31 October 2013). The Indian Ocean in World History. Oxford University Press. p. 106. ISBN 9780199721795. Gujarati merchants enjoyed a special place in the political economy of an emerging Omani Empire in the Western Indian Ocean, while as British-protected subjects they became the advance guard of British imperial presence in both the Gulf and eastern Africa north of the Portuguese possessions. Already by this time Omani customs collection, which was farmed out on five-year contracts to the highest bidder, was in the hands of a Kachchhi Hindu trader named Mowjee Bhimani whose family maintained control of the Masqat farm into the 1840s.
    158. ^ "Muscat Early History". bhatia mahajan. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
    159. ^ Hoerder, Dirk (2014). Migrations and Belongings. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674281318. The Western trade had, for example, led to settlement of merchants from the Gulf of Kutch and from Jamnagar in Zanzibar. In view of local hostility to intermingling, the merchants brought in wives, and a community emerged by 1860s. Its five to six thousand Hindus and Muslims fragmented, however, along ethnoreligious and occupational lines: Baluchi as soldiers of the Omani sultan, Memons from Sind in shipping and fishing, Parsi merchants, Hindu trading castes - Baniyas, Bhatias, Lohanas, and Shia Muslims, as well as Daudi Bohoras, Ismaili Khojas, Isthnasteris, and Goan Catholics. Ethnoreligious-professional traditions framed agency: Hindus usually returned when they had accumulated savings and wealth, whereas Muslims stayed and formed families... In the frame of dependencies between colonizer and colonies, the Gujarati enclave, protected by the Omani sultanate, did in the 1870s, become a conduit for British influence and, over time for British ascendancy. Distinct vertical links of each of the South Asian ethnoreligious groups to the British in Mumbai hindered horizontal Indian-cultured homogenization in the community. Mumbai's commercial expansion resulted in increased Gujarati in-migration, and Gujarati became the community's lingua franca. The privileged and thus distinct status granted by the Omani sultanate prevented indigenization.
    160. ^ Prabhune, Tushar (27 December 2011). "Gujarat helped establish Islam in SE Asia". The Times of India. Ahmedabad.
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    168. ^ Jung, Jeffrey Aldford & Naomi Duguid ; photographs by Jeffrey Aldford & Naomi Duguid ; additional photographs by Richard (2005). Mangoes & curry leaves culinary travels through the great subcontinent. New York: Artisan. p. 14. ISBN 9781579655655. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
    169. ^ Singh, K.S. (2003). People of India: Gujarat. Vol. 22. Mumbai, India: Popular Prakashan. pp. 397, 652, 694. ISBN 81-7991-104-7.
    170. ^ Zahir Janmohamed (20 August 2013). "Butter Chicken in Ahmedabad". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 October 2015. But attitudes are changing, according to Mr. Dauwa. "More people, especially businessmen from China and Japan, are visiting Gujarat and many of them want non-vegetarian food," he said. "And also, Gujaratis are becoming wealthier, and when they live abroad they pick up nonvegetarian eating habits."
    171. ^ "Western Indian Food: An explosion of Flavour". mapsofindia. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
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    180. ^ Abhimanyu Mishra. "Darshan Rawal enters the final four on reality show". The Times of India. Retrieved 16 April 2015. Darshan Rawal has been quite a sensation with his signature style singing and an adorable personality which has won him many fans.
    181. ^ Baker, Steven (25 March 2010). ""My work has gone to another level" – Sammir Dattani". Bollyspice.com. Retrieved 23 January 2015. Your family is Gujarati, you were born and brought up in Bombay, and you have worked in Hindi, Kannada and Tamil cinema, so what languages do you speak? Well I speak Kannada. I speak Gujarati, Hindi of course, English of course, and a bit of Marathi and Telugu.
    182. ^ "Upen Patel proposes Karishma Tanna inside Bigg Boss, her craze is rising outside!". 14 January 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
    183. ^ "When yesterday blessed today". IndiaGlitz.
    184. ^ Amrita Mulchandani. "Link-up rumours don't really bother me: Drashti Dhami". The Times of India. Retrieved 24 January 2015. Chirpy, Dhrasti Dhami exudes great energy not just on the small screen, but insists she is the same in real life too. Dhrasti has a strong Gujarat connect and is proud of her roots. "I am a very proud Gujarati. I have lots of relatives in Surat, but it's been quite some time since I have been there. I came to Ahmedabad as a child, but haven't visited the city for some time," she says.
    185. ^ Ano Patel. "Gujaratis take the lead on prime time TV". Times of India. Retrieved 6 February 2015. Hometown: Kutch. As the nagging wife Bobby in Neeli Chhatri Wale, Disha Savla has made quite an impression, and shares screen space with Yashpal Sharma. The actress who hails from Kutch has been part of a number of plays in Mumbai and has also done a Gujarati show on TV. Making her debut on Hindi TV, she says, "The Gujarati show has prepared me for taking this next step. It is a very different concept so I hope this show clicks with the audience."
    186. ^ "Komal Thacker: profile". Facebook. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
    187. ^ "Vasim Bloch: profile". Facebook. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
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    189. ^ Jai Arjun (17 October 2014). "Dry well, foul smell - on Ketan Mehta's excellent Bhavni Bhavai".
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    192. ^ "TV stars' Navratri musings". Times of India. Retrieved 7 February 2015. ESHA KANSARA: Being a Gujarati, Navratri is a festival that's very close to my heart. I simply love the vibrancy this festival brings with it.
    193. ^ "Sanjeev Kumar had no ego, Ashok Kumar had a feminine voice". rediff.com. Retrieved 6 February 2015. People think from my surname Varma that I am Punjabi. But I belong to Kutch so I speak Gujarati and Kutchi. Sanju and I got along well. We spoke in Gujarati on the sets and we ate the same kind of food.
    194. ^ Priya Gupta. "I am reckless: Jackie Shroff". Times of India. Retrieved 6 February 2015. My father Kakabhai Haribhai Shroff was an astrologer. My father was a Gujarati and my mom Turkish. My mom came from Kazakhstan, where there was a coup and she, along with six sisters and my nani, came down all the way down to Ladakh where they slept on a chatai on ice, down to Delhi and then Mumbai where she met my dad and they got married. My dad was from a wealthy pearl trader's family
    195. ^ Film World. T.M. Ramachandran. 1973. p. 11. Retrieved 27 October 2010.
    196. ^ "Cricketers have become too aggressive: Gavaskar". the times of India. 17 October 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015. Sunil Gavaskar had the audience in splits when he said how he learnt Gujarati. "We had two Gujaratis, Ashok Mankad and Karsan Ghavri, in Mumbai team and others were Maharashtrians. Mankad and Ghavri used to murder Marathi so we said that we will learn Gujarati. 'Mane pan thodu Gujarati aavde che'," said Gavaskar to an amused audience.
    197. ^ . cinegems.in. Cinegems.in. Archived from the original on 25 December 2014. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
    198. ^ "ISMAIL MERCHANT: IN MEMORY". roger ebert. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
    199. ^ "The Alyque Padamsee brand of life". The Times of India. 9 November 2002. Retrieved 23 January 2015. I was born into riches: Ours was a Kutchi business family. My father, Jafferseth, owned 10 buildings and also ran a glassware business. My mother, Kulsumbai Padamsee, ran a furniture business. Anything I wanted was there for the asking. We were eight children in all but I, being born after three daughters, was pampered most. Among Gujarati families, it was only the Padamsees and the royal house of Rajpipla. At school, I learnt to speak in English. Later, our parents learnt the language from us. All that I am today is because of what I learnt at school. Miss Murphy, who ran the school, was an inspirational figure for me.
    200. ^ Nevile, Pran (2006). Lahore : a sentimental journey. New Delhi, India: Penguin Books. p. 89. ISBN 978-0143061977.
    201. ^ Amrita Mulchandani. "Looks matter the most in TV: Darshan Pandya". the times of india. Retrieved 3 April 2015. Looking dapper in the cool denims and hooded jacket, actor Darshan Pandya managed to turn quite a few heads as he struck poses at the River Front during his recent trip to Ahmedabad. The actor, who came into the limelight for his impressive performance in his debut TV show 'Aapki Antara' has been in the news for his recent endeavour in 'Kya Huaa Tera Vaada' where he played Vineet until recently. In town for a personal visit, Darshan says, "I have come here for few days as my parents and sister live here. I watched a film and enjoyed some lovely food in various restaurants in the city."
    202. ^ "Asha Parekh – Memories". Cineplot.com. 28 March 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
    203. ^ IANS. "Shrenu Parikh: I travelled in trains without ticket!". Retrieved 29 June 2018.
    204. ^ Trivedi, Tanvi. "Not thought of acting as of now: Shekhar". Times of India. Retrieved 8 February 2015. I belong to Jamnagar but my mother has many friends in Ahmedabad. I miss eating ice-candies and listening to Gujarati folk music during Navratri. I want to travel to the interiors of Gujarat and some places in Kutch, and interact with the local musicians who compose on those rare musical instruments. What attracts me is the strong folk music heritage that Gujarat has kept alive after so many years.
    205. ^ Patel, Ano. "Huma Qureshi tweets for Vatsal Sheth". Times of India. Retrieved 6 February 2015. Gujarati actor Vatsal Sheth is back on the small screen with a bang!
    206. ^ Das, Soumitra. "Isha Sharvani: I call myself a global Gujarati". Times of India. Retrieved 7 February 2015. Actress-danseuse Isha Sharvani who was in Vadodara to perform at a mega art and culture festival, says, "My mother is a Gujarati and I have very fond memories of Gujarat.
    207. ^ . stargold.in. Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
    208. ^ Anil Mulchandani. "Shining stars". india today. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
    209. ^ "Vadodara born actor Farooq Sheikh dies of heart attack". Desh Gujarat. 28 December 2013. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
    210. ^ Ano Patel. "Gujaratis take the lead on prime time TV". Times of India. Retrieved 6 February 2015. Karan Suchak Hometown: Ahmedabad. After playing character roles in Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai, Savitri and Pavitra Rishta, Karan shot to fame as Dhrishtadyumna in Mahabharat. Now playing Raja Vikramaditya in Singhasan Battisi, Karan says, "I was born in Ahmedabad and I am a Gujarati. It's only been a few months for me in this industry and it has been a busy journey, I hope it remains that way."
    211. ^ "Jugal Jethi". Facebook. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
    212. ^ "Who Is Mukesh Ambani, Asia's Newest Richest Man?: QuickTake". Bloomberg.com. 13 July 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
    1. ^ a b c Statistic includes all speakers of the Gujarati language, as many multi-generation individuals do not speak the language as a mother tongue, but instead as a second or third language.

    Further reading

    • Jhaveri, Krishanlal Mohanlal, ed. (2003). The Gujaratis: The People, Their History, and Culture. New Delhi: Cosmo Publications.

    External links

     
    Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gujarati people.

    February 28, 2023
    gujarati, people, gujarati, muslims, settled, pakistan, muhajir, pakistan, gujaratis, indo, aryan, ethnolinguistic, group, reside, trace, their, ancestry, heritage, present, western, indian, state, gujarat, they, primarily, speak, gujarati, indo, aryan, langua. For Gujarati Muslims who settled in Pakistan see Muhajir Pakistan The Gujarati people or Gujaratis are an Indo Aryan ethnolinguistic group who reside in or can trace their ancestry or heritage to the present day western Indian state of Gujarat They primarily speak Gujarati an Indo Aryan language While Gujaratis mainly inhabit Gujarat they have a diaspora worldwide Many notable independence activists were Gujarati including Gandhi Patel and Jinnah 14 15 16 17 Gujaratisગ જર ત ઓTotal populationc 70 million 1 Regions with significant populations India63 872 399 2 Pakistan3 500 000 3 United States1 520 000 4 United Kingdom864 000 5 Canada209 410 6 nb 1 Australia81 341 7 Kenya72 000 8 9 Bangladesh60 000 10 Oman45 000 11 South Africa40 000 citation needed Portugal30 000 12 New Zealand28 000 13 LanguagesGujarati HindiReligionMajority HinduismMinority JainismIslamBuddhismRelated ethnic groupsIndo Aryan peoples Contents 1 Geographical locations 2 History 3 Social stratification 3 1 Religion 3 2 Hindu communities 3 3 Muslim communities 4 Diaspora 4 1 Pakistan 4 2 Sri Lanka 4 3 United States 4 4 Europe 4 4 1 United Kingdom 4 4 2 Belgium 4 4 3 Portugal 4 5 Canada 4 6 East Africa 4 6 1 Kenya 4 6 2 Uganda 4 6 3 Tanzania 4 7 South Africa 4 8 Mozambique 4 9 Oman 4 10 Southeast Asia 4 10 1 Hong Kong 4 10 2 Malaysia 5 Culture 5 1 Literature 5 2 Cuisine 5 3 Folk dance and music 5 4 Gujarati folklore 6 Notable people 6 1 Business people 6 2 Politicians 6 3 Social activists 6 4 Arts and entertainment 6 5 Science and technology 7 Gallery 8 Images 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External linksGeographical locations EditDespite significant migration primarily for economic reasons most Gujaratis in India live in the state of Gujarat in Western India 18 Gujaratis also form a significant part of the populations in the neighboring metropolis of Mumbai and union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu which was a former Portuguese colony 19 There are very large Gujarati immigrant communities in other parts of India most notably in Mumbai 20 Pune Delhi Kolkata Chennai Bangalore 21 and other cities like Kochi 22 23 All throughout history 24 Gujaratis have earned a reputation as being India s greatest merchants their direct role in slavery and slave trading in East Africa is skillfully occluded in most writing that commemorated the Gujarati mercantile elite 25 26 27 industrialists and business entrepreneurs 28 and have therefore been at forefront of migrations all over the world particularly to regions that were part of the British empire such as Fiji Hong Kong Malaya East Africa and South Africa 29 Diasporas and transnational networks in many of these countries date back to more than a century 30 31 In recent decades larger numbers of Gujaratis have migrated to English speaking countries such as the United Kingdom Australia New Zealand Canada and the United States 32 33 History EditMain article History of Gujarat The king of Cambay in present day Gujarat from Figurae variae Asiae et Africae a 16th century Portuguese manuscript in the Casanatense Library in Rome Codex Casanatense 1889 In anthropological surveys conducted in India about 60 of the people claim that their community is a migrant to their state or region In Gujarat that number is around 70 In the state 124 Hindu communities out of 186 claim a migrant past For example the Audichya Brahmins claim migration from present day Uttar Pradesh With Muslims in Gujarat 67 out of 86 communities claim a migrant past 34 Early European travelers like Ludovico di Varthema 15th century traveled to Gujarat and wrote on the people of Gujarat He noted that Jainism had a strong presence in Gujarat and opined that Gujaratis were deprived of their kingdom by Mughals because of their kind heartedness His description of Gujaratis was 35 a certain race which eats nothing that has blood never kills any living things and these people are neither moors nor heathens if they were baptized they would all be saved by the virtue of their works for they never do to others what they would not do unto them In 1790 and 1791 an epidemic devastated numerous parts of Gujarat during which 100 000 Gujaratis were killed in Surat alone 36 An outbreak of bubonic plague in 1812 has been claimed to have killed about half the Gujarati population 37 Social stratification EditOrthodox Gujarati society which was mercantile by nature 38 was historically organized along ethno religious lines and shaped into existence on the strength of its Mahajan guild assemblies 39 40 and for its institution of Nagarsheth head of the guild assembly a 16th century Mughal system akin to medieval European guilds which self regulated the mercantile affairs of multi ethnic multi religious communities in the Gujarati bourgeoisie long before municipal state politics was introduced 41 42 Historically Gujaratis belonging to numerous faiths and castes thrived in an inclusive climate surcharged by a degree of cultural syncretism in which Hindus and Jains dominated occupations such as shroffs and brokers whereas Muslims Hindus and Parsis largely dominated sea shipping trade This led to religious interdependence tolerance assimilation and community cohesion ultimately becoming the hallmark of modern day Gujarati society 43 44 45 Religion Edit The Gujarati people are predominantly Hindu There are also minority of Muslims Jains Christians Sikhs Buddhists Jews and followers of the Bahaʼi Faith 46 47 48 Hindu communities Edit The major communities in Gujarat are traditional agriculturalist such as Patidar Koli traders such as Bania Bhatia Soni sailor and seafood exporters Kharwa Artisan communities such as Prajapati Sindhi Mochi Brahmin communities such as Joshi Anavil Nagar Modh Shrimali other farming communities such as Charan Rabari Bharvad Genealogist communities such as Barots Kshatriya communities such as Koli Thakor 49 Bhanushali Choudhary jats Rajput Kathi Darbars Karadia Nadoda Dabhi Chudasama Ahir gurjar Lohana Maher Tribal communities such as Bhils Meghwal and Kolis Gamit Konkani varli and Devipujak such as Dataniya Dantani Chunara Patni citation needed Muslim communities Edit Further information Gujarati Muslims The majority of Gujarati Muslims are Sunni Muslim Minority communities include Twelver Nizari Ismailis Daudi Bohra Khoja Diaspora EditGujaratis have a long tradition of seafaring and a history of overseas migration to foreign lands to Yemen 50 Oman 51 Bahrain 52 Kuwait Zanzibar 53 and other countries in the Persian Gulf 54 since a mercantile culture resulted naturally from the state s proximity to the Arabian Sea 55 The countries with the largest Gujarati populations are Pakistan United Kingdom United States Canada and many countries in Southern and East Africa 56 Globally Gujaratis are estimated to comprise around 33 of the Indian diaspora worldwide and can be found in 129 of 190 countries listed as sovereign nations by the United Nations 57 Non Resident Gujaratis NRGs maintain active links with the homeland in the form of business remittance philanthropy and through their political contribution to state governed domestic affairs 58 59 60 Gujarati parents in the diaspora are not comfortable with the possibility of their language not surviving them 61 In a study 80 of Malayali parents felt that children would be better off with English compared to 36 of Kannada parents and only 19 of Gujarati parents 61 Pakistan Edit Main article Demographics of Pakistan Jinnah with Mahatma Gandhi in Bombay 1944 There is a large community of Gujarati Muslims mainly settled in the Pakistani province of Sindh for generations Community leaders say there are 3 500 000 speakers of Gujarati language in Karachi 62 Significant Gujarati communities existed here before 1947 Partition of India Many of them migrated after the Partition of India and subsequent creation of Pakistan in 1947 These Pakistani Gujaratis belong mainly to the Ismaʿili Khoja Dawoodi Bohra Chundrigar Charotar Sunni Vohra khatri Muslims Kutchi Memons and Khatiawari Memons however many Gujaratis are also a part of Pakistan s small but dying Hindu community 63 Famous Gujaratis of Pakistan include Muhammed Ali Jinnah father of Pakistan Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar sixth Prime Minister of Pakistan Sir Adamjee Haji Dawood philanthropist Abu Bakr Osman Mitha Major General Abdul Razzak Yaqoob philanthropist Javed Miandad Pakistani cricketer 64 Abdul Sattar Edhi humanitarian Abdul Gaffar Billoo philanthropist Ramzan Chhipa philanthropist Tapu Javeri Pakistani fashion and art photographer Pervez Hoodbhoy Pakistani nuclear physicist 65 Dipak Bardolikar poet Sri Lanka Edit Main article Gujarati Muslims in Sri Lanka There is relatively a large number of Gujarati Muslims settled in Sri Lanka They mainly represent the Dawoodi Bhora and the Memon community and there is also a minority of Sindhi people in Sri Lanka These communities are mainly into trading businesses and lately they have diversified into different trades and sectors Gujarati Muslims started their trading route between India and Ceylon Sri Lanka in the late 1880s Great number of Gujarati Muslims migrated after the Partition of India in 1947 These communities are well known for their social welfare activities in Sri Lanka In addition Gujarati Muslims have shown their excellence in business and various trades by developing large enterprises in Sri Lanka Few of them are Expolanka Brandix Amana Bank of Sri Lanka Adam Group Akbar Tea Timex Garments and Abans Group Members of these community maintain their Indian Gujarati culture in their every day life Bhoras speak the Gujarati language and follow Shia Islam and the Memon people speak the Memon language and they follow the Sunni Hanafi Islam United States Edit Main article Gujarati Americans Gujaratis have achieved a high demographic profile in many urban districts worldwide notably in India Square or Little Gujarat in Bombay Jersey City New Jersey USA within the New York City Metropolitan Area as large scale immigration from India continues into New York 66 67 68 69 with the largest metropolitan Gujarati population outside of India The United States has the second largest Gujarati diaspora after Pakistan The highest concentration of the population of over 200 000 is in the New York City Metropolitan Area notably in the growing Gujarati diasporic center of India Square in Jersey City New Jersey and Edison in Middlesex County in Central New Jersey Significant immigration from India to the United States started after the landmark Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 70 71 Early immigrants after 1965 were highly educated professionals Since US immigration laws allow sponsoring immigration of parents children and particularly siblings on the basis of family reunion the numbers rapidly swelled 72 A number of Gujarati are twice or thrice migrant because they came directly from the former British colonies of East Africa or from East Africa via Great Britain respectively 73 Given the Gujarati propensity for business enterprise a number of them opened shops and motels While they may make up only around 0 1 of the population in the United States Gujarati Americans control over 40 of the hospitality market in the country for a combined net worth of over US 40 billion and employing over one million employees 74 75 76 Gujaratis especially the Patidar samaj also dominate as franchisees of fast food restaurant chains such as Subway and Dunkin Donuts 77 The descendants of the Gujarati immigrant generation have also made high levels of advancement into professional fields including as physicians engineers and politicians Notable Gujarati Americans include Sunita Williams NASA Astronaut Ami Bera United States Congress 78 Reshma Saujani American politician 79 Sonal Shah economist to Whitehouse 80 Raj Shah White House Deputy Press Secretary under President Trump 81 Rohit Vyas Indian American journalist Bharat Desai CEO Syntel 82 Vyomesh Joshi Forbes 83 Raj Bhavsar sports 84 Halim Dhanidina first Muslim judge of California Savan Kotecha Grammy nominated American songwriter 85 and Hollywood actresses Sheetal Sheth 86 and Noureen DeWulf 87 Kal Penn actor author and civil servant Europe Edit United Kingdom Edit The Swaminarayan Temple in Neasden London the largest Hindu temple in Europe Gujaratis have had a long involvement with Britain The original East India Company set up a factory trading post in the port city of Surat in Gujarat in 1615 These were the beginnings of first real British involvement with India that eventually led to the formation of the British Raj The third largest overseas diaspora of Gujaratis after Pakistan and United States is in the United Kingdom At a population of around 800 000 88 Gujaratis form almost more than half of the Indian community who live in the UK 1 2 million Gujaratis first went to the UK in the 19th century with the establishment of the British Raj in India Prominent members of this community such as Shyamji Krishna Varma played a vital role in exerting political pressure upon colonial powers during the Indian independence movement The present day Gujarati diaspora in the UK is mostly the second and third generation descendants of twice over immigrants from the former British colonies of East Africa Portugal and Indian Ocean Islands Most of them despite being British Subjects had restricted access to Britain after successive Immigration acts of 1962 1968 and 1971 Most were however eventually admitted on the basis of a Quota voucher system or in case of Uganda as refugees after the expulsion order by the Ugandan ruler Idi Amin in August 1972 Gujaratis in Britain are regarded as affluent middle class peoples who have assimilated into the milieu of British society 89 90 They are celebrated for revolutionizing the corner shop and energising the British economy which changed Britain s antiquated retail laws forever 91 92 Demographically Hindus form a majority along with a significant number of Jains and Muslims 93 and smaller numbers of Gujarati Christians 94 They are predominantly settled in metropolitan areas like Greater London East Midlands West Midlands Lancashire and Yorkshire 88 Cities with significant Gujarati populations include Leicester and London boroughs of Harrow Barnet and Brent There is also a small but vibrant Gujarati speaking Parsi community of Zoroastrians present in the country dating back to the bygone era of Dadabhai Navroji Shapurji Saklatvala and Pherozeshah Mehta 95 Both Hindus and Muslims have established caste or community associations temples and mosques to cater for the needs of their respective communities A well known temple popular with Gujaratis is the BAPS Swaminarayan Temple in Neasden London A popular mosque that caters for the Gujarati Muslim community in Leicester is the Masjid Umar Leicester has a Jain Temple that is also the headquarters of Jain Samaj Europe 96 The Shree Prajapati Association is a charity already thriving in East Africa which has 13 branches in the U K and is strongly dependent on support from the Gujarati community inGujarati Hindus in the UK have maintained many traditions from their homeland The community remains religious with more than 100 temples catering for their religious needs All major Hindu festivals such as Navratri Dassara and Diwali are celebrated with a lot of enthusiasm even from the generations brought up in UK Gujarati Hindus also maintain their caste affiliation to some extent with most major castes having their own community association in each population center with significant Gujarati population such as Leicester and London suburbs Patidars form the largest community in the diaspora including Kutch Leva Patels 97 followed closely by Lohanas of Saurashtra origin 98 Gujarati Rajputs from various regional backgrounds are affiliated with several independent British organizations dependent on caste such as Shree Maher Samaj UK 99 and the Gujarati Arya Kshatriya Mahasabha UK 100 Endogamy remains important to Gujarati Muslims in UK with the existence of matrimonial services specifically dedicated to their community 101 Gujarati Muslim society in the UK have kept the custom of Jamat Bandi literally meaning communal solidarity This system is the traditional expression of communal solidarity It is designed to regulate the affairs of the community and apply sanctions against infractions of the communal code Gujarati Muslim communities such as the Ismaʿili Khoja Dawoodi Bohra Sunni Bohra and Memon have caste associations known as jamats that run mosques and community centers for their respective communities India becoming the predominant IT powerhouse in the 1990s has led to waves of new immigration by Gujaratis and other Indians with software skills to the UK citation needed In 2005 the Gujarat Studies Association was formed in order to raise awareness about research being conducted on the Gujaratis their patron is Lord Bhikhu Parekh Belgium Edit Two Gujarati business communities the Palanpuri Jains and the Kathiawadi Patels from Surat have come to dominate the diamond industry of Belgium 102 They have largely displaced the Orthodox Jewish community which previously dominated this industry in Belgium 103 Portugal Edit The 1961 takeover of Portuguese Goa by India made life difficult for the Indian population in the then Portuguese colony of Mozambique The independence of Mozambique like in other African countries led to many Gujaratis to move to Portugal 104 Many Hindu Gujaratis have moved from Portugal to Great Britain since the 1990s 105 Canada Edit Ali Velshi multifaceted journalist born in Nairobi raised in Toronto and now based in New York City Canada just like its southern neighbour is home to a large Gujarati community As per the 2021 Canadian census Gujarati Canadians number approximately 210 000 and account for roughly 0 6 of Canada s population 6 nb 1 The majority of them live in Toronto and its suburbs home to the second largest Gujarati community in North America after the New York Metropolitan Area Gujarati Hindus are the second largest linguistic religious group in Canada s Indian community after Punjabi Sikhs and Toronto is home to the largest Navratri raas garba festival in North America 106 The Muslim Ismaili Khoja form a significant part of the Canadian diaspora estimated to be about 80 000 in numbers overall 107 Most of them arrived in Canada in the 1970s as either refugees or immigrants from Uganda and other countries of East Africa 108 109 Notable Gujarati Canadians include Naheed Nenshi 36th Mayor of Calgary 110 Bharat Masrani CEO of TD Bank Group 111 Zain Verjee CNN journalist 112 Ali Velshi former CNN current MSNBC journalist 113 Rizwan Manji Canadian actor Avan Jogia Canadian actor 114 circular reference Richie Mehta Canadian film director Nazneen Contractor Canadian actress Ishu Patel BAFTA winning Animations director Arif Virani Member of Parliament for Parkdale High Park 115 Rahim Jaffer Member of Parliament for Edmonton Strathcona 116 Omar Sachedina CTV News anchor 117 and Prashant Pathak Investor and Philanthropist 118 Gujarati Canadians by province and territory 1991 2021 nb 1 Province territory Population 2021 6 2021 Population 2016 119 2016 Population 2011 120 2011 Population 2006 121 2006 Population 2001 122 2001 Population 1996 123 1996 Population 1991 124 184 1991 Ontario 143 240 1 02 103 890 0 78 87 805 0 69 76 910 0 64 53 485 0 47 40 605 0 38 32 110 0 32 Alberta 24 780 0 59 18 005 0 45 11 875 0 33 9 170 0 28 8 685 0 3 8 025 0 3 6 545 0 26 BritishColumbia 14 340 0 29 11 500 0 25 9 325 0 21 10 410 0 26 10 520 0 27 10 080 0 27 8 120 0 25 Quebec 10 640 0 13 7 950 0 1 7 485 0 1 7 155 0 1 7 005 0 1 5 450 0 08 4 040 0 06 Saskatchewan 6 965 0 63 3 320 0 31 765 0 08 320 0 03 310 0 03 385 0 04 405 0 04 Manitoba 6 535 0 5 3 905 0 31 1 460 0 12 960 0 08 550 0 05 480 0 04 735 0 07 NovaScotia 1 475 0 15 240 0 03 105 0 01 230 0 03 115 0 01 150 0 02 140 0 02 NewBrunswick 765 0 1 110 0 02 105 0 01 175 0 02 85 0 01 85 0 01 105 0 01 Prince EdwardIsland 325 0 22 5 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Newfoundlandand Labrador 255 0 05 70 0 01 50 0 01 50 0 01 85 0 02 70 0 01 110 0 02 Yukon 65 0 16 50 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NorthwestTerritories 25 0 06 15 0 04 15 0 04 20 0 05 10 0 03 0 0 10 0 02 Nunavut 10 0 03 10 0 03 5 0 02 0 0 10 0 04 N A N A N A N A Canada 209 410 0 58 149 045 0 43 118 950 0 36 105 395 0 34 80 835 0 27 65 345 0 23 54 210 0 2 East Africa Edit Former British colonies in East Africa had many residents of South Asian descent The primary immigration was mainly from Gujarat and to a lesser extent from Punjab They were brought there by the British Empire from India to do clerical work in Imperial service or unskilled and semi skilled manual labour such as construction or farm work In the 1890s 32 000 labourers from British India were brought to the then British East African colonies under indentured labour contracts to work on the construction of the Uganda Railway that started in the Kenyan port city of Mombasa and ended in Kisumu on Kenyan side of Lake Victoria Most of the surviving Indians returned home but 6 724 individuals decided to remain in the African Great Lakes after the line s completion Many Asians particularly the Gujaratis in these regions were in the trading businesses They included Gujaratis of all religions as well many of the castes and Quoms Since the representation of Indians in these occupations was high stereotyping of Indians in Kenya Uganda and Tanganyika as shopkeepers was common A number of people worked for the British run banks They also worked in skilled labor occupations as managers teachers and administrators Gujarati and other South Asians had significant influence on the economy constituting 1 of the population while receiving a fifth of the national income For example in Uganda the Mehta and Madhvani families controlled the bulk of the manufacturing businesses Gated ethnic communities served elite healthcare and schooling services Additionally the tariff system in Uganda had historically been oriented toward the economic interests of South Asian traders 125 One of the oldest Jain overseas diaspora was of Gujarat Their number was estimated at 45 000 at the independence of the East African countries in the early 1960s 126 Most members of this community belonged to Gujarati speaking Halari Visa Oshwal Jain community originally from the Jamnagar area of Saurashtra 126 127 The countries of East Africa gained independence from Britain in the early 1960s At that time most Gujarati and other Asians opted to remain as British Subjects The African politicians at that time accused Asians of economic exploitation and introduced a policy of Africanization The 1968 Committee on Africanisation in Commerce and Industry in Uganda made far reaching Indophobic proposals A system of work permits and trade licenses was introduced in 1969 to restrict the role of Indians in economic and professional activities Indians were segregated and discriminated against in all walks of life 128 During the middle of the 1960s many Asians saw the writing on the wall and started moving either to UK or India However restrictive British immigration policies stopped a mass exodus of East African Asians until Idi Amin came to power in 1971 He exploited pre existing Indophobia and spread propaganda against Indians involving stereotyping and scapegoating the Indian minority Indians were stereotyped as only traders and inbred to their profession Indians were labelled as dukawallas an occupational term that degenerated into an anti Indian slur during Amin s time and stereotyped as greedy conniving without any racial identity or loyalty but always cheating conspiring and plotting to subvert Uganda Amin used this propaganda to justify a campaign of de Indianization eventually resulting in the expulsion and ethnic cleansing of Uganda s Indian minority 128 Kenya Edit Gujarati and other Indians started moving to the Kenya colony at the end of the 19th century when the British colonial authorities started opening up the country with the laying down of the railroads A small colony of merchants however had existed on the port cities such Mombasa on the Kenyan coast for hundreds of years prior to that 129 The immigrants who arrived with the British were the first ones to open up businesses in rural Kenya a century ago These dukanwalas or shopkeepers were mainly Gujarati Mostly Jains and Hindus and a minority of Muslims Over the following decades the population mainly Gujarati but also a sizable number of Punjabi increased in size The population started declining after the independence of Kenya in the 1960s At that time the majority of Gujaratis opted for British citizenship and eventually moved there especially to cities like Leicester or London suburbs Famous Kenyans of Gujarati heritage who contributed greatly to the development of East Africa include Thakkar Bapa Manu Chandaria 130 Atul Shah Baloobhai Patel 131 Bhimji Depar Shah Forbes 132 Naushad Merali Forbes 133 and Indian philanthropist Alibhai Mulla Jeevanjee 134 who played a large role in the development of modern day Kenya during colonial rule 135 136 Uganda Edit Main article Indians in Uganda There is a small community of people of Indian origin living in Uganda but the community is far smaller than before 1972 when Ugandan ruler Idi Amin expelled most Asians including Gujaratis 137 In the late 19th century mostly Sikhs were brought on three year contracts with the aid of Imperial British contractor Alibhai Mulla Jeevanjee to build the Uganda Railway from Mombasa to Kisumu by 1901 and to Kampala by 1931 Some died while others returned to India after the end of their contracts but few chose to stay They were joined by Gujarati traders called passenger Indians 138 both Hindu and Muslim free migrants who came to serve the economic needs of the indentured labourers and to capitalise on the economic opportunities After the 1972 expulsion most Indians and Gujaratis migrated to the United Kingdom Due to the efforts of the Aga Khan many Khoja Nizari Ismaili refugees from Uganda were offered asylum in Canada 139 Tanzania Edit Main article Indians in Tanzania Indians have a long history in Tanzania starting with the arrival of Gujarati traders in the 19th century 140 There are currently over 50 000 people of Indian origin in Tanzania Many of them are traders and they control a sizeable portion of the Tanzanian economy They came to gradually control the trade in Zanzibar Many of the buildings constructed then still remain in Stone Town the focal trading point on the island South Africa Edit Amla training with South Africa in 2009 The Indian community in South Africa is more than a 150 years old and is concentrated in and around the city of Durban 141 The vast majority of immigrant pioneer Gujaratis who came in the latter half of the 19th century were passenger Indians who paid for their own travel fare and means of transport to arrive and settle South Africa in pursuit of fresh trade and career opportunities and as such were treated as British subjects unlike the fate of a class of Indian indentured laborours who were transported to work on the sugarcane plantations of Natal Colony in dire conditions Passenger Indians who initially operated in Durban expanded inland to the South African Republic Transvaal establishing communities in settlements on the main road between Johannesburg and Durban After wealthy Gujarati Muslim merchants began experiencing discrimination from repressive colonial legislation in Natal 142 they sought the help of one young lawyer Mahatma Gandhi to represent the case of a Memon businessman Umar Hajee Ahmed Jhaveri was consequently elected the first president of the South African Indian Congress Indians in South Africa could traditionally be bifurcated as either indentured labourers largely from Tamil Nadu with smaller amounts from UP and Bihar and merchants exclusively from Gujarat Peculiarities of the South African Gujarati diaspora include high amounts of Southern Gujaratis and a disproportionately high amount of Surti Sunni Vohra and Khatiawari Memons Post apartheid a sizeable number of new immigrants have settled in various parts of South Africa including many Gujarati Indians have played an important role in the anti apartheid movement of South Africa 143 Many were incarcerated alongside Nelson Mandela following the Rivonia Trial and many became martyred fighting to end racial discrimination Notable South African Indians of Gujarati heritage include Marxist freedom fighters such as Ahmed Timol activist 144 Yusuf Dadoo activist 145 Ahmed Kathrada activist 146 Amina Cachalia activist and Dullah Omar activist 147 as well as Ahmed Deedat missionary Imran Garda Al Jazeera English and Hashim Amla cricketer 148 Mozambique Edit In the second half of the 1800s many Gujarati Hindus belonging to the Vaniya community migrated to the South of Mozambique in particular to the provinces of Inhambane and Lourenco Marques to run businesses This was followed by migration of Hindus of various artisan castes from Diu to the region Later in 1800s immigration restrictions imposed by the colonial authorities in neighboring South Africa and the Boer republic made Mozambique the preferred destination for many Gujarati Hindus from the Saurashtra namely Rajkot and Porbandar and Surat regions 149 150 The 1961 takeover of Portuguese Goa by India made life difficult for the Indian population in the then Portuguese colony of Mozambique The independence of Mozambique like in other African countries led to many Gujaratis to move to Portugal 104 Oman Edit Main article Indians in Oman Oman holding a strategically important position at the mouth of the Persian Gulf has been the primary focus of trade and commerce for medieval Gujarati merchants for much of its history and Gujaratis along with various other ethnic groups founded and settled its capital port city Muscat 151 Some of the earliest Indian immigrants to settle in Oman were the Bhatias of Kutch who have had a powerful presence in Oman dating back to the 16th century 152 At the turn of the 19th century Gujaratis wielded enough clout that Faisal bin Turki the great grandfather of the current ruler spoke Gujarati and Swahili along with his native Arabic 153 and Oman s sultan Syed Said 1791 1856 was persuaded to shift his capital from Muscat to Zanzibar more than two thousand miles from the Arabian mainland on the recommendation of Shivji Topan and Bhimji families who lent money to the Sultan 154 In modern times business tycoon Kanaksi Khimji from the famous Khimji family of Gujarat 155 was conferred title of Sheikh by the Sultan the first ever use of the title for a member of the Hindu community 156 157 The Muscati Mahajan is one of the oldest merchants associations founded more than a century ago 158 159 Southeast Asia Edit Gujaratis had a flourishing trade with Southeast Asia in the 15th and 16th centuries and played a pivotal role in establishing Islam in the region 160 Miller 2010 presented a theory that the indigenous scripts of Sumatra Indonesia Sulawesi Indonesia and the Philippines are descended from an early form of the Gujarati script Tome Pires reported a presence of a thousand Gujaratis in Malacca Malaysia prior to 1512 161 The Gujarati language continues to be spoken in Singapore and Malaysia 162 163 Hong Kong Edit The Gujarati community in Hong Kong is tiny but nevertheless contributed to progress and growth of Hong Kong over the years The Hong Kong University In 1911 a Gujarati Parsi businessman in Hong Kong Sir Hormusjee Naorojee Mody donated HK 150 000 towards the construction and HK 30 000 towards other costs to build the Hong Kong University Star Ferry Dorabjee Naorojee Mithaiwala founded of the Kowloon Ferry Company in 1888 for transporting passengers and cargo especially bread between Kowloon and Hong Kong Island The company was renamed in 1898 to Star Ferry which today transports passengers throughout Hong Kong Ruttonjee Hospital Jehangir Hormusjee Ruttonjee born in a Gujarati Parsi family in Mumbai moved to Hong Kong in 1892 to join his father Ruttonjee donated a great deal of money to build Ruttonjee Sanatorium now Ruttonjee Hospital to fight against tuberculosis Gujaratis also dominate the diamond trade in the city As of 2012 350 diamond firms in Hong Kong were owned by Gujaratis 164 Malaysia Edit Main article Gujarati Malaysian There estimated around 31 500 Gujarati in Malaysia Most of this community work as traders and settled in the urban parts of Malaysia like Melaka George Town Kuala Lumpur and Ipoh 163 Culture EditMain article Culture of Gujarat Literature Edit Main article Gujarati literature Excerpt from My experiments with truth the autobiography of Mahatma Gandhi in its original Gujarati The history of Gujarati literature may be traced to 1000 AD Since then literature has flourished until date Well known laureates of Gujarati literature are Jhaverchand Meghani Avinash Vyas Hemchandracharya Narsinh Mehta Gulabdas Broker Akho Premanand Bhatt Shamal Bhatt Dayaram Dalpatram Narmad Govardhanram Tripathi Mahatma Gandhi K M Munshi Umashankar Joshi Suresh Joshi Pannalal Patel Imamuddin Khanji Babi Saheb Ruswa Majhalumi Niranjan Bhagat Rajendra Keshavlal Shah Raghuveer Chaudhari and Sitanshu Yashaschandra Mehta Kavi Kant Kalapi and Abbas Abdulali Vasi are Gujarati language poets Ardeshar Khabardar Gujarati speaking Parsi who was president of Gujarati Sahitya Parishad was a nationalist poet His poem Jya Jya Vase Ek Gujarati Tya Tya Sadakal Gujarat Wherever a Gujarati resides there forever is Gujarat depicts Gujarati ethnic pride and is widely popular in Gujarat 165 Gujarat Vidhya Sabha Gujarat Sahitya Sabha and Gujarati Sahitya Parishad are Ahmedabad based literary institutions promoting the spread of Gujarati literature Saraswatichandra is a novel by Govardhanram Tripathi Writers like Harindra Dave Suresh Dalal Jyotindra Dave Dinkar Joshi Prahlad Brahmbhatt Tarak Mehta Harkisan Mehta Chandrakant Bakshi Vinod Bhatt Kanti Bhatt Makarand Dave and Varsha Adalja have influenced Gujarati thinkers Swaminarayan paramhanso like Bramhanand Premanand contributed to Gujarati language literature with prose like Vachanamrut and poetry in the form of bhajans Kanji Swami a spiritual mystic who was honored with the title Koh i Noor of Kathiawar made literary contributions to Jain philosophy and promoted Ratnatraya 166 Gujarati theatre owes a lot to bhavai Bhavai is a musical performance of stage plays Ketan Mehta and Sanjay Leela Bhansali explored artistic use of bhavai in films such as Bhavni Bhavai Oh Darling Yeh Hai India and Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam Dayro gathering involves singing and conversation reflecting on human nature Gujarati language is enriched by the Adhyatmik literature written by the Jain scholar Shrimad Rajchandra and Pandit Himmatlal Jethalal Shah This literature is both in the form of poetry and prose 167 Cuisine Edit Main article Gujarati cuisine Vedhmi is a sweet lentil stuffed chapatis Gujarati food has famously been described as the haute cuisine of vegetarianism and meals have a subtle balance of sweet tart and mild hot sensations on the palate 168 Gujarati Jains many Hindus and Buddhist in Gujarat are vegetarian However many Gujarati Hindu communities such as Ghanchi Koli Patel and Kharwa consume fish as part of their diet 169 Christians and Muslims have traditionally eaten a variety of meats and seafood although Muslims don t eat pork and Hindus don t eat beef 170 Gujarati cuisine follows the traditional Indian full meal structure of rice cooked vegetables lentil dal or curry and roti The different types of flatbreads that a Gujarati cooks are rotli or chapati bhakhri puri thepla rotla dhebara maal purah and puran pohli Popular snacks such as Khaman Dhokla Dhokli dal dhokli Undhiyu Jalebi fafda chevdoh Muthia Bhajia Patra bhusu locho sev usal fafda gathiya vanela gathiya and Sev mamra Sev Khaman Dabeli are traditional Gujarati dishes savoured by many communities across the world 171 Khichdi a mix of rice and mung dal cooked with spice is a popular and nutritious dish which has regional variations Quite often the khichdi is accompanied by Kadhi It is found satisfying by most Gujaratis and cooked very regularly in most homes typically on a busy day due to its ease of cooking It can also become an elaborate meal such as a thali when served with several other side dishes such as a vegetable curry yogurt sabzi shaak onions mango pickle and papad 172 Spices have traditionally been made on grinding stones however since villages have seen rapid growth and industrialization in recent decades today people may use a blender or grinder People from north Gujarat use dry red chili powder whereas people from south Gujarat prefer using green chili and coriander in their cooking There is no standard recipe for Gujarati dishes however the use of tomatoes and lemons is a consistent theme throughout Gujarat 173 Traditionally Gujaratis eat mukhwas at the end of a meal to enhance digestion and desserts such as aam shrikhand made using mango salad and hung curd are very popular 173 In many parts of Gujarat drinking chaas chilled buttermilk or soda after lunch or dinner is also quite common Surti delicasies include ghari which is a puri filled with khoa and nuts that is typically eaten during the festival Chandani Padva Khambhat delicacies include famous sutarfeni made from fine strands of sweet dough rice or maida garnished with pistachios and halwasan which are hard squares made from broken wheat khoa nutmeg and pistachios 174 A version of English custard is made in Gujarat that uses cornstarch instead of the traditional eggs It is cooked with cardamom and saffron and served with fruit and sliced almonds 175 Gujarati families celebrate Sharad Purnima by having dinner with doodh pauva under moonlight 176 Folk dance and music Edit The folk dances of Gujurat are Garba Dandiya Padhar Dangi and Tippani etc which are done during festivals 177 Women and men performing Garba as part of Navaratri celebrations in the city of Ahmedabad Mer Dandiya a sword dance performed by the martial communities of Saurashtra Gujarati folklore Edit Folklores are important part of Gujarati culture The folktales of Kankavati are religious in nature because they sprung from the ordinary day to day human cycle of life independent of and sometimes deviating from the scriptures They are part of the Hindu rituals and practices for marriage baby shower naming ceremony the harvest and death and are not merely religious acts but they reflect the lived life of people in rural and urban societies The anthologies of Dadaji Ni Vato and Raang Chhe Barot are pragmatic with practical and the esoteric wisdom Saurashtra Ni Rasdhar is a collection of love legends and depicts every shade of love and love is the main emotion which makes human world beautiful because it calls forth patience responsibility sense of commitment and dedication Also the study of Meghani s works is quintessential because he was a trailblazer in exploring the vast unexplored heritage of Gujarati folklore His folktales mirrors milieu of Gujarat dialects duhas decors humane values sense of sacrifice and spirit of adventure enthusiasm and of course the flaws in people Meghani s folktales are verbal miniature of Gujarati culture 178 Notable people EditMain article List of people from Gujarat Business people Edit Adamjee Peerbhoy Adi Godrej Ambalal Sarabhai Anil Ambani Ashwin Choksi Ashwin Dani Ashish Thakkar Azim Premji Anil Manibhai Naik Bharat Desai Balvant Parekh Bhavin Turakhia Currimbhoy Ebrahim Dhirubhai Ambani Dilip Shanghvi Deepak Parekh Divyank Turakhia Falguni Nayar Gautam Adani Hassam Moussa Rawat Hasmukhbhai Parekh Hina Shah Harsh Mariwala Kiran Mazumdar Shaw Karsanbhai Patel Lalbhai Dalpatbhai Mayur Madhvani Meghji Pethraj Shah Mukesh Ambani Muljibhai Madhvani Munaf Kapadia Nanji Kalidas Mehta Namita Thapar Nautamlal Bhagavanji Mehta Pankaj Patel Premchand Roychand Ramanbhai Patel Ranchhodlal Chhotalal Samir Mehta Sudhir Mehta Sudhir Ruparelia Tulsi Tanti Uday Kotak Virji Vora Govind Laljibhai Dholakia Walchand Hirachand Savji Dholakia Politicians Edit Name Country PositionsMahatma Gandhi India Led India s struggle for Independence also known as the Father of IndiaMuhammad Ali Jinnah Pakistan Successful Lawyer and The founder of Pakistan also known as the Father of PakistanSardar Vallabhbhai Patel India Led India s struggle for Independence first Deputy Prime Minister of IndiaVijay Rupani India Myanmar Former Chief Minister of Gujarat 2016 present Nitinbhai Patel India Current Deputy Chief Minister of Gujarat 2016 present Morarji Desai India Former Prime Minister of India 1977 79 Anandiben Patel India Former Chief Minister of Gujarat 2014 16 Governor of various statesKashyap Pramod Patel United States Author and served as chief of staff to the Acting United States Secretary of Defense under President Donald Trump Patel has worked at the United States National Security Council and United States House of Representatives and was previously a federal public defender a federal prosecutor working on national security cases and a legal liaison to the United States Armed Forces Shankersinh Vaghela India Former Chief Minister of Gujarat 1996 97 Shaktisinh Gohil India Member of Parliament Rajya Sabha National spokesperson of All India Congress Committee Former Minister for Finance Education Health Environment Narmada General Administration Department Technical Education and Education Policy Gujarat 1991 95 Arjun Modhwadia India Former president of Gujarat Pradesh Congress CommitteeBharatsinh Solanki India Former president of Gujarat Pradesh Congress CommitteePoonamben Maadam India Member of ParliamentAhmed Patel India Member of ParliamentVitthal Radadiya India Former Member of Parliament and a Former Member of Legislative AssembliesSaurabh Patel India Member of the Gujarat Legislative AssemblyParshottambhai Solanki India Member of the Gujarat Legislative AssemblyPradipsinh Jadeja India Member of the Gujarat Legislative AssemblyVasanbhai Ahir India Former Member of the Gujarat Legislative AssemblyShankar Chaudhary India Former Member of the Gujarat Legislative AssemblyMichael Dabhi India Politician from BJPFatima Jinnah Pakistan Stateswoman and leading founder of PakistanI I Chundrigar Pakistan Former Prime Minister of Pakistan 1957 Saleem Mandviwalla Pakistan Current Deputy Chairman of the Senate of PakistanMahmoud Haroon Pakistan Veteran politicianHussain Haroon Pakistan Former Foreign Minister and Pakistan Ambassador to United Nations 2008 12 Muhammad Dilawar Khanji Pakistan Former Governor of Sindh PakistanZubeida Rahimtoola Pakistan Founding member of All Pakistan Women s AssociationAshraf W Tabani Pakistan Former Governor of Sindh PakistanArshad Vohra Pakistan Former Deputy Mayor of Karachi PakistanHabib Rahimtoola Pakistan Former High Commissioner to the United Kingdom 1947 52 Abdul Qadir Patel Pakistan Youngest Parliamentarian of PakistanMeghnad Desai The United Kingdom Labour Party politician in the Upper HouseDolar Popat The United Kingdom First Gujarati to represent the Conservative Party in the Upper HouseRumi Verjee The United Kingdom Liberal Democrat politician in the Upper HouseNavnit Dholakia The United Kingdom Liberal Democrat politician in the Upper HouseBhikhu Parekh The United Kingdom Labour Party politician in the Upper HouseJuned Patel India Gujarat State SM Co Coordinator Minority Dept Indian National CongressShailesh Vara The United Kingdom Member of Parliament for North West CambridgeshireArif Virani Canada Member of Parliament for Parkdale High ParkSocial activists Edit Abbas Tyabji Amit Jethwa Ashoka Mehta Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai Indulal Yagnik Jhaverchand Meghani Jayanti Dalal Jugatram Dave K M Munshi Mahadev Desai Odhavram Ravi Shankar Vyas S R Rana Sanat Mehta Shrimad Rajchandra Shyamji Krishna Varma Suhel Tirmizi Swami Dayanand Saraswati Vikram Sarabhai Arts and entertainment Edit Tina Ambani Anees Bazmee Mahesh Bhatt 179 Alia Bhatt Pooja Bhatt Deven Bhojani Jasprit Bumrah Rajesh Chauhan Alisha Chinai 180 Sameer Dattani 181 Karishma Tanna 182 Ketki Dave Anoop Desai Manmohan Desai 183 Ravish Desai Rashmi Desai Prachi Desai Drashti Dhami 184 185 186 187 Urvashi Dholakia Chaturbhuj Doshi Karsan Ghavri Pooja Gor Ghulam Guard Sheldon Jackson 188 Ajay Jadeja Ravindra Jadeja Chirag Jani Avan Jogia Dilip Joshi Purbi Joshi Sarita Joshi Naresh Kanodia 189 190 191 Esha Kansara 192 Ajaz Khan Prince Aslam Khan Mehboob Khan director of Mother India 1957 Savan Kotecha Mehul Kumar Sanjeev Kumar 193 Jackie Shroff 194 Dimple Kapadia 195 Jamnadas Majethia Ashok Mankad 196 Mehtab 197 Ismail Merchant 198 Kiran More Alyque Padamsee 199 Aditya Pancholi Dalsukh Pancholi 200 Darshan Pandya 201 Hardik Pandya Krunal Pandya Asha Parekh 202 Shrenu Parikh 203 Ameesha Patel Axar Patel Dev Patel Munaf Patel Parthiv Patel Ravi Patel Viraf Patel Falguni Pathak Supriya Pathak Kal Penn Cheteshwar Pujara Vasant Rai Shekhar Ravjiani 204 Nisha Rawal Paresh Rawal Payal Rohatgi Avinash Sachdev Vatsal Seth 205 Naomi Scott Satish Shah Sonal Shah Tanvi Shah Isha Sharvani 206 207 Sanjeeda Sheikh 208 Farooq Sheikh 209 Sheetal Sheth Deepak Shodhan Ian Dev Singh Karan Suchak 210 211 Pankaj Udhas Amar Upadhyay Disha Vakani Chhel Vayeda Zain Verjee Tanvi Vyas Alka Yagnik Shefali Zariwala Science and technology Edit Pranav Mistry computer scientist and inventor of SixthSense Sam Pitroda Communication Revolution Vikram Sarabhai considered the father of India s space programme Gallery Edit Mahatma Gandhi developed Satyagraha the Father of India Muhammed Ali Jinnah the Father of Pakistan and 1st Governor General of Pakistan Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel the 1st Deputy Prime Minister of India and Indian statesman Narendra Modi the 14th and current Prime Minister of India Morarji Desai the 4th Prime Minister of India Vikram Sarabhai physicist father of the Indian space program first Chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation ISRO Abdul Sattar Edhi Philanthropist Founder of Edhi Foundation Gautam Adani industrialist richest man in Asia Mukesh Ambani business magnate second richest man in Asia 212 Asha Parekh Bollywood actress Alka Yagnik playback singer Dimple Kapadia Bollywood actress Dev Patel English film actor Dayananda Saraswati Hindu philosopher and founder of the Arya Samaj a global Hindu reform movement Alia Bhatt Bollywood actress Shastriji Maharaj founder of the Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha Hindu denomination Azim Premji billionaire businessman Amit Shah politician and the 36th and current Home Minister of India Bhupendra Patel politician and 17th and current Chief Minister of Gujarat Jackie Shroff Bollywood actorImages Edit Nagar Brahmins in western India c 1855 1862 Bhatias in western India c 1855 1862 Gujarati brokers in western India c 1855 1862 Gujarati accountants in western India c 1855 1862 Rajputs in western India c 1855 1862 Parsis in western India c 1855 1862 Parsi priests in western India c 1855 1862 Lohanas in western India c 1855 1862 Bohras in western India c 1855 1862 Banians of Damnaggar Kutch Khojas of Western India ca 1855 1862 Memon men photographs of Western India Series 1855 1862See also EditJethwa Rajputs Rajputs of Gujarat Dharasana Satyagraha Navnirman Andolan Mahagujarat Movement Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule Genetic studies on Gujarati people Khatiawari MemonsReferences Edit Jaffrelot Christophe 9 May 2016 Narendra Modi between Hindutva and subnationalism The Gujarati asmita of a Hindu Hriday Samrat India Review Taylor amp Francis Group 15 2 196 217 doi 10 1080 14736489 2016 1165557 S2CID 156137272 State UT wise Aadhaar Saturation Overall All Age Groups 31st December 2020 PDF Aadhaar Karachi s Gujarati speaking youth strive to revive Jinnah s language 2 October 2018 Gujaratis in the US The Times of India 4 January 2015 Gujaratis in the UK Times Now 21 April 2022 a b c Government of Canada Statistics Canada 17 August 2022 Knowledge of languages by age and gender Canada provinces and territories census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts www12 statcan gc ca Retrieved 12 October 2022 Language spoken at home Australia id informed decisions Retrieved 29 December 2021 2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume IV Distribution of Population by Socio Economic Characteristics Kenya National Bureau of Statistics Retrieved 24 March 2020 An Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism University Press Cambridge 2001 p 208 ISBN 978 0 521 65279 7 Retrieved 5 February 2015 Temple building is a sign of the growth in numbers and the increased prosperity of the Gujarati immigrants The two decades between 1950 and 1969 were a heady period of success for the Gujaratis of East Africa Michael Lyon observed that the Gujaratis acquired a new role in the colonial economics of East Africa and ultimately a tragic one They became a privileged racial estate under British protection The Indian population in Kenya increased from 43 625 in 1931 to 176 613 in 1962 More than 80 percent were Gujaratis Transnationalism Diasporas and the Advent of a New Dis order 20 May 2009 ISBN 9789047440116 Bharat Yagnik 3 January 2015 Oman was Gujaratis first stop in their world sweep The Times of India Retrieved 5 February 2015 Oman s capital Muscat was the first home for Gujarati traders away from the subcontinent The Bhatia community from Kutch was the first among all Gujaratis to settle overseas relocating to Muscat as early as 1507 The Bhatias settlement in the Gulf is emphasized by Hindu places of worship seen there since the 16th century As historian Makrand Mehta asserts Business and culture go together Rita d Avila Cachado Samosas And Saris Informal Economies In The Informal City Among Portuguese Hindu families Retrieved 3 February 2022 The Hindus in Great Lisbon have similarities with Hindus in the United Kingdom they are mostly from a Gujarati background and migrated from ex colonial countries Yet the colonial system they came from was mostly Portuguese both in India and in East Africa Nevertheless a realistic estimate is that there are about 30 000 Hindus in Portugal That includes Hindu Gujaratis who migrated in the early 1980s as well as Hindu migrants from all parts of India and Bangladesh who migrated in the late 1990s a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help New Zealand Stats New Zealand Retrieved 30 December 2021 M K Gandhi 2014 Hind Swaraj Indian Home Rule Sarva Seva Sangh Prakashan ISBN 9789383982165 Retrieved 11 December 2015 Minahan James B 2012 Ethnic groups of South Asia and the Pacific an encyclopedia Santa Barbara Calif ABC CLIO p 90 ISBN 978 1598846591 Retrieved 12 December 2015 Anti British sentiment led to a strong Gujarati participation in the Indian independence movement Yagnik Achyut Sheth Suchitra 2005 The shaping of modern Gujarat plurality Hindutva and beyond New Delhi Penguin Books ISBN 978 0144000388 Retrieved 12 December 2015 Gujarati communities across the globe memory identity and continuity Mawani Sharmina Mukadam Anjoom A Stoke on Trent Trentham Books 2012 ISBN 9781858565026 OCLC 779242654 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Singh A Didar Rajan S Irudaya 6 November 2015 Politics of Migration Indian Emigration in a Globalised World Routledge p 141 ISBN 9781317412243 Gujarat has a very strong history of migration The ancient Gujaratis were known for their trading with other countries The Mercantile caste of western India including Gujarat has participated in overseas trade for many centuries and as new opportunities arose in different parts of the British Empire they were among the first to emigrate The Gujarati Diaspora community is well known for their legendary entrepreneurship Bhargava 2006 S C Bhatt Gopal K eds Daman amp Diu Delhi Kalpaz publ p 17 ISBN 978 81 7835 389 0 Retrieved 4 February 2015 Blank Jonah 15 March 2002 Mullahs on the Mainframe Islam and Modernity Among the Daudi Bohras The University of Chicago Press p 47 ISBN 978 0 226 05677 7 Modern day Mumbai is the capital of the state of Maharashtra but until the creation of this state in 1960 the city has always been as closely linked to Gujarati culture as it has been to Marathi culture During most of the colonial period Gujaratis held the preponderance of economic and political power Raymond Brady Williams 15 March 1984 A New Face of Hinduism The Swaminarayan Religion Cambridge University Press 1984 p 117 ISBN 978 0 521 25454 0 Retrieved 4 February 2015 Rubber Boom Raises Hope Of Repatriates Counter Currents Retrieved 16 February 2015 Gujarat should learn from Kerala The New Indian Express Retrieved 16 February 2015 Edward A Alpers 1975 Ivory and Slaves Changing Pattern of International Trade in East Central Africa University of California Press p 88 ISBN 978 0 520 02689 6 Retrieved 4 February 2015 In the early 1660s Surat merchants had 50 ships trading overseas and the wealthiest of these Virji Vora had an estate valued at perhaps 8 million rupees Peck Amelia 2013 Interwoven Globe The Worldwide Textile Trade 1500 1800 The Metropolitan Museum of Art New York p 15 ISBN 978 1 58839 496 5 Retrieved 4 February 2015 Of the Asian trading communities the most successful were the Gujaratis as witnessed not only by Pires and Barbosa but by a variety of other sources All confirm that merchants from the Gujarati community routinely held the most senior post open to an expatriate trader that of shah bandar controller of maritime trade Farhat Hasan 2004 State and Locality in Mughal India Power Relations in Western India C 1572 1730 University Press Cambridge p 42 ISBN 0 521 841 19 4 Retrieved 5 February 2015 Mulla Abdul Ghafur one of the richest merchants in Surat his son Mulla Abdul Hai was awarded the title of umdat tud tujjar lit the most eminent merchant by the imperial court Shantidas Shahu a powerful merchant of Surat was gifted an elephant and robe by the emperor both things being emblems of imperial sovereignty that symbolized the incorporation of the recipient into his King s person as his subordinate to act in future as an extension of himself Mawani Sharmina Mukadam Anjoom A 5 May 2016 Perspectives of female researchers interdisciplinary approaches to the study of Gujarati identities Mawani Sharmina Mukadam Anjoom A Berlin ISBN 9783832541248 OCLC 953734376 Mehta Makrand 1991 Indian merchants and entrepreneurs in historical perspective with special reference to shroffs of Gujarat 17th to 19th centuries Delhi Academic Foundation pp 21 27 ISBN 978 8171880171 Retrieved 29 October 2015 The Gujarat region situated in the western part of India is known for its business activities since ancient times The region has been agriculturally fertile and it also contains a long sea coast enabling the merchants to undertake overseas trade Thevenot held the Gujarati merchants in high esteem Commending them for their skills in the currency business he states that he saw some 15000 banians in Ispahan the capital of Persia operating exclusively as money lenders and sharafs He compared them with the Jews of Turkey and pointed out that they had their own residential settlements at Basra and Ormuz where they had constructed their temples Kalpana Hiralal Indian Family Businesses in Natal 1870 1950 PDF Natal Society Foundation 2010 Retrieved 4 February 2015 Poros Maritsa V 2010 Modern Migrations Gujarati Indian Networks in New York and London Palo Alto Stanford University Press p 10 ISBN 978 0804775830 However Gujaratis have been migrating as part of wide ranging trade diasporas for centuries long before capitalist development became concentrated in Europe and the United States Vinay Lal Diaspora Purana The Indic Presence in World Culture Retrieved 22 October 2015 Most historians even those who have sought to move away from the narratives furnished by the framework of colonial knowledge are unable to begin their narrative of the Indian diaspora before the nineteenth century but the Gujaratis had justly established a diasporic presence in the early part of the second millennium So renowned had the Gujaratis become for their entrepreneurial spirit commercial networks and business acumen that a bill of credit issued by a Gujarati merchant would be honored as far as 5 000 miles away merely on the strength of the community s business reputation They traversed the vast spaces of the Indian Ocean world with confidence and a Gujarati pilot guided Vasco da Gama s ship to India Under Portuguese rule the Indian Ocean trading system went into precipitous decline and not until the nineteenth century did the Gujarati diaspora find a new lease of life Gujarati traders migrated under the British dispensation in large numbers to Kenya Tanganyika South Africa and Fiji among other places and Mohandas Gandhi himself a Gujarati has recorded that the early political proceedings of the Indian community in South Africa were conducted in the Gujarati language In East Africa their presence was so prominent that banknotes in Kenya before the country acquired independence had inscriptions in Gujarati Khojas or Gujarati Ismailis flourished and even occupied positions as teachers and educators in Muslim countries around the world dead link Seeing Krishna in America The Hindu Bhakti Tradition of Vallabhacharya in India and Its Movement to the West McFarland Publishing 2014 pp 48 49 ISBN 9780786459735 Retrieved 24 October 2015 Among Gujaratis emigration from India has a long history that has also affected Pushtimargiyas As a seacoast mercantile population the migration patterns of Gujaratis are ancient and may extend back over two millennia Peggy Levitt Towards an Understanding of Transnational Community Forms and Their Impact on Immigrant Incorporation research amp seminars Retrieved 25 October 2015 In the Indian case though organizational arrangements encourage U S and sending country involvements and the community displays high levels of economic and political integration the goals of participation in home country groups the requirements of membership and the insular social milieu in which participation occurs reinforces homeland ties Gujaratis may become the most transnational of groups because they assimilate selectively into the U S and maintain strong sending country attachments Acyuta Yajnika Suchitra Sheth 2005 The Shaping of Modern Gujarat Plurality Hindutva and Beyond Penguin Books India pp 2 3 ISBN 978 0 14 400038 8 Andre Wink 1997 Al Hind the Making of the Indo Islamic World The Slavic Kings and the Islamic conquest BRILL ISBN 90 04 10236 1 pp 355 356 Ghulam A Nadri 2009 Eighteenth Century Gujarat The Dynamics of Its Political Economy 1750 1800 p 193 ISBN 978 9004172029 Eskild Petersen Lin Hwei Chen Patricia Schlagenhauf Lawlor 14 February 2017 Infectious Diseases A Geographic Guide Wiley p 8 ISBN 978 1 119 08573 7 Gujarat amp India Same Different But Same outlookindia com 5 February 2022 A historically mercantile culture widespread influence of non violent Jainism diluted casteism and an intrinsic irreverence makes society and polity in Gujarat different from other Indian states Centre right in their economic leaning people here naturally gravitate towards leaner governments with high standards of governance Absence of local rulers courts meant that trade mercantile guilds ran affairs and administration The kind of socio cultural influence that pervaded the feudal kingdoms of Rajasthan etc was absent in Gujarat The trade guilds were akin to the influential mercantile guilds of Belgium and the Netherlands which contributed to making the Dutch world leaders in finance In Gujarat this cascaded into a strong entrepreneurial culture As the English philosopher Bertrand Russell puts it governments which consist of mercantilists tend to be more prudent in running the administration Jacobsen Knut A 11 August 2015 Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India Routledge ISBN 9781317403586 Pearson Michael Naylor 1 January 1976 Merchants and Rulers in Gujarat The Response to the Portuguese in the Sixteenth Century University of California Press p 124 ISBN 9780520028098 Mahajan means different things in different parts of India it can refer to an individual banker a money lender a merchant or an unspecified great man In Gujarat it usually meant a body representing a group of people engaged in the same commercial occupation a governing council with an elected or occasionally hereditary headman Going global The Economist 19 December 2015 Whereas one religion Protestantism has often been associated with the rise of Anglo Saxon capitalism Gujarati capitalism was much more a fusion of influences Ethnic and religious diversity became a source of strength multiplying the trading networks that each community could exploit Pragmatism and flexibility over identity and a willingness to accommodate perhaps inherited from the mahajans are strong Gujarati traits argues Edward Simpson of the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London Gujaratis have been adept at remaining proudly Gujarati while becoming patriotically British Ugandan or Fijian an asset in a globalised economy Sundar Pushpa 24 January 2013 Business and Community The Story of Corporate Social Responsibility in India SAGE Publications India ISBN 9788132111535 The merchants were organized into mahajans or guilds with hereditary seths A mahajan could include merchants of different religions and there was no strict segregation of religious social and occupational functions Rai Rajesh Reeves Peter Pro Visiting Professor Coordinator South Asia Studies Programme Peter Reeves 25 July 2008 The South Asian Diaspora Transnational Networks and Changing Identities Routledge p 41 ISBN 9781134105953 For Banias and Muslims there was a clear division of commercial activities based on religious persuasions and canonical injunctions For example Muslim merchants did not deal in printed textiles with motifs of living creatures on it while these were procured by the Bania and Jain brokers On the other hand Bania and Jain merchants would not deal in the trade of animals while Muslims did not have any problems with such trade Similarly Muslim merchants dominated the shipping trade and many were big ship owners The nakhudas and the lascars were also primarily from the Muslim community On the other hand some of the Banias and the Jains were prominent merchants and they organized an extensive trade from Gujarat to other parts of Asia Thus two forms of trade which formed the shipping and commerce were controlled by these two major communities of Gujarati merchants For both these communities their relationship necessitated mutual understanding and interdependence in commercial matters so that they could play a complementary role in advancing their trading interests Malik Ashish Pereira Vijay 20 April 2016 Indian Culture and Work Organisations in Transition Routledge ISBN 9781317232025 He found that Gujaratis are highly family oriented valuing family network and highly familial They are also spiritualistic religious and relationship oriented attaching importance to co operation They are accepted to be materialistic Panda on the basis of empirical evidence has named the society as collectivist familial clannish society Further Gujarati society is found to have a high social capital The dominant cultural characteristics identified from this study which are essentially familial co operative and non hierarchical democratic are consistent with Joshi s findings Berger Peter Heidemann Frank 3 June 2013 The Modern Anthropology of India Ethnography Themes and Theory Routledge ISBN 978 1134061112 Gujaratis continuously redefine and contest caste and hiearchical values in a competitive pluralistic social environment In post colonial Gujarat the merchant culture and its values of purity and economic wealth have prevailed over plural notions of hierarchy Tambs Lyche 1982 Gujarat Religion Census 2011 Census of India 2011 The Registrar General amp Census Commissioner India Anjali H Desai 2007 India Guide Gujarat India Guide Publications ISBN 9780978951702 Mawani Sharmina Mukadam Anjoom A 2014 Globalisation diaspora and belonging exploring transnationalism and Gujarati identity Mawani Sharmina Mukadam Anjoom A Jaipur ISBN 9788131606322 OCLC 871342185 Gujarat Popular Prakashan 2003 ISBN 9788179911068 Pedro Machado 2014 Ocean of Trade South Asian merchants Africa and the Indian Ocean c 1750 1850 Cambridge University Press p 20 ISBN 978 1 107 07026 4 Retrieved 4 February 2015 Hindu Vaniya networks from Kathiawar in particular operated prominently in the region and directed their trade primarily to Yemen and Hadramawt They were also active in the early eighteenth century in the southern Red Sea where Mocha and other ports such as Aden provided them with their principal markets Cordell Crownover 5 October 2014 Ultimate Handbook Guide to Muscat Oman Travel Guide Retrieved 4 February 2015 As an important port town in the Gulf of Oman Muscat attracted foreign tradesman and settlers such as the Persians the Balochs and Gujaratis Andrew Gardner 1969 City of Strangers Gulf Migration and the Indian Community in Bahrain Cornell University Press p 77 ISBN 978 0 8014 7602 0 Retrieved 4 February 2015 Other Indian groups with a long standing presence in Bahrain include the Gujarati businessmen whose enterprises historically centered on the trade of gold the Bohra community an Indian Muslim sect with a belief system particularly configured around business Ababu Minda Yimene 2004 An African Indian Community in Hyderabad Siddi Identity Its Maintenance and Change pp 66 67 ISBN 978 3 86537 206 2 Retrieved 4 February 2015 Some centuries later the Gujarati merchants established permanent trading posts in Zanzibar consolidating their influence in the Indian Ocean Gujarati Muslims and their Omani partners engaged in a network of mercantile activities among Oman Zanzibar and Bombay Thanks to those mercantile Gujarati India remained by far the principal trading partner of Zanzibar Irfan Habib 2011 Economic History of Medieval India 1200 1500 p 166 ISBN 978 81 317 2791 1 Retrieved 4 February 2015 In the Persian Gulf Hurmuz Hormuz was the most important entrepot for the international exchange for goods which were either bartered or purchased with money The rise of Hurmuz in the thirteenth century followed the decline of the neighbouring entrepot of Qays where there was a community of Gujarati Bohra merchants Paul R Magocsi 1999 Encyclopedia of Canada s Peoples University of Toronto Press p 631 ISBN 978 0 8020 2938 6 Retrieved 4 February 2015 Gujarat s proximity to the Arabian Sea has been responsible for the ceaseless mercantile and maritime activities of its people Through the ports of Gujarat some of which date back to the dawn of history trade and commerce flourished and colonizers left for distant lands Gujaratis in the West evolving identities in contemporary society Mukadam Anjoom A Mawani Sharmina Newcastle UK Cambridge Scholars Pub 2007 ISBN 9781847183682 OCLC 233491089 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Chidanand Rajghatta Global Gujaratis Now in 129 nations The economic times Retrieved 21 October 2015 A lot of the spread worldwide took place after a pit stop in East Africa right across the sea from Gujarat When Idi Amin turfed out some 100 000 Indians mostly Gujaratis from Uganda in 1972 most of them descended on Britain before peeling off elsewhere Premal Balan amp Kalpesh Damor 17 June 2015 Thanks to NRIs 3 small Gujarat villages each have Rs 2 000cr bank deposits the times of india Retrieved 26 October 2015 No wonder bank hoardings flashing interest rates for NRI deposits up to 10 is a common sight in these villages Some villages in Kutch like Madhapar and Baladia have very high NRI deposits To the best of our knowledge this is the highest in the country said K C Chippa former convener of the State Level Banker s Committee SLBC Gujarat Between them Madhapar Baladia and Kera have 30 bank branches and 24 ATMs Piyush Mishra July 2015 NRI deposits in Gujarat cross Rs 50K crore mark the times of India Retrieved 26 October 2015 Gujaratis form 33 of the Indian diaspora and Gujarat is among the top five states in the country in terms of NRI deposits RBI data shows there was a little over 115 billion about Rs 7 lakh crore in NRI accounts in India in 2014 15 with Gujarat accounting for 7 78 of the kitty Fernandez Kelly Patricia Portes Alejandro eds 1 July 2015 The State and the Grassroots Immigrant Transnational Organizations in Four Continents Berghahn Books p 99 ISBN 9781782387350 Retrieved 26 October 2015 a b Kachru Braj B Kachru Yamuna Sridhar S N 2008 Language in South Asia Cambridge University Press p 531 ISBN 9781139465502 Rehman Zia Ur 18 August 2015 With a handful of subbers two newspapers barely keeping Gujarati alive in Karachi The News International Karachi The Gujaratis of Pakistan dead link JAVED MIANDAD profile karismatickarachi Archived from the original on 5 February 2015 Retrieved 4 February 2015 Khaled Ahmed 23 February 2012 Gujarat s gifts to India and Pakistan The Express Tribune Retrieved 5 February 2015 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics 2013 Supplemental Table 2 U S Department of Homeland Security Retrieved 18 June 2014 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics 2012 Supplemental Table 2 U S Department of Homeland Security Retrieved 5 July 2013 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics 2011 Supplemental Table 2 U S Department of Homeland Security Retrieved 5 July 2013 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics 2010 Supplemental Table 2 U S Department of Homeland Security Retrieved 5 July 2013 Keely Charles B May 1971 Effects of the immigration act of 1965 on selected population characteristics of immigrants to the United States Demography 8 2 157 169 doi 10 2307 2060606 JSTOR 2060606 PMID 5163987 S2CID 36538373 Khandelwal MS 1995 The politics of space in South asian Diaspora Chapter 7 Indian immigrants in Queens New York City patterns of spatial concentration and distribution 1965 1990 Nation and migration books google com Philadelphia USA University of Pennsylvania p 179 ISBN 978 0 8122 3259 2 Retrieved 20 June 2015 Colin Clarke Ceri Peach Steven Vertovec 26 October 1990 South Asians Overseas Migration and Ethnicity Cambridge University Press p 198 ISBN 978 0 521 37543 6 Rangaswamy Padma 2007 Indian Americans 2007 Hardcover ed New York Chelsea House p 55 ISBN 9780791087862 gujarati Baum Joel A C Greve Henrich R 15 June 2001 Multiunit organization and multimarket strategy Vol 18 New York Elsevier pp 33 48 doi 10 1016 S0742 3322 2001 18 ISBN 978 0 7623 0721 0 ISSN 0742 3322 Virani Aarti Why Indian Americans Dominate the U S Motel Industry The Wall Street Journal Retrieved 2 February 2015 HIRAL DHOLAKIA DAVE 18 October 2006 42 of US hotel business is Gujarati The Times of India Retrieved 5 February 2015 Gujaratis mainly Patels now own 21 000 of the 53 000 hotels and motels in the US It makes for a staggering 42 of the US hospitality market with a combined worth of 40 billion Rangaswami Padma 2000 Namaste America Indian Immigrants in an American Metropolis University park PA USA Pennsylvania State University press p 285 ISBN 978 0271 01980 2 Drew Joseph 14 August 2010 Bera Hopes to Wipe Out Lungren Despite GOP Wave San Francisco Chronicle Retrieved 22 September 2010 Gujarati Woman Aims for House The Times of India 1 January 2010 Gujarati NRI Sonal Shah appointed Obama s adviser DeshGujarat 6 November 2008 Retrieved 6 February 2015 NRI Gujarati Sonal Shah an eminent economist who heads Google s philanthropic arm has been appointed an advisory board member by US President elect Barack Obama to assist his team in smooth transition of power Nuzzi Olivia 5 February 2018 White House Official Called Trump a Deplorable New York 2 Gujarati origin among America s super rich dna india Retrieved 6 February 2015 Raheel Dhattiwala The million dollar man from Gujarat The Economic Times Retrieved 6 February 2015 AT was lucky to meet the Ahmedabad born 50 year old business honcho in person IG Online Interview Raj Bhavsar USA intlgymnast Retrieved 6 February 2015 Born in Houston Bhavsar is 100 percent Gujarati his father hails from Vadadora Baroda a city in the small Indian state of Gujarat near Mumbai His mother was born in Kampala Uganda but was educated in Gujarat Most of Bhavsar s relatives are Gujarati Savan Kotecha Songwriter ofindianorigin co uk Archived from the original on 3 November 2010 Retrieved 24 October 2015 I come from a pretty traditional Gujarati family and that made getting into the music business pretty tricky My parents like most Indian parents wanted me to go to Uni and be a Doctor or Lawyer That meant I was on my own for the most part as far as figuring out how to make it It also gave me something to prove which made me work extra hard Movers and shakers india today Retrieved 6 February 2015 We are close to our extended families in Ahmedabad and Mumbai and grew up with Gujarati culture as a predominant influence in our lives The Gujarati community has done it all in the US from doctors to entrepreneurs from retail to the hospitality industry Stereotypes are very hard to escape Noureen DeWulf Zee News India Retrieved 6 February 2015 DeWulf a Gujarati Muslim by origin has carved out a successful career for herself in Hollywood and her repertoire includes Hollywood films like West Bank Story and Ghosts of Girlfriends Past besides TV shows Maneater 90210 and Girlfriends a b Gujaratis in Britain Profile of a Dynamic Community NATIONAL CONGRESS OF GUJARATI ORGANISATIONS UK Archived from the original on 4 February 2015 Retrieved 4 February 2015 Derek Laud 2015 The Problem With Immigrants Biteback Publishing ISBN 978 1849548779 Retrieved 5 March 2015 Shastri Ramachandaran India has much to learn from Britain and Germany dnaindia com Retrieved 22 October 2015 Britain places high value on the power of commerce After all its political and military dominance when Britannia ruled the waves was founded on its trading power The Gujaratis know this better than many others which explains their prosperity and success in the UK Chitra Unnithan 23 May 2012 Family is key to success of Gujarati businessmen in Britain The Times of India Retrieved 4 February 2015 British Gujaratis were also more successful than other minority communities in Britain because they had already tasted success in Africa The book also says that Gujarati Hindus have become notably successful public citizens of contemporary capitalistic Britain on the other hand they maintain close family links with India British Gujaratis have been successful in a great variety of fields Many younger Gujaratis took to professions rather than stay behind the counter of their parents corner shops or they entered public life while those who went into business have not remained in some narrow commercial niche says the book Sudeshna Sen 8 January 2013 How Gujaratis changed corner shop biz in UK The Economic Times Retrieved 4 February 2015 What most people don t get is that those who took the Arab dhows in the 17th and 18th century to leave their villages and set up life in an alien land were already an entrepreneurial and driven minority in search of a better life They communicated that hunger to their children says Raxa Mehta director at Nomura based in Tokyo and first generation child of Kenyan Indian parents So it doesn t surprise the Gujaratis that they did well in Britain it only surprises the Brits and Indians The Gujaratis are a trader community As Manubhai says they always left the fighting to the others If there s one diaspora community that East African Asians model themselves on it s the Jews Except of course the Jews get more publicity than they do Rodger R Herbert J 2008 Narratives of South Asian women in Leicester 1964 2004 no 2 pp PDF Oral History 36 2 554 563 London s Gujarati Christians celebrate milestone birthday www eauk org Malik K N Robb Peter 1994 India and Britain Recent Past and Present Challenges New Delhi Allied Publishers ISBN 9788170233503 Retrieved 5 February 2015 Jain Samaj Europe Archived from the original on 23 January 2015 Shree Kutch Leva Patel Community UK sklpc com Eliezer Ben Rafael Yitzhak Sternberg 2009 Transnationalism Diasporas and the Advent of a New Dis order p 531 ISBN 978 90 04 17470 2 Retrieved 4 February 2015 Shree Maher Samaj UK maheronline org Retrieved 3 April 2015 Gujarati Arya Kshatriya Mahasabha UK gakm co uk p about Retrieved 3 April 2015 Gujarati Muslim Marriage Archived 20 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine a dedicated service to assist Gujarati Muslims to marry within the community Backman M Butler C C 2003 BIG in Asia Understanding Asia s Overseas Indians London Palgrave Macmillan doi 10 1057 9781403914484 4 ISBN 978 0 230 00027 8 Lum Kathryn 16 October 2014 The rise and rise of Belgium s Indian diamond dynasties The Conversation a b Baumann M B 1998 The Hindu Presence in Europe and Implications of Interfaith Dialogue Journal of Hindu Christian Studies 11 1 p 8 1 Lourenco I 2013 From Goans to Gujaratis a study of the Indian community in Portugal 2 Toronto Garba North America s Largest Raas Garba www torontogarba com Retrieved 29 June 2018 Al Noor Kassum 2007 Africa s winds of change memoirs of an international Tanzanian London I B Tauris ISBN 978 1 84511 583 8 Retrieved 6 February 2015 Versi Salima 13 August 2010 Make This Your Home The Impact of Religion on Acculturation The Case of Canadian Khoja Nizari Isma ilis from East Africa thesis Queens University Retrieved 5 February 2015 Ajit Jain Gujarati diaspora integral to state s success theindiandiaspora com Retrieved 22 October 2015 According to him It was a very warm discussion PM Modi knows Canada well because we have been such active participants in Vibrant Gujarat for over 18 years now He also knows very well how strong the Gujarati diaspora is in Canada It may be up to one quarter of all the Indo Canadians in this country and so their success has been part of Gujarat s success And the prime minister of India recognizes that Alexander stated emphatically The Genius of Naheed Nenshi The Parallel Parliament 19 February 2014 But there was more In two words he was challenging and electric And his own background is so varied as to make him unique He s an east Indian who lived in Tanzania prior to coming to Canada He s slightly over 40 years of age a Muslim has a degree from Harvard and just happened to best three solid status quo challengers to win Calgary s top job Seated together at the front of that assembly room I realized it was the very mystique about him that caused people to look at things in a new fashion Executive Profiles Group Heads TD Bank Group www td com Retrieved 29 June 2018 Zain Verjee Atlanta Georgia alusainc wordpress com 5 January 2008 Retrieved 7 December 2015 Verjee also has produced successful radio campaigns spreading awareness of HIV AIDS road safety and violence against women Her community efforts include work with Street Children and with Operation Smile Verjee received her undergraduate degree in English from McGill University in Montreal and studied at York University in Canada She speaks Gujarati Kiswahili and conversational French The Velshi Exchange alivelshi com Retrieved 29 June 2018 Avan Jogia Arif Virani wins in Parkdale High Park The Star thestar com Retrieved 29 June 2018 Canada s Prime Minister Stephen Harper is not a real Evangelical Christian the nonconformer wordpress com Retrieved 7 December 2015 Jaffer who is an Ismaili Muslim of Gujarati origin became Canada s youngest non white MP at the age of 25 in 1997 He served four terms till his loss in the 2008 parliamentary elections Omar Sachedina ctvnews ca Retrieved 7 December 2015 Sachedina speaks French Gujarati and Kutchi He enjoys travelling music and sampling food from around the world Our Team Prashant Pathak ReichmannHauer Capital Partners www rhcapitalpartners com Retrieved 29 June 2018 Census Profile 2016 Census Canada Country and Canada Country 8 February 2017 Government of Canada Statistics Canada 27 November 2015 NHS Profile Canada 2011 www12 statcan gc ca Retrieved 12 September 2022 Government of Canada Statistics Canada 1 May 2020 2006 Census Topic based tabulations Various Languages Spoken 147 Age Groups 17A and Sex 3 for the Population of Canada Provinces Territories Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations 2006 Census 20 Sample Data www12 statcan gc ca Retrieved 12 September 2022 Government of Canada Statistics Canada 23 December 2013 2001 Census Topic based tabulations Various Non official Languages Spoken 76 Age Groups 13 and Sex 3 for Population for Canada Provinces Territories Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations 2001 Census 20 Sample Data www12 statcan gc ca Retrieved 12 September 2022 Government of Canada Statistics Canada 4 June 2019 Data tables 1996 Census Population Able to Speak Various Non official Languages 73 Showing Age Groups 13A and Sex 3 for Canada Provinces Territories and Federal Electoral Districts 1996 Representation Order 1996 Census 20 Sample Data www12 statcan gc ca Retrieved 12 September 2022 Government of Canada Statistics Canada 3 April 2013 1991 Census The nation Knowledge of languages www12 statcan gc ca Retrieved 12 September 2022 JSTOR lt Expulsion of a minority essays on Ugandan Asians gt a b Gregory Robert G 1993 Quest for equality Asian politics in East Africa 1900 1967 New Delhi Orient Longman Limited p 26 ISBN 978 0 863 11 208 9 Mehta Makrand 2001 Gujarati Business Communities in East African Diaspora Major Historical Trends Economic and Political Weekly 36 20 1738 1747 JSTOR 4410637 a b Patel Hasu H 1972 General Amin and the Indian Exodus from Uganda Issue A Journal of Opinion 2 4 12 22 doi 10 2307 1166488 JSTOR 1166488 Parth Shastri 5 April 2015 US researcher looks for Gujarati influence in Kenya and East Africa the times of india Retrieved 28 October 2015 During British ascendancy the early Gujarati speaking traders were predominantly Muslims Khoja Bhora and Ithna Asheri They were quickly followed by Patel Lohana Bhatia and Oshawal Community was a major factor It both energized Indian identity and simultaneously prevented Indians from coming together as a political whole except in times of dire crisis Misha says Forbes India Magazine Experiences of the Indian Diaspora in Africa 26 August 2009 Archived from the original on 21 May 2011 The rise and rise of Kenya s silent billionaires at NSE Business daily Africa Retrieved 7 February 2015 Baloobhai Patel a director of Pan Africa Insurance is invariably listed as one of the largest individual shareholders of more than 10 companies on the Nairobi bourse The 75 year old has major interests in Pan Africa Insurance Barclays Bamburi DTB Mumias Sugar and Safaricom currently valued at Sh2 4 billion Vimal replaced on Forbes list of Africa s 50 richest people Business daily Africa Retrieved 7 February 2015 Maybe he is a Patel I hear Indian at Kenyan Entrepreneur Saeed Khan 26 September 2013 Gujaratis brought glory to East Africa Times of India Retrieved 7 February 2015 Historian Makrand Mehta credits Gujaratis contribution for the success of this project He describes how A M Jeevanji a Dawoodi Bohra from Kutch got labour contract for the project Bharat Yagnik 27 October 2015 Non Resident Gujaratis build Rs 100cr hospital in Nairobi the times of India Retrieved 1 November 2015 Even as the India Africa Forum Summit 2015 kicked off celebrating Indo Africa ties the Kutchi Leuva Patel Samaj settled in Kenya is building a super speciality charitable hospital at the cost of Rs 100 crore in Nairobi to gift a state of art healthcare facility to locals Lakshman Raghwani a Nairobi based contractor and community leader said the community is running a school for 22 years in Nairobi that has over 3 000 Indian and Kenyan students The hospital is an extension of our engagement with the local community Two other major hospitals on national level MP Shah Hospital in Nairobi and Agha Khan Hospital in Mombasa also have Gujarati connection he said Bharat Yagnik 18 July 2015 From assistant priest to Kenya s steel tycoon the times of India Retrieved 1 November 2015 He has earned the sobriquet Guru amongst his peers in Kenya With a net worth of 650 million Gujarati steel tycoon Narendra Raval 53 of Devki Group is one of the wealthiest businessmen of Kenya today Narendra Raval through his pragmatic business ideologies and philanthropy aims to transform the once hostile perception of Africans about Indian businessmen His company employs 98 staff from local Kenyan and African populace and also runs many orphanages and schools for the underprivileged Ugandan Asians are part of Britain s secret weapon for success spectator co uk Archived from the original on 10 November 2015 Retrieved 28 October 2015 In 1997 Ugandan President Museveni invited the displaced Asians to return home And while some returned to sort out their affairs very few went back for good Hiralal Kalpana Indian Family Businesses in Natal 1870 1950 PDF Natal Society Foundation Retrieved 25 August 2021 Out of Africa Thousands of Ismaili Muslims expelled from their African homelands in the 1970s have thrived in Canada www canada com Calgary Herald Archived from the original on 17 January 2016 Retrieved 28 October 2015 Through the efforts of the Aga Khan other countries agreed to take in the refugees and they were scattered over the world Britain took in 20 000 the U S took 50 000 and 75 000 came to Canada Ladha said Canada s role in taking in the refugees has earned the praise of the Aga Khan for its treatment of refugees and its multiculturalism The Aga Khan is a great admirer of Canada s multicultural policies said Ladha As a result he s putting 4 million toward a global centre for pluralism in Ottawa with the Canadian government providing 3 million Anna Greenwood Harshad Topiwala 2015 Indian Doctors in Kenya 1895 1940 The Forgotten History Cambridge Imperial and Post Colonial Studies Series Palgrave Macmillan p 25 ISBN 9781137440532 The Gujaratis comprised a large number of the traders drawn from the Western Indian port province of Gujarat including Kutch who had had long historical trading links with Zanzibar Their presence meant that from very early on Zanzibar became demographically colonised by a religiously and ethnically diverse Gujarati speaking population of Ismaili Khojas Bhoras Suni Memons Hindu Vaniyas and the Parsis Frustratingly for historians this group of immigrants left few records but it is widely agreed that they were the ancestors of the communities of Indian traders that the British encountered when they arrived in Zanzibar and the East Coast of Africa at the end of the nineteenth century Robin David 4 July 2010 Rainbow Nation s colourful Indians Times of India Retrieved 5 February 2015 Gujaratis of Durban who came to South Africa mainly from Surat and Saurashtra have gone a step further and are keeping their unique Gujarati identity alive as well Most of them arrived as traders soon after the first Indian labourers were brought in to work on sugarcane fields in the 1860s and have carved out a unique niche for themselves Timeline Archived from the original on 6 June 2011 Retrieved 24 November 2011 Mehta edited by Nalin Mehta Mona G 2011 Gujarat beyond Gandhi identity society and conflict London Routledge p 161 ISBN 978 1317988359 Retrieved 12 December 2015 Mobility remains a feature of Gujaratis While apartheid may have sought to keep people in a mould Gujaratis kept resisting this through their caste class and national mobility a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a first1 has generic name help Ahmed Timol South African History Online Sahistory org za Retrieved 28 August 2013 Yusuf Dadoo A Biography sahistory org za Retrieved 5 February 2015 Indian origin anti apartheid activist Ahmed Kathrada pays tribute to Nelson Mandela The Economic Times 6 December 2013 Retrieved 5 February 2015 South African leader of Indian origin dead The Hindu 14 March 2004 Archived from the original on 17 January 2016 Retrieved 6 February 2015 MARK HAYES The many faces of top South African batsman Hashim Amla Archived from the original on 8 February 2015 Retrieved 5 February 2015 His parents are South African born but his grandparents were indentured workers from Surat and the family still occasionally speaks Gujarati from that western Indian region BASTOS J 2003 In Search of Hidden Meanings Identity Processes and Strategies from a triple point of view Berckeley University comunicacao pessoal texto policopiado Bastos S 2005 Indian transnationalisms in colonial and postcolonial Mozambique African Migrations Historical Perspectives and Contemporary Dynamics special issue Stichproben Vienna Journal of African Studies 8 pp 277 306 3 Willem Floor The Persian Gulf Muscat City Society and Trade Mage Publishers Retrieved 5 February 2015 Muscat the capital city of present day Oman has had a long history as an Indian Ocean port at the mouth of the Persian Gulf International trade brought about a mix of various ethnic and religious groups including besides Arabs Africans Baluchis Mekranis Sindis Gujaratis Persians and many others At the turn of the twentieth century fourteen languages could be heard spoken in the city Khalid M Al Azri 2013 Social and Gender Inequality in Oman The Power of Religious and Political Tradition Routledge p 50 ISBN 978 0 415 67241 2 Retrieved 5 February 2015 Hindus had settled in Oman by the sixteenth century and from at least the early nineteenth century Omani commerce and trade has been conducted by Hindu Banyans of Bhatia caste deriving from Kutch in Gujarat Hugh Eakin 14 August 2014 In the Heart of Mysterious Oman The New York Review of Books Retrieved 5 February 2015 Bharat Yagnik 3 January 2015 Oman was Gujaratis first stop in their world sweep The Times of India Retrieved 5 February 2015 Marc Valeri 2009 Oman politics and society in the Qaboos state London C Hurst p 42 ISBN 978 1 85065 933 4 Retrieved 5 February 2015 One of these families is another Banyan one known today as Khimji whose ancestor came to Oman around 1870 from Gujarat The family business grew during the Second World War when it became the Sultan s most important contractor the Khimji group was the exclusive supplier of the royal palace and was granted the monopoly and distribution of food products in the Dhofar region Runa Mukherjee Parikh 11 May 2013 World s only Hindu Sheikh traces his roots to Gujarat The Times of India Retrieved 5 February 2015 We see achievements as milestones in the quest for excellence We just want to be the best says the 77 year old tycoon Kanaksi Khimji Not sales and volumes Khimji believes that the most important measure of success for his family s business is how far it has helped advance the national development plans laid out by Oman s Sultan Qaboos bin Said In fact Khimji with his Indian roots was one of the first to embrace Omanisation a directive to train and empower Omani professionals Such a rare honour makes Khimji the most distinguished Indian in this Middle Eastern country Alpers Edward A 31 October 2013 The Indian Ocean in World History Oxford University Press p 106 ISBN 9780199721795 Gujarati merchants enjoyed a special place in the political economy of an emerging Omani Empire in the Western Indian Ocean while as British protected subjects they became the advance guard of British imperial presence in both the Gulf and eastern Africa north of the Portuguese possessions Already by this time Omani customs collection which was farmed out on five year contracts to the highest bidder was in the hands of a Kachchhi Hindu trader named Mowjee Bhimani whose family maintained control of the Masqat farm into the 1840s Muscat Early History bhatia mahajan Retrieved 5 February 2015 Hoerder Dirk 2014 Migrations and Belongings Harvard University Press ISBN 9780674281318 The Western trade had for example led to settlement of merchants from the Gulf of Kutch and from Jamnagar in Zanzibar In view of local hostility to intermingling the merchants brought in wives and a community emerged by 1860s Its five to six thousand Hindus and Muslims fragmented however along ethnoreligious and occupational lines Baluchi as soldiers of the Omani sultan Memons from Sind in shipping and fishing Parsi merchants Hindu trading castes Baniyas Bhatias Lohanas and Shia Muslims as well as Daudi Bohoras Ismaili Khojas Isthnasteris and Goan Catholics Ethnoreligious professional traditions framed agency Hindus usually returned when they had accumulated savings and wealth whereas Muslims stayed and formed families In the frame of dependencies between colonizer and colonies the Gujarati enclave protected by the Omani sultanate did in the 1870s become a conduit for British influence and over time for British ascendancy Distinct vertical links of each of the South Asian ethnoreligious groups to the British in Mumbai hindered horizontal Indian cultured homogenization in the community Mumbai s commercial expansion resulted in increased Gujarati in migration and Gujarati became the community s lingua franca The privileged and thus distinct status granted by the Omani sultanate prevented indigenization Prabhune Tushar 27 December 2011 Gujarat helped establish Islam in SE Asia The Times of India Ahmedabad Miller Christopher 2010 A Gujarati Origin for Scripts of Sumatra Sulawesi and the Philippines Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 36 1 276 doi 10 3765 bls v36i1 3917 ISSN 2377 1666 Gujarati people at Ethnologue 25th ed 2022 a b http www pressreader com malaysia the sun malaysia 20150225 281831462182561 Retrieved 29 June 2018 via PressReader a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help Thomas Melvyn 2012 Gujarat glitter on Hong Kong business India timesofindia Retrieved 7 April 2012 Raymond Brady Williams 1984 A New Face of Hinduism The Swaminarayan Religion CUP Archive pp 170 ISBN 978 0 521 27473 9 Retrieved 18 August 2014 POOJYA GURUDEV SHREE KANJI SWAMI mangalayatan com Archived from the original on 19 November 2015 Retrieved 19 November 2015 He read many Shwetambar Scriptures and preached in so impressed way that people called him KOHINOOR OF KATHIAWAD Shrimad Rajchandra A spiritual gem www rajsaubhag org Archived from the original on 25 August 2014 Retrieved 27 October 2015 Jung Jeffrey Aldford amp Naomi Duguid photographs by Jeffrey Aldford amp Naomi Duguid additional photographs by Richard 2005 Mangoes amp curry leaves culinary travels through the great subcontinent New York Artisan p 14 ISBN 9781579655655 Retrieved 24 October 2015 Singh K S 2003 People of India Gujarat Vol 22 Mumbai India Popular Prakashan pp 397 652 694 ISBN 81 7991 104 7 Zahir Janmohamed 20 August 2013 Butter Chicken in Ahmedabad The New York Times Retrieved 24 October 2015 But attitudes are changing according to Mr Dauwa More people especially businessmen from China and Japan are visiting Gujarat and many of them want non vegetarian food he said And also Gujaratis are becoming wealthier and when they live abroad they pick up nonvegetarian eating habits Western Indian Food An explosion of Flavour mapsofindia Retrieved 27 October 2015 Hajratwala Bhanu 2011 Gujarati kitchen family recipes for the global palate Bangalore Westland ISBN 9789380658490 a b 10 Best Gujarati Recipes ndtv com Retrieved 27 October 2015 Darra Goldstein 2015 The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets Oxford Companions Series Oxford University Press p 358 ISBN 978 0199313396 Sitafal basundi khana khazana Retrieved 25 October 2015 Passing on the Culture in the Diaspora Inter generational Communication of Cultural Identity Amongst Gujaratis in the USA 2007 p 113 ISBN 9780549413127 Retrieved 25 October 2015 Patil Vatsala 13 February 2015 Notes make a culture India Today Retrieved 3 October 2022 Soni vandana 2014 A Translation of Jhaverchand Meghani s Nontranslated Folk Tales from Gujarati into English with a Critical Evaluation PDF 484 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Shreedatt Vyas profile Facebook Retrieved 6 February 2015 Abhimanyu Mishra Darshan Rawal enters the final four on reality show The Times of India Retrieved 16 April 2015 Darshan Rawal has been quite a sensation with his signature style singing and an adorable personality which has won him many fans Baker Steven 25 March 2010 My work has gone to another level Sammir Dattani Bollyspice com Retrieved 23 January 2015 Your family is Gujarati you were born and brought up in Bombay and you have worked in Hindi Kannada and Tamil cinema so what languages do you speak Well I speak Kannada I speak Gujarati Hindi of course English of course and a bit of Marathi and Telugu Upen Patel proposes Karishma Tanna inside Bigg Boss her craze is rising outside 14 January 2015 Retrieved 6 February 2015 When yesterday blessed today IndiaGlitz Amrita Mulchandani Link up rumours don t really bother me Drashti Dhami The Times of India Retrieved 24 January 2015 Chirpy Dhrasti Dhami exudes great energy not just on the small screen but insists she is the same in real life too Dhrasti has a strong Gujarat connect and is proud of her roots I am a very proud Gujarati I have lots of relatives in Surat but it s been quite some time since I have been there I came to Ahmedabad as a child but haven t visited the city for some time she says Ano Patel Gujaratis take the lead on prime time TV Times of India Retrieved 6 February 2015 Hometown Kutch As the nagging wife Bobby in Neeli Chhatri Wale Disha Savla has made quite an impression and shares screen space with Yashpal Sharma The actress who hails from Kutch has been part of a number of plays in Mumbai and has also done a Gujarati show on TV Making her debut on Hindi TV she says The Gujarati show has prepared me for taking this next step It is a very different concept so I hope this show clicks with the audience Komal Thacker profile Facebook Retrieved 3 April 2015 Vasim Bloch profile Facebook Retrieved 7 February 2015 India Players Sheldon Jackson espncricinfo com Retrieved 4 April 2015 Jai Arjun 17 October 2014 Dry well foul smell on Ketan Mehta s excellent Bhavni Bhavai Eleanor Mannikka 2014 Bhavni Bhavai 1980 Movies amp TV Dept The New York Times Archived from the original on 20 December 2014 Bhavni Bhavai critics reviews Archived from the original on 20 December 2014 Retrieved 20 December 2014 TV stars Navratri musings Times of India Retrieved 7 February 2015 ESHA KANSARA Being a Gujarati Navratri is a festival that s very close to my heart I simply love the vibrancy this festival brings with it Sanjeev Kumar had no ego Ashok Kumar had a feminine voice rediff com Retrieved 6 February 2015 People think from my surname Varma that I am Punjabi But I belong to Kutch so I speak Gujarati and Kutchi Sanju and I got along well We spoke in Gujarati on the sets and we ate the same kind of food Priya Gupta I am reckless Jackie Shroff Times of India Retrieved 6 February 2015 My father Kakabhai Haribhai Shroff was an astrologer My father was a Gujarati and my mom Turkish My mom came from Kazakhstan where there was a coup and she along with six sisters and my nani came down all the way down to Ladakh where they slept on a chatai on ice down to Delhi and then Mumbai where she met my dad and they got married My dad was from a wealthy pearl trader s family Film World T M Ramachandran 1973 p 11 Retrieved 27 October 2010 Cricketers have become too aggressive Gavaskar the times of India 17 October 2015 Retrieved 19 November 2015 Sunil Gavaskar had the audience in splits when he said how he learnt Gujarati We had two Gujaratis Ashok Mankad and Karsan Ghavri in Mumbai team and others were Maharashtrians Mankad and Ghavri used to murder Marathi so we said that we will learn Gujarati Mane pan thodu Gujarati aavde che said Gavaskar to an amused audience Mehtab biography cinegems in Cinegems in Archived from the original on 25 December 2014 Retrieved 25 December 2014 ISMAIL MERCHANT IN MEMORY roger ebert Retrieved 6 February 2015 The Alyque Padamsee brand of life The Times of India 9 November 2002 Retrieved 23 January 2015 I was born into riches Ours was a Kutchi business family My father Jafferseth owned 10 buildings and also ran a glassware business My mother Kulsumbai Padamsee ran a furniture business Anything I wanted was there for the asking We were eight children in all but I being born after three daughters was pampered most Among Gujarati families it was only the Padamsees and the royal house of Rajpipla At school I learnt to speak in English Later our parents learnt the language from us All that I am today is because of what I learnt at school Miss Murphy who ran the school was an inspirational figure for me Nevile Pran 2006 Lahore a sentimental journey New Delhi India Penguin Books p 89 ISBN 978 0143061977 Amrita Mulchandani Looks matter the most in TV Darshan Pandya the times of india Retrieved 3 April 2015 Looking dapper in the cool denims and hooded jacket actor Darshan Pandya managed to turn quite a few heads as he struck poses at the River Front during his recent trip to Ahmedabad The actor who came into the limelight for his impressive performance in his debut TV show Aapki Antara has been in the news for his recent endeavour in Kya Huaa Tera Vaada where he played Vineet until recently In town for a personal visit Darshan says I have come here for few days as my parents and sister live here I watched a film and enjoyed some lovely food in various restaurants in the city Asha Parekh Memories Cineplot com 28 March 2011 Retrieved 11 September 2011 IANS Shrenu Parikh I travelled in trains without ticket Retrieved 29 June 2018 Trivedi Tanvi Not thought of acting as of now Shekhar Times of India Retrieved 8 February 2015 I belong to Jamnagar but my mother has many friends in Ahmedabad I miss eating ice candies and listening to Gujarati folk music during Navratri I want to travel to the interiors of Gujarat and some places in Kutch and interact with the local musicians who compose on those rare musical instruments What attracts me is the strong folk music heritage that Gujarat has kept alive after so many years Patel Ano Huma Qureshi tweets for Vatsal Sheth Times of India Retrieved 6 February 2015 Gujarati actor Vatsal Sheth is back on the small screen with a bang Das Soumitra Isha Sharvani I call myself a global Gujarati Times of India Retrieved 7 February 2015 Actress danseuse Isha Sharvani who was in Vadodara to perform at a mega art and culture festival says My mother is a Gujarati and I have very fond memories of Gujarat New kid on the block Pia Trivedi stargold in Archived from the original on 6 February 2015 Retrieved 24 January 2015 Anil Mulchandani Shining stars india today Retrieved 6 February 2015 Vadodara born actor Farooq Sheikh dies of heart attack Desh Gujarat 28 December 2013 Retrieved 6 February 2015 Ano Patel Gujaratis take the lead on prime time TV Times of India Retrieved 6 February 2015 Karan Suchak Hometown Ahmedabad After playing character roles in Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai Savitri and Pavitra Rishta Karan shot to fame as Dhrishtadyumna in Mahabharat Now playing Raja Vikramaditya in Singhasan Battisi Karan says I was born in Ahmedabad and I am a Gujarati It s only been a few months for me in this industry and it has been a busy journey I hope it remains that way Jugal Jethi Facebook Retrieved 8 March 2015 Who Is Mukesh Ambani Asia s Newest Richest Man QuickTake Bloomberg com 13 July 2018 Retrieved 29 May 2019 a b c Statistic includes all speakers of the Gujarati language as many multi generation individuals do not speak the language as a mother tongue but instead as a second or third language Further reading EditJhaveri Krishanlal Mohanlal ed 2003 The Gujaratis The People Their History and Culture New Delhi Cosmo Publications External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gujarati people Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gujarati people amp oldid 1142019346, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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