fbpx
Wikipedia

Iraqis

January 23, 2023

Iraqis (Arabic: العراقيون) are people who originate from the country of Iraq. The Iraqi identity is Multiethnic or also a Multinational identity.[24] Iraq consists largely of most of ancient Mesopotamia, the native land of the indigenous Sumerian, Akkadian, Assyrian, and Babylonian civilizations, which was subsequently conquered, invaded and ruled by foreigners for centuries after the fall of the indigenous Mesopotamian empires. As a direct consequence of this long history, the contemporary Iraqi population comprises a significant number of different ethnicities.[25] However, recent studies indicate that the different ethno-religious groups of Iraq (Mesopotamia) share significant similarities in genetics, likely due to centuries of assimilation between invading populations and the indigenous ethnic groups.[26] Iraqi Arabs[27] are the largest ethnic group in Iraq, while Kurds are the largest ethnic minority, Turkmens are the third largest ethnic group, while other ethnic groups include Yazidis, indigenous Assyrians, Mandaeans, Armenians, and Marsh Arabs.[27][28][29]

Iraqis
Map of the Iraqi diaspora in the world including descendants
Total population
+- 45 million worldwide
Regions with significant populations
 Iraq41,000,000[1]
 Iran500,000[2]
 Israel450,000[3][4]
 Germany321,000[5]
 United States245,193[6][7]
 United Kingdom200,000[8]
 United Arab Emirates150,000[9]
 Sweden146,000[10]
 Jordan131,000[11]
 Turkey115,000[12]
 Australia80,000–130,000[13][14]
 Netherlands85,000
 Lebanon50,000[15]
 Canada49,680+[16]
 Finland26,653[17]
 Austria13,000+[18]
 Greece8,000[19]
 More countries
Languages
Mesopotamian Arabic (Semitic): 100% (as the official formal language spoken by Iraqis) and native only language spoken to 65–70%;
Neo-Aramaic languages (Semitic): 10%;
Kurdish languages (Iranic): 20%;
Iraqi Turkmen Turkish (Turkic): 7–13%;[20]
Other indigenous Mesopotamian languages; 1% Including: Hebrew, Judeo-Iraqi Arabic, Mandaic, Armenian (diasporic), Shabaki, Domari and others
Religion
Predominantly Islam (Shia and Sunni), Christianity (Church of the East, Oriental Orthodox, Eastern Orthodox, Eastern Catholic, Western Christianity), Irreligion Judaism, Mandaeism, Yazidism, Shabakism, Yarsanism and other indigenous religions[21][22][23]

The daily language of the majority of Iraqis is Mesopotamian Arabic, and has been ever since the Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and the replacement of Akkadian-influenced Aramaic, most notably during the Abbasid Caliphate during of which Baghdad became the capital of the caliphate and the center of Islamic Golden Age. However, Mesopotamian Arabic is considered to be the most Aramaic-influenced dialect of Arabic, due to Aramaic having originated in Mesopotamia, and spread throughout the Fertile Crescent during the Neo-Assyrian period, eventually becoming the lingua franca of the entire region prior to the Islamic invasions of Mesopotamia. [30][31][32][33] In addition, Neo-Aramaic, Kurdish, Turkish and Mandaic are other languages spoken by Iraqis and recognized by Iraq's constitution.[34]

History

Main articles: Mesopotamia, History of Mesopotamia, and History of Iraq

In ancient and medieval times Mesopotamia was the political and cultural centre of many great empires and civilizations, such as the Akkadian Empire, Assyria, Assyrian Empire and Babylon Empire.[35][36] The ancient Mesopotamian civilization of Sumer is the oldest known civilization in the world,[37] and thus Iraq is widely known as the Cradle Of Civilization.[35] Iraq remained an important centre of civilization for millennia, up until the Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and subsequently Abbasid Caliphate (of which Baghdad was the capital), which was the most advanced empire of the medieval world (see Islamic Golden Age). Hence Mesopotamia has witnessed several emigration and immigration in the past.

Further information on Iraq's civilization and cultural history can be found in the following chronology of Iraqi history:

  • Akkadian era
  • Islamic conquest (632 – 1258)

Genetics

Further information: Genetic history of the Middle East, Genetic studies on Arabs, and Assyrian people § Genetics

One study found that Haplogroup J-M172 originated in northern Iraq.[38] In spite of the importance of this region, genetic studies on the Iraqi people are limited and generally restricted to analysis of classical markers due to Iraq's modern political instability,[38] although there have been several published studies displaying a genealogical connection between all Iraqi peoples and the neighboring countries, across religious, ethnic and linguistic barriers. Studies indicate that the different ethno-religious groups of Iraq (Mesopotamia) share significant similarities in genetics and that Mesopotamian Arabs, who make up the majority of Iraqis, are more genetically similar to Iraqi Kurds than other Arab populations in the Middle East and Arabia.[39]

No significant differences in Y-DNA variation were observed among Iraqi Mesopotamian Arabs, Assyrians, or Kurds.[38] Modern genetic studies indicate that Iraqi Arabs and Iraqi Kurds are distantly related, though Iraqi Mesopotamian Arabs are more related to Iraqi-Assyrians than they are to Iraqi Kurds.[40][41]

For both mtDNA and Y-DNA variation, the large majority of the haplogroups observed in the Iraqi population (H, J, T, and U for the mtDNA, J-M172 and J-M267 for the Y-DNA) are those considered to have originated in Western Asia and to have later spread mainly in Western Eurasia.[38] The Eurasian haplogroups R1b and R1a represent the second most frequent component of the Iraqi Y-chromosome gene pool, the latter suggests that the population movements from Central Asia into modern Iran also influenced Iraq.[38]

Many historians and anthropologists provide strong circumstantial evidence to posit that Iraq's Marsh Arabs share very strong links to the ancient Sumerians[37][42]—the oldest human civilization in the world and most ancient inhabitants of central-southern Iraq.

The Iraqi-Assyrian population was found to be significantly related to other Iraqis, especially Mesopotamian Arabs,[41][37] likely due to the assimilation of indigenous Assyrians with other people groups who occupied and settled Mesopotamia after the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire.[43]

Studies have reported that most Irish and Britons have ancestry to Neolithic farmers who left ancient Mesopotamia over 10,000 years ago. Genetic researchers say they have found compelling evidence that, on average, four out of five (80%) Europeans can trace their Y chromosome to the ancient Near East. In another study, scientists analyzed DNA from the 8,000-year-old remains of early farmers found at an ancient graveyard in Germany. They compared the genetic signatures to those of modern populations and found similarities with the DNA of people living in today's Turkey and Iraq.[44]

Language

Iraq's national languages are Arabic and the Kurdish languages. The two main regional dialects of Arabic spoken by the Iraqi people are Mesopotamian Arabic (spoken in the Babylonian alluvial plain and Middle Euphrates valley) and South Mesopotamian Arabic and North Mesopotamian Arabic (spoken in the Assyrian highlands).[45] The two main dialects of Kurdish spoken by Kurdish people are Central Kurdish (spoken in the Erbil and Sulaymaniyah Governorates)[46] and Northern Kurdish (spoken in Dohuk Governorate).[46] In addition to Arabic, most Assyrians and Mandaeans speak Neo-Aramaic languages. Mesopotamian Arabic has an Aramaic substratum.[30]

Religion and ethnic groups

See also: Irreligion in Iraq
 
Mor Mattai Monastery
 
Haydar-Khana Mosque

Arabs[27] are the largest people group in Iraq, while Kurds are the largest ethnic minority. Turkmens are the third largest ethnic group in the country.[28][29] The population was estimated to be 39,650,145 in 2021 (residing in Iraq),[47] with most of the population being Shia (15 million), Sunni (9 million), followed by Kurds (8 million), Turkmen (3 million), Assyrians and Armenians (500,000), Yazidis (500,000), Marsh Arabs, and Shabaks, Persians (500,000) (250,000). Other minorities include Mandaeans (6,000), Roma (50,000) and Circassians (2,000).[48] The most spoken languages are Mesopotamian Arabic, Kurdish, Iraqi Turkmen dialects and Syriac. The percentages of different ethno-religious groups residing in Iraq vary from source to source due to the last Iraqi census having taken place over 30 years ago. A new census of Iraq was planned to take place in 2020.[49]

Iraq has many devout followers of its religions. In 1968 the Iraqi constitution established Islam as the official religion of the state as the majority of Iraqis are Muslim.

Religion in Iraq (2019)[50]

  Islam (95%)
  Yazidism (1.25%)
  Christianity (1.25%)
  others (incl.Yarsanism, Zoroastrianism, Bahá'í, Mandaeism, Irreligion) (2%)

In addition, many Iraqi people are Christians belonging to various Christian denominations. The majority of Iraqi Christians are indigenous Chaldean Catholic Assyrians, whilst non-Syriac Christians are mostly Iraqi Arabs and Armenians. Iraqi-Assyrians largely belong to belong to the Syriac Orthodox Church, the Assyrian Church of the East, Chaldean Catholic Church, Ancient Church of the East, and the Syriac Catholic Church. Iraqi Arab Christians belong to the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch and the Melkite Greek Catholic Church of Antioch, and Iraqi-Armenians belong to the Armenian Orthodox Church and Armenian Catholic Church. Their numbers inside Iraq have dwindled to around 500,000+ since 2003.[51]

Other religious groups include Mandaeans, Shabaks, Yazidis and followers of other minority religions. Furthermore, Jews had also been present in Iraq in significant numbers historically, and Iraq had the largest Jewish population in the Middle East, but their population dwindled, after virtually all of them migrated to Israel between 1949 and 1952. From 1949 to 1951, 104,000 Jews were evacuated from Iraq in Operations Ezra and Nechemia (named after the Jewish leaders who took their people back to Jerusalem from exile in Babylonia beginning in 597 B.C.E.); another 20,000 were smuggled out through Iran.[52][53][54]

Diaspora

Main articles: Iraqi diaspora and Refugees of Iraq

The Iraqi diaspora is not a sudden exodus but one that has grown rapidly through the 20th century as each generation faced some form of radical transition or political conflict. From 1950 to 1952 Iraq saw a great exodus of roughly 120,000 - 130,000 of its Jewish population under the Israel-led "Operation Ezra and Nehemiah". There were at least two large waves of expatriation of both Christians and Muslims alike. A great number of Iraqis left the country during the regime of Saddam Hussein and large numbers have left during the Iraq war and its aftermath.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Iraq". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 2009-04-27.
  2. ^ "500,000 Iraqis in Iran". Retrieved 2010-12-10.
  3. ^
  4. ^ Collie, Tim. "JEWISH & IRAQI". Sun-Sentinel.
  5. ^ "Ausländische Bevölkerung in den Jahren 2011 bis 2018" (PDF). statista (in German).
  6. ^ . United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2016-09-18. Retrieved 2016-10-13.
  7. ^ "PEOPLE REPORTING ANCESTRY". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2020-02-13. Retrieved 2016-10-04.
  8. ^ Kadhum, Oula (26 July 2021). "The UK Iraqi Diaspora and their Mobilization towards Iraq". Arab Reform Initiative.
  9. ^ "UAE Iraqis restricted by passport delays". 28 August 2008.
  10. ^ "Population by country of birth, age and sex. Year 2000 - 2020".
  11. ^ "الأردن يستضيف 3 ملايين شخص من 57 جنسية". قناة المملكة (in Arabic). 18 December 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  12. ^ "Ethnic groups of Turkey". Joshua Project. Retrieved 2010-12-10.
  13. ^ "Australian Iraqi population estimated to be as high as 80,000". The Sydney Morning Herald. 2005-01-22. Retrieved 2010-12-10.
  14. ^ . aina.org. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-08-15.
  15. ^ "العراقيون في لبنان.. لاجئون منسيون بانتظار "إعادة التوطين"". 6 January 2021.
  16. ^ Statistics Canada (8 May 2013). "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables". Retrieved 11 February 2014.
  17. ^ "Persons with foreign background". stat.fi.
  18. ^ "Bevölkerung zu Jahresbeginn seit 2002 nach detaillierter Staatsangehörigkeit" [Population at the beginning of the year since 2002 by detailed nationality] (PDF). Statistics Austria (in German). 14 June 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  19. ^ "Iraqi community in Greece" (PDF). UNHCR. Retrieved 2007-08-14.
  20. ^ Barker, Geoff (2012), Iraq, Britannica, p. 23, ISBN 1-61535-637-1
  21. ^ "Minorities in Iraq: Pushed to the brink of existence" (PDF). European Parliament. February 2015.
  22. ^ "Middle East :: Iraq — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". cia.gov. 2 November 2021.
  23. ^ "Iraq - Arabs". Encyclopedia Britannica.
  24. ^ "Iraqi – a native or inhabitant of Iraq". Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-10.
  25. ^ Dogan, Serkan; Gurkan, Cemal; Dogan, Mustafa; Balkaya, Hasan Emin; Tunc, Ramazan; Demirdov, Damla Kanliada; Ameen, Nihad Ahmed; Marjanovic, Damir (3 November 2017). "A glimpse at the intricate mosaic of ethnicities from Mesopotamia: Paternal lineages of the Northern Iraqi Arabs, Kurds, Syriacs, Turkmens and Yazidis". PLOS ONE. 12 (11): e0187408. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1287408D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187408. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5669434. PMID 29099847.   Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
  26. ^ Lazim, Hayder; Almohammed, Eida Khalaf; Hadi, Sibte; Smith, Judith (2020-09-17). "Population genetic diversity in an Iraqi population and gene flow across the Arabian Peninsula". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 15289. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1015289L. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-72283-1. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7499422. PMID 32943725.
  27. ^ a b c Office, Great Britain Foreign (1958). Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919-1939. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 719.
  28. ^ a b "Minorities in Iraq: EU Research Service" (PDF).
  29. ^ a b Mitchell, T. F. (1990–1993). Pronouncing Arabic. Oxford [England]: Clarendon Press. p. 37. ISBN 0198151519. OCLC 18020063.
  30. ^ a b Muller-Kessler, Christa (Jul–Sep 2003). "Aramaic 'K', Lyk' and Mesopotamian Arabic 'Aku, Maku: The Mesopotamian Particles of Existence". The Journal of the American Oriental Society. 123 (3): 641–646. doi:10.2307/3217756. JSTOR 3217756.
  31. ^ Aramaic was the medium of everyday writing, and it provided scripts for writing. (1997). Humanism, Culture, and Language in the Near East : Studies in Honor of Georg Krotkoff. Krotkoff, Georg., Afsaruddin, Asma, 1958-, Zahniser, A. H. Mathias, 1938-. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 9781575065083. OCLC 747412055.[verification needed]
  32. ^ Tradition and modernity in Arabic language and literature. Smart, J. R., Shaban Memorial Conference (2nd : 1994 : University of Exeter). Richmond, Surrey, U.K. 16 December 2013. p. 253. ISBN 9781136788123. OCLC 865579151.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)[verification needed]
  33. ^ Sanchez, Francisco del Rio. ""Influences of Aramaic on dialectal Arabic", in: Archaism and Innovation in the Semitic Languages. Selected papers". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)[verification needed]
  34. ^ "Iraq's Constitution" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  35. ^ a b McIntosh, Jane (2005). Ancient Mesopotamia: New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO. p. 313. ISBN 978-1-57607-965-2. Iraqis have always been proud of their heritage and of their unique position as guardians of the Cradle of Civilization.
  36. ^ Spencer, William (2000). Iraq: Old Land, New Nation in Conflict. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-7613-1356-4. The Iraqi heritage is a proud one. Iraqi ancestors made such contributions to our modern world as a written language, agriculture and the growing of food crops, the building of cities and the urban environment, basic systems of government, and a religious structure centered on gods and goddesses guiding human affairs.
  37. ^ a b c Al-Zahery; et al. (Oct 2011). "In search of the genetic footprints of Sumerians: a survey of Y-chromosome and mtDNA variation in the Marsh Arabs of Iraq". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 11: 288. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-288. PMC 3215667. PMID 21970613.
  38. ^ a b c d e (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-27. Retrieved 2010-12-10.
  39. ^ Hayder Lazim; Eida Khalaf Almohammed; Sibte Hadi; Judith Smith (2020). "Population genetic diversity in an Iraqi population and gene flow across the Arabian Peninsula". Nature. 10 (1): 15289. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1015289L. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-72283-1. PMC 7499422. PMID 32943725.
  40. ^ Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Paolo Menozzi, Alberto Piazza, The History and Geography of Human Genes, p. 242
  41. ^ a b "Cavalli-Sforza et al. Genetic tree of West Asia". Retrieved 2010-12-10.
  42. ^ Spencer, William (2000). Iraq: Old Land, New Nation in Conflict. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-7613-1356-4.
  43. ^ Tubiana, Joseph (2012-10-22). "Siegbert Uhlig (ed.): Encyclopaedia Aethiopica. Volume 1". Aethiopica. 7: 194–211. doi:10.15460/aethiopica.7.1.294. ISSN 2194-4024.
  44. ^ "Migrants from the Near East 'brought farming to Europe'". BBC. 2010-11-10. Retrieved 2010-12-10.
  45. ^ "Country Profile: Iraq". Mongabay. 25 August 2006. Retrieved 2010-12-10.
  46. ^ a b . KRG. Archived from the original on 2010-12-02. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
  47. ^ "Middle East :: Iraq — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". cia.gov. Retrieved 2019-04-08.
  48. ^ "Minorities in Iraq - European Research Service" (PDF).
  49. ^ "Iraq prepping to conduct a census in 2020". rudaw.net. Retrieved 2019-05-01.
  50. ^ "Iraq". 15 May 2022.
  51. ^ "Minorities in Iraq: EU Research Group" (PDF).
  52. ^ Farrell, Stephen (2008-06-01). "Baghdad Jews Have Become a Fearful Few". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-12-10.
  53. ^ Van Biema, David (2007-07-27). . Time. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved 2010-12-15.
  54. ^ "Jews in Islamic Countries: Iraq".

External links

  • Mesopotamia: Birthplace of civilisation

January 23, 2023
iraqis, arabic, العراقيون, people, originate, from, country, iraq, iraqi, identity, multiethnic, also, multinational, identity, iraq, consists, largely, most, ancient, mesopotamia, native, land, indigenous, sumerian, akkadian, assyrian, babylonian, civilizatio. Iraqis Arabic العراقيون are people who originate from the country of Iraq The Iraqi identity is Multiethnic or also a Multinational identity 24 Iraq consists largely of most of ancient Mesopotamia the native land of the indigenous Sumerian Akkadian Assyrian and Babylonian civilizations which was subsequently conquered invaded and ruled by foreigners for centuries after the fall of the indigenous Mesopotamian empires As a direct consequence of this long history the contemporary Iraqi population comprises a significant number of different ethnicities 25 However recent studies indicate that the different ethno religious groups of Iraq Mesopotamia share significant similarities in genetics likely due to centuries of assimilation between invading populations and the indigenous ethnic groups 26 Iraqi Arabs 27 are the largest ethnic group in Iraq while Kurds are the largest ethnic minority Turkmens are the third largest ethnic group while other ethnic groups include Yazidis indigenous Assyrians Mandaeans Armenians and Marsh Arabs 27 28 29 IraqisMap of the Iraqi diaspora in the world including descendantsTotal population 45 million worldwideRegions with significant populations Iraq41 000 000 1 Iran500 000 2 Israel450 000 3 4 Germany321 000 5 United States245 193 6 7 United Kingdom200 000 8 United Arab Emirates150 000 9 Sweden146 000 10 Jordan131 000 11 Turkey115 000 12 Australia80 000 130 000 13 14 Netherlands85 000 Lebanon50 000 15 Canada49 680 16 Finland26 653 17 Austria13 000 18 Greece8 000 19 More countriesLanguagesMesopotamian Arabic Semitic 100 as the official formal language spoken by Iraqis and native only language spoken to 65 70 Neo Aramaic languages Semitic 10 Kurdish languages Iranic 20 Iraqi Turkmen Turkish Turkic 7 13 20 Other indigenous Mesopotamian languages 1 Including Hebrew Judeo Iraqi Arabic Mandaic Armenian diasporic Shabaki Domari and othersReligionPredominantly Islam Shia and Sunni Christianity Church of the East Oriental Orthodox Eastern Orthodox Eastern Catholic Western Christianity Irreligion Judaism Mandaeism Yazidism Shabakism Yarsanism and other indigenous religions 21 22 23 The daily language of the majority of Iraqis is Mesopotamian Arabic and has been ever since the Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and the replacement of Akkadian influenced Aramaic most notably during the Abbasid Caliphate during of which Baghdad became the capital of the caliphate and the center of Islamic Golden Age However Mesopotamian Arabic is considered to be the most Aramaic influenced dialect of Arabic due to Aramaic having originated in Mesopotamia and spread throughout the Fertile Crescent during the Neo Assyrian period eventually becoming the lingua franca of the entire region prior to the Islamic invasions of Mesopotamia 30 31 32 33 In addition Neo Aramaic Kurdish Turkish and Mandaic are other languages spoken by Iraqis and recognized by Iraq s constitution 34 Contents 1 History 2 Genetics 3 Language 4 Religion and ethnic groups 5 Diaspora 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksHistory EditMain articles Mesopotamia History of Mesopotamia and History of Iraq In ancient and medieval times Mesopotamia was the political and cultural centre of many great empires and civilizations such as the Akkadian Empire Assyria Assyrian Empire and Babylon Empire 35 36 The ancient Mesopotamian civilization of Sumer is the oldest known civilization in the world 37 and thus Iraq is widely known as the Cradle Of Civilization 35 Iraq remained an important centre of civilization for millennia up until the Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and subsequently Abbasid Caliphate of which Baghdad was the capital which was the most advanced empire of the medieval world see Islamic Golden Age Hence Mesopotamia has witnessed several emigration and immigration in the past Further information on Iraq s civilization and cultural history can be found in the following chronology of Iraqi history Nemrik 9 9800 BC 8200 BC Jarmo 7000 5000 BC Sumer 6500 1940 BC Ubaid period 6500 4000 BC Uruk period 4000 3000 BC Early Dynastic period 3000 2334 BC Sumer and Akkad 1900 539 BC Akkadian Empire 2334 2218 BC Gutian dynasty 2218 2047 BC Neo Sumerian Empire 2047 1940 BC Akkadian eraBabylonia 1900 539 BC Assyria 1900 609 BC Neo Assyrian Empire 745 626 BC Neo Babylonian Empire 626 539 BC Fall of Babylon 539 BC Achaemenid Empire 539 330 BC Achaemenid Assyria 539 330 BC Seleucid Babylonia 331 141 BC Parthian Babylonia 141 BC 224 Araba 100 BC 240 Adiabene 15 116 Sassanid Persia 224 638 Asuristan 224 638 Lakhmids 266 633 Islamic conquest 632 1258 Rashidun Caliphate 638 661 Umayyad Caliphate 661 750 Abbasid Caliphate 750 1258 Ilkhanate 1258 1335 Turkic dynasties 1335 1501 Jalayirid Sultanate 1335 1410 Kara Koyunlu 1410 1468 Ak Koyunlu 1468 1501 Safavid dynasty 1501 1533 Ottoman Empire 1533 1918 Mamluk dynasty 1747 1831 British Mandate for Mesopotamia 1920 1932 Kingdom of Iraq 1932 1958 Republic of Iraq 1958 Ba athist Iraq 1968 2003 Genetics EditFurther information Genetic history of the Middle East Genetic studies on Arabs and Assyrian people Genetics One study found that Haplogroup J M172 originated in northern Iraq 38 In spite of the importance of this region genetic studies on the Iraqi people are limited and generally restricted to analysis of classical markers due to Iraq s modern political instability 38 although there have been several published studies displaying a genealogical connection between all Iraqi peoples and the neighboring countries across religious ethnic and linguistic barriers Studies indicate that the different ethno religious groups of Iraq Mesopotamia share significant similarities in genetics and that Mesopotamian Arabs who make up the majority of Iraqis are more genetically similar to Iraqi Kurds than other Arab populations in the Middle East and Arabia 39 No significant differences in Y DNA variation were observed among Iraqi Mesopotamian Arabs Assyrians or Kurds 38 Modern genetic studies indicate that Iraqi Arabs and Iraqi Kurds are distantly related though Iraqi Mesopotamian Arabs are more related to Iraqi Assyrians than they are to Iraqi Kurds 40 41 For both mtDNA and Y DNA variation the large majority of the haplogroups observed in the Iraqi population H J T and U for the mtDNA J M172 and J M267 for the Y DNA are those considered to have originated in Western Asia and to have later spread mainly in Western Eurasia 38 The Eurasian haplogroups R1b and R1a represent the second most frequent component of the Iraqi Y chromosome gene pool the latter suggests that the population movements from Central Asia into modern Iran also influenced Iraq 38 Many historians and anthropologists provide strong circumstantial evidence to posit that Iraq s Marsh Arabs share very strong links to the ancient Sumerians 37 42 the oldest human civilization in the world and most ancient inhabitants of central southern Iraq The Iraqi Assyrian population was found to be significantly related to other Iraqis especially Mesopotamian Arabs 41 37 likely due to the assimilation of indigenous Assyrians with other people groups who occupied and settled Mesopotamia after the fall of the Neo Babylonian Empire 43 Studies have reported that most Irish and Britons have ancestry to Neolithic farmers who left ancient Mesopotamia over 10 000 years ago Genetic researchers say they have found compelling evidence that on average four out of five 80 Europeans can trace their Y chromosome to the ancient Near East In another study scientists analyzed DNA from the 8 000 year old remains of early farmers found at an ancient graveyard in Germany They compared the genetic signatures to those of modern populations and found similarities with the DNA of people living in today s Turkey and Iraq 44 Language EditIraq s national languages are Arabic and the Kurdish languages The two main regional dialects of Arabic spoken by the Iraqi people are Mesopotamian Arabic spoken in the Babylonian alluvial plain and Middle Euphrates valley and South Mesopotamian Arabic and North Mesopotamian Arabic spoken in the Assyrian highlands 45 The two main dialects of Kurdish spoken by Kurdish people are Central Kurdish spoken in the Erbil and Sulaymaniyah Governorates 46 and Northern Kurdish spoken in Dohuk Governorate 46 In addition to Arabic most Assyrians and Mandaeans speak Neo Aramaic languages Mesopotamian Arabic has an Aramaic substratum 30 Religion and ethnic groups EditSee also Irreligion in Iraq Mor Mattai Monastery Haydar Khana Mosque Arabs 27 are the largest people group in Iraq while Kurds are the largest ethnic minority Turkmens are the third largest ethnic group in the country 28 29 The population was estimated to be 39 650 145 in 2021 residing in Iraq 47 with most of the population being Shia 15 million Sunni 9 million followed by Kurds 8 million Turkmen 3 million Assyrians and Armenians 500 000 Yazidis 500 000 Marsh Arabs and Shabaks Persians 500 000 250 000 Other minorities include Mandaeans 6 000 Roma 50 000 and Circassians 2 000 48 The most spoken languages are Mesopotamian Arabic Kurdish Iraqi Turkmen dialects and Syriac The percentages of different ethno religious groups residing in Iraq vary from source to source due to the last Iraqi census having taken place over 30 years ago A new census of Iraq was planned to take place in 2020 49 Iraq has many devout followers of its religions In 1968 the Iraqi constitution established Islam as the official religion of the state as the majority of Iraqis are Muslim Religion in Iraq 2019 50 Islam 95 Yazidism 1 25 Christianity 1 25 others incl Yarsanism Zoroastrianism Baha i Mandaeism Irreligion 2 In addition many Iraqi people are Christians belonging to various Christian denominations The majority of Iraqi Christians are indigenous Chaldean Catholic Assyrians whilst non Syriac Christians are mostly Iraqi Arabs and Armenians Iraqi Assyrians largely belong to belong to the Syriac Orthodox Church the Assyrian Church of the East Chaldean Catholic Church Ancient Church of the East and the Syriac Catholic Church Iraqi Arab Christians belong to the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch and the Melkite Greek Catholic Church of Antioch and Iraqi Armenians belong to the Armenian Orthodox Church and Armenian Catholic Church Their numbers inside Iraq have dwindled to around 500 000 since 2003 51 Other religious groups include Mandaeans Shabaks Yazidis and followers of other minority religions Furthermore Jews had also been present in Iraq in significant numbers historically and Iraq had the largest Jewish population in the Middle East but their population dwindled after virtually all of them migrated to Israel between 1949 and 1952 From 1949 to 1951 104 000 Jews were evacuated from Iraq in Operations Ezra and Nechemia named after the Jewish leaders who took their people back to Jerusalem from exile in Babylonia beginning in 597 B C E another 20 000 were smuggled out through Iran 52 53 54 Diaspora EditMain articles Iraqi diaspora and Refugees of Iraq The Iraqi diaspora is not a sudden exodus but one that has grown rapidly through the 20th century as each generation faced some form of radical transition or political conflict From 1950 to 1952 Iraq saw a great exodus of roughly 120 000 130 000 of its Jewish population under the Israel led Operation Ezra and Nehemiah There were at least two large waves of expatriation of both Christians and Muslims alike A great number of Iraqis left the country during the regime of Saddam Hussein and large numbers have left during the Iraq war and its aftermath See also EditDemographics of Iraq List of IraqisReferences Edit Iraq International Monetary Fund Retrieved 2009 04 27 500 000 Iraqis in Iran Retrieved 2010 12 10 HighBeam Collie Tim JEWISH amp IRAQI Sun Sentinel Auslandische Bevolkerung in den Jahren 2011 bis 2018 PDF statista in German PLACE OF BIRTH FOR THE FOREIGN BORN POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES Universe Foreign born population excluding population born at sea more information 2015 American Community Survey 1 Year Estimates United States Census Bureau Archived from the original on 2016 09 18 Retrieved 2016 10 13 PEOPLE REPORTING ANCESTRY United States Census Bureau Archived from the original on 2020 02 13 Retrieved 2016 10 04 Kadhum Oula 26 July 2021 The UK Iraqi Diaspora and their Mobilization towards Iraq Arab Reform Initiative UAE Iraqis restricted by passport delays 28 August 2008 Population by country of birth age and sex Year 2000 2020 الأردن يستضيف 3 ملايين شخص من 57 جنسية قناة المملكة in Arabic 18 December 2019 Retrieved 21 February 2022 Ethnic groups of Turkey Joshua Project Retrieved 2010 12 10 Australian Iraqi population estimated to be as high as 80 000 The Sydney Morning Herald 2005 01 22 Retrieved 2010 12 10 Iraqis in Lebanon aina org Archived from the original on 2007 09 29 Retrieved 2007 08 15 العراقيون في لبنان لاجئون منسيون بانتظار إعادة التوطين 6 January 2021 Statistics Canada 8 May 2013 2011 National Household Survey Data tables Retrieved 11 February 2014 Persons with foreign background stat fi Bevolkerung zu Jahresbeginn seit 2002 nach detaillierter Staatsangehorigkeit Population at the beginning of the year since 2002 by detailed nationality PDF Statistics Austria in German 14 June 2016 Retrieved 1 August 2016 Iraqi community in Greece PDF UNHCR Retrieved 2007 08 14 Barker Geoff 2012 Iraq Britannica p 23 ISBN 1 61535 637 1 Minorities in Iraq Pushed to the brink of existence PDF European Parliament February 2015 Middle East Iraq The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency cia gov 2 November 2021 Iraq Arabs Encyclopedia Britannica Iraqi a native or inhabitant of Iraq Reference com Retrieved 2010 12 10 Dogan Serkan Gurkan Cemal Dogan Mustafa Balkaya Hasan Emin Tunc Ramazan Demirdov Damla Kanliada Ameen Nihad Ahmed Marjanovic Damir 3 November 2017 A glimpse at the intricate mosaic of ethnicities from Mesopotamia Paternal lineages of the Northern Iraqi Arabs Kurds Syriacs Turkmens and Yazidis PLOS ONE 12 11 e0187408 Bibcode 2017PLoSO 1287408D doi 10 1371 journal pone 0187408 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 5669434 PMID 29099847 Text was copied from this source which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4 0 International License Lazim Hayder Almohammed Eida Khalaf Hadi Sibte Smith Judith 2020 09 17 Population genetic diversity in an Iraqi population and gene flow across the Arabian Peninsula Scientific Reports 10 1 15289 Bibcode 2020NatSR 1015289L doi 10 1038 s41598 020 72283 1 ISSN 2045 2322 PMC 7499422 PMID 32943725 a b c Office Great Britain Foreign 1958 Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919 1939 H M Stationery Office p 719 a b Minorities in Iraq EU Research Service PDF a b Mitchell T F 1990 1993 Pronouncing Arabic Oxford England Clarendon Press p 37 ISBN 0198151519 OCLC 18020063 a b Muller Kessler Christa Jul Sep 2003 Aramaic K Lyk and Mesopotamian Arabic Aku Maku The Mesopotamian Particles of Existence The Journal of the American Oriental Society 123 3 641 646 doi 10 2307 3217756 JSTOR 3217756 Aramaic was the medium of everyday writing and it provided scripts for writing 1997 Humanism Culture and Language in the Near East Studies in Honor of Georg Krotkoff Krotkoff Georg Afsaruddin Asma 1958 Zahniser A H Mathias 1938 Winona Lake Ind Eisenbrauns ISBN 9781575065083 OCLC 747412055 verification needed Tradition and modernity in Arabic language and literature Smart J R Shaban Memorial Conference 2nd 1994 University of Exeter Richmond Surrey U K 16 December 2013 p 253 ISBN 9781136788123 OCLC 865579151 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link verification needed Sanchez Francisco del Rio Influences of Aramaic on dialectal Arabic in Archaism and Innovation in the Semitic Languages Selected papers a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help verification needed Iraq s Constitution PDF a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link a b McIntosh Jane 2005 Ancient Mesopotamia New Perspectives ABC CLIO p 313 ISBN 978 1 57607 965 2 Iraqis have always been proud of their heritage and of their unique position as guardians of the Cradle of Civilization Spencer William 2000 Iraq Old Land New Nation in Conflict Twenty First Century Books p 13 ISBN 978 0 7613 1356 4 The Iraqi heritage is a proud one Iraqi ancestors made such contributions to our modern world as a written language agriculture and the growing of food crops the building of cities and the urban environment basic systems of government and a religious structure centered on gods and goddesses guiding human affairs a b c Al Zahery et al Oct 2011 In search of the genetic footprints of Sumerians a survey of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in the Marsh Arabs of Iraq BMC Evolutionary Biology 11 288 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 11 288 PMC 3215667 PMID 21970613 a b c d e N Al Zahery et al Y chromosome and mtDNA polymorphisms in Iraq a crossroad of the early human dispersal and of post Neolithic migrations 2003 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2010 12 27 Retrieved 2010 12 10 Hayder Lazim Eida Khalaf Almohammed Sibte Hadi Judith Smith 2020 Population genetic diversity in an Iraqi population and gene flow across the Arabian Peninsula Nature 10 1 15289 Bibcode 2020NatSR 1015289L doi 10 1038 s41598 020 72283 1 PMC 7499422 PMID 32943725 Luigi Luca Cavalli Sforza Paolo Menozzi Alberto Piazza The History and Geography of Human Genes p 242 a b Cavalli Sforza et al Genetic tree of West Asia Retrieved 2010 12 10 Spencer William 2000 Iraq Old Land New Nation in Conflict Twenty First Century Books p 17 ISBN 978 0 7613 1356 4 Tubiana Joseph 2012 10 22 Siegbert Uhlig ed Encyclopaedia Aethiopica Volume 1 Aethiopica 7 194 211 doi 10 15460 aethiopica 7 1 294 ISSN 2194 4024 Migrants from the Near East brought farming to Europe BBC 2010 11 10 Retrieved 2010 12 10 Country Profile Iraq Mongabay 25 August 2006 Retrieved 2010 12 10 a b The Kurdish language KRG Archived from the original on 2010 12 02 Retrieved 2010 12 12 Middle East Iraq The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency cia gov Retrieved 2019 04 08 Minorities in Iraq European Research Service PDF Iraq prepping to conduct a census in 2020 rudaw net Retrieved 2019 05 01 Iraq 15 May 2022 Minorities in Iraq EU Research Group PDF Farrell Stephen 2008 06 01 Baghdad Jews Have Become a Fearful Few The New York Times Retrieved 2010 12 10 Van Biema David 2007 07 27 The Last Jews of Baghdad Time Archived from the original on September 30 2007 Retrieved 2010 12 15 Jews in Islamic Countries Iraq External links EditMesopotamia Birthplace of civilisation Iraqi identity Forces for Integration Divisiveness Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Iraqis amp oldid 1134905712, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.