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Andhra Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh (English: /ˌɑːndrə prəˈdɛʃ/,[14] Telugu: [ãːndʱrɐ prɐdeːʃ] (listen) abbr. AP) is a state in the south-eastern coastal region of India.[15] It is the seventh-largest state by area covering an area of 162,975 km2 (62,925 sq mi)[5] and tenth-most populous state with 49,386,799 inhabitants.[16][17] It is bordered by Telangana to the north-west, Chhattisgarh to the north, Odisha to the north-east, Tamil Nadu to the south, Karnataka to the west and the Bay of Bengal to the east.[18] It has the second longest coastline in India after Gujarat, of about 974 km (605 mi).[19] Andhra State was the first state to be formed on a linguistic basis in India on 1 October 1953.[20] On 1 November 1956, Andhra State was merged with the Telugu-speaking areas (ten districts) of the Hyderabad State to form United Andhra Pradesh. In 2014 these merged areas of Hyderabad State were bifurcated from United Andhra Pradesh to form the new state Telangana. The present form of Andhra is similar to Andhra state, but some mandalas like Bhadrachalam are still included in Telangana. Amaravati serves as the capital of present Andhra with the largest city being Visakhapatnam.[21]

Andhra Pradesh
Anthem:
"Maa Telugu Thalliki"
(To our mother Telugu)
Location of Andhra Pradesh in India
Coordinates: 14°54′10″N 79°05′24″E / 14.902800°N 79.090000°E / 14.902800; 79.090000Coordinates: 14°54′10″N 79°05′24″E / 14.902800°N 79.090000°E / 14.902800; 79.090000
Country India
RegionSouth India
Formed as Andhra State1 October 1953
Formed as United Andhra Pradesh1 November 1956[1][2]
Bifurcation2 June 2014
CapitalAmaravati
Largest cityVisakhapatnam
Districts26
Government
 • BodyGovernment of Andhra Pradesh
 • GovernorBiswabhusan Harichandan[3][4]
 • Chief ministerY. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy
 • LegislatureBicameral
 • Parliamentary constituencies
 • High CourtHigh Court of Andhra Pradesh
Area
 • Total162,975 km2 (62,925 sq mi)
 • Rank7th
Elevation
390 m (1,280 ft)
Population
 (2011)[6]
 • Total49,386,799
 • Rank10th
 • Density308/km2 (800/sq mi)
DemonymsAndhrulu, Teluguvaru
GDP (2020–21)
 • Total8.84 trillion (US$110 billion)
 • Per capita170,215 (US$2,100)
Languages
 • OfficialTelugu
 • Additional officialUrdu[9][10]
Time zoneUTC+05:30 (IST)
UN/LOCODEAP
ISO 3166 codeIN-AP
Vehicle registrationAP–39
Literacy rate67.41% (2011)
Coastline974 km (605 mi)
Sex ratio (2011)993 /1000
HDI (2018) 0.649[11]
medium · 27th
Symbols of Andhra Pradesh
Emblem
Emblem of Andhra Pradesh
SongMaa Telugu Thalliki[12]
Dance
Kuchipudi[13]
Mammal
Blackbuck[13]
Bird
Rose-ringed parakeet[13]
Flower
Jasmine[13]
Fruit
Mango[13]
Tree
Neem[13]
Sport
Kabaddi[13]

Andhra Pradesh was once a major Buddhist pilgrimage site in the country and a Buddhist learning center which can be seen in many sites in the state in the form of monastery ruins, chaityas and stupas.[22][23] It is also known for being the land of Koh-i-Noor and other globally known diamonds from Kollur Mine.[24] It is also a major producer of rice known as the "Rice bowl of India".[25] Its official language is Telugu; one of the classical languages of India, the fourth most spoken language in India and the 13th-most spoken language in the world.[26][27] Andhra Pradesh's second official language is Urdu.[28]

Early inhabitants were known as the Andhras, tracing their history back to the Vedic period, when they were mentioned in the 8th century BCE Rigvedic text Aitareya Brahmana. According to the Aitareya Brahmana, the Andhras left North India from the banks of the Yamuna river and migrated to South India.[29][30] The Assaka Mahajanapada (700–300 BCE) was an ancient kingdom located between the Godavari and Krishna rivers in southeastern India. Accounts that people in the region are descended from the Viswamitra are found in the Ramayana, the Mahabharata and the Puranas.[31][clarification needed] The region also derives its name from the Satavahanas, who are also known as Andhras, the earliest kings of Andhra Pradesh and India.[32]

People of the said era supported local art and culture by building temples and sculptures of the Buddhist monuments in the state.[29] It was ruled by the Mauryan Empire, Satavahana dynasty, Salankayanas, Andhra Ikshvakus, Pallavas, Vishnukundinas, Eastern Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Cholas, Kakatiyas, Vijayanagara Empire, Gajapati Empire, Mughal Empire, Deccan sultanates, Qutb Shahi dynasty, and Asaf Jahis. In the 3rd century BCE, Andhra was a vassal kingdom of Ashoka, but after his death Andhra became powerful and extended its empire to the whole of Maratha country and beyond.[33]

Andhra Pradesh comprises three major regions namely Rayalaseema in the south-west, Coastal Andhra bordering the Bay of Bengal in the east and Uttarandhra at north-east.[34] The state has 26 districts, 6 in Uttarandhra, 12 in Coastal Andhra and 8 in Rayalaseema. The state also borders a union territory, Yanam – a district of Puducherry, which lies to the south of Kakinada in the Godavari delta on the eastern side of the state. The economy of Andhra Pradesh is the 8th largest in India, with a gross state domestic product (GSDP) of 8.84 trillion (US$110 billion) and has the country's 17th-highest GSDP per capita of 170,000 (US$2,100).[7][8] Andhra Pradesh ranks 27th among Indian states in Human Development Index (HDI).[11] It has a jurisdiction over almost 15,000 square kilometres (5,800 sq mi) of territorial waters.[5][35]

Andhra Pradesh hosted 121.8 million visitors in 2015, a 30% growth in tourist arrivals over the previous year, making it the third most-visited state in India.[36] The Tirumala Venkateswara Temple in Tirupati is one of the world's most visited religious sites, with 18.25 million visitors per year.[37] The region is also home to a variety of other pilgrimage centres, such as the Pancharama Kshetras, Mallikarjuna Jyotirlinga and Kodanda Rama Temple. The state's natural attractions include the beaches of Visakhapatnam, hill stations such as the Araku Valley and Horsley Hills, and the deltas of Konaseema in the Godavari river, and Diviseema in the Krishna river.

History

Toponym

A group of people named Andhras was mentioned in Sanskrit texts such as Aitareya Brahmana (800–500 BCE). According to Aitareya Brahmana of the Rig Veda, the Andhras left north India from banks of River Yamuna and settled in south India.[38][39][40] The Satavahanas have been mentioned by the names Andhra, Andhrara-jateeya and Andhrabhrtya in the Puranic literature.[41][42] They did not refer themselves as Andhra in any of their coins or inscriptions; it is possible that they were termed as Andhras because of their ethnicity or because their territory included the Andhra region.[43][44][45]

Early and medieval history

 
Telugu Thalli statue in Tirupati

The Assaka Mahajanapada, one of the sixteen Vedic Mahajanapadas, included Andhra, Maharashtra and Telangana.[46] Archaeological evidence from places such as Amaravati, Dharanikota, and Vaddamanu suggests that the Andhra region was part of the Mauryan Empire. Amaravati might have been a regional centre for the Mauryan rule. After the death of Emperor Ashoka, Mauryan rule weakened around 200 BCE and was replaced by several smaller kingdoms in the Andhra region.[47]

The Satavahana dynasty dominated the Deccan region from the 1st century BCE to the 3rd century CE.[48] The later Satavahanas made Dharanikota and Amaravathi their capital, which according to the Buddhists is the place where Nagarjuna, the philosopher of Mahayana lived in the 2nd and 3rd centuries.[49] The Andhra Ikshvakus, with their capital at Vijayapuri, succeeded the Satavahanas in the Krishna River valley in the latter half of the 2nd century.[50] Pallavas, who were originally executive officers under the Satavahana kings, were not a recognised political power before the 2nd century CE and were swept away by the Western Chalukyan invasion, led by Pulakesin II in the first quarter of the 7th century CE.[51] After the downfall of the Ikshvakus, the Vishnukundinas were the first great dynasty in the 5th and 6th centuries, and held sway over the entire Andhra country, including Kalinga and parts of Telangana. They played an important role in the history of Deccan during the 5th and 6th century CE, with Eluru, Amaravathi and Puranisangam.[52]

The Salankayanas were an ancient dynasty that ruled the Andhra region between Godavari and Krishna with their capital at Vengi (modern Pedavegi) from 300 to 440 CE.[53] The Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi, whose dynasty lasted for around five hundred years from the 7th century until 1130 CE, eventually merged with the Chola dynasty. They continued to rule under the protection of the Chola dynasty until 1189 CE when the kingdom succumbed to the Hoysalas and the Yadavas.[54] The roots of the Telugu language have been seen on inscriptions found near the Guntur district and from others dating to the rule of Renati Cholas in the fifth century CE.[55][56]

Kayastha chiefs descended from North Indian Kayasthas ruled over vast swathes of land in Andhra country, and they are recorded in Andhra history dating back to the 13th century CE.[57] Kakatiyas ruled Andhra Pradesh state for nearly two hundred years and constructed several forts. They were succeeded by the Musunuri Nayaks. Musunuri Nayaks led a confederation of Nayakas to overthrow the rule of the Delhi Sultanate in Telugu lands.[58]

The Reddi kingdom (1325–1448 CE) was established by Prolaya Vema Reddi in the early 14th century, who ruled from present day Kondaveedu. Prolaya Vema Reddi was part of the confederation of states that started a movement against the invading Turkic Muslim armies of the Delhi Sultanate. They constructed Kondaveedu Fort[citation needed], which they ruled between 1328 and 1428, before it was taken over by the Gajpathis of Orissa, and later ravaged by the Muslim rulers of the Bahmani kingdom in 1458. The Vijayanagara emperor Krishnadevaraya captured it in 1516. The Golconda Sultans fought for the fort in 1531, 1536 and 1579, and Sultan Quli Qutb Shah captured it in 1579, renaming it Murtuzanagar. It was reconquered by Vijayanagara who overthrew sultanate rule across the entirety of modern-day Andhra Pradesh (excluding Telangana). After this rebellion, the Bahmani sultans launched no further military campaigns outside their kingdoms, because the Maratha empire soon emerged as the strongest power in India.[59][60][61] Efforts are in progress to classify Kondaveedu Fort as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[62]

 
Rajmahal of Chandragiri Fort

The Vijayanagara Empire originated in the Deccan Plateau region in the early 14th century. It was established in 1336 by Harihara Raya I and his brother Bukka Raya I of the Sangama Dynasty.[63][64] The empire's patronage enabled fine arts and literature to reach new heights in Kannada, Telugu, Tamil, and Sanskrit, while Carnatic music evolved into its current form.[65] During the Vijayanagara Empire, the Pemmasani Nayaks controlled parts of Andhra Pradesh and had large mercenary armies that were the vanguard of the Vijayanagara Empire in the sixteenth century.[66] The Lepakshi group of monuments are culturally and archaeologically significant as it is the location of shrines dedicated to Shiva, Vishnu, and Veerabhadra which were built during the Vijayanagara Kings' period (1336–1646). The temples are the location of mural paintings of the Vijayanagara kings, Dravidian art, and inscriptions. Near the temple complex is a large granite Nandi bull. On a hillock known as Kurma Saila ('tortoise-shaped hill') are other temples to Papanatheswara, Raghunatha, Srirama, and Durga.[67][68]

The Government of Andhra Pradesh has taken the initiative for including the "Lepakshi Group of Monuments" among the UNESCO World Heritage sites in India.[69][70]

Modern history

 
Gandikota fort view

Harihara and Bukka, who served as treasury officers of the Kakatiyas of Warangal, founded the Vijayanagara Empire.[71] In 1347 CE, an independent Muslim state, the Bahmani Sultanate, was established in south India by Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah in a revolt against the Delhi Sultanate. The Qutb Shahi dynasty held sway over the Andhra country after the resolution of Vijayanagar empire by joint action of Mughals, Bijapur and Golconda sultanates.[72]

In the early nineteenth century, Northern Circars was ceded to the British East India Company and became part of the Madras Presidency. Eventually, this region emerged as the Coastal Andhra region. Later the Nizam rulers of Hyderabad ceded five territories to the British that eventually became the Rayalaseema region. The Nizams retained control of the interior provinces as the princely state of Hyderabad, acknowledging British rule in return for local autonomy. However, Komaram Bheem, a tribal leader, started his fight against the erstwhile Asaf Jahi Dynasty for the liberation of Hyderabad State.[73] Meanwhile, the French occupied Yanam, in the Godavari delta, and (save for periods of British control) would hold it until 1954. In 1947, Vizianagaram was the largest Hindu princely state in Andhra Pradesh.

In 1839 just before the British Raj, a cyclone struck Coringa, East Godavari district and toppled buildings, as a result 20,000 ships were destroyed and over 300,000 people were killed.[74][75][76]

India became independent from the British Raj in 1947. The 7th Nizam wanted to retain the independence of the Princely Hyderabad State from India, but the people of the region launched a movement to join the Indian Union. The state of Hyderabad was integrated into the Indian Union with Operation Polo in 1948.[77]

Post-independence

 
Archaeological Museums map of Andhra Pradesh

In an effort to gain an independent state based on linguistic identity, and to protect the interests of the Telugu-speaking people of Madras State, Potti Sreeramulu fasted to death in 1952. As Madras became a bone of contention, in 1949 a JVP committee report stated: "Andhra Province could be formed provided the Andhras give up their claim on the city of Madras [now Chennai]". After Potti Sreeramulu's death, the Telugu-speaking area of Andhra State was carved out of Madras State on 1 October 1953, with Kurnool as its capital city.[78] On the basis of the gentlemen's agreement of 1 November 1956, the States Reorganisation Act formed combined Andhra Pradesh by merging the Telugu-speaking areas of the already existing Hyderabad State.[79] Hyderabad was made the capital of the new state. The Marathi-speaking areas of Hyderabad State merged with Bombay State and the Kannada-speaking areas were merged with Mysore State.

In February 2014, the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act bill was passed by the Parliament of India for the formation of the Telangana state comprising ten districts. Hyderabad will remain as a joint capital for not exceeding ten years.[80] The new state of Telangana came into existence on 2 June 2014 after approval from the President of India.[81] Number of petitions questioning the validity of Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 is long pending for the verdict since April 2014 before the Supreme Court constitutional bench.[82]

In 2017, Government of Andhra Pradesh began operating from the newly planned capital city Amaravati.[83][84] In August 2020, Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly passed Andhra Pradesh Decentralisation and Inclusive Development of All Regions Act, 2020.[85] The decision resulted in widespread protests by the farmers of Amaravati.[86] The act has been challenged in Andhra Pradesh High Court, which ordered to maintain status quo until the court completes its hearing. On 22 November 2021, the government, led by Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy, has withdrawn the act. The Chief Minister, however, said his government would bring a better and more complete bill.[87]

Geography

The state has varied topography ranging from the hills of Eastern Ghats and Nallamala Hills to the shores of Bay of Bengal that support varied ecosystems, the rich diversity of flora and fauna. There are two main rivers namely, Krishna and Godavari, that flow through the state. The coastline of the state extends along the Bay of Bengal from Srikakulam to Nellore district with a length of 975 km (606 mi).[88] The plains to the east of Eastern Ghats form the Eastern Coastal plains. The coastal plains are for the most part of delta regions formed by the Godavari, Krishna, and Penna rivers. The Eastern Ghats are discontinuous and individual sections have local names. The Eastern Ghats are a major dividing line in the state's geography. The Kadapa Basin[89][90][better source needed] formed by two arching branches of the Eastern Ghats is a mineral-rich area. The Ghats become more pronounced towards the south and extreme north of the coast. Most of the coastal plains are put to intense agricultural use. The Rayalaseema region has semi-arid conditions.

Natural vegetation and conservation

 
Mangrove forest near Kakinada

The Andhra Pradesh Forest Department deals with protection, conservation and management of forests. The total forest cover of the state after the bifurcation is left with an area of 22,862 square kilometres (8,827 sq mi).[91] The forest in the state can be broadly divided into four major biotic provinces.[92] They are:

  1. Deccan Plateau
  2. Central Plateau
  3. Eastern Highland
  4. East Coastal Plains

Eastern Ghats region is home to dense tropical forests, while the vegetation becomes sparse as the Ghats give way to the Deccan Plateau, where shrub vegetation is more common. The vegetation found in the state is largely of dry deciduous types with a mixture of teak, Terminalia, Dalbergia, Pterocarpus, Anogeissus, etc.

The state has many sanctuaries, national parks and zoological parks, such as Coringa, Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary, Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve, Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary, Sri Venkateswara Zoological Park and Indira Gandhi Zoological Park. Atapaka Bird Sanctuary, Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary, Telineelapuram and Telukunchi Bird Sanctuaries and Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary attract many migratory birds.[93] The state possesses some rare and endemic plants like Cycas beddomei, Pterocarpus santalinus, Terminalia pallida, Syzygium alternifolium, Shorea talura, Shorea tumburgia, Psilotum nudum, etc.[92] The diversity of fauna includes tigers, panthers, hyenas, black bucks, cheetals, sambars, sea turtles and a number of birds and reptiles. The estuaries of the Godavari and Krishna rivers support rich mangrove forests with fishing cats and otters as keystone species.[92]

Climate

The climate of Andhra Pradesh varies considerably, depending on the geographical region. Summers last from March to June. In the coastal plain, the summer temperatures are generally higher than the rest of the state, with temperature ranging between 20 and 41 °C (68 and 106 °F). July to September is the season for tropical rains. About one-third of the total rainfall is brought by the northeast monsoon. October and November see low-pressure systems and tropical cyclones form in the Bay of Bengal which, along with the northeast monsoon, bring rains to the southern and coastal regions of the state.

November, December, January, and February are the winter months in Andhra Pradesh. Since the state has a long coastal belt the winters are not very cold. The range of winter temperature is generally 12 to 30 °C (54 to 86 °F). Lambasingi in Visakhapatnam district is also nicknamed as the "Kashmir of Andhra Pradesh" due to its relatively cool climate as compared to others and the temperature ranges from 0 to 10 °C (32 to 50 °F).[94][95]

Demographics

 
Andhra Pradesh Political Map
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1961 35,983,000—    
1971 43,503,000+20.9%
1981 53,550,000+23.1%
1991 66,508,000+24.2%
2001 75,727,000+13.9%
2011 84,665,533+11.8%
Includes Telangana.
Source: Census of India[6]

As of 2011 Census of India,[needs update] the residual state had a population of 49,386,799 with a population density of 308/km2 (800/sq mi). According to the Polavaram ordinance bill 2014, 7 mandals of Khammam district in Telangana state merged with Andhra Pradesh to facilitate Polavaram project, due to which population of 247,515 added to Andhra Pradesh. Thus the final population of Andhra Pradesh in the year 2014, as per census 2011 is 49,634,314, with a density of 304.5/km2 (789/sq mi).

The total population constitute, 70.4% of rural population with 34,776,389 inhabitants and 29.6% of urban population with 14,610,410 inhabitants. Children in the age group of 0–6 years are 5,222,384, constituting 10.6% of the total population, among them 2,686,453 are boys and 2,535,931 are girls. Visakhapatnam district has the largest urban population of 47.5% and Srikakulam district with 83.8%, has the largest rural population, among others districts in the state. The overall population of the state comprises 17.1% of Scheduled Caste and 5.3% of Scheduled Tribe population.[5]

There are 24,738,068 male and 24,648,731 female citizens—a sex ratio of 996 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 926 per 1000. The literacy rate of the state stands at 67.41%. However, post bifurcation from Telangana, the state is expected to reach 91.1% by 2021.[96] West Godavari district has the highest literacy rate of 74.6% and Vizianagaram district has the least with 58.9%.[6][97]

Andhra Pradesh ranks tenth of all Indian States in the Human Development Index scores[98] with a score of 0.416. The National Council of Applied Economic Research district analysis in 2001 reveals that Krishna, West Godavari and Chittoor are the three districts in rural AP with the highest Human Development Index scores in ascending order.

 
Visakhapatnam is the most populous city in Andhra Pradesh, and the 14th-largest city in India.
 
 
Largest cities or towns in Andhra Pradesh
As per the 2011 Census[99]
Rank Name District Pop.
 
Visakhapatnam
 
Vijayawada
1 Visakhapatnam Visakhapatnam 1,728,128  
Guntur
 
Nellore
2 Vijayawada NTR District 1,476,931
3 Guntur Guntur 743,354
4 Nellore Nellore 558,548
5 Kurnool Kurnool 484,327
6 Rajahmundry East Godavari 560,756
7 Tirupati Tirupati 461,900
8 Kakinada Kakinada 443,028
9 Kadapa Kadapa 344,893
10 Anantapur Anantapur 340,613

Languages

Languages of Andhra Pradesh[a] (2011)[100]

  Telugu (89.21%)
  Urdu (6.55%)
  Tamil (1.04%)
  Others (3.20%)

Telugu is the official language of Andhra Pradesh, which is also the mother tongue of nearly 90% of the population. Rajahmundry is the cultural capital of Andhra Pradesh and Telugu language has roots originated from this region.[100][101][102] Urdu is the largest minority language and also the second official language of Andhra Pradesh.[28][100]

Tamil, Kannada and Odia are also spoken in the border-areas. Lambadi, Koya, Savara, Konda, Gadaba and a number of other languages are spoken by the Scheduled Tribes of the state.[103]

Religion

Religion in Andhra Pradesh (2011)[104]

  Hinduism (90.89%)
  Islam (7.30%)
  Christianity (1.38%)
  Jainism (0.05%)
  Sikhism (0.02%)
  Buddhism (0.01%)
  Other (0.01%)
  Not Stated (0.34%)

The majority of the people in Andhra Pradesh are Hindus while Muslims constitute a sizeable minority. According to the 2011 census, the major religious groups in the state are Hindus (90.89%), Muslims (7.30%) and Christians (1.38%).[b] Buddhists (0.01%), Sikhs (0.02%), Jains (0.05%), others (0.01%) and those who declined to state their religion (0.34%) make up the remaining portion of population.[104]

Hinduism

Venkateswara Temple at Tirupati is the world's second-richest temple and is visited by millions of devotees throughout the year. Andhra Pradesh is home to Shankaracharya of Pushpagiri Peetham. Other Hindu saints include Sadasiva Brahmendra, Bhaktha Kannappa, Yogi Vemana and Pothuluru Veerabrahmendra.[105]

Mahayana Buddhism

Buddhism spread to Andhra Pradesh early in its history. The Krishna river valley was "a site of extraordinary Buddhist activity for almost a thousand years."[106] The ancient Buddhist sites in the lower Krishna valley, including Amaravati, Nagarjunakonda and Jaggayyapeta "can be traced to at least the third century BCE, if not earlier."[107]

The region played a central role in the development of Mahayana Buddhism, along with the Magadha-area in northeastern India.[108][109] A. K. Warder holds that "the Mahāyāna originated in the south of India and almost certainly in the Andhra country."[110] According to Xing, "Several scholars have suggested that the Prajnaparamita probably developed among the Mahasamghikas in Southern India probably in the Andhra country, on the Krishna River."[111] The Prajñāpāramitā Sutras belong to the earliest Mahayana Sutras.[112][113]

Administrative divisions

Regions

Andhra Pradesh comprises three regions: Uttarandhra, Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema.

Districts

It has a total of 26 districts, twelve in Coastal Andhra region, six in Uttarandhra and eight in the Rayalaseema region.[114]

Uttarandhra region :

Coastal Andhra region :

Rayalaseema region :

Revenue divisions

These 26 districts are further divided into 77 revenue divisions.[5][115]

Mandals

The 77 revenue divisions are in turn divided into 679 mandals.[116]

Cities

There are a total of 31 cities which include, 16 municipal corporations and 14 municipalities. There are two cities with more than one million inhabitants, namely Visakhapatnam and Vijayawada.

Government and politics

 
District court, Guntur
 
West Godavari district Collectorate complex, Eluru
 
Telugu Talli Statue near Kondareddy Buruju, Kurnool

When the state was first created, Tanguturi Prakasam Pantulu, became the Chief Minister. After the unification with Telangana, Neelam Sanjiva Reddy became the first Chief Minister. He later served as the President of India.[117][118]

The Indian National Congress (INC), the Praja Socialist Party and the Krishi Lok Party were the major parties in the 1950s. Later the Communist Party of India (CPI) became the dominant opposition party. In the 1967 state assembly elections, all socialist parties were eliminated and the CPI lost opposition party status.

The INC ruled the state from 1956 to 1982. In 1983, the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) won the state elections and N. T. Rama Rao became the Chief Minister of the state for the first time. This broke the long-time single party monopoly enjoyed by the INC. The 1989 elections ended the rule of Rao, with the INC returning to power with Marri Chenna Reddy at the helm. He was replaced by Janardhan Reddy in 1990, who was replaced by Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy in 1992.

In 1994, Andhra Pradesh gave a mandate to the Telugu Desam Party again, and Rao became the Chief Minister again. Nara Chandrababu Naidu, Rao's son-in-law, came to power in 1995 with the backing of a majority of the MLAs. The Telugu Desam Party won both the assembly and Lok Sabha election in 1999 under the leadership of Chandrababu Naidu. Thus Naidu held the record for the longest-serving Chief Minister (1995 to 2004).[119]

In 2004, Congress returned to power with a new chief ministerial face, YS Rajashekara Reddy, better known as YSR. He also won the 2009 elections, but shortly afterward was killed in a helicopter crash in September of that year. He was succeeded by two other Congressmen, namely Konijeti Rosaiah and Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy, the last resigning over the impending division of Telangana.

In the last elections held in the unified state in 2014, the TDP got a mandate in their favour in the residuary (new) state. After Telangana became a separate state, N. Chandrababu Naidu, the chief of the TDP became the Chief Minister on 8 June 2014, for the new state of Andhra Pradesh.[120]

As of 2014, the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh is the lower house of the state with 175 members and the Legislative Council is the upper house with 58 members. In the Parliament of India, Andhra Pradesh has 11 seats in the Rajya Sabha, and 25 seats in the Lok Sabha.[121] There are a total of 175 Assembly constituencies in the state. East Godavari district has the highest number of constituencies with 19 and Vizianagaram district has the least with 9 assembly seats.[122] Whereas, the legislative council of the state has 58 seats, which is one-third of total assembly seats.[123]

In the 2019 elections, YSR's son Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy of the YSR Congress Party (founded in 2011) became the Chief Minister with a resounding mandate by winning 151 out of 175 seats.

Economy

 
Visakhapatnam is an important commercial hub of the state
 
Visakhapatnam skyline, overlooking seaport

Andhra Pradesh was ranked eighth among other Indian states in terms of GSDP for the financial year 2014–2015. The GSDP at current prices was 5,200.3 billion (US$65 billion) and at constant prices was 2,645.21 billion (US$33 billion).[124] The domestic product of agriculture sector accounts for 545.99 billion (US$6.8 billion) and industrial sector for 507.45 billion (US$6.4 billion). The service sector of the state accounts more percentage of the GSDP with a total of 1,305.87 billion (US$16 billion).[125] In the 2010 list by Forbes magazine, several people from Andhra Pradesh were among the top 100 richest Indians.[126]

Agriculture

Andhra Pradesh's economy is mainly based on agriculture and livestock. Four important rivers of India, the Godavari, Krishna, Penna, and Tungabhadra flow through the state and provide irrigation. 60 percent of the population is engaged in agriculture and related activities. Rice is the major food crop and staple food of the state. It is an exporter of many agricultural products and is also known as "Rice Bowl of India".[127][128] The state has three Agricultural Economic Zones in Chittoor district for mango pulp and vegetables, Krishna district for mangoes, Guntur district for chilies.[129]

Besides rice, farmers also grow jowar, bajra, maize, minor millet, coarse grain, many varieties of pulses, oil seeds, sugarcane, cotton, chili pepper, mango nuts and tobacco. Crops used for vegetable oil production such as sunflower and peanuts are popular. There are many multi-state irrigation projects under development, including Godavari River Basin Irrigation Projects and Nagarjuna Sagar Dam.[130]

Livestock and poultry is also another profitable business, which involves rearing cattle in enclosed areas for commercial purposes. The state is also a largest producer of eggs in the country and hence, it is nicknamed as "Egg Bowl of Asia".[131][132]

Fisheries contribute 10% of total fish and over 70% of the shrimp production[133] of India. The geographical location of the state allows marine fishing as well as inland fish production. The most exported marine exports include Vannamei shrimp[134]

Infrastructure

Andhra Pradesh is investing in building infrastructure in the state such as highways and making every service of the government digital. National Highway 16 passes through Andhra Pradesh. The highways in the state are also being widened. APSFL is an initiative of the government of Andhra Pradesh to set up an optical fiber network throughout the thirteen districts of Andhra Pradesh. This network provides internet connectivity, telephony and IPTV with fiber to private and corporate users of Andhra Pradesh.[135] The state also has seaports such as Visakhapatnam Port, Kakinada Port, Krishnapatnam Port for import and export and a shipyard for building ships at Visakhapatnam. Major airports in the state are Visakhapatnam, Rajahmundry, Vijayawada, with Visakhapatnam, Tirupati and Vijayawada being international airports.

 
Aerial View of Hindustan Shipyard Limited (HSL)

Industrial sector

 
Isuzu Motors India manufacturing plant aerial view
 
Tech Mahindra Development Centre, Visakhapatnam

The industrial sector of the state includes some of the key sectors like pharmaceutical, automobile, textiles etc. Sricity located in Chittoor district is an integrated business city which is home to firms including PepsiCo, Isuzu Motors, Cadbury India, Kellogg's, Colgate-Palmolive, Kobelco etc.[136] The PepsiCo firm has its largest plant in India at Sri City.[137] The state is also emerging as destination for the automobile industry which already hosts companies including Ashok Leyland in Krishna district, Hero Motors in Chittoor district, Kia Motors in Anantapur district.

 
IBM-Software-IconicCampus-Visakhapatnam

The state is also emerging in information technology and biotechnology. The IT/ITES revenues of Visakhapatnam is at 14.45 billion (US$180 million) in 2012–2013. The development of IT in Tier-II and Tier-III cities like Vijayawada, Kakinada and Tirupati is also improving. In the fiscal year 2012–2013, Vijayawada's IT/ITeS revenues were 1,153 million (US$14 million). Tirupati with 693 million (US$8.7 million) and Kakinada with 615 million (US$7.7 million) stand next.[138] For the benefit of state, that is, after separating Telangana from Andhra, people of Andhra protested for special status during January in 2017.[citation needed]

 
CELKON Manufacturing plant at Tirupati
 
Munoth Lithium Ion Cell Manufacturing Facility First of its kind in India located at EMC Tirupati

Resources

Andhra Pradesh is one of the storehouses of mineral resources in India. Andhra Pradesh with varied geological formations, contain rich and variety of industrial minerals and building stones.[139]

Andhra Pradesh is listed at the top in the deposit and production of mica in India. Minerals found in the state include limestone, reserves of oil and natural gas, manganese, asbestos, iron ore, ball clay, fire clay, gold diamonds, graphite, dolomite, quartz, tungsten, steatitic, feldspar, silica sand. It has about one-third of India's limestone reserves and is known for large exclusive deposits of barytes and galaxy granite in the international market.[139]

Mining

Mining is identified as one of the growth engines for the overall development of industry and infrastructure. The Tummalapalle Uranium mine in Andhra has confirmed 49,000 tonnes (48,000 long tons; 54,000 short tons) of ore and there are indications that it could hold reserves totaling three times its current size. 700 million tonnes (690,000,000 long tons; 770,000,000 short tons) of metal grade Bauxite deposits in proximity to Visakhapatnam Port.

 
Mangampet Barytes

Reliance Industries struck nine trillion cubic feet of gas reserves in the KG basin, 150 km (93 mi) off the Andhra Pradesh coast near Kakinada. Discovery of a large quantity of natural gas in KG Basin is expected to provide rapid economic growth.[140] During 2016, nearly 3.8 trillion m3 (134 trillion cu ft) of methane hydrate deposits were explored in KG basin whose extraction was adequate to impart energy security for many decades to India.[141]

Power plants

 
Rayalaseema Thermal Power Station

The state is a pioneer nationwide in solar power generation. APGENCO is the power generating company owned by the state.[142] The state has become power surplus with excess power generation being exported to other states.[143] The state is abundantly endowed with solar power and high head PHES sites to convert the solar power available during the day time in to round the clock power supply.[144] PHES projects also has synergy with the lift irrigation projects in storing water available during the monsoon season and supplying to the uplands throughout the year. Ultimate water and energy requirements of the state can be fully met by the combination of cheap solar power, PHES and irrigation projects economically harnessing renewable energy without much damage to the environment.[145]

 
Srisailam Hydel power project

Thermal (natural gas and coal based) and renewable power plants totaling to 21,000 MW were installed in the state by 2015. Local power plants of 9,600 MW capacity only are supplying electricity in the state, which includes Simhadri Super Thermal Power Station (2000 MW) of NTPC, Vizag Thermal Power Station (1040 MW), Rayalaseema Thermal Power Station (1650 MW), Sri Damodaram Sanjeevaiah Thermal Power Station (2400 MW), and Narla Tata Rao Thermal Power Plant (1760 MW). Hydel power plants have a capacity of 1671 MW.[146]

Culture

Andhra Pradesh has rich culture and heritage.[147]

Kuchipudi, the cultural dance recognized as the official dance form of the state of Andhra Pradesh, originated in the village of Kuchipudi in Krishna district. It entered the Guinness World Records for performing Mahabrinda Natyam with a total of 6,117 dancers in Vijayawada.[148]

Andhra Pradesh has thirteen geographical indications in categories of agricultural handicrafts, foodstuff and textiles as per Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999.[149] It increased to fifteen with the addition of Banaganapalle Mangoes[150] and Bandar laddu.[151] The other GI tagged goods are, Bobbili Veena, Budithi Bell and Brass Craft, Dharmavaram Handloom Pattu Sarees and Paavadas, Guntur Sannam, Kondapalli Toys, Machilipatnam Kalamkari, Mangalagiri Sarees and Fabrics, Srikalahasti Kalamkari, Tirupati Laddu, Uppada Jamdani Sari and Venkatagiri Sari.[149]

Arts, crafts and artifacts

 
Kondapalli Toys at a house in Vijayawada

Machilipatnam and Srikalahasti Kalamkari are the two unique textile art forms practised in India.[152] There are also other notable handicrafts present in the state, like the soft limestone idol carvings of Durgi.[153] Etikoppaka in Visakhapatnam district is notable for its lac industry, producing lacquered wooden.[154][155]

The state has many museums, which features a varied collection of ancient sculptures, paintings, idols, weapons, cutlery, and inscriptions, and religious artifacts such as the Amaravati Archaeological Museum,[156] Visakha Museum and Telugu Cultural Museum in Visakhapatnam displays the history of the pre-independence and the Victoria Jubilee Museum in Vijayawada with a large collection of artifacts.

Literature

Nannayya, Tikkana and Yerrapragada form the trinity who translated the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata into Telugu language. Nannayya wrote the first treatise on Telugu grammar called Andhra Shabda Chintamani in Sanskrit, as there was no grammatical work in Telugu prior to that.[157] Pothana is the poet who composed the classic Srimad Maha Bhagavatamu, a Telugu translation of Sri Bhagavatam. Vemana is notable for his philosophical poems. The Vijayanagara emperor Krishnadevaraya wrote Amuktamalyada. Telugu literature after Kandukuri Veeresalingam is termed as Adhunika Telugu Sahityam (Modern Telugu literature). He is known as Gadya Tikkana and was the author of Telugu social novel, Satyavati Charitam. Jnanpith Award holders from the state include Viswanatha Satyanarayana. The Andhra Pradesh native and revolutionary poet Sri Sri brought new forms of expressionism into Telugu literature.[158]

Media

The print media in the state consists mainly of Telugu and English newspapers. Eenadu, Sakshi, Andhra Jyothi, and Tel.J.D.Patrika Vaartha all these are Telugu newspapers. English newspapers include Deccan Chronicle and The Hans India.[159][failed verification][160]

Art and cinema

 
Kuchipudi dance

Many composers of Carnatic music like Annamacharya, Kshetrayya, Tyagaraja, and Bhadrachala Ramadas were of Telugu descent. Modern Carnatic music composers and singers like Ghantasala and M. Balamuralikrishna are also of Telugu descent. The Telugu film industry hosts many music composers and playback singers such as S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela, S. Janaki and P. B. Sreenivas. Folk songs are very important and popular in the many rural areas of the state. Forms such as the Burra katha and Poli are still performed today.[161] Harikathaa Kalakshepam (or Harikatha) involves the narration of a story, intermingled with various songs relating to the story. Harikatha was originated in Andhra.[162] Burra katha is an oral storytelling technique with the topic be either a Hindu mythological story or a contemporary social issue.[163] Rangasthalam is an Indian theatre in the Telugu language, based predominantly in Andhra Pradesh.[164] Gurajada Apparao wrote the play Kanyasulkam in 1892, often considered the greatest play in the Telugu language.[165] C. Pullaiah is cited as the father of Telugu theatre movement.[166][167]

The Telugu film industry is largely based in Hyderabad and Visakhapatnam. The Telugu film culture (also known as "Tollywood") is the second-largest film industry in India next to the Bollywood film industry.[168] Film producer D. Ramanaidu holds a Guinness Record for the most films produced by a person.[169] In the years 2005, 2006 and 2008, the Telugu film industry produced the largest number of films in India, exceeding the number of films produced in Bollywood.[170][171] The industry holds the Guinness World Record for the largest film production facility in the world.[172]

Cuisine

 
Vegetarian Andhra meal, served on important occasions

Telugu people's traditional sweet Pootharekulu originated from Atreyapuram village of East Godavari district.

Tourism

 
Undavalli Caves, is a monolithic example of Indian rock-cut architecture and one of the finest testimonials to ancient viswakarma sthapathis.
 
Gandikota Canyon

The state has several beaches in its coastal districts such as Rushikonda, Mypadu, Suryalanka etc.;[173] caves such as, Borra Caves,[174] Indian rock-cut architecture depicting Undavalli Caves[175] and the country's second longest caves- the Belum Caves.[176] The valleys and hills include, Araku Valley, Horsley Hills, Papi Hills etc.[177] Arma Konda peak located in Visakhapatnam district is the highest peak in Eastern Ghats.

 
The river at Papi Hills near Rajamahendravaram in Andhra Pradesh.

The state is home to various religious pilgrim destinations such as Tirumala Temple, Simhachalam Temple, Annavaram temple, Srisailam temple, Kanaka Durga Temple, Amaravati, Srikalahasti, Shahi Jamia Masjid in Adoni, Gunadala Church in Vijayawada, Buddhist centres at Amaravati, and Nagarjuna Konda, Khadri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple, Kadiri.[178]

Transport

The state is well connected to other states through road and rail networks. It is also connected to other countries by means of airways and seaports as well. With a long seacoast along the Bay of Bengal, it also has many ports for sea trade. The state has one of the largest railway junctions at Vijayawada and one of the largest seaports at Visakhapatnam.

Roads

 
Vijayawada-Guntur Expressway section of NH 16

The state has a total road network of 53,403 km (33,183 mi), of which 6,401 km (3,977 mi) of National highways, 14,722 km (9,148 mi) of state highways and 32,280 km (20,060 mi) of district roads.[179] NH 16, with a highway network of around 1,000 km (620 mi) in the state, is a part of Golden Quadrilateral Project undertaken by National Highways Development Project. It also forms part of AH 45 which comes under the Asian Highway Network.

 
NH 140 near Tirupati

The state government owned Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC) is the major public bus transport, which runs thousands of buses connecting different parts of the state. Pandit Nehru Bus Station (PNBS) in Vijayawada is one of the largest bus terminals in Asia.[180] From 30 January 2019, all the vehicles in the state are registered as AP–39, followed by an alphabet and four digits.[181]

Railways

Andhra Pradesh[182] has a total broad-gauge railway route of 3,703.25 km (2,301.09 mi) and has no metre-gauge railway.[183] The rail density of the state is 16.59 per 1,000 km (620 mi), compared to an all India average of 20.[184] The Howrah–Chennai main line which runs through the state is proposed to be upgraded into a high-speed rail corridor through the Diamond Quadrilateral project of the Indian Railways.[185][186]

The railway network spans two zones, further subdivided into divisions – Vijayawada, Guntur and Guntakal railway divisions of South Central Railway zone, and Waltair railway division of East Coast Railway zone.[187][188] There is a demand for creating a unified zone for the state based out of Visakhapatnam.[189]

There are three A1 and twenty-three A-category railway stations in the state.[190] Visakhapatnam has been declared the cleanest railway station in the country.[191] The railway station of Shimiliguda was the first highest broad gauge railway station in the country.[192]

As on date the Railways lines in Andhra Pradesh are under the following Railway zones/Divisions

A new railway zone South Coast Railway Zone (SCoR) has been announced as the newest railway zone of the Indian Railways and is headquartered at Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. The formal notification for operationalization of this Zone is yet to be issued. When created it will include Waltair Division of East Coast Railway zone and Vijayawada Division, Guntakal DivisionGuntur Division of South Central Railway zone.[193]

Airports

 
Tirupati Airport View
 
Map of airports and airstrips of Andhra Pradesh
 
Map of seaports in Andhra Pradesh

Visakhapatnam Airport is the only airport in the state with operating international flights while Vijayawada Airport at Gannavaram has launched an international flight to Singapore, recently.[194] The state has four other domestic airports, Rajahmundry Airport, Kadapa Airport, Kurnool Airport a privately owned, public use airport at Puttaparthi, and Tirupati Airport located in the city of Tirupati. There are also 16 small airstrips located in the state.[195]

Sea ports

Andhra Pradesh has one of the country's largest port at Visakhapatnam in terms of cargo handling.[196] The other famous ports are Krishnapatnam Port (Nellore), Gangavaram Port and Kakinada Port. Gangavaram Port is a deep seaport which can accommodate ocean liners up to 200,000–250,000 DWT.[197] There are 14 notified non-major ports at Bheemunipatnam, S.Yanam, Machilipatnam, Nizampatnam, and Vadarevu.[198][199]

 
 
A ship at the Visakhapatnam port

Education and research

 
Map of universities in Andhra Pradesh
 
Agriculture University, Guntur

Andhra Pradesh has an overall literacy rate of 67.41% as per the 2011 Indian census.[6] The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, managed and regulated by the School Education Department of the state.[200][201] There are urban, rural and residential schools.[202][203] As per the child info and school information report (2018–19), there were a total of 7,041,568 students,[204] enrolled in 62,063 schools respectively.[205] The Directorate of Government Examinations of the state administers and conduct the Secondary School Certificate (SSC) examination.[206] More than 600,000 students have appeared for the 2019 SSC exam and recorded an overall pass percentage of 94.88% with a 100% pass percentage in 5,464 schools.[207] The mediums of instruction are primarily Telugu and English with a very few opting for Urdu, Hindi, Kannada, Odia and Tamil.[208]

 
ICI Tirupati
 
SVU Admin Building
 
S V Agricultural College Tirupati

Higher education in the state is administered by the Department of Higher Education.[209] The central universities are All India Institute of Medical Sciences, IIM Visakhapatnam, IIT Tirupati, NIT Tadepalligudem, IIITDM Kurnool,[210] Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy,[211] NIDV, Central University of Andhra Pradesh, IIIT Sri City, IISER Tirupati, Agriculture University, Guntur and IIFT Kakinada. The Government of Andhra Pradesh established Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies (RGUKT) in 2008 to cater to the education needs of the rural youth of Andhra Pradesh.[212] As per the University Grants Commission, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, GITAM, KL University and Vignan University, MBU University are the Deemed Universities in the state.[213] There are 18 state universities in the districts providing higher education in horticulture, law, medical, technology, Vedic and veterinary.[214] Andhra University is the oldest of the universities in the state, established in 1926.[215][216]

Research

 
SPA Vijayawada

Research institutes have been set up by the central state[which?] government. Naval Science and Technological Laboratory (NSTL), National Institute of Oceanography, Visakhapatnam (NIO), School of Planning and Architecture at Vijayawada is an autonomous research institute under Ministry of Human Resource Development of Government of India, National Atmospheric Research Laboratory carry out fundamental and applied research in atmospheric and space sciences,[217] Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Tirupati,[218] Society for Applied Microwave Electronics Engineering and Research, Visakhapatnam Central Tobacco Research Institute, Rajahmundry under control of ICAR (Indian Council of Agriculture Research) conducts fundamental and applied research on tobacco for the benefit of the farming community,[219] Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research (IIOPR) at Pedavegi near Eluru in West Godavari district serves as a centre for conducting and co-ordinating research on all aspects of oil palm conservation, improvement, production, protection, post-harvest technology and transfer of technology,[220] CCRH Regional Research Institute at Gudivada, Clinical Research Institute at Tirupati and National Institute of Oceanography[221] at Visakhapatnam are some of them.[222] Agriculture Research Institute (Acharya NG Ranga Agriculture University) KADIRI.

Space research organisation

 
Satish Dhawan Space Centre [SDSC], Sriharikota, Tirupati

Satish Dhawan Space Centre, also known as Sriharikota Range (SHAR), at barrier island of Sriharikota in Tirupati district is a satellite launching station operated by Indian Space Research Organisation.[223] It is India's primary orbital launch site. India's lunar orbiter Chandrayaan-1 was launched from the centre at 6:22 AM IST on 22 October 2008.[224]

Sports

The Sports Authority of Andhra Pradesh is the governing body which looks after the infrastructure development in cricket, field hockey, association football, skating, Olympic weightlifting, chess, water sports, tennis, badminton, table tennis, cycling, etc.[225]

Cricket is one of the most popular sports in the state. The ACA-VDCA Stadium in Visakhapatnam is the home to Andhra Pradesh cricket team. The venue regularly hosts international as well as domestic matches. Notable cricketers from Andhra Pradesh include former Indian captain Mohammad Azharuddin, Maharajkumar of Vizianagram, M. V. Narasimha Rao, M. S. K. Prasad, VVS Laxman, Tirumalasetti Suman, Arshad Ayub, Ambati Rayudu, Venkatapathy Raju, Sravanthi Naidu, Yalaka Venugopal Rao, Hanuma Vihari and Srikar Bharat.

Humpy Koneru, from Gudivada in Krishna district, is an Indian chess Grandmaster. Dandamudi Rajagopal Rao, the first 12 times National heavy weight lifting Champion, hails from krishna district. Karnam Malleswari, the first female Indian to win an Olympic medal, hails from Srikakulam district. She won the bronze medal on 19 September 2000, in the 69 kg (152 lb) category with a lift of 240 kg (530 lb).[226]

Krishnam Raju Gadiraju of Bhimavaram, is a four-time world record holder. He is a speedsolver and unicyclist.[227]

Pullela Gopichand is a former Indian badminton player. He won the All England Open Badminton Championships in 2001, becoming the second Indian to win after Prakash Padukone.[228][229][230]Srikanth Kidambi, a badminton player, is the first ever Indian to reach the World Championships final in 2021 in the men's singles and win a silver medal.[231]

Cherukuri Lenin (1985 or 1986 – 24 October 2010) was an Indian archer and coach who won a silver medal at the Asian Grand Prix in Malaysia and was a national archery coach.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Excluding districts and mandals which went to Telangana
  2. ^ The Christian population is significantly undercounted since SC reservation benefits are denied to Christians

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External links

Government

  • Andhra Pradesh Government Website 5 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  • Department of Tourism

General information

andhra, pradesh, andhra, redirects, here, other, uses, andhra, disambiguation, english, ɑː, telugu, ãːndʱrɐ, prɐdeːʃ, listen, abbr, state, south, eastern, coastal, region, india, seventh, largest, state, area, covering, area, tenth, most, populous, state, with. Andhra redirects here For other uses see Andhra disambiguation Andhra Pradesh English ˌ ɑː n d r e p r e ˈ d ɛ ʃ 14 Telugu aːndʱrɐ prɐdeːʃ listen abbr AP is a state in the south eastern coastal region of India 15 It is the seventh largest state by area covering an area of 162 975 km2 62 925 sq mi 5 and tenth most populous state with 49 386 799 inhabitants 16 17 It is bordered by Telangana to the north west Chhattisgarh to the north Odisha to the north east Tamil Nadu to the south Karnataka to the west and the Bay of Bengal to the east 18 It has the second longest coastline in India after Gujarat of about 974 km 605 mi 19 Andhra State was the first state to be formed on a linguistic basis in India on 1 October 1953 20 On 1 November 1956 Andhra State was merged with the Telugu speaking areas ten districts of the Hyderabad State to form United Andhra Pradesh In 2014 these merged areas of Hyderabad State were bifurcated from United Andhra Pradesh to form the new state Telangana The present form of Andhra is similar to Andhra state but some mandalas like Bhadrachalam are still included in Telangana Amaravati serves as the capital of present Andhra with the largest city being Visakhapatnam 21 Andhra PradeshStateFrom top left to right Talakona forest at Tirupati Nandi at Lepakshi Papi Hills near Rajahmundry Venkateswara Temple at Tirumala Dhyana Buddha statue at Amaravathi Araku Valley Simhachalam Temple at Visakhapatnam Kodanda Rama Temple at VontimittaEmblemAnthem Maa Telugu Thalliki To our mother Telugu Location of Andhra Pradesh in IndiaCoordinates 14 54 10 N 79 05 24 E 14 902800 N 79 090000 E 14 902800 79 090000 Coordinates 14 54 10 N 79 05 24 E 14 902800 N 79 090000 E 14 902800 79 090000Country IndiaRegionSouth IndiaFormed as Andhra State1 October 1953Formed as United Andhra Pradesh1 November 1956 1 2 Bifurcation2 June 2014CapitalAmaravatiLargest cityVisakhapatnamDistricts26Government BodyGovernment of Andhra Pradesh GovernorBiswabhusan Harichandan 3 4 Chief ministerY S Jagan Mohan Reddy LegislatureBicameral Sasana Mandali 58 seats Sasana Sabha 175 seats Parliamentary constituenciesCouncil of States 11 seats House of People 25 seats High CourtHigh Court of Andhra PradeshArea 5 Total162 975 km2 62 925 sq mi Rank7thElevation390 m 1 280 ft Population 2011 6 Total49 386 799 Rank10th Density308 km2 800 sq mi DemonymsAndhrulu TeluguvaruGDP 2020 21 7 8 Total 8 84 trillion US 110 billion Per capita 170 215 US 2 100 Languages OfficialTelugu Additional officialUrdu 9 10 Time zoneUTC 05 30 IST UN LOCODEAPISO 3166 codeIN APVehicle registrationAP 39Literacy rate67 41 2011 Coastline974 km 605 mi Sex ratio 2011 993 1000 HDI 2018 0 649 11 medium 27thSymbols of Andhra PradeshEmblemEmblem of Andhra PradeshSongMaa Telugu Thalliki 12 DanceKuchipudi 13 MammalBlackbuck 13 BirdRose ringed parakeet 13 FlowerJasmine 13 FruitMango 13 TreeNeem 13 SportKabaddi 13 Andhra Pradesh was once a major Buddhist pilgrimage site in the country and a Buddhist learning center which can be seen in many sites in the state in the form of monastery ruins chaityas and stupas 22 23 It is also known for being the land of Koh i Noor and other globally known diamonds from Kollur Mine 24 It is also a major producer of rice known as the Rice bowl of India 25 Its official language is Telugu one of the classical languages of India the fourth most spoken language in India and the 13th most spoken language in the world 26 27 Andhra Pradesh s second official language is Urdu 28 Early inhabitants were known as the Andhras tracing their history back to the Vedic period when they were mentioned in the 8th century BCE Rigvedic text Aitareya Brahmana According to the Aitareya Brahmana the Andhras left North India from the banks of the Yamuna river and migrated to South India 29 30 The Assaka Mahajanapada 700 300 BCE was an ancient kingdom located between the Godavari and Krishna rivers in southeastern India Accounts that people in the region are descended from the Viswamitra are found in the Ramayana the Mahabharata and the Puranas 31 clarification needed The region also derives its name from the Satavahanas who are also known as Andhras the earliest kings of Andhra Pradesh and India 32 People of the said era supported local art and culture by building temples and sculptures of the Buddhist monuments in the state 29 It was ruled by the Mauryan Empire Satavahana dynasty Salankayanas Andhra Ikshvakus Pallavas Vishnukundinas Eastern Chalukyas Rashtrakutas Cholas Kakatiyas Vijayanagara Empire Gajapati Empire Mughal Empire Deccan sultanates Qutb Shahi dynasty and Asaf Jahis In the 3rd century BCE Andhra was a vassal kingdom of Ashoka but after his death Andhra became powerful and extended its empire to the whole of Maratha country and beyond 33 Andhra Pradesh comprises three major regions namely Rayalaseema in the south west Coastal Andhra bordering the Bay of Bengal in the east and Uttarandhra at north east 34 The state has 26 districts 6 in Uttarandhra 12 in Coastal Andhra and 8 in Rayalaseema The state also borders a union territory Yanam a district of Puducherry which lies to the south of Kakinada in the Godavari delta on the eastern side of the state The economy of Andhra Pradesh is the 8th largest in India with a gross state domestic product GSDP of 8 84 trillion US 110 billion and has the country s 17th highest GSDP per capita of 170 000 US 2 100 7 8 Andhra Pradesh ranks 27th among Indian states in Human Development Index HDI 11 It has a jurisdiction over almost 15 000 square kilometres 5 800 sq mi of territorial waters 5 35 Andhra Pradesh hosted 121 8 million visitors in 2015 a 30 growth in tourist arrivals over the previous year making it the third most visited state in India 36 The Tirumala Venkateswara Temple in Tirupati is one of the world s most visited religious sites with 18 25 million visitors per year 37 The region is also home to a variety of other pilgrimage centres such as the Pancharama Kshetras Mallikarjuna Jyotirlinga and Kodanda Rama Temple The state s natural attractions include the beaches of Visakhapatnam hill stations such as the Araku Valley and Horsley Hills and the deltas of Konaseema in the Godavari river and Diviseema in the Krishna river Contents 1 History 1 1 Toponym 1 2 Early and medieval history 1 3 Modern history 1 4 Post independence 2 Geography 2 1 Natural vegetation and conservation 2 2 Climate 3 Demographics 3 1 Languages 3 2 Religion 3 2 1 Hinduism 3 2 2 Mahayana Buddhism 4 Administrative divisions 4 1 Regions 4 2 Districts 4 3 Revenue divisions 4 4 Mandals 4 5 Cities 5 Government and politics 6 Economy 6 1 Agriculture 6 2 Infrastructure 6 3 Industrial sector 6 4 Resources 6 4 1 Mining 6 4 2 Power plants 7 Culture 7 1 Arts crafts and artifacts 7 2 Literature 7 2 1 Media 7 3 Art and cinema 7 4 Cuisine 7 5 Tourism 8 Transport 8 1 Roads 8 2 Railways 8 3 Airports 8 4 Sea ports 9 Education and research 9 1 Research 9 1 1 Space research organisation 10 Sports 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links 14 1 Government 14 2 General informationHistoryMain article History of Andhra Pradesh Toponym A group of people named Andhras was mentioned in Sanskrit texts such as Aitareya Brahmana 800 500 BCE According to Aitareya Brahmana of the Rig Veda the Andhras left north India from banks of River Yamuna and settled in south India 38 39 40 The Satavahanas have been mentioned by the names Andhra Andhrara jateeya and Andhrabhrtya in the Puranic literature 41 42 They did not refer themselves as Andhra in any of their coins or inscriptions it is possible that they were termed as Andhras because of their ethnicity or because their territory included the Andhra region 43 44 45 Early and medieval history Telugu Thalli statue in Tirupati The Assaka Mahajanapada one of the sixteen Vedic Mahajanapadas included Andhra Maharashtra and Telangana 46 Archaeological evidence from places such as Amaravati Dharanikota and Vaddamanu suggests that the Andhra region was part of the Mauryan Empire Amaravati might have been a regional centre for the Mauryan rule After the death of Emperor Ashoka Mauryan rule weakened around 200 BCE and was replaced by several smaller kingdoms in the Andhra region 47 The Satavahana dynasty dominated the Deccan region from the 1st century BCE to the 3rd century CE 48 The later Satavahanas made Dharanikota and Amaravathi their capital which according to the Buddhists is the place where Nagarjuna the philosopher of Mahayana lived in the 2nd and 3rd centuries 49 The Andhra Ikshvakus with their capital at Vijayapuri succeeded the Satavahanas in the Krishna River valley in the latter half of the 2nd century 50 Pallavas who were originally executive officers under the Satavahana kings were not a recognised political power before the 2nd century CE and were swept away by the Western Chalukyan invasion led by Pulakesin II in the first quarter of the 7th century CE 51 After the downfall of the Ikshvakus the Vishnukundinas were the first great dynasty in the 5th and 6th centuries and held sway over the entire Andhra country including Kalinga and parts of Telangana They played an important role in the history of Deccan during the 5th and 6th century CE with Eluru Amaravathi and Puranisangam 52 The Salankayanas were an ancient dynasty that ruled the Andhra region between Godavari and Krishna with their capital at Vengi modern Pedavegi from 300 to 440 CE 53 The Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi whose dynasty lasted for around five hundred years from the 7th century until 1130 CE eventually merged with the Chola dynasty They continued to rule under the protection of the Chola dynasty until 1189 CE when the kingdom succumbed to the Hoysalas and the Yadavas 54 The roots of the Telugu language have been seen on inscriptions found near the Guntur district and from others dating to the rule of Renati Cholas in the fifth century CE 55 56 Kayastha chiefs descended from North Indian Kayasthas ruled over vast swathes of land in Andhra country and they are recorded in Andhra history dating back to the 13th century CE 57 Kakatiyas ruled Andhra Pradesh state for nearly two hundred years and constructed several forts They were succeeded by the Musunuri Nayaks Musunuri Nayaks led a confederation of Nayakas to overthrow the rule of the Delhi Sultanate in Telugu lands 58 The Reddi kingdom 1325 1448 CE was established by Prolaya Vema Reddi in the early 14th century who ruled from present day Kondaveedu Prolaya Vema Reddi was part of the confederation of states that started a movement against the invading Turkic Muslim armies of the Delhi Sultanate They constructed Kondaveedu Fort citation needed which they ruled between 1328 and 1428 before it was taken over by the Gajpathis of Orissa and later ravaged by the Muslim rulers of the Bahmani kingdom in 1458 The Vijayanagara emperor Krishnadevaraya captured it in 1516 The Golconda Sultans fought for the fort in 1531 1536 and 1579 and Sultan Quli Qutb Shah captured it in 1579 renaming it Murtuzanagar It was reconquered by Vijayanagara who overthrew sultanate rule across the entirety of modern day Andhra Pradesh excluding Telangana After this rebellion the Bahmani sultans launched no further military campaigns outside their kingdoms because the Maratha empire soon emerged as the strongest power in India 59 60 61 Efforts are in progress to classify Kondaveedu Fort as a UNESCO World Heritage Site 62 Rajmahal of Chandragiri Fort The Vijayanagara Empire originated in the Deccan Plateau region in the early 14th century It was established in 1336 by Harihara Raya I and his brother Bukka Raya I of the Sangama Dynasty 63 64 The empire s patronage enabled fine arts and literature to reach new heights in Kannada Telugu Tamil and Sanskrit while Carnatic music evolved into its current form 65 During the Vijayanagara Empire the Pemmasani Nayaks controlled parts of Andhra Pradesh and had large mercenary armies that were the vanguard of the Vijayanagara Empire in the sixteenth century 66 The Lepakshi group of monuments are culturally and archaeologically significant as it is the location of shrines dedicated to Shiva Vishnu and Veerabhadra which were built during the Vijayanagara Kings period 1336 1646 The temples are the location of mural paintings of the Vijayanagara kings Dravidian art and inscriptions Near the temple complex is a large granite Nandi bull On a hillock known as Kurma Saila tortoise shaped hill are other temples to Papanatheswara Raghunatha Srirama and Durga 67 68 The Government of Andhra Pradesh has taken the initiative for including the Lepakshi Group of Monuments among the UNESCO World Heritage sites in India 69 70 Modern history Gandikota fort view Harihara and Bukka who served as treasury officers of the Kakatiyas of Warangal founded the Vijayanagara Empire 71 In 1347 CE an independent Muslim state the Bahmani Sultanate was established in south India by Ala ud Din Bahman Shah in a revolt against the Delhi Sultanate The Qutb Shahi dynasty held sway over the Andhra country after the resolution of Vijayanagar empire by joint action of Mughals Bijapur and Golconda sultanates 72 In the early nineteenth century Northern Circars was ceded to the British East India Company and became part of the Madras Presidency Eventually this region emerged as the Coastal Andhra region Later the Nizam rulers of Hyderabad ceded five territories to the British that eventually became the Rayalaseema region The Nizams retained control of the interior provinces as the princely state of Hyderabad acknowledging British rule in return for local autonomy However Komaram Bheem a tribal leader started his fight against the erstwhile Asaf Jahi Dynasty for the liberation of Hyderabad State 73 Meanwhile the French occupied Yanam in the Godavari delta and save for periods of British control would hold it until 1954 In 1947 Vizianagaram was the largest Hindu princely state in Andhra Pradesh In 1839 just before the British Raj a cyclone struck Coringa East Godavari district and toppled buildings as a result 20 000 ships were destroyed and over 300 000 people were killed 74 75 76 India became independent from the British Raj in 1947 The 7th Nizam wanted to retain the independence of the Princely Hyderabad State from India but the people of the region launched a movement to join the Indian Union The state of Hyderabad was integrated into the Indian Union with Operation Polo in 1948 77 Post independence See also Andhra State Vishalandhra Movement and United Andhra Pradesh Archaeological Museums map of Andhra Pradesh In an effort to gain an independent state based on linguistic identity and to protect the interests of the Telugu speaking people of Madras State Potti Sreeramulu fasted to death in 1952 As Madras became a bone of contention in 1949 a JVP committee report stated Andhra Province could be formed provided the Andhras give up their claim on the city of Madras now Chennai After Potti Sreeramulu s death the Telugu speaking area of Andhra State was carved out of Madras State on 1 October 1953 with Kurnool as its capital city 78 On the basis of the gentlemen s agreement of 1 November 1956 the States Reorganisation Act formed combined Andhra Pradesh by merging the Telugu speaking areas of the already existing Hyderabad State 79 Hyderabad was made the capital of the new state The Marathi speaking areas of Hyderabad State merged with Bombay State and the Kannada speaking areas were merged with Mysore State In February 2014 the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act bill was passed by the Parliament of India for the formation of the Telangana state comprising ten districts Hyderabad will remain as a joint capital for not exceeding ten years 80 The new state of Telangana came into existence on 2 June 2014 after approval from the President of India 81 Number of petitions questioning the validity of Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act 2014 is long pending for the verdict since April 2014 before the Supreme Court constitutional bench 82 In 2017 Government of Andhra Pradesh began operating from the newly planned capital city Amaravati 83 84 In August 2020 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly passed Andhra Pradesh Decentralisation and Inclusive Development of All Regions Act 2020 85 The decision resulted in widespread protests by the farmers of Amaravati 86 The act has been challenged in Andhra Pradesh High Court which ordered to maintain status quo until the court completes its hearing On 22 November 2021 the government led by Y S Jagan Mohan Reddy has withdrawn the act The Chief Minister however said his government would bring a better and more complete bill 87 GeographyMain articles Geography of Andhra Pradesh List of districts of Andhra Pradesh and List of rivers in Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh topographical map Map of Andhra Pradesh Krishna River at SrisailamThe state has varied topography ranging from the hills of Eastern Ghats and Nallamala Hills to the shores of Bay of Bengal that support varied ecosystems the rich diversity of flora and fauna There are two main rivers namely Krishna and Godavari that flow through the state The coastline of the state extends along the Bay of Bengal from Srikakulam to Nellore district with a length of 975 km 606 mi 88 The plains to the east of Eastern Ghats form the Eastern Coastal plains The coastal plains are for the most part of delta regions formed by the Godavari Krishna and Penna rivers The Eastern Ghats are discontinuous and individual sections have local names The Eastern Ghats are a major dividing line in the state s geography The Kadapa Basin 89 90 better source needed formed by two arching branches of the Eastern Ghats is a mineral rich area The Ghats become more pronounced towards the south and extreme north of the coast Most of the coastal plains are put to intense agricultural use The Rayalaseema region has semi arid conditions Natural vegetation and conservation Main article Natural vegetation and Wildlife of Andhra Pradesh Mangrove forest near Kakinada The Andhra Pradesh Forest Department deals with protection conservation and management of forests The total forest cover of the state after the bifurcation is left with an area of 22 862 square kilometres 8 827 sq mi 91 The forest in the state can be broadly divided into four major biotic provinces 92 They are Deccan Plateau Central Plateau Eastern Highland East Coastal PlainsEastern Ghats region is home to dense tropical forests while the vegetation becomes sparse as the Ghats give way to the Deccan Plateau where shrub vegetation is more common The vegetation found in the state is largely of dry deciduous types with a mixture of teak Terminalia Dalbergia Pterocarpus Anogeissus etc The state has many sanctuaries national parks and zoological parks such as Coringa Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary Nagarjunsagar Srisailam Tiger Reserve Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary Sri Venkateswara Zoological Park and Indira Gandhi Zoological Park Atapaka Bird Sanctuary Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary Telineelapuram and Telukunchi Bird Sanctuaries and Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary attract many migratory birds 93 The state possesses some rare and endemic plants like Cycas beddomei Pterocarpus santalinus Terminalia pallida Syzygium alternifolium Shorea talura Shorea tumburgia Psilotum nudum etc 92 The diversity of fauna includes tigers panthers hyenas black bucks cheetals sambars sea turtles and a number of birds and reptiles The estuaries of the Godavari and Krishna rivers support rich mangrove forests with fishing cats and otters as keystone species 92 Climate The climate of Andhra Pradesh varies considerably depending on the geographical region Summers last from March to June In the coastal plain the summer temperatures are generally higher than the rest of the state with temperature ranging between 20 and 41 C 68 and 106 F July to September is the season for tropical rains About one third of the total rainfall is brought by the northeast monsoon October and November see low pressure systems and tropical cyclones form in the Bay of Bengal which along with the northeast monsoon bring rains to the southern and coastal regions of the state November December January and February are the winter months in Andhra Pradesh Since the state has a long coastal belt the winters are not very cold The range of winter temperature is generally 12 to 30 C 54 to 86 F Lambasingi in Visakhapatnam district is also nicknamed as the Kashmir of Andhra Pradesh due to its relatively cool climate as compared to others and the temperature ranges from 0 to 10 C 32 to 50 F 94 95 DemographicsSee also Ethnic groups of Andhra Pradesh and Demographics of Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Political Map Historical populationYearPop 196135 983 000 197143 503 000 20 9 198153 550 000 23 1 199166 508 000 24 2 200175 727 000 13 9 201184 665 533 11 8 Includes Telangana Source Census of India 6 As of 2011 update Census of India needs update the residual state had a population of 49 386 799 with a population density of 308 km2 800 sq mi According to the Polavaram ordinance bill 2014 7 mandals of Khammam district in Telangana state merged with Andhra Pradesh to facilitate Polavaram project due to which population of 247 515 added to Andhra Pradesh Thus the final population of Andhra Pradesh in the year 2014 as per census 2011 is 49 634 314 with a density of 304 5 km2 789 sq mi The total population constitute 70 4 of rural population with 34 776 389 inhabitants and 29 6 of urban population with 14 610 410 inhabitants Children in the age group of 0 6 years are 5 222 384 constituting 10 6 of the total population among them 2 686 453 are boys and 2 535 931 are girls Visakhapatnam district has the largest urban population of 47 5 and Srikakulam district with 83 8 has the largest rural population among others districts in the state The overall population of the state comprises 17 1 of Scheduled Caste and 5 3 of Scheduled Tribe population 5 There are 24 738 068 male and 24 648 731 female citizens a sex ratio of 996 females per 1000 males higher than the national average of 926 per 1000 The literacy rate of the state stands at 67 41 However post bifurcation from Telangana the state is expected to reach 91 1 by 2021 96 West Godavari district has the highest literacy rate of 74 6 and Vizianagaram district has the least with 58 9 6 97 Andhra Pradesh ranks tenth of all Indian States in the Human Development Index scores 98 with a score of 0 416 The National Council of Applied Economic Research district analysis in 2001 reveals that Krishna West Godavari and Chittoor are the three districts in rural AP with the highest Human Development Index scores in ascending order Visakhapatnam is the most populous city in Andhra Pradesh and the 14th largest city in India Largest cities or towns in Andhra Pradesh As per the 2011 Census 99 Rank Name District Pop Visakhapatnam Vijayawada 1 Visakhapatnam Visakhapatnam 1 728 128 Guntur Nellore2 Vijayawada NTR District 1 476 9313 Guntur Guntur 743 3544 Nellore Nellore 558 5485 Kurnool Kurnool 484 3276 Rajahmundry East Godavari 560 7567 Tirupati Tirupati 461 9008 Kakinada Kakinada 443 0289 Kadapa Kadapa 344 89310 Anantapur Anantapur 340 613 Languages Languages of Andhra Pradesh a 2011 100 Telugu 89 21 Urdu 6 55 Tamil 1 04 Others 3 20 Telugu is the official language of Andhra Pradesh which is also the mother tongue of nearly 90 of the population Rajahmundry is the cultural capital of Andhra Pradesh and Telugu language has roots originated from this region 100 101 102 Urdu is the largest minority language and also the second official language of Andhra Pradesh 28 100 Tamil Kannada and Odia are also spoken in the border areas Lambadi Koya Savara Konda Gadaba and a number of other languages are spoken by the Scheduled Tribes of the state 103 Religion Main article Religion in Andhra Pradesh Religion in Andhra Pradesh 2011 104 Hinduism 90 89 Islam 7 30 Christianity 1 38 Jainism 0 05 Sikhism 0 02 Buddhism 0 01 Other 0 01 Not Stated 0 34 The majority of the people in Andhra Pradesh are Hindus while Muslims constitute a sizeable minority According to the 2011 census the major religious groups in the state are Hindus 90 89 Muslims 7 30 and Christians 1 38 b Buddhists 0 01 Sikhs 0 02 Jains 0 05 others 0 01 and those who declined to state their religion 0 34 make up the remaining portion of population 104 Srikalahasti Temple Venkateswara Temple Tirumala Rock cut Buddha statue at Bojjannakonda near Anakapalle Visakhapatnam Hinduism Venkateswara Temple at Tirupati is the world s second richest temple and is visited by millions of devotees throughout the year Andhra Pradesh is home to Shankaracharya of Pushpagiri Peetham Other Hindu saints include Sadasiva Brahmendra Bhaktha Kannappa Yogi Vemana and Pothuluru Veerabrahmendra 105 Mahayana Buddhism Buddhism spread to Andhra Pradesh early in its history The Krishna river valley was a site of extraordinary Buddhist activity for almost a thousand years 106 The ancient Buddhist sites in the lower Krishna valley including Amaravati Nagarjunakonda and Jaggayyapeta can be traced to at least the third century BCE if not earlier 107 The region played a central role in the development of Mahayana Buddhism along with the Magadha area in northeastern India 108 109 A K Warder holds that the Mahayana originated in the south of India and almost certainly in the Andhra country 110 According to Xing Several scholars have suggested that the Prajnaparamita probably developed among the Mahasamghikas in Southern India probably in the Andhra country on the Krishna River 111 The Prajnaparamita Sutras belong to the earliest Mahayana Sutras 112 113 Administrative divisionsRegions Andhra Pradesh comprises three regions Uttarandhra Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema Districts Main article List of districts in Andhra Pradesh It has a total of 26 districts twelve in Coastal Andhra region six in Uttarandhra and eight in the Rayalaseema region 114 Uttarandhra region Alluri Sitharama Raju Anakapalli Parvathipuram Manyam Srikakulam Visakhapatnam Vizianagaram Coastal Andhra region Bapatla Dr B R Ambedkar Konaseema East Godavari District with Rajahmundry Headquarters Eluru Guntur Kakinada Krishna NTR Palnadu Prakasam Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore West Godavari Rayalaseema region Anantapur Annamayya Chittoor YSR Kurnool Nandyal Sri Sathya Sai Tirupati Revenue divisions Main article List of Revenue Divisions in Andhra Pradesh These 26 districts are further divided into 77 revenue divisions 5 115 Mandals Main article List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh The 77 revenue divisions are in turn divided into 679 mandals 116 Cities There are a total of 31 cities which include 16 municipal corporations and 14 municipalities There are two cities with more than one million inhabitants namely Visakhapatnam and Vijayawada Government and politicsMain articles Government of Andhra Pradesh Politics of Andhra Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh Legislature District court Guntur West Godavari district Collectorate complex Eluru Telugu Talli Statue near Kondareddy Buruju Kurnool When the state was first created Tanguturi Prakasam Pantulu became the Chief Minister After the unification with Telangana Neelam Sanjiva Reddy became the first Chief Minister He later served as the President of India 117 118 The Indian National Congress INC the Praja Socialist Party and the Krishi Lok Party were the major parties in the 1950s Later the Communist Party of India CPI became the dominant opposition party In the 1967 state assembly elections all socialist parties were eliminated and the CPI lost opposition party status The INC ruled the state from 1956 to 1982 In 1983 the Telugu Desam Party TDP won the state elections and N T Rama Rao became the Chief Minister of the state for the first time This broke the long time single party monopoly enjoyed by the INC The 1989 elections ended the rule of Rao with the INC returning to power with Marri Chenna Reddy at the helm He was replaced by Janardhan Reddy in 1990 who was replaced by Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy in 1992 In 1994 Andhra Pradesh gave a mandate to the Telugu Desam Party again and Rao became the Chief Minister again Nara Chandrababu Naidu Rao s son in law came to power in 1995 with the backing of a majority of the MLAs The Telugu Desam Party won both the assembly and Lok Sabha election in 1999 under the leadership of Chandrababu Naidu Thus Naidu held the record for the longest serving Chief Minister 1995 to 2004 119 In 2004 Congress returned to power with a new chief ministerial face YS Rajashekara Reddy better known as YSR He also won the 2009 elections but shortly afterward was killed in a helicopter crash in September of that year He was succeeded by two other Congressmen namely Konijeti Rosaiah and Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy the last resigning over the impending division of Telangana In the last elections held in the unified state in 2014 the TDP got a mandate in their favour in the residuary new state After Telangana became a separate state N Chandrababu Naidu the chief of the TDP became the Chief Minister on 8 June 2014 for the new state of Andhra Pradesh 120 As of 2014 the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh is the lower house of the state with 175 members and the Legislative Council is the upper house with 58 members In the Parliament of India Andhra Pradesh has 11 seats in the Rajya Sabha and 25 seats in the Lok Sabha 121 There are a total of 175 Assembly constituencies in the state East Godavari district has the highest number of constituencies with 19 and Vizianagaram district has the least with 9 assembly seats 122 Whereas the legislative council of the state has 58 seats which is one third of total assembly seats 123 In the 2019 elections YSR s son Y S Jaganmohan Reddy of the YSR Congress Party founded in 2011 became the Chief Minister with a resounding mandate by winning 151 out of 175 seats EconomyMain article Economy of Andhra Pradesh Visakhapatnam is an important commercial hub of the state Visakhapatnam skyline overlooking seaport Andhra Pradesh was ranked eighth among other Indian states in terms of GSDP for the financial year 2014 2015 The GSDP at current prices was 5 200 3 billion US 65 billion and at constant prices was 2 645 21 billion US 33 billion 124 The domestic product of agriculture sector accounts for 545 99 billion US 6 8 billion and industrial sector for 507 45 billion US 6 4 billion The service sector of the state accounts more percentage of the GSDP with a total of 1 305 87 billion US 16 billion 125 In the 2010 list by Forbes magazine several people from Andhra Pradesh were among the top 100 richest Indians 126 Agriculture Lush green farms in Konaseema Map of Sugar industries in Andhra PradeshAndhra Pradesh s economy is mainly based on agriculture and livestock Four important rivers of India the Godavari Krishna Penna and Tungabhadra flow through the state and provide irrigation 60 percent of the population is engaged in agriculture and related activities Rice is the major food crop and staple food of the state It is an exporter of many agricultural products and is also known as Rice Bowl of India 127 128 The state has three Agricultural Economic Zones in Chittoor district for mango pulp and vegetables Krishna district for mangoes Guntur district for chilies 129 Besides rice farmers also grow jowar bajra maize minor millet coarse grain many varieties of pulses oil seeds sugarcane cotton chili pepper mango nuts and tobacco Crops used for vegetable oil production such as sunflower and peanuts are popular There are many multi state irrigation projects under development including Godavari River Basin Irrigation Projects and Nagarjuna Sagar Dam 130 Livestock and poultry is also another profitable business which involves rearing cattle in enclosed areas for commercial purposes The state is also a largest producer of eggs in the country and hence it is nicknamed as Egg Bowl of Asia 131 132 Fisheries contribute 10 of total fish and over 70 of the shrimp production 133 of India The geographical location of the state allows marine fishing as well as inland fish production The most exported marine exports include Vannamei shrimp 134 Infrastructure Andhra Pradesh is investing in building infrastructure in the state such as highways and making every service of the government digital National Highway 16 passes through Andhra Pradesh The highways in the state are also being widened APSFL is an initiative of the government of Andhra Pradesh to set up an optical fiber network throughout the thirteen districts of Andhra Pradesh This network provides internet connectivity telephony and IPTV with fiber to private and corporate users of Andhra Pradesh 135 The state also has seaports such as Visakhapatnam Port Kakinada Port Krishnapatnam Port for import and export and a shipyard for building ships at Visakhapatnam Major airports in the state are Visakhapatnam Rajahmundry Vijayawada with Visakhapatnam Tirupati and Vijayawada being international airports Aerial View of Hindustan Shipyard Limited HSL Industrial sector Isuzu Motors India manufacturing plant aerial view Tech Mahindra Development Centre Visakhapatnam The industrial sector of the state includes some of the key sectors like pharmaceutical automobile textiles etc Sricity located in Chittoor district is an integrated business city which is home to firms including PepsiCo Isuzu Motors Cadbury India Kellogg s Colgate Palmolive Kobelco etc 136 The PepsiCo firm has its largest plant in India at Sri City 137 The state is also emerging as destination for the automobile industry which already hosts companies including Ashok Leyland in Krishna district Hero Motors in Chittoor district Kia Motors in Anantapur district IBM Software IconicCampus Visakhapatnam The state is also emerging in information technology and biotechnology The IT ITES revenues of Visakhapatnam is at 14 45 billion US 180 million in 2012 2013 The development of IT in Tier II and Tier III cities like Vijayawada Kakinada and Tirupati is also improving In the fiscal year 2012 2013 Vijayawada s IT ITeS revenues were 1 153 million US 14 million Tirupati with 693 million US 8 7 million and Kakinada with 615 million US 7 7 million stand next 138 For the benefit of state that is after separating Telangana from Andhra people of Andhra protested for special status during January in 2017 citation needed CELKON Manufacturing plant at Tirupati Munoth Lithium Ion Cell Manufacturing Facility First of its kind in India located at EMC Tirupati Resources Andhra Pradesh is one of the storehouses of mineral resources in India Andhra Pradesh with varied geological formations contain rich and variety of industrial minerals and building stones 139 Andhra Pradesh is listed at the top in the deposit and production of mica in India Minerals found in the state include limestone reserves of oil and natural gas manganese asbestos iron ore ball clay fire clay gold diamonds graphite dolomite quartz tungsten steatitic feldspar silica sand It has about one third of India s limestone reserves and is known for large exclusive deposits of barytes and galaxy granite in the international market 139 Mining Mining is identified as one of the growth engines for the overall development of industry and infrastructure The Tummalapalle Uranium mine in Andhra has confirmed 49 000 tonnes 48 000 long tons 54 000 short tons of ore and there are indications that it could hold reserves totaling three times its current size 700 million tonnes 690 000 000 long tons 770 000 000 short tons of metal grade Bauxite deposits in proximity to Visakhapatnam Port Mangampet Barytes Reliance Industries struck nine trillion cubic feet of gas reserves in the KG basin 150 km 93 mi off the Andhra Pradesh coast near Kakinada Discovery of a large quantity of natural gas in KG Basin is expected to provide rapid economic growth 140 During 2016 nearly 3 8 trillion m3 134 trillion cu ft of methane hydrate deposits were explored in KG basin whose extraction was adequate to impart energy security for many decades to India 141 Power plants Main article Power sector of Andhra Pradesh Rayalaseema Thermal Power Station The state is a pioneer nationwide in solar power generation APGENCO is the power generating company owned by the state 142 The state has become power surplus with excess power generation being exported to other states 143 The state is abundantly endowed with solar power and high head PHES sites to convert the solar power available during the day time in to round the clock power supply 144 PHES projects also has synergy with the lift irrigation projects in storing water available during the monsoon season and supplying to the uplands throughout the year Ultimate water and energy requirements of the state can be fully met by the combination of cheap solar power PHES and irrigation projects economically harnessing renewable energy without much damage to the environment 145 Srisailam Hydel power project Thermal natural gas and coal based and renewable power plants totaling to 21 000 MW were installed in the state by 2015 Local power plants of 9 600 MW capacity only are supplying electricity in the state which includes Simhadri Super Thermal Power Station 2000 MW of NTPC Vizag Thermal Power Station 1040 MW Rayalaseema Thermal Power Station 1650 MW Sri Damodaram Sanjeevaiah Thermal Power Station 2400 MW and Narla Tata Rao Thermal Power Plant 1760 MW Hydel power plants have a capacity of 1671 MW 146 CultureMain article Culture of Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh has rich culture and heritage 147 Kuchipudi the cultural dance recognized as the official dance form of the state of Andhra Pradesh originated in the village of Kuchipudi in Krishna district It entered the Guinness World Records for performing Mahabrinda Natyam with a total of 6 117 dancers in Vijayawada 148 Andhra Pradesh has thirteen geographical indications in categories of agricultural handicrafts foodstuff and textiles as per Geographical Indications of Goods Registration and Protection Act 1999 149 It increased to fifteen with the addition of Banaganapalle Mangoes 150 and Bandar laddu 151 The other GI tagged goods are Bobbili Veena Budithi Bell and Brass Craft Dharmavaram Handloom Pattu Sarees and Paavadas Guntur Sannam Kondapalli Toys Machilipatnam Kalamkari Mangalagiri Sarees and Fabrics Srikalahasti Kalamkari Tirupati Laddu Uppada Jamdani Sari and Venkatagiri Sari 149 Arts crafts and artifacts Kondapalli Toys at a house in Vijayawada Machilipatnam and Srikalahasti Kalamkari are the two unique textile art forms practised in India 152 There are also other notable handicrafts present in the state like the soft limestone idol carvings of Durgi 153 Etikoppaka in Visakhapatnam district is notable for its lac industry producing lacquered wooden 154 155 The state has many museums which features a varied collection of ancient sculptures paintings idols weapons cutlery and inscriptions and religious artifacts such as the Amaravati Archaeological Museum 156 Visakha Museum and Telugu Cultural Museum in Visakhapatnam displays the history of the pre independence and the Victoria Jubilee Museum in Vijayawada with a large collection of artifacts Literature Main article Telugu literature Nannayya Tikkana and Yerrapragada form the trinity who translated the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata into Telugu language Nannayya wrote the first treatise on Telugu grammar called Andhra Shabda Chintamani in Sanskrit as there was no grammatical work in Telugu prior to that 157 Pothana is the poet who composed the classic Srimad Maha Bhagavatamu a Telugu translation of Sri Bhagavatam Vemana is notable for his philosophical poems The Vijayanagara emperor Krishnadevaraya wrote Amuktamalyada Telugu literature after Kandukuri Veeresalingam is termed as Adhunika Telugu Sahityam Modern Telugu literature He is known as Gadya Tikkana and was the author of Telugu social novel Satyavati Charitam Jnanpith Award holders from the state include Viswanatha Satyanarayana The Andhra Pradesh native and revolutionary poet Sri Sri brought new forms of expressionism into Telugu literature 158 Media The print media in the state consists mainly of Telugu and English newspapers Eenadu Sakshi Andhra Jyothi and Tel J D Patrika Vaartha all these are Telugu newspapers English newspapers include Deccan Chronicle and The Hans India 159 failed verification 160 Art and cinema Main articles Music of Andhra Pradesh Telugu theatre and Carnatic music See also Tholu bommalata Kuchipudi dance Many composers of Carnatic music like Annamacharya Kshetrayya Tyagaraja and Bhadrachala Ramadas were of Telugu descent Modern Carnatic music composers and singers like Ghantasala and M Balamuralikrishna are also of Telugu descent The Telugu film industry hosts many music composers and playback singers such as S P Balasubrahmanyam P Susheela S Janaki and P B Sreenivas Folk songs are very important and popular in the many rural areas of the state Forms such as the Burra katha and Poli are still performed today 161 Harikathaa Kalakshepam or Harikatha involves the narration of a story intermingled with various songs relating to the story Harikatha was originated in Andhra 162 Burra katha is an oral storytelling technique with the topic be either a Hindu mythological story or a contemporary social issue 163 Rangasthalam is an Indian theatre in the Telugu language based predominantly in Andhra Pradesh 164 Gurajada Apparao wrote the play Kanyasulkam in 1892 often considered the greatest play in the Telugu language 165 C Pullaiah is cited as the father of Telugu theatre movement 166 167 The Telugu film industry is largely based in Hyderabad and Visakhapatnam The Telugu film culture also known as Tollywood is the second largest film industry in India next to the Bollywood film industry 168 Film producer D Ramanaidu holds a Guinness Record for the most films produced by a person 169 In the years 2005 2006 and 2008 the Telugu film industry produced the largest number of films in India exceeding the number of films produced in Bollywood 170 171 The industry holds the Guinness World Record for the largest film production facility in the world 172 Cuisine Vegetarian Andhra meal served on important occasions Main article Telugu cuisine Telugu people s traditional sweet Pootharekulu originated from Atreyapuram village of East Godavari district Tourism Main article Tourism in Andhra Pradesh Undavalli Caves is a monolithic example of Indian rock cut architecture and one of the finest testimonials to ancient viswakarma sthapathis Gandikota Canyon The state has several beaches in its coastal districts such as Rushikonda Mypadu Suryalanka etc 173 caves such as Borra Caves 174 Indian rock cut architecture depicting Undavalli Caves 175 and the country s second longest caves the Belum Caves 176 The valleys and hills include Araku Valley Horsley Hills Papi Hills etc 177 Arma Konda peak located in Visakhapatnam district is the highest peak in Eastern Ghats The river at Papi Hills near Rajamahendravaram in Andhra Pradesh The state is home to various religious pilgrim destinations such as Tirumala Temple Simhachalam Temple Annavaram temple Srisailam temple Kanaka Durga Temple Amaravati Srikalahasti Shahi Jamia Masjid in Adoni Gunadala Church in Vijayawada Buddhist centres at Amaravati and Nagarjuna Konda Khadri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple Kadiri 178 TransportMain article Transport in Andhra Pradesh The state is well connected to other states through road and rail networks It is also connected to other countries by means of airways and seaports as well With a long seacoast along the Bay of Bengal it also has many ports for sea trade The state has one of the largest railway junctions at Vijayawada and one of the largest seaports at Visakhapatnam Roads Vijayawada Guntur Expressway section of NH 16 The state has a total road network of 53 403 km 33 183 mi of which 6 401 km 3 977 mi of National highways 14 722 km 9 148 mi of state highways and 32 280 km 20 060 mi of district roads 179 NH 16 with a highway network of around 1 000 km 620 mi in the state is a part of Golden Quadrilateral Project undertaken by National Highways Development Project It also forms part of AH 45 which comes under the Asian Highway Network NH 140 near Tirupati The state government owned Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation APSRTC is the major public bus transport which runs thousands of buses connecting different parts of the state Pandit Nehru Bus Station PNBS in Vijayawada is one of the largest bus terminals in Asia 180 From 30 January 2019 all the vehicles in the state are registered as AP 39 followed by an alphabet and four digits 181 Railways See also South Coast Railway zone Vijayawada railway stationAndhra Pradesh 182 has a total broad gauge railway route of 3 703 25 km 2 301 09 mi and has no metre gauge railway 183 The rail density of the state is 16 59 per 1 000 km 620 mi compared to an all India average of 20 184 The Howrah Chennai main line which runs through the state is proposed to be upgraded into a high speed rail corridor through the Diamond Quadrilateral project of the Indian Railways 185 186 The railway network spans two zones further subdivided into divisions Vijayawada Guntur and Guntakal railway divisions of South Central Railway zone and Waltair railway division of East Coast Railway zone 187 188 There is a demand for creating a unified zone for the state based out of Visakhapatnam 189 There are three A1 and twenty three A category railway stations in the state 190 Visakhapatnam has been declared the cleanest railway station in the country 191 The railway station of Shimiliguda was the first highest broad gauge railway station in the country 192 As on date the Railways lines in Andhra Pradesh are under the following Railway zones Divisions South Central Railway Secunderabad Division South Central Railway Hyderabad Division South Central Railway Vijayawada Division South Central Railway Guntakal Division South Central Railway Guntur Division East Coast Railway Waltair Division East Coast Railway Khurda Road DivisionA new railway zone South Coast Railway Zone SCoR has been announced as the newest railway zone of the Indian Railways and is headquartered at Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh The formal notification for operationalization of this Zone is yet to be issued When created it will include Waltair Division of East Coast Railway zone and Vijayawada Division Guntakal Division amp Guntur Division of South Central Railway zone 193 Airports See also List of airports in Andhra Pradesh Tirupati Airport View Map of airports and airstrips of Andhra Pradesh Map of seaports in Andhra Pradesh Visakhapatnam Airport is the only airport in the state with operating international flights while Vijayawada Airport at Gannavaram has launched an international flight to Singapore recently 194 The state has four other domestic airports Rajahmundry Airport Kadapa Airport Kurnool Airport a privately owned public use airport at Puttaparthi and Tirupati Airport located in the city of Tirupati There are also 16 small airstrips located in the state 195 Sea ports See also Ports and harbours of Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh has one of the country s largest port at Visakhapatnam in terms of cargo handling 196 The other famous ports are Krishnapatnam Port Nellore Gangavaram Port and Kakinada Port Gangavaram Port is a deep seaport which can accommodate ocean liners up to 200 000 250 000 DWT 197 There are 14 notified non major ports at Bheemunipatnam S Yanam Machilipatnam Nizampatnam and Vadarevu 198 199 Visakhapatnam seaport A ship at the Visakhapatnam portEducation and researchMain article Education in Andhra Pradesh Map of universities in Andhra Pradesh Agriculture University Guntur Andhra Pradesh has an overall literacy rate of 67 41 as per the 2011 Indian census 6 The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government aided and private schools managed and regulated by the School Education Department of the state 200 201 There are urban rural and residential schools 202 203 As per the child info and school information report 2018 19 there were a total of 7 041 568 students 204 enrolled in 62 063 schools respectively 205 The Directorate of Government Examinations of the state administers and conduct the Secondary School Certificate SSC examination 206 More than 600 000 students have appeared for the 2019 SSC exam and recorded an overall pass percentage of 94 88 with a 100 pass percentage in 5 464 schools 207 The mediums of instruction are primarily Telugu and English with a very few opting for Urdu Hindi Kannada Odia and Tamil 208 ICI Tirupati SVU Admin Building S V Agricultural College Tirupati Higher education in the state is administered by the Department of Higher Education 209 The central universities are All India Institute of Medical Sciences IIM Visakhapatnam IIT Tirupati NIT Tadepalligudem IIITDM Kurnool 210 Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy 211 NIDV Central University of Andhra Pradesh IIIT Sri City IISER Tirupati Agriculture University Guntur and IIFT Kakinada The Government of Andhra Pradesh established Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies RGUKT in 2008 to cater to the education needs of the rural youth of Andhra Pradesh 212 As per the University Grants Commission Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning GITAM KL University and Vignan University MBU University are the Deemed Universities in the state 213 There are 18 state universities in the districts providing higher education in horticulture law medical technology Vedic and veterinary 214 Andhra University is the oldest of the universities in the state established in 1926 215 216 Research SPA Vijayawada Research institutes have been set up by the central state which government Naval Science and Technological Laboratory NSTL National Institute of Oceanography Visakhapatnam NIO School of Planning and Architecture at Vijayawada is an autonomous research institute under Ministry of Human Resource Development of Government of India National Atmospheric Research Laboratory carry out fundamental and applied research in atmospheric and space sciences 217 Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati 218 Society for Applied Microwave Electronics Engineering and Research Visakhapatnam Central Tobacco Research Institute Rajahmundry under control of ICAR Indian Council of Agriculture Research conducts fundamental and applied research on tobacco for the benefit of the farming community 219 Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research IIOPR at Pedavegi near Eluru in West Godavari district serves as a centre for conducting and co ordinating research on all aspects of oil palm conservation improvement production protection post harvest technology and transfer of technology 220 CCRH Regional Research Institute at Gudivada Clinical Research Institute at Tirupati and National Institute of Oceanography 221 at Visakhapatnam are some of them 222 Agriculture Research Institute Acharya NG Ranga Agriculture University KADIRI Space research organisation Satish Dhawan Space Centre SDSC Sriharikota Tirupati Satish Dhawan Space Centre also known as Sriharikota Range SHAR at barrier island of Sriharikota in Tirupati district is a satellite launching station operated by Indian Space Research Organisation 223 It is India s primary orbital launch site India s lunar orbiter Chandrayaan 1 was launched from the centre at 6 22 AM IST on 22 October 2008 224 SportsMain article Sports in Andhra Pradesh Dr Y S Rajasekhara Reddy ACA VDCA Cricket Stadium in Visakhapatnam The Sports Authority of Andhra Pradesh is the governing body which looks after the infrastructure development in cricket field hockey association football skating Olympic weightlifting chess water sports tennis badminton table tennis cycling etc 225 Cricket is one of the most popular sports in the state The ACA VDCA Stadium in Visakhapatnam is the home to Andhra Pradesh cricket team The venue regularly hosts international as well as domestic matches Notable cricketers from Andhra Pradesh include former Indian captain Mohammad Azharuddin Maharajkumar of Vizianagram M V Narasimha Rao M S K Prasad VVS Laxman Tirumalasetti Suman Arshad Ayub Ambati Rayudu Venkatapathy Raju Sravanthi Naidu Yalaka Venugopal Rao Hanuma Vihari and Srikar Bharat Humpy Koneru from Gudivada in Krishna district is an Indian chess Grandmaster Dandamudi Rajagopal Rao the first 12 times National heavy weight lifting Champion hails from krishna district Karnam Malleswari the first female Indian to win an Olympic medal hails from Srikakulam district She won the bronze medal on 19 September 2000 in the 69 kg 152 lb category with a lift of 240 kg 530 lb 226 Krishnam Raju Gadiraju of Bhimavaram is a four time world record holder He is a speedsolver and unicyclist 227 Pullela Gopichand is a former Indian badminton player He won the All England Open Badminton Championships in 2001 becoming the second Indian to win after Prakash Padukone 228 229 230 Srikanth Kidambi a badminton player is the first ever Indian to reach the World Championships final in 2021 in the men s singles and win a silver medal 231 Cherukuri Lenin 1985 or 1986 24 October 2010 was an Indian archer and coach who won a silver medal at the Asian Grand Prix in Malaysia and was a national archery coach See alsoList of people from Andhra Pradesh Outline of Andhra Pradesh Middle kingdoms of India Part One of the Constitution of IndiaNotes Excluding districts and mandals which went to Telangana The Christian population is significantly undercounted since SC reservation benefits are denied to ChristiansReferences Rao Madhu 1 November 2019 Formation day These Indian states were formed on November 1 India TV News Retrieved 9 May 2022 Government to resume Andhra Pradesh Formation Day celebration on November 1 The 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