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Kurmanji

January 19, 2024

Kurmanji (Kurdish: کورمانجی, Kurmancî, lit. 'Kurdish'),[5][6][7][8] also termed Northern Kurdish,[1][9][10] is the northernmost of the Kurdish languages, spoken predominantly in southeast Turkey, northwest and northeast Iran, northern Iraq, northern Syria and the Caucasus and Khorasan regions.[11] It is the most widely spoken form of Kurdish.

Kurmanji
Northern Kurdish
کورمانجی, Kurmancî
Kurmanji Kurdish written in both scripts
RegionAutochthonous to Kurdistan, Kurdish diaspora[1]
EthnicityKurds
Native speakers
(undated figure of 16 million)[2]
Dialects
  • Botani (Boti)
  • Marashi
  • Ashiti
  • Bayezidi
  • Hekari
  • Shemdinani
  • Badini
  • Shikaki
  • Silivi
  • Mihemedi[1]
Official status
Official language in
Recognised minority
language in
Language codes
ISO 639-1ku
ISO 639-3kmr
Glottolognort2641
Linguasphere58-AAA-a
Geographic distribution of the Kurdish languages spoken by Kurds

The earliest textual record of Kurmanji Kurdish dates back to approximately the 16th century and many prominent Kurdish poets like Ehmedê Xanî (1650–1707) wrote in this language.[12][7] Kurmanji Kurdish is also the common and ceremonial language of Yazidis.[13] Their sacred book Mishefa Reş and all prayers are written and spoken in Kurmanji.[14]

Ethnologue reports that the use of Kurmanji is declining in Turkey even when the language is used as a language of wider communication (LWC) by immigrants to Turkey, and that the language is threatened because it is losing speakers.[15]

Phonology

Further information: Kurdish phonology

Phonological features in Kurmanji include the distinction between aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops and the presence of facultative phonemes.[16][17] For example, Kurmanji Kurdish distinguishes between aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops, which can be aspirated in all positions. Thus /p/ contrasts with /pʰ/, /t/ with /tʰ/, /k/ with /kʰ/, and the affricate /t͡ʃ/ with /t͡ʃʰ/.[17]

Dialect continuum

Kurmanji forms a dialect continuum of great variability. Loosely, six dialect areas can be distinguished:[18]

Ezdîkî and Yazidi politics

Among some Yazidis, the glossonym Ezdîkî is used for Kurmanji to differentiate themselves from Kurds. While Ezdîkî is no different from Kurmanji,[13][20][21][22][23] some attempt to prove that Ezdîkî is an independent language, including claims that it is a Semitic language. This has been criticized as not being based on scientific evidence and lacking scientific consensus.[24]

On January 25, 2002, Armenia ratified the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages and placed Kurdish under state protection.[25] However, because of the divided Yazidi community in Armenia and after strong criticism from parts of the community, the authorities chose to ratify the charter by mentioning both "Kurdish" and "Yezidi" as two separate languages.[26] This resulted in the term Êzdîkî being used by some researchers when delving into the question of minority languages in Armenia, since most Kurdish-speakers in Armenia are Yazidis.[27] As a consequence of this move, Armenian universities offer language courses in both Kurmanji and Êzdîkî as two different dialects.[28]

Kurmanji among other groups

During the end of the Ottoman era, Assyrians in Tur Abdin shifted from speaking their traditional Turoyo language to either Kurmanji or Arabic.[29] Kurdophone Armenians also exist and there were prior to the Armenian genocide around 110 Kurmanji-speaking Armenian villages in Beşiri and Silvan.[30][31]

Bulgarian,[32] Chechen and Circassian[33] immigrants in Turkish Kurdistan also speak Kurmanji.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f "Ethnologue - Kurmanji Kurdish". Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  2. ^ Kurmanji at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)  
  3. ^ . Self-Administration of North & East Syria Representation in Benelux. Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  4. ^ "Rojava could be a model for all Syria". Salih Muslim. Nationalita. 29 July 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  5. ^ Captain R. E. Jardine (1922). Bahdinan Kurmanji - A grammar of the Kurmanji of the Kurds of Mosul division and surrounding districts of Kurdistan. Baghdad: Government Press. p. ii.
  6. ^ Ayfer Gokalp (August 2015). (PDF). Arizona State University. p. 146. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  7. ^ a b Paul, Ludwig (2008). "Kurdish language I. History of the Kurdish language". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. London and New York: Routledge. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
  8. ^ Georg Krotkoff (1997). Humanism, Culture, and Language in the Near East. p. 299.
  9. ^ "Ethnologue - Kurdish". Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  10. ^ E. S. Soane (1909). Notes on Kurdish Dialects. Asian Educational Services. p. 906. ISBN 9788120617506. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  11. ^ Philip G. Kreyenbroek, Stefan Sperl (2005). The Kurds : a Contemporary Overview. Routledge. ISBN 1134907656.
  12. ^ Sebastian Maisel (2018). The Kurds: An Encyclopedia of Life, Culture, and Society. pp. 164–165.
  13. ^ a b "Yazidis i. General". Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  14. ^ Arakelova, Victoria (2001). "Healing Practices among the Yezidi Sheikhs of Armenia". Asian Folklore Studies. 60 (2): 319–328. doi:10.2307/1179060. JSTOR 1179060. As for their language, the Yezidis themselves, in an attempt to avoid being identified with Kurds, call it Ezdiki.
  15. ^ "Northern Kurdish (Kurmanji)". Ethnologue. Retrieved November 26, 2023.
  16. ^ Khan, Celadet Bedir; Lescot, Roger (1970). Grammaire Kurde (Dialecte kurmandji) (PDF). Paris: La librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient Adrien Maisonneuve. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
  17. ^ a b Haig, Geoffrey; Matras, Yaron (2002). (PDF). Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung. Berlin. 55 (1): 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
  18. ^ Öpengin, Ergin; Haig, Geoffrey (2014), "Regional variation in Kurmanji: A preliminary classification of dialects", Kurdish Studies, 2, ISSN 2051-4883
  19. ^ "The Kurdish language". previous.cabinet.gov.krd. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
  20. ^ "The Human Rights Situation of the Yezidi Minority in the Transcaucasus" (PDF). Refworld. May 2008. p. 5. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
  21. ^ Sebastian Maisel (2017). Yezidis in Syria: Identity Building among a Double Minority. Lanham: Lexington Books. p. 123.
  22. ^ Coene, Frederik (2009-10-16). The Caucasus - An Introduction. Routledge. ISBN 9781135203023.
  23. ^ Tork Dalalyan (2011). "Construction of Kurdish and Yezidi Identities among the Kurmanji-speaking Population of the Republic of Armenia, in: Changing Identities: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia – 2011". Changing Identities: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia (Collection of Selected Works, Edited by V. Voronkov, S. Khutsishvili, J. Horan), Heinrich Böll Stiftung South Caucasus: 6. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
  24. ^ Majid Hassan Ali (15 February 2019). "The identity controversy of religious minorities in Iraq: the crystallization of the Yazidi identity after 2003". British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. Routledge. 47 (5): 8. doi:10.1080/13530194.2019.1577129. ISSN 1353-0194. S2CID 150358224.
  25. ^ Witzlack-Makarevich, Kai; Wulff, Nadja (2017-08-08). Handbuch des Russischen in Deutschland: Migration – Mehrsprachigkeit – Spracherwerb (in German). Frank & Timme GmbH. ISBN 9783732902279.
  26. ^ "Kurds (Kurdmanzh)". Minority Rights Group International. 19 June 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  27. ^ Schulze, Ilona. "Methodologische Überlegungen zur soziokulturellen Dokumentation von Minderheiten in Armenien. Iran and the Caucasus Vol. 18, 2, pp. 169-193" (in German).
  28. ^ Serinci, Deniz (28 May 2014). "The Yezidis of Armenia Face Identity Crisis over Kurdish Ethnicity". Rudaw.
  29. ^ Gaunt, David (2006). Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia During World War I. Gorgias Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-59333-301-0.
  30. ^ Galip, Özlem Belçim (2020). New Social Movements and the Armenian Question in Turkey: Civil Society vs. Springer. p. 161. ISBN 9783030594008.
  31. ^ Kévorkian, Raymond (2011). The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 355. ISBN 9780857730206.
  32. ^ "Türkçe için getirilen Bulgarlar Kürtçe konuşuyor". Rûdaw. 17 May 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2019.
  33. ^ Aşiretler raporu (1st ed.). İstanbul: Kaynak Yayınları. 2000. ISBN 9753432208.

Further reading

  • Mustafa, Hanar Hoshyar, and Rebwar M. Nabi. "Kurdish Kurmanji Lemmatization and Spell-checker with Spell-correction." UHD Journal of Science and Technology 7.1 (2023): 43-52.

External links

 
Kurmanji Kurdish edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 
Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Kurdish.
  •   Wîkîferheng Kurdish (Kurmanji) Wiktionary
  • Kurdish Institute Kurdish language, history, books and latest news articles.
  • Egerîn, Kurdish (Kurmanji) search engine
  • Reference Grammar with Selected Readings for Kurmanji Kurdish, written by W. M. Thackston (Harvard University) 2021-07-29 at the Wayback Machine
  • Baran, Murat (2021). Kurdish Grammar: Kurmanji Reference Book. Erzîrom: Amazon publishing. ISBN 979-8666578360.
  • Northern Kurdish (Kurmanji) DoReCo corpus Audio recordings of narrative texts with transcriptions time-aligned at the phone level, translations, and time-aligned morphological annotations.

January 19, 2024
kurmanji, kurdish, کورمانجی, kurmancî, kurdish, also, termed, northern, kurdish, northernmost, kurdish, languages, spoken, predominantly, southeast, turkey, northwest, northeast, iran, northern, iraq, northern, syria, caucasus, khorasan, regions, most, widely,. Kurmanji Kurdish کورمانجی Kurmanci lit Kurdish 5 6 7 8 also termed Northern Kurdish 1 9 10 is the northernmost of the Kurdish languages spoken predominantly in southeast Turkey northwest and northeast Iran northern Iraq northern Syria and the Caucasus and Khorasan regions 11 It is the most widely spoken form of Kurdish KurmanjiNorthern Kurdishکورمانجی KurmanciKurmanji Kurdish written in both scriptsRegionAutochthonous to Kurdistan Kurdish diaspora 1 EthnicityKurdsNative speakers undated figure of 16 million 2 Language familyIndo European Indo IranianIranianWesternNorthwesternKurdishKurmanjiDialectsBotani Boti Marashi Ashiti Bayezidi Hekari Shemdinani Badini Shikaki Silivi Mihemedi 1 Writing systemHawar alphabet Latin in Turkey Syria Iraq and Iran Sorani alphabet Arabic in Iraq and Iran Cyrillic script in Russia and Armenia 1 Official statusOfficial language in Kurdistan Region 1 Rojava 3 4 Recognised minoritylanguage in Armenia 1 Language codesISO 639 1 span class plainlinks ku span ISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code kmr class extiw title iso639 3 kmr kmr a Glottolognort2641Linguasphere58 AAA aGeographic distribution of the Kurdish languages spoken by Kurds Kurmanji Northern Kurdish Sorani Central Kurdish Zaza language Southern Kurdish Gorani is included mixed language areasThe earliest textual record of Kurmanji Kurdish dates back to approximately the 16th century and many prominent Kurdish poets like Ehmede Xani 1650 1707 wrote in this language 12 7 Kurmanji Kurdish is also the common and ceremonial language of Yazidis 13 Their sacred book Mishefa Res and all prayers are written and spoken in Kurmanji 14 Ethnologue reports that the use of Kurmanji is declining in Turkey even when the language is used as a language of wider communication LWC by immigrants to Turkey and that the language is threatened because it is losing speakers 15 Contents 1 Phonology 2 Dialect continuum 2 1 Ezdiki and Yazidi politics 3 Kurmanji among other groups 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksPhonologyFurther information Kurdish phonology Phonological features in Kurmanji include the distinction between aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops and the presence of facultative phonemes 16 17 For example Kurmanji Kurdish distinguishes between aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops which can be aspirated in all positions Thus p contrasts with pʰ t with tʰ k with kʰ and the affricate t ʃ with t ʃʰ 17 Dialect continuumKurmanji forms a dialect continuum of great variability Loosely six dialect areas can be distinguished 18 Northwestern Kurmanji spoken in the Kahramanmaras in Kurmanji Meras Malatya Meleti and Sivas Sewaz provinces of the northwest of Turkish Kurdistan Southwestern Kurmanji spoken in the Adiyaman Semsur Gaziantep Entab and Sanliurfa Riha provinces of Turkish and Aleppo Governorate in the west of Syrian Kurdistan Northern Kurmanji or Serhed Kurdish spoken mainly in the Agri Agiri Erzurum Erzerom and Mus Mus provinces of the northeast of Turkish Kurdistan as well as adjacent areas Southern Kurmanji spoken in Al Hasakah Governorate in the east of Syrian Kurdistan Sinjar District Singal in the west of Iraqi Kurdistan and in several adjacent parts of the south of Turkish Kurdistan centered on the Mardin Merdin and Batman Elih provinces Southeastern Kurmanji or Badini spoken in Hakkari Province Parezgeha Colemerge in the southeast of Turkish Kurdistan and the Dohuk Governorate Parezgeha Dihoke and parts of Erbil Governorate Parezgeha Hewler in the north of Iraqi Kurdistan 19 Anatolian Kurmanji is spoken in Central Anatolia Anatolya Navin especially in Konya Ankara and Aksaray by Anatolian KurdsEzdiki and Yazidi politics Among some Yazidis the glossonym Ezdiki is used for Kurmanji to differentiate themselves from Kurds While Ezdiki is no different from Kurmanji 13 20 21 22 23 some attempt to prove that Ezdiki is an independent language including claims that it is a Semitic language This has been criticized as not being based on scientific evidence and lacking scientific consensus 24 On January 25 2002 Armenia ratified the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages and placed Kurdish under state protection 25 However because of the divided Yazidi community in Armenia and after strong criticism from parts of the community the authorities chose to ratify the charter by mentioning both Kurdish and Yezidi as two separate languages 26 This resulted in the term Ezdiki being used by some researchers when delving into the question of minority languages in Armenia since most Kurdish speakers in Armenia are Yazidis 27 As a consequence of this move Armenian universities offer language courses in both Kurmanji and Ezdiki as two different dialects 28 Kurmanji among other groupsDuring the end of the Ottoman era Assyrians in Tur Abdin shifted from speaking their traditional Turoyo language to either Kurmanji or Arabic 29 Kurdophone Armenians also exist and there were prior to the Armenian genocide around 110 Kurmanji speaking Armenian villages in Besiri and Silvan 30 31 Bulgarian 32 Chechen and Circassian 33 immigrants in Turkish Kurdistan also speak Kurmanji See also nbsp Kurdistan portal nbsp Languages portalKurdish alphabets Kurdish grammar Sorani Southern Kurdish Kurmanci a Kurdish linguistic magazineReferences a b c d e f Ethnologue Kurmanji Kurdish Retrieved 3 February 2018 Kurmanji at Ethnologue 26th ed 2023 nbsp Social Contract Sa Nes Self Administration of North amp East Syria Representation in Benelux Archived from the original on 9 December 2018 Retrieved 22 March 2019 Rojava could be a model for all Syria Salih Muslim Nationalita 29 July 2014 Retrieved 22 March 2019 Captain R E Jardine 1922 Bahdinan Kurmanji A grammar of the Kurmanji of the Kurds of Mosul division and surrounding districts of Kurdistan Baghdad Government Press p ii Ayfer Gokalp August 2015 Language and Literacy Practices of Kurdish Children Across Their Home and School Spaces in Turkey PDF Arizona State University p 146 Archived from the original PDF on 30 March 2019 Retrieved 19 March 2019 a b Paul Ludwig 2008 Kurdish language I History of the Kurdish language In Yarshater Ehsan ed Encyclopaedia Iranica London and New York Routledge Retrieved 28 August 2013 Georg Krotkoff 1997 Humanism Culture and Language in the Near East p 299 Ethnologue Kurdish Retrieved 19 March 2019 E S Soane 1909 Notes on Kurdish Dialects Asian Educational Services p 906 ISBN 9788120617506 Retrieved 22 March 2019 Philip G Kreyenbroek Stefan Sperl 2005 The Kurds a Contemporary Overview Routledge ISBN 1134907656 Sebastian Maisel 2018 The Kurds An Encyclopedia of Life Culture and Society pp 164 165 a b Yazidis i General Retrieved 19 March 2019 Arakelova Victoria 2001 Healing Practices among the Yezidi Sheikhs of Armenia Asian Folklore Studies 60 2 319 328 doi 10 2307 1179060 JSTOR 1179060 As for their language the Yezidis themselves in an attempt to avoid being identified with Kurds call it Ezdiki Northern Kurdish Kurmanji Ethnologue Retrieved November 26 2023 Khan Celadet Bedir Lescot Roger 1970 Grammaire Kurde Dialecte kurmandji PDF Paris La librairie d Amerique et d Orient Adrien Maisonneuve Retrieved 28 October 2017 a b Haig Geoffrey Matras Yaron 2002 Kurdish linguistics a brief overview PDF Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung Berlin 55 1 5 Archived from the original PDF on 10 October 2017 Retrieved 27 April 2013 Opengin Ergin Haig Geoffrey 2014 Regional variation in Kurmanji A preliminary classification of dialects Kurdish Studies 2 ISSN 2051 4883 The Kurdish language previous cabinet gov krd Retrieved 13 August 2019 The Human Rights Situation of the Yezidi Minority in the Transcaucasus PDF Refworld May 2008 p 5 Retrieved 23 March 2019 Sebastian Maisel 2017 Yezidis in Syria Identity Building among a Double Minority Lanham Lexington Books p 123 Coene Frederik 2009 10 16 The Caucasus An Introduction Routledge ISBN 9781135203023 Tork Dalalyan 2011 Construction of Kurdish and Yezidi Identities among the Kurmanji speaking Population of the Republic of Armenia in Changing Identities Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia 2011 Changing Identities Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia Collection of Selected Works Edited by V Voronkov S Khutsishvili J Horan Heinrich Boll Stiftung South Caucasus 6 Retrieved 23 March 2019 Majid Hassan Ali 15 February 2019 The identity controversy of religious minorities in Iraq the crystallization of the Yazidi identity after 2003 British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies Routledge 47 5 8 doi 10 1080 13530194 2019 1577129 ISSN 1353 0194 S2CID 150358224 Witzlack Makarevich Kai Wulff Nadja 2017 08 08 Handbuch des Russischen in Deutschland Migration Mehrsprachigkeit Spracherwerb in German Frank amp Timme GmbH ISBN 9783732902279 Kurds Kurdmanzh Minority Rights Group International 19 June 2015 Retrieved 22 March 2019 Schulze Ilona Methodologische Uberlegungen zur soziokulturellen Dokumentation von Minderheiten in Armenien Iran and the Caucasus Vol 18 2 pp 169 193 in German Serinci Deniz 28 May 2014 The Yezidis of Armenia Face Identity Crisis over Kurdish Ethnicity Rudaw Gaunt David 2006 Massacres Resistance Protectors Muslim Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia During World War I Gorgias Press p 4 ISBN 978 1 59333 301 0 Galip Ozlem Belcim 2020 New Social Movements and the Armenian Question in Turkey Civil Society vs Springer p 161 ISBN 9783030594008 Kevorkian Raymond 2011 The Armenian Genocide A Complete History Bloomsbury Publishing p 355 ISBN 9780857730206 Turkce icin getirilen Bulgarlar Kurtce konusuyor Rudaw 17 May 2017 Retrieved 21 May 2019 Asiretler raporu 1st ed Istanbul Kaynak Yayinlari 2000 ISBN 9753432208 Further readingMustafa Hanar Hoshyar and Rebwar M Nabi Kurdish Kurmanji Lemmatization and Spell checker with Spell correction UHD Journal of Science and Technology 7 1 2023 43 52 External links nbsp Kurmanji Kurdish edition of Wikipedia the free encyclopedia nbsp Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Kurdish nbsp Wikiferheng Kurdish Kurmanji Wiktionary Kurdish Institute Kurdish language history books and latest news articles Egerin Kurdish Kurmanji search engine Reference Grammar with Selected Readings for Kurmanji Kurdish written by W M Thackston Harvard University Archived 2021 07 29 at the Wayback Machine Baran Murat 2021 Kurdish Grammar Kurmanji Reference Book Erzirom Amazon publishing ISBN 979 8666578360 Northern Kurdish Kurmanji DoReCo corpus Audio recordings of narrative texts with transcriptions time aligned at the phone level translations and time aligned morphological annotations Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kurmanji amp oldid 1189126354, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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