Aramaic was the lingua franca in Mesopotamia from the early 1st millennium BCE until the late 1st millennium CE, and as may be expected, Mesopotamian Arabic shows signs of an Aramaic substrate.[3] The Gelet and the Judeo-Iraqi varieties have retained features of Babylonian Aramaic.[3]
VarietiesEdit
Mesopotamian Arabic has two major varieties: Gilit Mesopotamian Arabic and Qeltu Mesopotamian Arabic. Their names derive from the form of the word for "I said" in each variety.[4] Gilit Arabic is a Bedouin variety spoken by Muslims (both sedentary and non-sedentary) in central and southern Iraq and by nomads in the rest of Iraq. Qeltu Arabic is an urban dialect spoken by Non-Muslims of central and southern Iraq (including Baghdad) and by the sedentary population (both Muslims and Non-Muslims) of the rest of the country.[5] Non-Muslims include Christians, Yazidis, and Jews, until most of them left Iraq in the 1940s–1950s.[6][7] Geographically, the gelet–qeltu classification roughly corresponds to respectively Upper Mesopotamia and Lower Mesopotamia.[8] The isogloss is between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates, around Fallujah and Samarra.[8]
During the Siege of Baghdad (1258), the Mongols killed all Muslims.[9] However, sedentary Christians and Jews were spared and northern Iraq was untouched.[9] In southern Iraq, sedentary Muslims were gradually replaced by Bedouins from the countryside.[9] This explains the current dialect distribution: in the south, everyone speaks Bedouin varieties close to Gulf Arabic (continuation of the Bedouin dialects of the Arabian Peninsula),[9][10] with the exception of urban Non-Muslims who continue to speak pre-1258 qeltu dialects while in the north the original qeltu dialect is still spoken by all, Muslims and Non-Muslims alike.[9]
Baghdadi Arabic is Iraq's de facto national vernacular, as about half of population speaks it as a mother tongue, and most other Iraqis understand it. It is spreading to northern cities as well.[12] Other Arabic speakers cannot easily understand Moslawi and Baghdadi.[12]
^ abcdMesopotamian Arabic at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) North Mesopotamian Arabic at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
^Enam al-Wer, Rudolf Erik de Jong, ed. (2009). Arabic Dialectology: In Honour of Clive Holes on the Occasion of His Sixtieth Birthday. Vol. 53. Brill. pp. 99–100. ISBN9789047425595.
^ abMuller-Kessler, Christa (2003). "Aramaic 'K', Lyk' and Iraqi Arabic 'Aku, Maku: The Mesopotamian Particles of Existence". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 123 (3): 641–646. doi:10.2307/3217756. JSTOR 3217756.
^Jasim, Maha Ibrahim (2022-12-15). "The Linguistic Heritage of the Maṣlāwī Dialect in Iraq". CREID Working Paper 18. doi:10.19088/creid.2022.015.
^Holes, Clive, ed. (2018). Arabic Historical Dialectology: Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Approaches. Oxford University Press. p. 337. ISBN978-0-19-870137-8. OCLC 1059441655.
^Procházka, Stephan (2018). "3.2. The Arabic dialects of northern Iraq". In Haig, Geoffrey; Khan, Geoffrey (eds.). The Languages and Linguistics of Western Asia. De Gruyter. pp. 243–266. doi:10.1515/9783110421682-008. ISBN978-3-11-042168-2. S2CID 134361362.
^ abcdAhmed, Abdulkareem Yaseen (2018). Phonological variation and change in Mesopotamia: a study of accent levelling in the Arabic dialect of Mosul (PhD thesis). Newcastle University.
^ abcdeHoles, Clive (2006). Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus J.; Trudgill, Peter (eds.). "The Arabian Peninsula and Iraq/Die arabische Halbinsel und der Irak". Sociolinguistics / Soziolinguistik, Part 3. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter: 1937. doi:10.1515/9783110184181.3.9.1930. ISBN978-3-11-019987-1.
^Prochazka, Stephan (2018). "The Northern Fertile Crescent". In Holes, Clive (ed.). Arabic Historical Dialectology: Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Approaches. Oxford University Press. p. 266. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198701378.003.0009. ISBN978-0-19-870137-8. OCLC 1059441655.
^ abCollin, Richard Oliver (2009). "Words of War: The Iraqi Tower of Babel". International Studies Perspectives. 10 (3): 245–264. doi:10.1111/j.1528-3585.2009.00375.x.
^del Rio Sanchez, Francisco (2013). "Influences of Aramaic on dialectal Arabic". In Sala, Juan Pedro Monferrer; Watson, Wilfred G. E. (eds.). Archaism and Innovation in the Semitic Languages: Selected Papers. Oriens Academic. ISBN978-84-695-7829-2.
^R. J. al-Mawsely, al-Athar, al-Aramiyyah fi lughat al-Mawsil al-amiyyah (Lexicon: Aramaic in the popular language of Mosul): Baghdad 1963
^Afsaruddin, Asma; Zahniser, A. H. Mathias, eds. (1997). Humanism, Culture, and Language in the Near East: Studies in Honor of Georg Krotkoff. Penn State University Press. doi:10.5325/j.ctv1w36pkt. ISBN978-1-57506-020-0. JSTOR 10.5325/j.ctv1w36pkt.[verification needed]
Further readingEdit
Palva, Heikki (2009-01-01). From Qəltu To Gələt: Diachronic Notes On Linguistic Adaptation In Muslim Baghdad Arabic. Brill. ISBN978-90-474-2559-5.
Mesopotamian Arabic test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
October 05, 2023
mesopotamian, arabic, arabic, لهجة, بلاد, ما, بين, النهرين, group, varieties, arabic, spoken, mesopotamian, basin, iraq, well, spanning, into, southeastern, turkey, iran, syria, kuwait, spoken, iraqi, diaspora, communities, iraqi, arabicاللهجه, العراقيهpronunc. Mesopotamian Arabic Arabic لهجة بلاد ما بين النهرين is a group of varieties of Arabic spoken in the Mesopotamian basin of Iraq as well as spanning into southeastern Turkey Iran Syria Kuwait and spoken in Iraqi diaspora communities 1 2 Mesopotamian ArabicIraqi Arabicاللهجه العراقيهPronunciationil lahja il iraqia il laehdʒe il ʕɪrɐqijːɛ Native toIraq Mesopotamia Syria Turkey Iran Kuwait Jordan parts of northern and eastern Arabia 1 RegionMesopotamia Armenian highlands CiliciaSpeakersGilit South acm 19 million 2020 1 Qeltu North ayp 10 million 2020 1 Language familyAfro Asiatic SemiticCentral SemiticArabicMesopotamian ArabicDialectsNorth Mesopotamian Baghdadi Shawi Khuzestani South MesopotamianWriting systemArabic alphabetSigned formsIraqi SignLanguage codesISO 639 3Either a href https iso639 3 sil org code acm class extiw title iso639 3 acm acm a Mesopotamian Arabic a href https iso639 3 sil org code ayp class extiw title iso639 3 ayp ayp a North Mesopotamian ArabicGlottologmeso1252nort3142Areas where Mesopotamian Arabic are widely spoken image reference needed This article contains IPA phonetic symbols Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Unicode characters For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA Contents 1 History 2 Varieties 2 1 Dialects 3 Substrate 4 See Also 5 References 6 Further readingHistory EditAramaic was the lingua franca in Mesopotamia from the early 1st millennium BCE until the late 1st millennium CE and as may be expected Mesopotamian Arabic shows signs of an Aramaic substrate 3 The Gelet and the Judeo Iraqi varieties have retained features of Babylonian Aramaic 3 Varieties EditMesopotamian Arabic has two major varieties Gilit Mesopotamian Arabic and Qeltu Mesopotamian Arabic Their names derive from the form of the word for I said in each variety 4 Gilit Arabic is a Bedouin variety spoken by Muslims both sedentary and non sedentary in central and southern Iraq and by nomads in the rest of Iraq Qeltu Arabic is an urban dialect spoken by Non Muslims of central and southern Iraq including Baghdad and by the sedentary population both Muslims and Non Muslims of the rest of the country 5 Non Muslims include Christians Yazidis and Jews until most of them left Iraq in the 1940s 1950s 6 7 Geographically the gelet qeltu classification roughly corresponds to respectively Upper Mesopotamia and Lower Mesopotamia 8 The isogloss is between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates around Fallujah and Samarra 8 During the Siege of Baghdad 1258 the Mongols killed all Muslims 9 However sedentary Christians and Jews were spared and northern Iraq was untouched 9 In southern Iraq sedentary Muslims were gradually replaced by Bedouins from the countryside 9 This explains the current dialect distribution in the south everyone speaks Bedouin varieties close to Gulf Arabic continuation of the Bedouin dialects of the Arabian Peninsula 9 10 with the exception of urban Non Muslims who continue to speak pre 1258 qeltu dialects while in the north the original qeltu dialect is still spoken by all Muslims and Non Muslims alike 9 Gilit qǝltu verb contrasts 11 s stem Bedouin gilit Sedentary qǝltu1st SG ḏạrab t fataḥ tu2nd m SG ḏạrab t fataḥ t2nd f SG tisṛab in tǝsrab in2nd PL tisṛab un tǝsrab un3rd PL yisṛab un yǝsrab unDialects Edit Gelet dialects include 8 Northwestern Mesopotamian group Shawi dialects including Urfa and al Raqqah Rural dialects of northern and central Iraq Central Iraqi Group Baghdad Arabic The surrounding area around Baghdad Southern Iraqi and Khuzestani Arabic group Urban dialects Rural dialects Marshland dialects of the Marsh Arabs of the Mesopotamian MarshesQeltu dialects include 8 Anatolian Qeltu Mardin dialects Mardin and surrounding villages Mhallami Nusaybin and Cizre Jews Siirt dialects Diyarbakir dialects Diyarbakir Christians and Jews Diyarbakir villages Christians Siverek Cermik and Urfa Jews Kozluk Sason Mus dialects Tigris Qeltu Maslawi Mosul and surrounding villages Bahzani Bashiqa Ain Sifni Maslawi group Jews only Northern Maslawi Sandur Akre Erbil Sos Southern Maslawi Kirkuk Tuz Khurmatu Khanaqin Tikrit and surroundings Baghdad and southern Iraq Jews and Christians only Euphrates Qeltu Khawetna Syria Iraq Turkey Deir ez Zor Anah and Abu Kamal Hit IraqBaghdadi Arabic is Iraq s de facto national vernacular as about half of population speaks it as a mother tongue and most other Iraqis understand it It is spreading to northern cities as well 12 Other Arabic speakers cannot easily understand Moslawi and Baghdadi 12 Substrate EditMesopotamian Arabic especially Qeltu has a significant Eastern Aramaic substrate 13 and through it also has significant influences from ancient Mesopotamian languages of Sumerian and Akkadian Eastern Aramaic dialects flourished and became the lingua franca throughout Mesopotamia during the Achaemenid and Hellenistic period where different dialects such as Syriac Mandaic and Hatran Aramaic came to being 14 15 Mesopotamian Arabic also retains influences from Persian Turkish and Greek 16 See Also EditVarieties of Arabic Modern Standard ArabicReferences Edit a b c d Mesopotamian Arabic at Ethnologue 25th ed 2022 nbsp North Mesopotamian Arabic at Ethnologue 25th ed 2022 nbsp Enam al Wer Rudolf Erik de Jong ed 2009 Arabic Dialectology In Honour of Clive Holes on the Occasion of His Sixtieth Birthday Vol 53 Brill pp 99 100 ISBN 9789047425595 a b Muller Kessler Christa 2003 Aramaic K Lyk and Iraqi Arabic Aku Maku The Mesopotamian Particles of Existence Journal of the American Oriental Society 123 3 641 646 doi 10 2307 3217756 JSTOR 3217756 Mitchell T F 1990 Pronouncing Arabic Volume 2 Clarendon Press p 37 ISBN 0 19 823989 0 Jasim Maha Ibrahim 2022 12 15 The Linguistic Heritage of the Maṣlawi Dialect in Iraq CREID Working Paper 18 doi 10 19088 creid 2022 015 Holes Clive ed 2018 Arabic Historical Dialectology Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Approaches Oxford University Press p 337 ISBN 978 0 19 870137 8 OCLC 1059441655 Prochazka Stephan 2018 3 2 The Arabic dialects of northern Iraq In Haig Geoffrey Khan Geoffrey eds The Languages and Linguistics of Western Asia De Gruyter pp 243 266 doi 10 1515 9783110421682 008 ISBN 978 3 11 042168 2 S2CID 134361362 a b c d Ahmed Abdulkareem Yaseen 2018 Phonological variation and change in Mesopotamia a study of accent levelling in the Arabic dialect of Mosul PhD thesis Newcastle University a b c d e Holes Clive 2006 Ammon Ulrich Dittmar Norbert Mattheier Klaus J Trudgill Peter eds The Arabian Peninsula and Iraq Die arabische Halbinsel und der Irak Sociolinguistics Soziolinguistik Part 3 Berlin New York Walter de Gruyter 1937 doi 10 1515 9783110184181 3 9 1930 ISBN 978 3 11 019987 1 Al Wer Enam Jong Rudolf 2017 Dialects of Arabic In Boberg Charles Nerbonne John Watt Dominic eds The Handbook of Dialectology Wiley p 529 doi 10 1002 9781118827628 ch32 ISBN 978 1 118 82755 0 OCLC 989950951 Prochazka Stephan 2018 The Northern Fertile Crescent In Holes Clive ed Arabic Historical Dialectology Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Approaches Oxford University Press p 266 doi 10 1093 oso 9780198701378 003 0009 ISBN 978 0 19 870137 8 OCLC 1059441655 a b Collin Richard Oliver 2009 Words of War The Iraqi Tower of Babel International Studies Perspectives 10 3 245 264 doi 10 1111 j 1528 3585 2009 00375 x del Rio Sanchez Francisco 2013 Influences of Aramaic on dialectal Arabic In Sala Juan Pedro Monferrer Watson Wilfred G E eds Archaism and Innovation in the Semitic Languages Selected Papers Oriens Academic ISBN 978 84 695 7829 2 Smart J R 2013 Tradition and Modernity in Arabic Language And Literature Routledge doi 10 4324 9781315026503 ISBN 978 1 136 78805 5 verification needed R J al Mawsely al Athar al Aramiyyah fi lughat al Mawsil al amiyyah Lexicon Aramaic in the popular language of Mosul Baghdad 1963 Afsaruddin Asma Zahniser A H Mathias eds 1997 Humanism Culture and Language in the Near East Studies in Honor of Georg Krotkoff Penn State University Press doi 10 5325 j ctv1w36pkt ISBN 978 1 57506 020 0 JSTOR 10 5325 j ctv1w36pkt verification needed Further reading EditPalva Heikki 2009 01 01 From Qeltu To Gelet Diachronic Notes On Linguistic Adaptation In Muslim Baghdad Arabic Brill ISBN 978 90 474 2559 5 nbsp Mesopotamian Arabic test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mesopotamian Arabic amp oldid 1176628961, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
