Tharu languages are spoken in the Tharu community. This languages are similar to other neighboring languages. Tharu language is one of the major language spoken in Nepal.
Although their own precise classification within Indo-Aryan remains uncertain, Tharu languages have superficial similarities with neighbouring languages such as Kumaoni, Awadhi, Maithili, Bengali, Rajbanshi and Bhojpuri. The lexicon of certain Tharu households is indicative of an archaic, 'indigenous' substratum, potentially predating both Sino-Tibetan or Indo-Aryan settlement. Tharu languages appear to be transitional within the context of Indo-Aryan.[4]
Chitwania Tharu is spoken by approximately 250,000 speakers east of the Gandaki River, in and around the Chitwan Valley. Chitwania, as a whole, has superficial similarities with Awadhi. Nevertheless, certain Chitwania variants appear to have considerable lexical similarities with Manchad, a Sino-Tibetan language.[5]
Dangaura, Rana, and Buksa refer to a triumvirate of mutually-intelligible Tharu variants spoken west of the Gandaki River, spoken by approximately 1.3 million people. Furthermore, an additional variant of Tharu, known as Sonha, is largely mutually intelligible with Dangauru.
Kochila, a diverse Tharu variant, is also spoken by approximately 250,000 people, in regions of eastern Nepal. Kochila Tharu communities are not found in isolation, but live in districts intermixed with speakers of other languages. “In contrast with western Terai where the Tharus are the only and dominant ethnic minority, the eastern – especially the far eastern – Terai is inhabited by several ethnic groups with very different linguistic affiliation”. Many ethnic Kochila have adopted Maithili.[6]
Vowels /i, u, e, a/ are heard as [ɪ, ʊ, ɛ, ɑ] when in lax form.
/ə/ is heard as [ɐ] when preceding or following velar or glottal consonants.
/a/ can be heard as [æ] when following /j/ or as [ɒ] when following /w/.[8]
ReferencesEdit
^ abDangaura Tharu at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) Kathoriya Tharu at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) Rana Tharu at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) Chitwania Tharu at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) Kochila Tharu at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) Buksa Tharu at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) (Additional references under 'Language codes' in the information box)
^Office of the Registrar General, India (2001). "Uttaranchal. Data Highlights: The Scheduled Tribes. Census of India 2001" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-03-16.
^Office of the Registrar General, India (2001). "Uttar Pradesh. Data Highlights: The Scheduled Tribes. Census of India 2001" (PDF).
^The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity
^George van Driem, 2007, "Endangered languages of South Asia", in Matthias Brenzinger, Mouton de Gruyter
^Linguistic Survey of Nepal (LinSuN) Central Department of Linguistics Tribhuvan University, Nepal and SIL International 2013. "A Sociolinguistic Study of Kochila Tharu in Southeast Nepal" (PDF).
^Dhakal, Dubi Nanda. Notes on Rana Tharu Grammar Notes.
^Boehm, Edward D. (2003). A Descriptive Phonology of Dangaura Tharu.
September 28, 2023
tharu, languages, tharu, tharu, hindi, थर, tharuhat, nepali, थर, हट, languages, indo, aryan, languages, spoken, tharu, people, terai, region, nepal, neighboring, regions, uttarakhand, uttar, pradesh, bihar, india, tharuथ, थर, थर, हटregions, nepal, india, with,. The Tharu Tharu थ र Hindi थर व or Tharuhat Nepali थर हट languages are any of the Indo Aryan languages spoken by the Tharu people of the Terai region in Nepal and neighboring regions of Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh and Bihar in India 2 3 Tharuथ र थर व थर हटRegions in Nepal and India with significant Tharu populationNative toNepal IndiaEthnicityTharu incl Bhoksa Native speakers1 53 million in Nepal 2011 census 1 400 000 or more in India 1997 2007 1 Language familyIndo European Indo IranianIndo AryanEasternBihariTharuWriting systemDevanagariLanguage codesISO 639 3Variously a href https iso639 3 sil org code thl class extiw title iso639 3 thl thl a Dangaura Tharu a href https iso639 3 sil org code tkt class extiw title iso639 3 tkt tkt a Kathoriya Tharu a href https iso639 3 sil org code thr class extiw title iso639 3 thr thr a Rana Tharu a href https iso639 3 sil org code the class extiw title iso639 3 the the a Chitwania Tharu a href https iso639 3 sil org code thq class extiw title iso639 3 thq thq a Kochila Tharu a href https iso639 3 sil org code tkb class extiw title iso639 3 tkb tkb a Buksa Tharu a href https iso639 3 sil org code soi class extiw title iso639 3 soi soi a SonhaGlottologthar1284Tharu languages are spoken in the Tharu community This languages are similar to other neighboring languages Tharu language is one of the major language spoken in Nepal Although their own precise classification within Indo Aryan remains uncertain Tharu languages have superficial similarities with neighbouring languages such as Kumaoni Awadhi Maithili Bengali Rajbanshi and Bhojpuri The lexicon of certain Tharu households is indicative of an archaic indigenous substratum potentially predating both Sino Tibetan or Indo Aryan settlement Tharu languages appear to be transitional within the context of Indo Aryan 4 Chitwania Tharu is spoken by approximately 250 000 speakers east of the Gandaki River in and around the Chitwan Valley Chitwania as a whole has superficial similarities with Awadhi Nevertheless certain Chitwania variants appear to have considerable lexical similarities with Manchad a Sino Tibetan language 5 Dangaura Rana and Buksa refer to a triumvirate of mutually intelligible Tharu variants spoken west of the Gandaki River spoken by approximately 1 3 million people Furthermore an additional variant of Tharu known as Sonha is largely mutually intelligible with Dangauru Kochila a diverse Tharu variant is also spoken by approximately 250 000 people in regions of eastern Nepal Kochila Tharu communities are not found in isolation but live in districts intermixed with speakers of other languages In contrast with western Terai where the Tharus are the only and dominant ethnic minority the eastern especially the far eastern Terai is inhabited by several ethnic groups with very different linguistic affiliation Many ethnic Kochila have adopted Maithili 6 Contents 1 Phonology 1 1 Consonants 1 2 Vowels 2 ReferencesPhonology EditThe following consists mostly of the Daungara and Rana dialects Consonants Edit Labial Dental Alveolar Retroflex Post alv Palatal Velar GlottalStop Affricate voiceless p t ʈ tʃ kaspirated pʰ tʰ ʈʰ tʃʰ kʰvoiced b d ɖ dʒ ɡbreathy bʱ dʱ ɖʱ dʒʱ ɡʱNasal voiced m n ɲ ŋbreathy m n ŋ Fricative s hTap voiced ɾbreathy ɾ Trill voiced r breathy r Lateral voiced lbreathy l Approximant w j n can be heard as a palatal ɲ when preceding a palatal affricate ɾ ɾ may be in free variation with trill sounds r r in the Rana dialect Palato alveolar affricate sounds tʃ tʃʰ dʒ dʒʱ are heard as alveolar affricate sounds ts tsʰ dz dzʱ in the Rana dialect 7 Vowels Edit Front Central BackHigh i uMid e e oLow aDiphthong ei euNasalization also occurs as ĩ ũ ẽ e o a Vowels i u e a are heard as ɪ ʊ ɛ ɑ when in lax form e is heard as ɐ when preceding or following velar or glottal consonants a can be heard as ae when following j or as ɒ when following w 8 References Edit a b Dangaura Tharu at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Kathoriya Tharu at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Rana Tharu at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Chitwania Tharu at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Kochila Tharu at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Buksa Tharu at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Additional references under Language codes in the information box Office of the Registrar General India 2001 Uttaranchal Data Highlights The Scheduled Tribes Census of India 2001 PDF Retrieved 2008 03 16 Office of the Registrar General India 2001 Uttar Pradesh Data Highlights The Scheduled Tribes Census of India 2001 PDF The Indo Aryans of Ancient South Asia Language Material Culture and Ethnicity George van Driem 2007 Endangered languages of South Asia in Matthias Brenzinger Mouton de Gruyter Linguistic Survey of Nepal LinSuN Central Department of Linguistics Tribhuvan University Nepal and SIL International 2013 A Sociolinguistic Study of Kochila Tharu in Southeast Nepal PDF Dhakal Dubi Nanda Notes on Rana Tharu Grammar Notes Boehm Edward D 2003 A Descriptive Phonology of Dangaura Tharu Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tharu languages amp oldid 1174709649, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
