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Judeo-Tat

January 01, 1970

Judeo-Tat or Juhuri (cuhuri, жугьури, ז׳אוּהאוּראִ‎) is a Judeo-Persian dialect of the Tat language historically spoken by the Mountain Jews, primarily in Azerbaijan, Dagestan, and today in Israel.[1] It belongs to the southwestern group of the Iranian division of the Indo-European languages with heavy influence from the Hebrew language. In the era of Soviet historiography, the Mountain Jews were mistakenly considered to be related to the Muslim Tats of Azerbaijan. However, they do not share a common linguistic heritage, as the Mountain Jews kept their native language, while the Muslim Tats eventually adopted Persian. The words Juvuri and Juvuro translate as "Jewish" and "Jews".

Judeo-Tat
cuhuri, жугьури, ז׳אוּהאוּראִ‎
Native toAzerbaijan, Russia – North Caucasian Federal District, spoken by immigrant communities in Israel, United States (New York City)
EthnicityMountain Jews
Native speakers
80,000 (2010–2018)[1]
Latin, Cyrillic, Hebrew
Language codes
ISO 639-3jdt
Glottologjude1256
ELPJudeo-Tat
Judeo-Tat is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010)
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Judeo-Tat features Semitic elements in all linguistic levels of the language. Uniquely, Judeo-Tat retains the voiced pharyngeal approximant, also known as 3ayn (ع/ע), a phoneme whose presence is considered to be a hallmark of Semitic languages such as Arabic and no longer found in Modern Hebrew; no neighbouring languages in Azerbaijan or Dagestan feature it. [3]

Judeo-Tat is an endangered language[4][5] classified as "definitely endangered" by UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.[6]

Distribution edit

The language is spoken by an estimated 101,000 people:

Phonology edit

Vowel phonemes of Judeo-Tat[9]
Front Central Back
Unrounded Rounded
Close i y u
Near-close ɪ
Mid ɛ o
Open æ a

Alphabet edit

In the early 20th century, Judeo-Tat used the Hebrew script. In the 1920s, the Latin script was adapted for it; later it was written in Cyrillic. The use of the Hebrew alphabet has enjoyed renewed popularity.

Script and phonemes of Judeo-Tat
Latin Aa Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Əə Ff Gg Hh Ḩḩ Ħћ Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Vv Xx Yy Zz
Cyrillic Аа Бб Чч Жж Дд Ее Ээ Фф Гг Гьгь ГӀгӀ Хьхь Ии Йй Кк Лл Мм Нн Оо Пп Гъгъ Рр Сс Шш Тт Уу Вв Хх Уьуь Зз
Hebrew אַ בּ ג׳/צ ז׳ ד אי א פ ג ה ע ח אִ י כּ ל מ נ אָ פּ ק ר ס ש ת אוּ ב כ או ז
IPA a b tʃ/ts dʒ d ɛ æ f g h ʕ ħ i j k l m n o p ɢ ɾ s ʃ t u v χ y z

Influences and etymology edit

Judeo-Tat is a dialect of the Southwest Iranian language family, which includes Persian. Compared to other Iranian languages spoken in the Caucasus [for example, Talysh, Ossetian, and Kurdish], Judeo-Tat has more similarities to modern Persian. Howeverer, it also bears strong influence from other sources:

Medieval Persian: Postpositions are used predominantly in lieu of prepositions, for example in modern Persian: باز او > Judeo-Tat æ uræ-voz "with him/her".

Arabic: like in modern Persian, a significant portion of the vocabulary is Arabic in origin. Unlike modern Persian, Judeo-Tat has almost universally retained the original pharyngeal/uvular phonemes of Arabic, for example /ʕæsæl/ "honey" (Arab. عسل), /sæbæħ/ "morning" (Arab. صباح).

Hebrew: As in other Jewish dialects, the language also has many Hebrew loanwords, for example /ʃulħon/ "table" (Heb. שלחן‎ shulḥan), /mozol/ "luck" (Heb. מזל‎ mazal), /ʕoʃiɾ/ "rich" (Heb. עשיר‎ ʻashir). Hebrew words are typically pronounced in the tradition of other Mizrahi Jews. Examples: ח‎ and ע‎ are pronounced pharyngeally (like Arabic ح‎, ع respectively); ק‎ is pronounced as a voiced uvular plosive (like Persian ق/غ). Classical Hebrew /w/ (ו‎) and /aː/ (kamatz), however, are typically pronounced as /v/ and /o/ respectively (similar to the Persian/Ashkenazi traditions, but unlike the Iraqi tradition, which retains /w/ and /aː/)

Azerbaijani: Vowel harmony and many loan words

Russian: Loanwords adopted after the Russian Empire's annexation of Daghestan and Azerbaijan

Northeast Caucasian languages: /tʃuklæ/ "small" (probably the same origin as the medieval Caucasian city name "Sera-chuk" mentioned by Ibn Battuta, meaning "little Sera")

Other common phonology/morphology changes from classical Persian/Arabic/Hebrew:

  • /aː/ > /o/, /æ/, or /u/ as in /kitob/ "book" (Arab. كتاب), /ɾæħ/ "road/path" (Pers. راه rāh), /ɢurbu/ "sacrifice" (Arab., Aramaic /qurbaːn/ or Heb. קרבן‎ Korban)
  • /o/ > /u/ as in /ovʃolum/ "Absalom" (Heb. אבשלום‎ Abshalom)
  • /u/ > /y/, especially under the influence of vowel harmony
  • Stress on final syllable words
  • Dropping of the final /n/ as in /soχtæ/ "to make" (Pers. ساختن sākhtan)

Dialects edit

Being a variety of the Tat language, Judeo-Tat itself can be divided into several dialects:

The dialects of Oğuz (formerly Vartashen) and the now extinct Jewish community of Mücü have not been studied well and thus cannot be classified.[10]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Judeo-Tat at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)  
  2. ^ Windfuhr, Gernot. The Iranian Languages. Routledge. 2009. p. 417.
  3. ^ Habib Borjian, “Judeo-Iranian Languages,” in Lily Kahn and Aaron D. Rubin, eds., A Handbook of Jewish Languages, Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2015, pp. 234-295. [1].
  4. ^ Published in: Encyclopedia of the world’s endangered languages. Edited by Christopher Moseley. London & New York: Routledge, 2007. 211–280.
  5. ^ John M Clifton. (PDF). Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 18 Feb 2013.
  6. ^ UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger 2009-02-22 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ Habib Borjian and Daniel Kaufman, “Juhuri: from the Caucasus to New York City”, Special Issue: Middle Eastern Languages in Diasporic USA communities, in International Journal of Sociology of Language, ed. Maryam Borjian and Charles Häberl, issue 237, 2016, pp. 51-74. [2].
  8. ^ James B. Minahan, ed. Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia: Juhuro.
  9. ^ (in Russian)
  10. ^ (in Russian) Language of the Mountain Jews of Dagestan 2005-05-01 at the Wayback Machine by E.Nazarova

Further reading edit

  • Borjian, Habib; Kaufman, Daniel (2016). "Juhuri: From the Caucasus to New York City". International Journal of the Sociology of Language (237): 59–74. doi:10.1515/ijsl-2015-0035. S2CID 55326563.
  • Shapira, Dan D.Y. (2010). "Juhūrī (Judeo-Tat or Judeo-Tātī)". In Norman A. Stillman (ed.). Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World. Brill Online.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Judeo-Tat.
 
Judeo-Tat test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
  • Judeo-Tat literature
  • (словарь, грамматика, библиотека)
  • JUHURO.RU - Информационно развлекательный портал горских евреев Горские Евреи Израиля population ~70,000
  • Горские Евреи Нальчика Mountain Jews of Nalchik.
  • Mountain Jews of the US.
  • Сайт Горских Евреев Культура новости
  • Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World: "Juhūrī (Judeo-Tat or Judeo-Tātī)", p 16 sq, print: Brill, Leiden 2010

January 01, 1970
judeo, juhuri, cuhuri, жугьури, או, האו, רא, judeo, persian, dialect, language, historically, spoken, mountain, jews, primarily, azerbaijan, dagestan, today, israel, belongs, southwestern, group, iranian, division, indo, european, languages, with, heavy, influ. Judeo Tat or Juhuri cuhuri zhuguri ז או האו רא is a Judeo Persian dialect of the Tat language historically spoken by the Mountain Jews primarily in Azerbaijan Dagestan and today in Israel 1 It belongs to the southwestern group of the Iranian division of the Indo European languages with heavy influence from the Hebrew language In the era of Soviet historiography the Mountain Jews were mistakenly considered to be related to the Muslim Tats of Azerbaijan However they do not share a common linguistic heritage as the Mountain Jews kept their native language while the Muslim Tats eventually adopted Persian The words Juvuri and Juvuro translate as Jewish and Jews Judeo Tatcuhuri zhuguri ז או האו רא Native toAzerbaijan Russia North Caucasian Federal District spoken by immigrant communities in Israel United States New York City EthnicityMountain JewsNative speakers80 000 2010 2018 1 Language familyIndo European Indo IranianIranianWestern IranianSouthwestern IranianPersian 2 TatJudeo TatWriting systemLatin Cyrillic HebrewLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code jdt class extiw title iso639 3 jdt jdt a Glottologjude1256ELPJudeo TatJudeo Tat is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World s Languages in Danger 2010 This article contains IPA phonetic symbols Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Unicode characters For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA Judeo Tat features Semitic elements in all linguistic levels of the language Uniquely Judeo Tat retains the voiced pharyngeal approximant also known as 3ayn ع ע a phoneme whose presence is considered to be a hallmark of Semitic languages such as Arabic and no longer found in Modern Hebrew no neighbouring languages in Azerbaijan or Dagestan feature it 3 Judeo Tat is an endangered language 4 5 classified as definitely endangered by UNESCO s Atlas of the World s Languages in Danger 6 Contents 1 Distribution 2 Phonology 3 Alphabet 4 Influences and etymology 5 Dialects 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksDistribution editThe language is spoken by an estimated 101 000 people Israel 70 000 in 1998 Azerbaijan 24 000 in 1989 Russia 2 000 in 2010 1 United States 5 000 7 Canada 2 500 8 Phonology editVowel phonemes of Judeo Tat 9 Front Central Back Unrounded Rounded Close i y u Near close ɪ Mid ɛ o Open ae a Consonant phonemes of Judeo Tat Labial Dental Alveolar Post alv Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyn geal Glottal Nasal m n Stop Affricate voiceless p t t ʃ k voiced b d d ʒ ɡ ɢ Fricative voiceless f s ʃ x ħ h voiced v z Approximant l j ʕ Flap ɾAlphabet editIn the early 20th century Judeo Tat used the Hebrew script In the 1920s the Latin script was adapted for it later it was written in Cyrillic The use of the Hebrew alphabet has enjoyed renewed popularity Script and phonemes of Judeo Tat Latin Aa Bb Cc Cc Dd Ee Ee Ff Gg Hh Ḩḩ Ħћ Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Ss Tt Uu Vv Xx Yy Zz Cyrillic Aa Bb Chch Zhzh Dd Ee Ee Ff Gg Gg GӀgӀ Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Gg Rr Ss Shsh Tt Uu Vv Hh Uu Zz Hebrew א ב ג צ ז ד אי א פ ג ה ע ח א י כ ל מ נ א פ ק ר ס ש ת או ב כ או ז IPA a b tʃ ts dʒ d ɛ ae f g h ʕ ħ i j k l m n o p ɢ ɾ s ʃ t u v x y zInfluences and etymology editJudeo Tat is a dialect of the Southwest Iranian language family which includes Persian Compared to other Iranian languages spoken in the Caucasus for example Talysh Ossetian and Kurdish Judeo Tat has more similarities to modern Persian Howeverer it also bears strong influence from other sources Medieval Persian Postpositions are used predominantly in lieu of prepositions for example in modern Persian باز او gt Judeo Tat ae urae voz with him her Arabic like in modern Persian a significant portion of the vocabulary is Arabic in origin Unlike modern Persian Judeo Tat has almost universally retained the original pharyngeal uvular phonemes of Arabic for example ʕaesael honey Arab عسل saebaeħ morning Arab صباح Hebrew As in other Jewish dialects the language also has many Hebrew loanwords for example ʃulħon table Heb שלחן shulḥan mozol luck Heb מזל mazal ʕoʃiɾ rich Heb עשיר ʻashir Hebrew words are typically pronounced in the tradition of other Mizrahi Jews Examples ח and ע are pronounced pharyngeally like Arabic ح ع respectively ק is pronounced as a voiced uvular plosive like Persian ق غ Classical Hebrew w ו and aː kamatz however are typically pronounced as v and o respectively similar to the Persian Ashkenazi traditions but unlike the Iraqi tradition which retains w and aː Azerbaijani Vowel harmony and many loan wordsRussian Loanwords adopted after the Russian Empire s annexation of Daghestan and AzerbaijanNortheast Caucasian languages tʃuklae small probably the same origin as the medieval Caucasian city name Sera chuk mentioned by Ibn Battuta meaning little Sera Other common phonology morphology changes from classical Persian Arabic Hebrew aː gt o ae or u as in kitob book Arab كتاب ɾaeħ road path Pers راه rah ɢurbu sacrifice Arab Aramaic qurbaːn or Heb קרבן Korban o gt u as in ovʃolum Absalom Heb אבשלום Abshalom u gt y especially under the influence of vowel harmony Stress on final syllable words Dropping of the final n as in soxtae to make Pers ساختن sakhtan Dialects editBeing a variety of the Tat language Judeo Tat itself can be divided into several dialects Quba dialect traditionally spoken in Quba and Qirmizi Qesebe Derbent dialect traditionally spoken in the town of Derbent and the surrounding villages Kaitag dialect spoken in the North Caucasus The dialects of Oguz formerly Vartashen and the now extinct Jewish community of Mucu have not been studied well and thus cannot be classified 10 References edit a b c Judeo Tat at Ethnologue 26th ed 2023 nbsp Windfuhr Gernot The Iranian Languages Routledge 2009 p 417 Habib Borjian Judeo Iranian Languages in Lily Kahn and Aaron D Rubin eds A Handbook of Jewish Languages Leiden and Boston Brill 2015 pp 234 295 1 Published in Encyclopedia of the world s endangered languages Edited by Christopher Moseley London amp New York Routledge 2007 211 280 John M Clifton Do the Talysh and Tat languages have a future in Azerbaijan PDF Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics University of North Dakota Session Archived from the original PDF on 12 November 2013 Retrieved 18 Feb 2013 UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World s Languages in Danger Archived 2009 02 22 at the Wayback Machine Habib Borjian and Daniel Kaufman Juhuri from the Caucasus to New York City Special Issue Middle Eastern Languages in Diasporic USA communities in International Journal of Sociology of Language ed Maryam Borjian and Charles Haberl issue 237 2016 pp 51 74 2 James B Minahan ed Ethnic Groups of North East and Central Asia An Encyclopedia Juhuro in Russian Phonetics of the Mountain Jewish language in Russian Language of the Mountain Jews of Dagestan Archived 2005 05 01 at the Wayback Machine by E NazarovaFurther reading editBorjian Habib Kaufman Daniel 2016 Juhuri From the Caucasus to New York City International Journal of the Sociology of Language 237 59 74 doi 10 1515 ijsl 2015 0035 S2CID 55326563 Shapira Dan D Y 2010 Juhuri Judeo Tat or Judeo Tati In Norman A Stillman ed Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World Brill Online External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Judeo Tat nbsp Judeo Tat test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator Judeo Tat literature Gorsko evrejskij yazyk slovar grammatika biblioteka JUHURO RU Informacionno razvlekatelnyj portal gorskih evreev Gorskie Evrei Izrailya population 70 000 Gorskie Evrei Nalchika Mountain Jews of Nalchik Gorskie Evrei Ameriki Mountain Jews of the US Sajt Gorskih Evreev Kultura novosti Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World Juhuri Judeo Tat or Judeo Tati p 16 sq print Brill Leiden 2010 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Judeo Tat amp oldid 1221182056, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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