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Wikipedia

Shiraz

Shiraz (/ʃɪəˈrɑːz/ (listen); Persian: شیراز, romanizedŠirâz [ʃiːˈɾɒːz] (listen)) is the fifth-most-populous city of Iran[3] and the capital of Fars Province, which has been historically known as Pars (پارس, Pārs) and Persis.[4] As of the 2016 national census, the population of the city was 1,565,572 people, and its built-up area with Sadra was home to almost 1,800,000 inhabitants.[5] A census in 2021 showed an increase in the city's population to 1,995,500 people.[6] Shiraz is located in southwestern Iran on the rudkhaneye khoshk (lit.'dry river') seasonal river. Founded in the early Islamic period, the city has a moderate climate and has been a regional trade center for over a thousand years.

Shiraz
شیراز
Nickname: 
City of Gardens
Shiraz
Location of Shiraz within Iran
Coordinates: 29°36′36″N 52°32′33″E / 29.61000°N 52.54250°E / 29.61000; 52.54250
CountryIran
ProvinceFars
CountyShiraz
BakhshCentral
Government
 • TypeCity Council
 • MayorMohammad Hasan Asadi
Area
 • City240 km2 (86.487 sq mi)
 • Land240 km2 (86.487 sq mi)
 • Water0 km2 (0 sq mi)  0%
Elevation
1,500 m (5,200 ft)
Population
 (2016 census)
 • Density6,670/km2 (18,600/sq mi)
 • Urban
1,565,572[2]
 • Metro
1,800,000[1]
 • Population rank
5th (Iran)
Time zoneUTC+03:30 (IRST)
Area code071
Routes Road 65
Road 67
Road 86
Upcoming:
Shiraz–Isfahan Freeway
License plate63–93
Websiteshiraz.ir

The earliest reference to the city, as Tiraziš, is on Elamite clay tablets dated to 2000 BCE.[7] The modern city was founded by Sasanian dynasty and restored by the Umayyad Caliphate in 693 CE and grew prominent under the successive Iranian Saffarid and Buyid dynasties in the 9th and 10th–11th centuries, respectively. In the 13th century, Shiraz became a leading center of the arts and letters, due to the encouragement of its ruler and the presence of many Persian scholars and artists. Two famous poets of Iran, Hafez and Saadi, are from Shiraz, whose tombs are located on the north side of the current city boundaries.

Shiraz is one of the top tourist cities in Iran and it is known as the city of poets, literature, and flowers.[8][9] It is also considered by many Iranians to be the city of gardens due to the presence of many gardens and fruit trees that can be seen throughout the city, such as Eram Garden. Shiraz is also a famous tourist destination in the world. Every year many tourists come around the world to visit Shiraz. Shiraz has historically had major Jewish and Christian communities. The crafts of Shiraz consist of inlaid mosaic work of triangular design; silverware; pile carpet-weaving and weaving of kilim, called gilim and jajim in the villages and among the tribes.[10] Dominant industries in the city include the production of cement, sugar, fertilizers, textile products, wood products, metalwork, and rugs.[citation needed] Shiraz also has a major oil refinery and is a major centre for Iran's electronic industries: 53 percent of Iran's electronic investment has been centred in Shiraz.[11] The city is home to Iran's first solar powerplant.[12] Recently, Shiraz's first wind turbine has been installed above Mount Babakuhi near the city.

Etymology

 
Shiraz in a photo by Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield from the ISS on 20 March 2013 (1392 Nowrooz)[13]

Phonetically, this is interpreted as /tiračis/ or /ćiračis/. This name became Old Persian /širājiš/; through regular sound change comes the modern Persian name Shirāz. The name Shiraz also appears on clay sealings found at a 2nd-century CE Sassanid ruin, east of the city. By some of the native writers, the name Shiraz has derived from a son of Tahmuras, the third Shāh (King) of the world according to Ferdowsi's Shāhnāma.[14]

History

Pre-Islamic era

Though, there is no definitive record of its existence prior to the late 7th century CE, few archaeological finds dating from 1933 and beyond indicate that the site or vicinity of Shiraz was likely settled in the pre-Islamic era as early as the 6th century BCE.[15] A number of Hakhamanish and Sasanian-era remains have been discovered around the city, including reliefs at Barm-e Delak to the east and Guyim to the northwest, and ruins of Sasanian fortresses at Qasr-e Abu Nasr to the east and Fahandezh.[16] The latter is identified with the fortress of Shahmobad mentioned as being in Shiraz by the 10th-century geographical work, Hudud al-'alam.[16] the Sasanian and early Islamic-era clay seals found at Qasr-e-Abu Nasr mention the name "Shiraz" alongside the name of the Sasanian administrative district of the area, Ardashir-Khwarrah.[17] According to the diplomat and academic John Limbert, this indicates that the name "Shiraz" is traced back to the Elamite "Shirrazish" and that both refer to a settlement that existed at the site of Qasr-e-Abu Nasr.[17]

Interpretations of what type of settlement ancient Shiraz was vary. According to Berney and Ring, the lack of references to Shiraz in early Persian sources suggests the city could not have been more than a way-station in the plain in which it lies.[15] On the other hand, according to Abdolmajed Arfaee, Achaemenid-era Shiraz must have been one of the most important settlements in the area.[18] He bases this on its frequent appearance in the Persepolis Administrative Archives (84 different tablets) as well as the number of workers present – in groups as large as 490.[18] Most textual references to Shiraz involve rations for workers; it is never mentioned as a travel destination.[18] Arfaee says that Sasanian Shiraz was relatively insignificant before its re-foundation in the early Islamic period.[18] According to John Limbert, however, Shiraz prospered between the 6th and 8th-centuries CE and was possibly the administrative center for the Shiraz plain until the modern city of Shiraz was founded.[19]

Early Islamic era

The present city of Shiraz was founded or restored in 693 by Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi, the brother of the Umayyad viceroy of the eastern half of the caliphate, al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, or the latter's kinsman Muhammad ibn Qasim.[20][21] The Arab Muslim army had conquered the wider region of Fars, where the site of Shiraz is located, in several expeditions launched from their garrison town of Basra between 640 and 653, and specifically captured the immediate area around Shiraz early on, in 641. This area did not possess any cities, though there were a number of forts which were forced to pay tribute to the Arabs.[22] The Sasanians held firm in Istakhr, their capital in Fars, until the Arabs captured it in a heavy battle in 653, during which the plain of Shiraz had been utilized as an Arab campground.[22] Because of Istakhr's deep association with the Sasanian Empire and the Zoroastrian religion, the Arabs sought to establish in nearby Shiraz a rival cultural and administrative center.[22] Thus, during its initial founding in 693, the city was planned to be much larger than Isfahan.[22] However, the initial ambitions were not realized and Shiraz remained a "provincial backwater" in the shadow of Istakhr until at least the late 9th century, according to Limbert.[22] This is partly attributed to the reticence of the largely Zoroastrian population of Fars to inhabit the Islamic Arab city.[22] As the population gradually shifted to Islam from Zoroastrianism and Istakhr concurrently declined, Shiraz grew into the practical center of Fars.[22]

According to Muslim traditional sources, Shiraz was used as a hideout by three of the brothers of the Shia Muslim imam Ali al-Ridha following the latter's death in 817/18 and later by one of the brothers' sons, Ali ibn Hamza ibn Musa, until he was found and executed by the Abbasid authorities in c. 835.[23] As Abbasid authority waned during this period, regional dynasties emerged with considerable autonomy.[15] In the late 9th century, the Iranian Muslim Saffarid dynasty under Ya'qub ibn al-Layth made Shiraz the capital of their autonomous state, which encompassed most of modern-day Iran.[15][22][24] In 894, Ya'qub's brother and successor, Amr, founded the city's first congregational mosque, today known as the Atigh Jame' Mosque.[25][24]

The Iranian Buyid dynasty under Imad al-Dawla Ali ibn Buya ousted the Saffarids in 933 and his nephew and successor, 'Adud al-Dawla Fana Khusraw, took over and ruled Fars between 949 and 983, and added Iraq, the seat of the Abbasid Caliphate, to his Shiraz-based domains in 977;[24] the Abbasids thenceforth became a puppet state of the Shiraz-based dynasty.[15] Shiraz developed into the largest and most prosperous city of Fars and an important economic and cultural center of the caliphate.[24][26] Adud al-Dawla had a large library, a hospital and several mosques, bazaars, caravanserais, palaces and gardens built in the city, while south of it he erected a fortified camp for his troops, known as Kard Fana Khusraw, in 974.[24][26] One of the congregational mosques built by Adud al-Dawla has survived until the present day.[15] Two Zoroastrian fire temples also existed in Shiraz,[24] catering to the Persians who had not converted to Islam.[15] One of Adud al-Dawla's palaces stretched out for nearly three miles and consisted of 360 rooms.[15]

Under the Buyids, Shiraz was divided into twelve quarters and had eight gates.[26] It owed its economic prosperity to the booming agricultural trade of Fars.[15] The city largely consumed the agricultural products of the province, including grapes, linen, wool, cotton, collyrium, rose, violet and palm-blossom water.[26] It was also a market for rug weavers and painters to sell their pricey products, a testament to the residents' wealth.[15] At the time, wine, grains, gold and silver were exported from the Farsi port cities of Siraf and Najairam.[15] Adud al-Dawla patronized scientific, medical and Islamic religious research in Shiraz.[15]

The city was spared destruction by the invading Mongols, when its local ruler offered tributes and submission to Genghis Khan. Shiraz was again spared by Tamerlane, when in 1382 the local monarch, Shah Shoja agreed to submit to the invader.[27] In the 13th century, Shiraz became a leading center of the arts and letters, thanks to the encouragement of its ruler and the presence of many Persian scholars and artists. For this reason the city was named by classical geographers Dar al-'Elm, the House of Knowledge.[28] Among the Iranian poets, mystics and philosophers born in Shiraz were the poets Sa'di[29] and Hafiz,[30] the mystic Ruzbehan, and the philosopher Mulla Sadra.[31] Thus Shiraz has been nicknamed "The Athens of Iran".[32] As early as the 11th century, several hundred thousand people inhabited Shiraz.[33] In the 14th century Shiraz had sixty thousand inhabitants.[34] During the 16th century it had a population of 200,000 people, which by the mid-18th century had decreased to only 55,000.

Safavid era

 
An illustration of Shiraz by French traveler Jean Chardin in 1670s while he was travelling through the Safavid empire

In 1504, Shiraz was captured by the forces of Ismail I, the founder of the Safavid dynasty. Throughout the Safavid empire (1501–1722) Shiraz remained a provincial capital and Emam Qoli Khan, the governor of Fars under Shah Abbas I, constructed many palaces and ornate buildings in the same style as those built during the same period in Isfahan, the capital of the Empire.[27] After the fall of the Safavids, Shiraz suffered a period of decline, worsened by the raids of the Afghans and the rebellion of its governor against Nader Shah; the latter sent troops to suppress the revolt. The city was besieged for many months and eventually sacked. At the time of Nader Shah's murder in 1747, most of the historical buildings of the city were damaged or ruined, and its population fell to 50,000, one-quarter of that during the 16th century.[27]

Shiraz soon returned to prosperity under the rule of Karim Khan Zand, who made it his capital in 1762. Employing more than 12,000 workers, he constructed a royal district with a fortress, many administrative buildings, a mosque, and one of the finest covered bazaars in Iran.[27] He had a moat built around the city, constructed an irrigation and drainage system, and rebuilt the city walls.[27] However, Karim Khan's heirs failed to secure his gains. When Agha Mohammad Khan, the founder of the Qajar dynasty, eventually came to power, he wreaked his revenge on Shiraz by destroying the city's fortifications and moving the national capital to Tehran.[27] Although lowered to the rank of a provincial capital, Shiraz maintained a level of prosperity as a result of the continuing importance of the trade route to the Persian Gulf. Its governorship was a royal prerogative throughout the Qajar dynasty.[27] Many of the famous gardens, buildings and residences built during this time contribute to the city's present skyline.

Shiraz is the birthplace of the co-founder of the Baháʼí Faith, the Báb (Siyyid 'Ali-Muhammad, 1819–1850). In this city, on the evening of 22 May 1844, he first declared his mission as the bearer of a new divine revelation.[35] For this reason Shiraz is a holy city for Baháʼís, and the city, particularly the house of the Báb, was identified as a place of pilgrimage.[36] Due to the hostile climate towards Baháʼís in Iran, the house has been the target of repeated attacks; the house was destroyed in 1979, to be paved over two years later and made into a public square.[36]

In 1910, a pogrom of the Jewish quarter started after false rumours that the Jews had ritually murdered a Muslim girl. In the course of the riots, 12 Jews were murdered and about 50 were injured, and the 6,000 Jews of Shiraz were robbed of all their possessions.[37]

During the Pahlavi dynasty, Shiraz became the center of attention again. Many important landmarks like Tombs of Poets' such as Sa'di[29] and Hafiz,[30] were constructed and presented to the public.

Lacking any great industrial, religious or strategic importance, Shiraz became an administrative center, although its population has nevertheless grown considerably since the 1979 revolution.[38]

Modern times

 
Narenjestan Qavam

The city's municipality and other related institutions have initiated restoration and reconstruction projects.[27]

Some of the most recent projects have been the complete restoration of the Arg of Karim Khan and of the Vakil Bath, as well as a comprehensive plan for the preservation of the old city quarters. Other noteworthy initiatives include the total renovation of the Qur'an Gate and the mausoleum of the poet Khwaju Kermani, both located in the Allah-u-Akbar Gorge, as well as the restoration and expansion of the mausoleum of the famous Shiraz-born poets Hafiz and Saadi.[27]

Several different construction projects are currently underway that will modernize the city's infrastructure.[clarification needed][39]

After the Iranian Revolution, Shiraz was re-established as the capital of Iranian Art and Culture among the people. Shiraz is known[by whom?] as the capital of Persian Art, Culture and Literature. However, the current government has tried to re-brand the city as "Sevomin haram-e ahle beit" meaning "Third home of Saints" referring to the Shahcheragh shrine and some other holy places in the city.

Geography

 
Shiraz Garden Drives, in the north, has gardens predating the city's expansion.

Shiraz is located in the south of Iran and the northwest of Fars province. It is built in a green plain at the foot of the Zagros Mountains 1,500 metres (4,900 feet) above sea level. Shiraz is 800 kilometres (500 mi) south of Tehran.[40]

A seasonal river, Dry River, flows through the northern part of the city and on into Maharloo Lake.[41] As of 1920, the area had a large forest of oak trees.[42]

Gardens

Shiraz contains a considerable number of gardens. Due to population growth in the city, many of these gardens may be lost to give way to new developments.[citation needed] Although some measures have been taken by the Municipality to preserve these gardens, many illegal developments still endanger them.[clarification needed]

Climate

 
Sunset in Shiraz, with Derock Mountain in the background

Shiraz's climate has distinct seasons, and is overall classed as a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSk), though it is only a little short of a hot semi-arid climate .[40] Summers are hot, with a July average high of 37.9 °C (100.2 °F). Winters are cool, with average low temperatures below freezing in December and January. Around 300 mm (12 in) of rain falls each year, almost entirely in the winter months, though in some cases as much as this has fallen in a single month (as in January 1965 and December 2004),[43] whilst in the year from July 1965 to June 1966 as little as 82.9 millimetres (3.3 in) fell. The wettest year has been 1955/1956 with as much as 857.2 millimetres (33.75 in), though since 1959 the highest has been around 590 millimetres (23.2 in) in each of 1995/1996 and 2004/2005.[43] Due to Shiraz' high elevation and low latitude, the UV index is extremely high during summer which is further exacerbated by the high frequency of sunshine.

Despite being in a relatively dry climate, extreme weather is not a rare occasion. On 25 March 2019, flash floods from heavy rains has resulted in 19 deaths and over 200 injuries.

The highest record temperature was 43.4 °C (110.1 °F) on 3 July 2022[44] and the lowest record temperature was −14.0 °C (6.8 °F) on 5 January 1973.[45]

Climate data for Shiraz (1951–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 22.6
(72.7)
24.0
(75.2)
30.8
(87.4)
34.0
(93.2)
39.0
(102.2)
42.8
(109.0)
43.4
(110.1)
42.0
(107.6)
39.0
(102.2)
34.4
(93.9)
28.6
(83.5)
23.2
(73.8)
43.4
(110.1)
Average high °C (°F) 12.2
(54.0)
14.9
(58.8)
19.0
(66.2)
24.2
(75.6)
30.7
(87.3)
36.1
(97.0)
37.9
(100.2)
37.1
(98.8)
33.8
(92.8)
27.9
(82.2)
20.4
(68.7)
14.5
(58.1)
25.7
(78.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 6.1
(43.0)
8.4
(47.1)
12.0
(53.6)
16.7
(62.1)
22.3
(72.1)
26.9
(80.4)
29.3
(84.7)
28.3
(82.9)
24.4
(75.9)
18.8
(65.8)
12.5
(54.5)
7.9
(46.2)
17.8
(64.0)
Average low °C (°F) 0.1
(32.2)
1.9
(35.4)
5.1
(41.2)
9.1
(48.4)
13.8
(56.8)
17.7
(63.9)
20.6
(69.1)
19.5
(67.1)
15.1
(59.2)
9.7
(49.5)
4.5
(40.1)
1.2
(34.2)
9.9
(49.8)
Record low °C (°F) −14.0
(6.8)
−8.0
(17.6)
−4.0
(24.8)
−2.0
(28.4)
3.0
(37.4)
9.0
(48.2)
14.0
(57.2)
12.0
(53.6)
1.0
(33.8)
1.6
(34.9)
−8.0
(17.6)
−11.0
(12.2)
−14.0
(6.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 86.4
(3.40)
51.2
(2.02)
54.2
(2.13)
26.8
(1.06)
6.5
(0.26)
0.2
(0.01)
1.1
(0.04)
0.8
(0.03)
0.0
(0.0)
4.0
(0.16)
28.2
(1.11)
75.3
(2.96)
334.7
(13.18)
Average rainy days 8.7 7.9 7.9 6.4 2.1 0.2 0.8 0.4 0.1 1.2 3.7 7.2 46.6
Average snowy days 1.5 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 2.7
Average relative humidity (%) 65 58 51 46 32 22 24 24 26 34 48 61 41
Mean monthly sunshine hours 217.0 218.5 236.2 247.7 324.1 357.8 344.6 329.7 318.0 297.7 238.3 216.2 3,345.8
Source: Iran Meteorological Organization (records),[46] (temperatures),[47] (precipitation),[48] (humidity),[49] (days with precipitation and snow),[50] (sunshine)[51]

Economy

 
The Qur'an Gate was a part of the great city wall built under the Buyid dynasty.
 
Tomb of Hafez, in memory of the celebrated Persian poet Hafez

Shiraz is the economic center of southern Iran. The second half of the 19th century witnessed certain economic developments that greatly changed the economy of Shiraz. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 allowed the extensive import into southern Iran of inexpensive European factory-made goods, either directly from Europe or via India.[52] Farmers in unprecedented numbers began planting cash crops such as opium poppy, tobacco, and cotton. Many of these export crops passed through Shiraz on their way to the Persian Gulf. Iranian long-distance merchants from Fars developed marketing networks for these commodities, establishing trading houses in Bombay, Calcutta, Port Said, Istanbul and even Hong Kong.[52]

Shiraz's economic base is in its provincial products, which include grapes, citrus fruits, cotton and rice.[53] Industries such as cement production, sugar, fertilizers, textile products, wood products, metalwork and rugs dominate.[53] Shirāz also has a major oil refinery and is also a major center for Iran's electronic industries. 53% of Iran's electronic investment has been centered in Shiraz.[54] Agriculture has always been a major part of the economy in and around Shiraz. This is partially due to a relative abundance of water compared to the surrounding deserts. Shirāz is famous for its carpet production and flowers as well. Viticulture has a long history in the region, and Shirazi wine used to be produced here. Shiraz is also an Iranian center for IT, communication, electronic industry, and transportation.[citation needed]

The Shiraz Special Economic Zone or the SEEZ was established in 2000 with the purpose of boosting manufacturing in electronics and communications.[55][56]

 
Tiling in Atigh Mosque

Shiraz is a major shopping destination in Iran and the Middle East, with more than 25 malls and 10 bazaars.[57]

The Persian Gulf Complex, located at the north end of the city, is the largest mall in the world in terms of the number of shops.[58]

The Vakil Bazaar, one of the oldest bazaars in the world, is located in the old city centre of Shiraz. Featuring courtyards, caravansarais, and bath houses, its shops sell different types of spices, Persian rugs, copper handicrafts and antiques.

The city is served by Refah Chain Stores Co., Iran Hyper Star, Isfahan City Center, Shahrvand Chain Stores Inc., and Ofoq Kourosh chain store.

Demographics

Ethnic Groups[59]
Persians
84.4%
Turkic people
10.6%
Lurs
3.6%
Others
1.5%
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1986848,289—    
1991965,117+2.61%
19961,053,025+1.76%
20061,227,331+1.54%
20111,460,665+3.54%
20161,565,572+1.40%
source:[60]

As of 2011, Shiraz has a population of 1,700,665 the majority of whom are Persian.[61] Most of the population of Shiraz are Muslim. Shiraz also was home to a 20,000-strong Jewish community, although most emigrated to the United States and Israel in the latter half of the 20th century.[62] Along with Tehran and Isfahan, Shiraz is one of the handful of Iranian cities with a sizable Jewish population and more than one active synagogue.

Shiraz also has a significant Baháʼí Faith population, the largest in the country after Tehran.

There are currently two functioning churches in Shiraz, one Armenian and the other Anglican.[63][64]

Culture

Shiraz is known as the city of poets, gardens, wine, nightingales and flowers.[65][66] The crafts of Shiraz consist of inlaid mosaic work of triangular design; silver-ware; carpet-weaving, and the making of the rugs called gilim (Shiraz Kilim) and the blanket called Jajim in the villages and among the tribes.[citation needed]

The garden is an important part of Iranian culture. There are many old gardens in Shiraz such as the Eram garden and the Afif abad garden. According to some people,[who?] Shiraz "disputes with Xeres [or Jerez] in Spain the honour of being the birthplace of sherry."[67] Shirazi wine originates from the city; however, under the current Islamic regime, liquor cannot be consumed except by religious minorities.[68]

Shiraz is proud of being mother land of Hafiz Shirazi, Shiraz is a center for Iranian culture and has produced a number of famous poets. Saadi, a 12th- and 13th-century poet was born in Shiraz. He left his native town at a young age for Baghdad to study Arabic literature and Islamic sciences at Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad. When he reappeared in his native Shiraz he was an elderly man. Shiraz, under Atabak Abubakr Sa'd ibn Zangy (1231–1260) was enjoying an era of relative tranquility. Saadi was not only welcomed to the city but he was highly respected by the ruler and enumerated among the greats of the province. He seems to have spent the rest of his life in Shiraz. Hafiz, another famous poet and mystic was also born in Shiraz. A number of scientists also originate from Shiraz. Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, a 13th-century astronomer, mathematician, physician, physicist and scientist was from Shiraz. In his The Limit of Accomplishment concerning Knowledge of the Heavens, he also discussed the possibility of heliocentrism.[69]

Tourism

Tourist attractions in Shiraz

The city is one of the key tourism sites in Iran, its cultural heritage is of global importance.[70]

  • The tombs of Hafiz,[71] Saadi, and Khaju e Kermani (whose tomb is inside a mountain above the city's old Qur'an Gate). Other lesser known tombs are that of Shah Shoja' (the Mozafarid emir of Persia, and patron of Hafiz), and the Haft Tanan mausoleum, where seven Sufi mystics are buried. The Tomb of Baba Kuhi sits atop a mountain overlooking the city, and the tomb of Karim Khan Zand is at the Pars Museum of Shiraz.
  • The oldest mosque is Atigh Jame' Mosque, which is one of the older mosques of Iran, followed by Vakil Mosque and Nasir al-Mulk mosque. The Vakil Mosque is situated west of the famous Vakil Bazaar. It covers an area of 8,660 square metres (93,200 square feet) and was built in 1187 (AH) during the Zand Dynasty. On the two sides of the entrance gate there are magnificent tile-works and arches. The left and right corridors of the entrance gate are connected to the main room.
  • The citadel of Arg of Karim Khan sits adjacent to the Vakil Bazaar and Vakil Bath at the city's central district. The most famous of houses are Zinat-ol-Moluk House and Gahavam's House, both in the old quarters of the city.
  • The Qur'an Gate is the entrance to Shiraz. It is located near the gorge of Allah-o-Akbar and is flanked by the Baba Kuhi and Chehel Maqam mountains. The gateway once contained two hand-written Qur'āns by Sultan Ibrahim Bin Shahrukh Gurekani in an upper room, which have now been moved to the Pars Museum.[72]
  • The Eram Garden (Bagh-e Eram) in Shiraz is a striking location for visitors with a variety of plants as well as a historic mansion. Although the exact date of the construction of the garden is not clear, historical evidence suggests it was constructed during the Seljuk Dynasty on the orders of the celebrated Seljuk monarch Sanjar. Other historical Persian gardens are Afifabad Garden and The Museum of Weapons, Delgosha Garden and Jahan Nama Garden.

Tourist attractions

  • Margoon Waterfall is located in the Fars Province of Iran near the city of Sepidan. Its name means in Persian "snake like".
  • Shapur cave is located in the Zagros Mountains, in southern Iran, about 6 kilometres (3.7 miles) from the ancient city of Bishapur. This cave is near Kazerun in Chogan valley, which was the site of polo (Persian čōgān چُوگان), in the Sasanian period.
  • Sangtarashan cave is located in the Jahrom, in southern Iran, it is the largest handmade cave in the world. It has several corridors, columns and openings.
  • Palace of Ardashir, also known as the Atash-kadeh, is a castle located on the slopes of the mountain on which Dezh Dokhtar is situated. Built in AD 224 by King Ardashir I of the Sassanian Empire, it is located two kilometres (1.2 miles) north of the ancient city of Gor, i.e. the old city of Piruz-Apad in Pars, in ancient Persia (Iran).
  • Pooladkaf is a ski resort in the south of Iran. It opened in 2002. In spite of its low latitude, it receives adequate snow due to its high elevation (usually 2 metres or 6.6 feet of snow in February). The skiing season starts in December and lasts to the end of March, or in some years April.
  • The Sarvestan Palace is a Sassanid-era building in the Iranian city of Sarvestan, some 90 kilometres (56 miles) southeast from the city of Shiraz. The palace was built in the 5th century AD, and was either a gubernatorial residence or a Zoroastrian fire temple.
  • Qal'eh Dokhtar, is a castle made by Ardashir I, in present-day Fars, Iran, in 209 AD. It is located on a mountain slope near the Firouzabad-Kavar road.
  • Maharloo Lake. Maharloo is a seasonal salt lake about an hour away from Shiraz, with a dominant pink hue because of the amount of red tide in it; however, the strength of the color differs in various times of the year. It is also known as the pink lake.[73]

Neighborhoods

List of neighborhoods in Shiraz:

  • Zargari
  • Abivardi
  • Farhang Shahr
  • Qasrodasht
  • Koshan
  • Kuye Zahra
  • Ma'ali Abad
  • Molla Sadra
  • Shahcheragh
  • Riyasati Avval
  • Riyasati Dovvom
  • Shahrak-e-Golestan
  • Shahrak-e-Sadra
  • Tachara
  • Zerehi
  • Kolbeh Saadi
  • Podonak
  • Payegah
  • Eram
  • Bagh-e Nari (Narvan)
  • Siahatgar BLVD
  • Abiari Ave
  • Artesh square (Army Square)
  • Bridgestone
  • Babakuhi
  • Kuye Jamaran(siman)
  • Baskul Nader
  • Talkhedash
  • Kaftarak
  • Sare Dozak
  • Chamran
  • Sange Siah
  • Amir Kabir Blvd
  • Modares
  • Dinakan
  • Darvazeh Kazeron
  • Darvaze Isfahan
  • Bagh Safa
  • Atlasi
  • Derki

Higher education

Shiraz is home to a vibrant academic community. The Shiraz University of Medical Sciences was the first university in Shiraz and was founded in 1946. Much older is the august Madrasa-e-Khan, or Khan Theological School, with about 600 students; its tile-covered buildings date from 1627.[74]

Today Shiraz University is the largest university in the province, and one of Iran's best academic centers. Other major universities in or nearby Shiraz are the Islamic Azad University of Shiraz,[75] Shiraz University of Technology, and Shiraz University of Applied Science and Technology.[76]

The Shiraz Regional Library of Science and Technology is the largest provincial library serving the public.[citation needed]

Virtual University of Shiraz is one of the sub colleges of Shiraz University.

Transportation

Airports

 
An Iran Air Airbus A320 approaching Shiraz International Airport (2011)

Shiraz International Airport serves as the largest airport in the southern region of Iran. After undergoing renovation and redevelopment work in 2005, Shiraz Airport was identified as the second-most-reliable and -modern airport in Iran (after Imam Khomeini International Airport of Tehran) in terms of flight safety including electronic and navigation control systems of its flight tower.

Metro

 
Shiraz Metro

Construction of a metro system was started in 2001 by the Shiraz Urban Railway Organization.[77] The plan is to create six lines.[78] The length of the first Line is 22.4 km (13.9 mi), the length of the second line will be approximately 14 km (8.7 mi).[79] The length of the third line will be 16 km (10 mi). 21 stations were built in route one.

The first three lines, when completed, will have 32 stations below ground, six above, and one special station connected to the railway station. The first line was started in October 2014[80] between Shahid Dastgheib (airport) Metro Station and Ehsan stations. A single ticket costs 10000 rials, with trains operating every 15 minutes. Line 1 is extended from the airport To Ehsan Square (northern part).

Bus

 
Shiraz has the Iran's third Bus rapid transit.

Shiraz has 71 bus lines.[citation needed][81] Iran's third Bus Rapid Transit opened in Shiraz in 2009 with two lines, and a further two planned to open in 2010. Service is free on 5 May, the day of the city.[82]

Rail

 
Shiraz Train Station

Shiraz is connected with the rest of Iran's railway network. The trains arrive and leave from Shiraz railway station, Iran's largest railway station according to surface area.[83] It has passenger trains, operating six days per week to Isfahan, Tehran, and Mashad.

Roads

 
View of Shiraz roads and bridges in 2020

There are 700,000 cars in the city of Shiraz.[84]

Sports

 
Pars Shiraz Stadium
 
Omid Norouzi. 2012 Olympic gold medalist.

Football is the most popular sport in Shiraz and the city has many teams in this sport. The most notable of these teams is Bargh Shiraz who are one of the oldest teams in Iran, Bargh was once a regular member of the Persian Gulf Pro League; however, financial issues and poor management have led them dropping to League 3 where they currently play. Shiraz's other major football team is Fajr Sepasi who also played in the Persian Gulf Pro League; however, now they play in the second tier Azadegan League. Shiraz is host to a number of smaller and lesser known teams as well, such as Kara Shiraz, New Bargh, and Qashaei, who all play in League 2.

The main sporting venue in Shiraz is Hafezieh Stadium which can hold up to 20,000 people. The stadium is the venue for many of the cities football matches and has occasionally hosted the Iran national football team. Shiraz is also home to another stadium, Pars Stadium, which was completed in 2017, and can host up to 50,000 spectators.

Notable people

 
Hafez
 
Saadi
 
Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi

Rulers and political figures

 
Karim Khan Zand

Religious figures, philosophers and theologians

Academics and scientists

Poets and writers

Other artists

Others

Twin towns – sister cities

Shiraz is twinned with:[85]

Panoramic view

 
Panoramic view of Shiraz at night

See also

References

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Bibliography

External links

  • 360° VR panorama gallery of Shiraz
Small textSmall text
Preceded by Capital of Iran (Persia)
1750–1794 | style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"| Succeeded by
Preceded by
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Capital of Zand dynasty
1750–1794 | style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"| Succeeded by

shiraz, this, article, about, city, iran, grape, known, syrah, wine, once, produced, iranian, city, wine, other, uses, disambiguation, ɪəˈr, ɑː, listen, persian, شیراز, romanized, Širâz, ʃiːˈɾɒːz, listen, fifth, most, populous, city, iran, capital, fars, provi. This article is about the city in Iran For the grape known as Shiraz see Syrah For the wine once produced in the Iranian city of Shiraz see Shiraz wine For other uses see Shiraz disambiguation Shiraz ʃ ɪeˈr ɑː z listen Persian شیراز romanized Siraz ʃiːˈɾɒːz listen is the fifth most populous city of Iran 3 and the capital of Fars Province which has been historically known as Pars پارس Pars and Persis 4 As of the 2016 national census the population of the city was 1 565 572 people and its built up area with Sadra was home to almost 1 800 000 inhabitants 5 A census in 2021 showed an increase in the city s population to 1 995 500 people 6 Shiraz is located in southwestern Iran on the rudkhaneye khoshk lit dry river seasonal river Founded in the early Islamic period the city has a moderate climate and has been a regional trade center for over a thousand years Shiraz شیرازCityClockwise from top skyline of Shiraz Tomb of Saadi Shah Cheragh Nasir ol Molk Mosque Eram Garden Karim Khan Citadel and Tomb of HafezFlagSealNickname City of GardensShirazLocation of Shiraz within IranCoordinates 29 36 36 N 52 32 33 E 29 61000 N 52 54250 E 29 61000 52 54250CountryIranProvinceFarsCountyShirazBakhshCentralGovernment TypeCity Council MayorMohammad Hasan AsadiArea City240 km2 86 487 sq mi Land240 km2 86 487 sq mi Water0 km2 0 sq mi 0 Elevation1 500 m 5 200 ft Population 2016 census Density6 670 km2 18 600 sq mi Urban1 565 572 2 Metro1 800 000 1 Population rank5th Iran Time zoneUTC 03 30 IRST Area code071RoutesRoad 65 Road 67 Road 86Upcoming Shiraz Isfahan FreewayLicense plate63 93Websiteshiraz wbr irThe earliest reference to the city as Tirazis is on Elamite clay tablets dated to 2000 BCE 7 The modern city was founded by Sasanian dynasty and restored by the Umayyad Caliphate in 693 CE and grew prominent under the successive Iranian Saffarid and Buyid dynasties in the 9th and 10th 11th centuries respectively In the 13th century Shiraz became a leading center of the arts and letters due to the encouragement of its ruler and the presence of many Persian scholars and artists Two famous poets of Iran Hafez and Saadi are from Shiraz whose tombs are located on the north side of the current city boundaries Shiraz is one of the top tourist cities in Iran and it is known as the city of poets literature and flowers 8 9 It is also considered by many Iranians to be the city of gardens due to the presence of many gardens and fruit trees that can be seen throughout the city such as Eram Garden Shiraz is also a famous tourist destination in the world Every year many tourists come around the world to visit Shiraz Shiraz has historically had major Jewish and Christian communities The crafts of Shiraz consist of inlaid mosaic work of triangular design silverware pile carpet weaving and weaving of kilim called gilim and jajim in the villages and among the tribes 10 Dominant industries in the city include the production of cement sugar fertilizers textile products wood products metalwork and rugs citation needed Shiraz also has a major oil refinery and is a major centre for Iran s electronic industries 53 percent of Iran s electronic investment has been centred in Shiraz 11 The city is home to Iran s first solar powerplant 12 Recently Shiraz s first wind turbine has been installed above Mount Babakuhi near the city Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Pre Islamic era 2 2 Early Islamic era 2 3 Safavid era 2 4 Modern times 3 Geography 3 1 Gardens 3 2 Climate 4 Economy 5 Demographics 6 Culture 7 Tourism 7 1 Tourist attractions in Shiraz 7 2 Tourist attractions 8 Neighborhoods 9 Higher education 10 Transportation 10 1 Airports 10 2 Metro 10 3 Bus 10 4 Rail 10 5 Roads 11 Sports 12 Notable people 12 1 Rulers and political figures 12 2 Religious figures philosophers and theologians 12 3 Academics and scientists 12 4 Poets and writers 12 5 Other artists 12 6 Others 13 Twin towns sister cities 14 Panoramic view 15 See also 16 References 17 Bibliography 18 External linksEtymology Edit Shiraz in a photo by Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield from the ISS on 20 March 2013 1392 Nowrooz 13 Phonetically this is interpreted as tiracis or ciracis This name became Old Persian sirajis through regular sound change comes the modern Persian name Shiraz The name Shiraz also appears on clay sealings found at a 2nd century CE Sassanid ruin east of the city By some of the native writers the name Shiraz has derived from a son of Tahmuras the third Shah King of the world according to Ferdowsi s Shahnama 14 History EditMain articles History of Shiraz and Timeline of Shiraz Pre Islamic era Edit Though there is no definitive record of its existence prior to the late 7th century CE few archaeological finds dating from 1933 and beyond indicate that the site or vicinity of Shiraz was likely settled in the pre Islamic era as early as the 6th century BCE 15 A number of Hakhamanish and Sasanian era remains have been discovered around the city including reliefs at Barm e Delak to the east and Guyim to the northwest and ruins of Sasanian fortresses at Qasr e Abu Nasr to the east and Fahandezh 16 The latter is identified with the fortress of Shahmobad mentioned as being in Shiraz by the 10th century geographical work Hudud al alam 16 the Sasanian and early Islamic era clay seals found at Qasr e Abu Nasr mention the name Shiraz alongside the name of the Sasanian administrative district of the area Ardashir Khwarrah 17 According to the diplomat and academic John Limbert this indicates that the name Shiraz is traced back to the Elamite Shirrazish and that both refer to a settlement that existed at the site of Qasr e Abu Nasr 17 Interpretations of what type of settlement ancient Shiraz was vary According to Berney and Ring the lack of references to Shiraz in early Persian sources suggests the city could not have been more than a way station in the plain in which it lies 15 On the other hand according to Abdolmajed Arfaee Achaemenid era Shiraz must have been one of the most important settlements in the area 18 He bases this on its frequent appearance in the Persepolis Administrative Archives 84 different tablets as well as the number of workers present in groups as large as 490 18 Most textual references to Shiraz involve rations for workers it is never mentioned as a travel destination 18 Arfaee says that Sasanian Shiraz was relatively insignificant before its re foundation in the early Islamic period 18 According to John Limbert however Shiraz prospered between the 6th and 8th centuries CE and was possibly the administrative center for the Shiraz plain until the modern city of Shiraz was founded 19 Early Islamic era Edit The present city of Shiraz was founded or restored in 693 by Muhammad ibn Yusuf al Thaqafi the brother of the Umayyad viceroy of the eastern half of the caliphate al Hajjaj ibn Yusuf or the latter s kinsman Muhammad ibn Qasim 20 21 The Arab Muslim army had conquered the wider region of Fars where the site of Shiraz is located in several expeditions launched from their garrison town of Basra between 640 and 653 and specifically captured the immediate area around Shiraz early on in 641 This area did not possess any cities though there were a number of forts which were forced to pay tribute to the Arabs 22 The Sasanians held firm in Istakhr their capital in Fars until the Arabs captured it in a heavy battle in 653 during which the plain of Shiraz had been utilized as an Arab campground 22 Because of Istakhr s deep association with the Sasanian Empire and the Zoroastrian religion the Arabs sought to establish in nearby Shiraz a rival cultural and administrative center 22 Thus during its initial founding in 693 the city was planned to be much larger than Isfahan 22 However the initial ambitions were not realized and Shiraz remained a provincial backwater in the shadow of Istakhr until at least the late 9th century according to Limbert 22 This is partly attributed to the reticence of the largely Zoroastrian population of Fars to inhabit the Islamic Arab city 22 As the population gradually shifted to Islam from Zoroastrianism and Istakhr concurrently declined Shiraz grew into the practical center of Fars 22 According to Muslim traditional sources Shiraz was used as a hideout by three of the brothers of the Shia Muslim imam Ali al Ridha following the latter s death in 817 18 and later by one of the brothers sons Ali ibn Hamza ibn Musa until he was found and executed by the Abbasid authorities in c 835 23 As Abbasid authority waned during this period regional dynasties emerged with considerable autonomy 15 In the late 9th century the Iranian Muslim Saffarid dynasty under Ya qub ibn al Layth made Shiraz the capital of their autonomous state which encompassed most of modern day Iran 15 22 24 In 894 Ya qub s brother and successor Amr founded the city s first congregational mosque today known as the Atigh Jame Mosque 25 24 The Iranian Buyid dynasty under Imad al Dawla Ali ibn Buya ousted the Saffarids in 933 and his nephew and successor Adud al Dawla Fana Khusraw took over and ruled Fars between 949 and 983 and added Iraq the seat of the Abbasid Caliphate to his Shiraz based domains in 977 24 the Abbasids thenceforth became a puppet state of the Shiraz based dynasty 15 Shiraz developed into the largest and most prosperous city of Fars and an important economic and cultural center of the caliphate 24 26 Adud al Dawla had a large library a hospital and several mosques bazaars caravanserais palaces and gardens built in the city while south of it he erected a fortified camp for his troops known as Kard Fana Khusraw in 974 24 26 One of the congregational mosques built by Adud al Dawla has survived until the present day 15 Two Zoroastrian fire temples also existed in Shiraz 24 catering to the Persians who had not converted to Islam 15 One of Adud al Dawla s palaces stretched out for nearly three miles and consisted of 360 rooms 15 Under the Buyids Shiraz was divided into twelve quarters and had eight gates 26 It owed its economic prosperity to the booming agricultural trade of Fars 15 The city largely consumed the agricultural products of the province including grapes linen wool cotton collyrium rose violet and palm blossom water 26 It was also a market for rug weavers and painters to sell their pricey products a testament to the residents wealth 15 At the time wine grains gold and silver were exported from the Farsi port cities of Siraf and Najairam 15 Adud al Dawla patronized scientific medical and Islamic religious research in Shiraz 15 The city was spared destruction by the invading Mongols when its local ruler offered tributes and submission to Genghis Khan Shiraz was again spared by Tamerlane when in 1382 the local monarch Shah Shoja agreed to submit to the invader 27 In the 13th century Shiraz became a leading center of the arts and letters thanks to the encouragement of its ruler and the presence of many Persian scholars and artists For this reason the city was named by classical geographers Dar al Elm the House of Knowledge 28 Among the Iranian poets mystics and philosophers born in Shiraz were the poets Sa di 29 and Hafiz 30 the mystic Ruzbehan and the philosopher Mulla Sadra 31 Thus Shiraz has been nicknamed The Athens of Iran 32 As early as the 11th century several hundred thousand people inhabited Shiraz 33 In the 14th century Shiraz had sixty thousand inhabitants 34 During the 16th century it had a population of 200 000 people which by the mid 18th century had decreased to only 55 000 Safavid era Edit An illustration of Shiraz by French traveler Jean Chardin in 1670s while he was travelling through the Safavid empireIn 1504 Shiraz was captured by the forces of Ismail I the founder of the Safavid dynasty Throughout the Safavid empire 1501 1722 Shiraz remained a provincial capital and Emam Qoli Khan the governor of Fars under Shah Abbas I constructed many palaces and ornate buildings in the same style as those built during the same period in Isfahan the capital of the Empire 27 After the fall of the Safavids Shiraz suffered a period of decline worsened by the raids of the Afghans and the rebellion of its governor against Nader Shah the latter sent troops to suppress the revolt The city was besieged for many months and eventually sacked At the time of Nader Shah s murder in 1747 most of the historical buildings of the city were damaged or ruined and its population fell to 50 000 one quarter of that during the 16th century 27 Shiraz soon returned to prosperity under the rule of Karim Khan Zand who made it his capital in 1762 Employing more than 12 000 workers he constructed a royal district with a fortress many administrative buildings a mosque and one of the finest covered bazaars in Iran 27 He had a moat built around the city constructed an irrigation and drainage system and rebuilt the city walls 27 However Karim Khan s heirs failed to secure his gains When Agha Mohammad Khan the founder of the Qajar dynasty eventually came to power he wreaked his revenge on Shiraz by destroying the city s fortifications and moving the national capital to Tehran 27 Although lowered to the rank of a provincial capital Shiraz maintained a level of prosperity as a result of the continuing importance of the trade route to the Persian Gulf Its governorship was a royal prerogative throughout the Qajar dynasty 27 Many of the famous gardens buildings and residences built during this time contribute to the city s present skyline Shiraz is the birthplace of the co founder of the Bahaʼi Faith the Bab Siyyid Ali Muhammad 1819 1850 In this city on the evening of 22 May 1844 he first declared his mission as the bearer of a new divine revelation 35 For this reason Shiraz is a holy city for Bahaʼis and the city particularly the house of the Bab was identified as a place of pilgrimage 36 Due to the hostile climate towards Bahaʼis in Iran the house has been the target of repeated attacks the house was destroyed in 1979 to be paved over two years later and made into a public square 36 In 1910 a pogrom of the Jewish quarter started after false rumours that the Jews had ritually murdered a Muslim girl In the course of the riots 12 Jews were murdered and about 50 were injured and the 6 000 Jews of Shiraz were robbed of all their possessions 37 During the Pahlavi dynasty Shiraz became the center of attention again Many important landmarks like Tombs of Poets such as Sa di 29 and Hafiz 30 were constructed and presented to the public Lacking any great industrial religious or strategic importance Shiraz became an administrative center although its population has nevertheless grown considerably since the 1979 revolution 38 Shiraz Andre D Deslandes 1671 Shiraz Jean Struys 1681 Lotf Ali Khan 1769 1794 ruler of the Zand dynasty Illustration of the Vakil Bazaar by Jane Dieulafoy 1881 Women from Shiraz by Dieulafoy in 1881 Qur an Gate Harold F Weston 20th century paintingModern times Edit Narenjestan QavamThe city s municipality and other related institutions have initiated restoration and reconstruction projects 27 Some of the most recent projects have been the complete restoration of the Arg of Karim Khan and of the Vakil Bath as well as a comprehensive plan for the preservation of the old city quarters Other noteworthy initiatives include the total renovation of the Qur an Gate and the mausoleum of the poet Khwaju Kermani both located in the Allah u Akbar Gorge as well as the restoration and expansion of the mausoleum of the famous Shiraz born poets Hafiz and Saadi 27 Several different construction projects are currently underway that will modernize the city s infrastructure clarification needed 39 After the Iranian Revolution Shiraz was re established as the capital of Iranian Art and Culture among the people Shiraz is known by whom as the capital of Persian Art Culture and Literature However the current government has tried to re brand the city as Sevomin haram e ahle beit meaning Third home of Saints referring to the Shahcheragh shrine and some other holy places in the city Geography Edit Shiraz Garden Drives in the north has gardens predating the city s expansion Shiraz is located in the south of Iran and the northwest of Fars province It is built in a green plain at the foot of the Zagros Mountains 1 500 metres 4 900 feet above sea level Shiraz is 800 kilometres 500 mi south of Tehran 40 A seasonal river Dry River flows through the northern part of the city and on into Maharloo Lake 41 As of 1920 the area had a large forest of oak trees 42 Gardens Edit Shiraz contains a considerable number of gardens Due to population growth in the city many of these gardens may be lost to give way to new developments citation needed Although some measures have been taken by the Municipality to preserve these gardens many illegal developments still endanger them clarification needed Climate Edit Sunset in Shiraz with Derock Mountain in the backgroundShiraz s climate has distinct seasons and is overall classed as a cold semi arid climate Koppen climate classification BSk though it is only a little short of a hot semi arid climate 40 Summers are hot with a July average high of 37 9 C 100 2 F Winters are cool with average low temperatures below freezing in December and January Around 300 mm 12 in of rain falls each year almost entirely in the winter months though in some cases as much as this has fallen in a single month as in January 1965 and December 2004 43 whilst in the year from July 1965 to June 1966 as little as 82 9 millimetres 3 3 in fell The wettest year has been 1955 1956 with as much as 857 2 millimetres 33 75 in though since 1959 the highest has been around 590 millimetres 23 2 in in each of 1995 1996 and 2004 2005 43 Due to Shiraz high elevation and low latitude the UV index is extremely high during summer which is further exacerbated by the high frequency of sunshine Despite being in a relatively dry climate extreme weather is not a rare occasion On 25 March 2019 flash floods from heavy rains has resulted in 19 deaths and over 200 injuries The highest record temperature was 43 4 C 110 1 F on 3 July 2022 44 and the lowest record temperature was 14 0 C 6 8 F on 5 January 1973 45 Climate data for Shiraz 1951 2010 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 22 6 72 7 24 0 75 2 30 8 87 4 34 0 93 2 39 0 102 2 42 8 109 0 43 4 110 1 42 0 107 6 39 0 102 2 34 4 93 9 28 6 83 5 23 2 73 8 43 4 110 1 Average high C F 12 2 54 0 14 9 58 8 19 0 66 2 24 2 75 6 30 7 87 3 36 1 97 0 37 9 100 2 37 1 98 8 33 8 92 8 27 9 82 2 20 4 68 7 14 5 58 1 25 7 78 3 Daily mean C F 6 1 43 0 8 4 47 1 12 0 53 6 16 7 62 1 22 3 72 1 26 9 80 4 29 3 84 7 28 3 82 9 24 4 75 9 18 8 65 8 12 5 54 5 7 9 46 2 17 8 64 0 Average low C F 0 1 32 2 1 9 35 4 5 1 41 2 9 1 48 4 13 8 56 8 17 7 63 9 20 6 69 1 19 5 67 1 15 1 59 2 9 7 49 5 4 5 40 1 1 2 34 2 9 9 49 8 Record low C F 14 0 6 8 8 0 17 6 4 0 24 8 2 0 28 4 3 0 37 4 9 0 48 2 14 0 57 2 12 0 53 6 1 0 33 8 1 6 34 9 8 0 17 6 11 0 12 2 14 0 6 8 Average precipitation mm inches 86 4 3 40 51 2 2 02 54 2 2 13 26 8 1 06 6 5 0 26 0 2 0 01 1 1 0 04 0 8 0 03 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 16 28 2 1 11 75 3 2 96 334 7 13 18 Average rainy days 8 7 7 9 7 9 6 4 2 1 0 2 0 8 0 4 0 1 1 2 3 7 7 2 46 6Average snowy days 1 5 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 2 7Average relative humidity 65 58 51 46 32 22 24 24 26 34 48 61 41Mean monthly sunshine hours 217 0 218 5 236 2 247 7 324 1 357 8 344 6 329 7 318 0 297 7 238 3 216 2 3 345 8Source Iran Meteorological Organization records 46 temperatures 47 precipitation 48 humidity 49 days with precipitation and snow 50 sunshine 51 Economy EditSee also Economy of Iran The Qur an Gate was a part of the great city wall built under the Buyid dynasty Tomb of Hafez in memory of the celebrated Persian poet HafezShiraz is the economic center of southern Iran The second half of the 19th century witnessed certain economic developments that greatly changed the economy of Shiraz The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 allowed the extensive import into southern Iran of inexpensive European factory made goods either directly from Europe or via India 52 Farmers in unprecedented numbers began planting cash crops such as opium poppy tobacco and cotton Many of these export crops passed through Shiraz on their way to the Persian Gulf Iranian long distance merchants from Fars developed marketing networks for these commodities establishing trading houses in Bombay Calcutta Port Said Istanbul and even Hong Kong 52 Shiraz s economic base is in its provincial products which include grapes citrus fruits cotton and rice 53 Industries such as cement production sugar fertilizers textile products wood products metalwork and rugs dominate 53 Shiraz also has a major oil refinery and is also a major center for Iran s electronic industries 53 of Iran s electronic investment has been centered in Shiraz 54 Agriculture has always been a major part of the economy in and around Shiraz This is partially due to a relative abundance of water compared to the surrounding deserts Shiraz is famous for its carpet production and flowers as well Viticulture has a long history in the region and Shirazi wine used to be produced here Shiraz is also an Iranian center for IT communication electronic industry and transportation citation needed The Shiraz Special Economic Zone or the SEEZ was established in 2000 with the purpose of boosting manufacturing in electronics and communications 55 56 Tiling in Atigh MosqueShiraz is a major shopping destination in Iran and the Middle East with more than 25 malls and 10 bazaars 57 The Persian Gulf Complex located at the north end of the city is the largest mall in the world in terms of the number of shops 58 The Vakil Bazaar one of the oldest bazaars in the world is located in the old city centre of Shiraz Featuring courtyards caravansarais and bath houses its shops sell different types of spices Persian rugs copper handicrafts and antiques The city is served by Refah Chain Stores Co Iran Hyper Star Isfahan City Center Shahrvand Chain Stores Inc and Ofoq Kourosh chain store Demographics EditEthnic Groups 59 Persians 84 4 Turkic people 10 6 Lurs 3 6 Others 1 5 Historical populationYearPop p a 1986848 289 1991965 117 2 61 19961 053 025 1 76 20061 227 331 1 54 20111 460 665 3 54 20161 565 572 1 40 source 60 As of 2011 update Shiraz has a population of 1 700 665 the majority of whom are Persian 61 Most of the population of Shiraz are Muslim Shiraz also was home to a 20 000 strong Jewish community although most emigrated to the United States and Israel in the latter half of the 20th century 62 Along with Tehran and Isfahan Shiraz is one of the handful of Iranian cities with a sizable Jewish population and more than one active synagogue Shiraz also has a significant Bahaʼi Faith population the largest in the country after Tehran There are currently two functioning churches in Shiraz one Armenian and the other Anglican 63 64 Culture EditMain article Culture of Shiraz Shiraz is known as the city of poets gardens wine nightingales and flowers 65 66 The crafts of Shiraz consist of inlaid mosaic work of triangular design silver ware carpet weaving and the making of the rugs called gilim Shiraz Kilim and the blanket called Jajim in the villages and among the tribes citation needed The garden is an important part of Iranian culture There are many old gardens in Shiraz such as the Eram garden and the Afif abad garden According to some people who Shiraz disputes with Xeres or Jerez in Spain the honour of being the birthplace of sherry 67 Shirazi wine originates from the city however under the current Islamic regime liquor cannot be consumed except by religious minorities 68 Shiraz is proud of being mother land of Hafiz Shirazi Shiraz is a center for Iranian culture and has produced a number of famous poets Saadi a 12th and 13th century poet was born in Shiraz He left his native town at a young age for Baghdad to study Arabic literature and Islamic sciences at Al Nizamiyya of Baghdad When he reappeared in his native Shiraz he was an elderly man Shiraz under Atabak Abubakr Sa d ibn Zangy 1231 1260 was enjoying an era of relative tranquility Saadi was not only welcomed to the city but he was highly respected by the ruler and enumerated among the greats of the province He seems to have spent the rest of his life in Shiraz Hafiz another famous poet and mystic was also born in Shiraz A number of scientists also originate from Shiraz Qutb al Din al Shirazi a 13th century astronomer mathematician physician physicist and scientist was from Shiraz In his The Limit of Accomplishment concerning Knowledge of the Heavens he also discussed the possibility of heliocentrism 69 Tourism EditTourist attractions in Shiraz EditThe city is one of the key tourism sites in Iran its cultural heritage is of global importance 70 Imamzadeh ye Ali Ebn e Hamze Delgosha Garden Qavam House Nasir ol Molk Mosque Afif Abad Garden Arms Museum Eram Garden Shapouri House Tomb of Saadi Khwaju Kermani s tomb Shah CheraghThe tombs of Hafiz 71 Saadi and Khaju e Kermani whose tomb is inside a mountain above the city s old Qur an Gate Other lesser known tombs are that of Shah Shoja the Mozafarid emir of Persia and patron of Hafiz and the Haft Tanan mausoleum where seven Sufi mystics are buried The Tomb of Baba Kuhi sits atop a mountain overlooking the city and the tomb of Karim Khan Zand is at the Pars Museum of Shiraz The oldest mosque is Atigh Jame Mosque which is one of the older mosques of Iran followed by Vakil Mosque and Nasir al Mulk mosque The Vakil Mosque is situated west of the famous Vakil Bazaar It covers an area of 8 660 square metres 93 200 square feet and was built in 1187 AH during the Zand Dynasty On the two sides of the entrance gate there are magnificent tile works and arches The left and right corridors of the entrance gate are connected to the main room The citadel of Arg of Karim Khan sits adjacent to the Vakil Bazaar and Vakil Bath at the city s central district The most famous of houses are Zinat ol Moluk House and Gahavam s House both in the old quarters of the city The Qur an Gate is the entrance to Shiraz It is located near the gorge of Allah o Akbar and is flanked by the Baba Kuhi and Chehel Maqam mountains The gateway once contained two hand written Qur ans by Sultan Ibrahim Bin Shahrukh Gurekani in an upper room which have now been moved to the Pars Museum 72 The Eram Garden Bagh e Eram in Shiraz is a striking location for visitors with a variety of plants as well as a historic mansion Although the exact date of the construction of the garden is not clear historical evidence suggests it was constructed during the Seljuk Dynasty on the orders of the celebrated Seljuk monarch Sanjar Other historical Persian gardens are Afifabad Garden and The Museum of Weapons Delgosha Garden and Jahan Nama Garden Pars Museum Atigh Mosque Luna Park Jahan Nama Garden Saraye Moshir Ghavam ol Molk Mansion Zinat ol Molk Mansion Saadat Mansion Vakil Bazaar Vakil Mosque Water Museum Vakil Bath Stone Museum Khan School Mausoleum of Emir AliTourist attractions Edit Margoon Waterfall is located in the Fars Province of Iran near the city of Sepidan Its name means in Persian snake like Shapur cave is located in the Zagros Mountains in southern Iran about 6 kilometres 3 7 miles from the ancient city of Bishapur This cave is near Kazerun in Chogan valley which was the site of polo Persian cōgan چ وگان in the Sasanian period Sangtarashan cave is located in the Jahrom in southern Iran it is the largest handmade cave in the world It has several corridors columns and openings Palace of Ardashir also known as the Atash kadeh is a castle located on the slopes of the mountain on which Dezh Dokhtar is situated Built in AD 224 by King Ardashir I of the Sassanian Empire it is located two kilometres 1 2 miles north of the ancient city of Gor i e the old city of Piruz Apad in Pars in ancient Persia Iran Pooladkaf is a ski resort in the south of Iran It opened in 2002 In spite of its low latitude it receives adequate snow due to its high elevation usually 2 metres or 6 6 feet of snow in February The skiing season starts in December and lasts to the end of March or in some years April The Sarvestan Palace is a Sassanid era building in the Iranian city of Sarvestan some 90 kilometres 56 miles southeast from the city of Shiraz The palace was built in the 5th century AD and was either a gubernatorial residence or a Zoroastrian fire temple Qal eh Dokhtar is a castle made by Ardashir I in present day Fars Iran in 209 AD It is located on a mountain slope near the Firouzabad Kavar road Maharloo Lake Maharloo is a seasonal salt lake about an hour away from Shiraz with a dominant pink hue because of the amount of red tide in it however the strength of the color differs in various times of the year It is also known as the pink lake 73 Margoon Waterfall Shapur cave Sangtarashan cave Plain of Fritillaria imperialis Sepidan County Pooladkaf Ski Resort Sassanid Palace at Sarvestan Qal eh DokhtarNeighborhoods EditList of neighborhoods in Shiraz Zargari Abivardi Farhang Shahr Qasrodasht Koshan Kuye Zahra Ma ali Abad Molla Sadra Shahcheragh Riyasati Avval Riyasati Dovvom Shahrak e Golestan Shahrak e Sadra Tachara Zerehi Kolbeh Saadi Podonak Payegah Eram Bagh e Nari Narvan Siahatgar BLVD Abiari Ave Artesh square Army Square Bridgestone Babakuhi Kuye Jamaran siman Baskul Nader Talkhedash Kaftarak Sare Dozak Chamran Sange Siah Amir Kabir Blvd Modares Dinakan Darvazeh Kazeron Darvaze Isfahan Bagh Safa Atlasi Derki See also Saadi StreetHigher education EditShiraz is home to a vibrant academic community The Shiraz University of Medical Sciences was the first university in Shiraz and was founded in 1946 Much older is the august Madrasa e Khan or Khan Theological School with about 600 students its tile covered buildings date from 1627 74 Today Shiraz University is the largest university in the province and one of Iran s best academic centers Other major universities in or nearby Shiraz are the Islamic Azad University of Shiraz 75 Shiraz University of Technology and Shiraz University of Applied Science and Technology 76 The Shiraz Regional Library of Science and Technology is the largest provincial library serving the public citation needed Virtual University of Shiraz is one of the sub colleges of Shiraz University Transportation EditAirports Edit An Iran Air Airbus A320 approaching Shiraz International Airport 2011 Shiraz International Airport serves as the largest airport in the southern region of Iran After undergoing renovation and redevelopment work in 2005 Shiraz Airport was identified as the second most reliable and modern airport in Iran after Imam Khomeini International Airport of Tehran in terms of flight safety including electronic and navigation control systems of its flight tower Metro Edit Main article Shiraz Metro Shiraz MetroConstruction of a metro system was started in 2001 by the Shiraz Urban Railway Organization 77 The plan is to create six lines 78 The length of the first Line is 22 4 km 13 9 mi the length of the second line will be approximately 14 km 8 7 mi 79 The length of the third line will be 16 km 10 mi 21 stations were built in route one The first three lines when completed will have 32 stations below ground six above and one special station connected to the railway station The first line was started in October 2014 80 between Shahid Dastgheib airport Metro Station and Ehsan stations A single ticket costs 10000 rials with trains operating every 15 minutes Line 1 is extended from the airport To Ehsan Square northern part Bus Edit Shiraz has the Iran s third Bus rapid transit Shiraz has 71 bus lines citation needed 81 Iran s third Bus Rapid Transit opened in Shiraz in 2009 with two lines and a further two planned to open in 2010 Service is free on 5 May the day of the city 82 Rail Edit Shiraz Train StationShiraz is connected with the rest of Iran s railway network The trains arrive and leave from Shiraz railway station Iran s largest railway station according to surface area 83 It has passenger trains operating six days per week to Isfahan Tehran and Mashad Roads Edit View of Shiraz roads and bridges in 2020There are 700 000 cars in the city of Shiraz 84 Road 63 Road 93Sports EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed January 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message Pars Shiraz Stadium Omid Norouzi 2012 Olympic gold medalist Football is the most popular sport in Shiraz and the city has many teams in this sport The most notable of these teams is Bargh Shiraz who are one of the oldest teams in Iran Bargh was once a regular member of the Persian Gulf Pro League however financial issues and poor management have led them dropping to League 3 where they currently play Shiraz s other major football team is Fajr Sepasi who also played in the Persian Gulf Pro League however now they play in the second tier Azadegan League Shiraz is host to a number of smaller and lesser known teams as well such as Kara Shiraz New Bargh and Qashaei who all play in League 2 The main sporting venue in Shiraz is Hafezieh Stadium which can hold up to 20 000 people The stadium is the venue for many of the cities football matches and has occasionally hosted the Iran national football team Shiraz is also home to another stadium Pars Stadium which was completed in 2017 and can host up to 50 000 spectators Notable people Edit Hafez Saadi Qutb al Din al ShiraziRulers and political figures Edit Absh Khatun 13th century ruler Karim Khan the ruler and de facto Shah of Iran from 1760 until 1779 He made Shiraz his capital Valerie Jarrett senior advisor to United States President Barack Obama born in Shiraz to African American parents Kamran Bagheri He was Iran s Minister of Health and Medical Education Jimmy Delshad 67th and 70th Mayor of Beverly Hills Karim Khan ZandReligious figures philosophers and theologians Edit Mu ayyad fi l Din al Shirazi He lived during the Fatimid Caliphate and was considered one of the most learned scholars of that time known as an author of Islamic books a poet and scientist Mulla Sadra Islamic philosopher and theologian who led the Iranian cultural renaissance in the 17th century Siyyid Ali Muḥammad Shirazi the founder of Babism and one of three central figures of the Bahaʼi FaithAcademics and scientists Edit Qutb al Din al Shirazi 13th century Iranian poet and scholar Sibawayh linguist and grammarian of the Arabic language Firouz Naderi 1946 2023 scientist and currently the Director for Solar System Exploration at NASA s Jet Propulsion Laboratory JPL Gholam A Peyman born 1937 inventor of LASIK Ali Asghar Khodadoust 1935 2018 Professor of Ophthalmology originator of the Khodadoust line method M Hashem Pesaran born 1946 Iranian Economist Emeritus Professor of Economics at University of Cambridge Farshid Delshad linguist and translator Reza Negarestani philosopher and writerPoets and writers Edit Saadi poet of the medieval period Hafez poet Shahriyar Mandanipour writer Simin Daneshvar novelist and author Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi 1914 1986 contemporary poet Fereidoon Tavallali 1917 1985 contemporary poet and intellectual Abdolali Dastgheib born 1931 literary critic writerOther artists Edit Bahram Dabiri born 1979 painter and artist Shirazeh Houshiary born 1955 artist born in Shiraz in 1955 She lives in London Arsi Nami born 1984 award winning singer and songwriter Ebrahim Golestan born 1922 writer and filmmaker Gholamhossein Saber born 1941 artist Tooji born 1987 singer model and television host He represented Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 in Baku Azerbaijan Bahar Pars born 1979 actressOthers Edit Mohammad Namazi philanthropist and founder of the Namazi hospital in Shiraz This later became the catalyst for the establishment of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in 1955 one of the country s top medical schools Mohammad Bahmanbeigi activist founding father of instructions for tribes in Iran Eghbal Hamidy Formula One car designer for Williams Stewart Arrows and Jordan Omid Norouzi Iranian wrestler world and Olympic champion Abbas Dowran acclaimed fighter jet pilot who died during the Iran Iraq WarTwin towns sister cities EditSee also List of twin towns and sister cities in Iran Shiraz is twinned with 85 Chongqing China Dushanbe Tajikistan Nanjing China Nicosia Cyprus Pecs Hungary Weimar Germany 86 Panoramic view Edit Panoramic view of Shiraz at nightSee also Edit1853 Shiraz earthquake killed at least 9 000 people Shiraz Arts Festival Shirazi salad originated from and is named after Shiraz Shiraz travel guide from WikivoyageReferences Edit Major Agglomerations of the World Population Statistics and Maps citypopulation de 13 September 2018 Archived from the original on 13 September 2018 Statistical Center of Iran gt Home After Tehran Mashhad Esfahan and Karaj in 2015 Shiraz had a total population of 1 565 572 Sykes Percy 1921 A History of Persia London Macmillan and Company p 43 IRAN Fars فارس citypopulation de Retrieved 24 December 2016 last26021401 xlsx live com Cameron George G Persepolis Treasury Tablets University of Chicago Press 1948 115 Iran Chamber Society Iranian Cities Shiraz www iranchamber com Shiraz محمد جواد مطلع the physical features of Shiraz Shirazcity org Retrieved 5 May 2011 ARSH Co site Arshksco com Archived from the original on 7 July 2011 Retrieved 5 May 2011 Iran s first solar power plant comes on stream tehran times 11 January 2009 Retrieved 25 September 2010 Cameron George G Persepolis Treasury Tablets University of Chicago Press 1948 pp 115 Conder Josiah 1827 Persia and China Printed for J Duncan p 339 a b c d e f g h i j k l Berney and Ring p 644 a b Limbert pp 4 5 a b Limbert p 5 a b c d Arfaee Abdolmajid 2008 The Geographical Background of the Persepolis Tablets Chicago University of Chicago pp 29 33 Limbert pp 5 6 Lambton p 472 Limbert p 4 a b c d e f g h Limbert p 6 Limbert pp 6 7 a b c d e f Lambton p 473 Limbert pp 6 8 a b c d Limbert p 9 a b c d e f g h i History of Shiraz Archived from the original on 6 February 2008 Retrieved 31 January 2008 pdf file PDF Archived PDF from the original on 26 September 2007 Retrieved 5 May 2011 a b Persian Language amp Literature Saadi Shirazi Sheikh Mosleh al Din Iran Chamber Society a b Khorramshahi Bahaʾ al Din 2002 Hafez II Life and Times Encyclopaedia Iranica Retrieved 25 July 2010 Rizvi Sajjad 2002 Reconsidering the life of Mulla Sadra Shirazi Pembroke College pp 181 List of the day The Guardian London 3 November 2005 Shiraz Iran Archived from the original on 26 December 2007 John W Limbert 2004 Shiraz in the age of Hafez the glory of a medieval Persian city University of Washington Press ISBN 978 0 295 98391 2 Retrieved 5 May 2011 Browne E G 1890 Babism Religious Systems of the World A Contribution to the Study of Comparative Religion London Swann Sonnenschein pp 333 53 Retrieved 21 February 2007 a b Smith Peter 2000 Shiraz the House of the Bab A concise encyclopedia of the Baha i Faith Oxford Oneworld Publications pp 314 ISBN 978 1 85168 184 6 Littman 1979 Jews Under Muslim Rule The Case of Persia pp 12 14 Clint Lucas 29 April 2011 Shiraz History Shiraz Travel Guide Lonely Planet Archived from the original on 13 September 2008 Retrieved 5 May 2011 شیراز ۱۴۰۰ شیراز پایتخت فرهنگی ایران پایگاه اطلاع رسانی شیراز ۱۴۰۰ Shiraz1400 com Archived from the original on 31 July 2013 Retrieved 17 October 2013 a b Shiraz Landofaryan tripod com Retrieved 5 May 2011 Shiraz Iran Observe Retrieved 2 February 2022 Sykes Percy 1921 A History of Persia London Macmillan and Company p 75 a b Shiraz rainfalls 1951 to 2005 Archived from the original on 16 February 2013 Retrieved 9 February 2013 Highest record temperature in Shiraz by Month 1951 2010 Iran Meteorological Organization Archived from the original on 14 April 2015 Retrieved 7 April 2015 Lowest record temperature in Shiraz by Month 1951 2010 Iran Meteorological Organization Archived from the original on 14 April 2015 Retrieved 7 April 2015 Highest record temperature in Shiraz by Month 1951 2010 Iran Meteorological Organization Archived from the original on April 14 2015 Retrieved April 7 2015 Lowest record temperature in Shiraz by Month 1951 2010 Iran Meteorological Organization Archived from the original on April 14 2015 Retrieved April 7 2015 Average Maximum temperature in Shiraz by Month 1951 2010 Iran Meteorological Organization Archived from the original on April 14 2015 Retrieved April 7 2015 Average Mean Daily temperature in Shiraz by Month 1951 2010 Iran Meteorological Organization Archived from the original on April 14 2015 Retrieved April 7 2015 Average Minimum temperature in Shiraz by Month 1951 2010 Iran Meteorological Organization Archived from the original on April 14 2015 Retrieved April 7 2015 Monthly Total Precipitation in Shiraz by Month 1951 2010 Iran Meteorological Organization Archived from the original on March 30 2015 Retrieved April 7 2015 Average relative humidity in Shiraz by Month 1951 2010 Iran Meteorological Organization Archived from the original on April 14 2015 Retrieved April 7 2015 No Of days with rain in Shiraz by Month 1951 2010 Iran Meteorological Organization Archived from the original on April 14 2015 Retrieved April 7 2015 No of days with snow or sleet in Shiraz by Month 1951 2010 Iran Meteorological Organization Archived from the original on April 14 2015 Retrieved April 7 2015 Monthly total sunshine hours in Shiraz by Month 1951 2010 Iran Meteorological Organization Archived from the original on April 14 2015 Retrieved April 7 2015 a b Religious Dissidence and Urban Leadership Baha is in Qajar Shiraz and Tehran Personal umich edu 20 April 1968 Retrieved 5 May 2011 a b Tore Kjeilen 26 September 2005 Shiraz I cias com Retrieved 5 May 2011 Projects Shiraz Special Electronic Economic Zone Arsh K S Co Archived from the original on 7 July 2011 Retrieved 5 May 2011 Overview Shiraz Special Economic Electronic Zone SEEZ Retrieved 17 October 2013 via freeservers com World Free Trade Zones Kishtpc com Archived from the original on 5 May 2011 Retrieved 5 May 2011 Shiraz Shopping Centers IRAN TRAVEL TRIP TO IRAN www irangazette com Retrieved 30 March 2022 Iran to open 830m Fars Shopping Centre Construction Weekly Online فهرست نویسی پیش از انتشار کتابخانه ملی جمهوری اسلامی ایران شماره شابک مل ی ۲۸۹۰۶۹۰ عنوان و نام پدیدآورنده طرح بررسی و سنجش شاخص های فرهنگ عمومی کشور شاخص های غیرثبتی Iran Provinces Major Cities amp Towns Population Statistics Maps Charts Weather and Web Information www citypopulation de Iran City Population Cities Towns amp Provinces Statistics amp Map Citypopulation de 3 November 2010 Retrieved 5 May 2011 Huggler Justin 4 June 2000 Jews accused of spying are pawns in Iran power struggle The Independent London Archived from the original on 12 July 2012 Retrieved 23 May 2010 Tait Robert 27 December 2005 Bearing the cross The Guardian London Retrieved 23 May 2010 Iranian Monuments Historical Churches in Iran Iranchamber com Archived from the original on 5 June 2011 Retrieved 5 May 2011 Iranian Cities Shiraz Iranchamber com Retrieved 5 May 2011 Shiraz Asemangasht com Retrieved 5 May 2011 Maclean Fitzroy Eastern Approaches 1949 Reprint The Reprint Society Ltd London 1951 p 215 Shiraz City info culture and lifestyle aboutshiraz com Archived from the original on 31 January 2021 Retrieved 16 November 2020 A Baker and L Chapter 2002 Part 4 The Sciences In M M Sharif A History of Muslim Philosophy Philosophia Islamica Butler Richard O Gorman Kevin D Prentice Richard 1 July 2012 Destination Appraisal for European Cultural Tourism to Iran International Journal of Tourism Research 14 4 323 338 doi 10 1002 jtr 862 ISSN 1522 1970 Salak Kira National Geographic article about Iran National Geographic Adventure Quran Gate Darvazeh e Quran Maharloo Lake 25 December 2019 Khan Mosque and Madrasa Archnet org Archived from the original on 4 June 2011 Retrieved 5 May 2011 iaushiraz ac ir iaushiraz ac ir Archived from the original on 17 October 2013 Retrieved 17 October 2013 shirazjju ac ir shirazjju ac ir Archived from the original on 17 October 2013 Retrieved 17 October 2013 Inauguration of one of the most beautiful metro stations in Shiraz How to Ride Shiraz Metro 21 March 2019 Shiraz Metro Line 2 Iran Shiraz metro Line 1 opens Soltani Ali Marandi Ebrahim Zargari Ivaki Yousef Esmaili July 2013 Bus route evaluation using a two stage hybrid model of fuzzy AHP and TOPSIS Journal of Transport Literature 7 3 34 58 doi 10 1590 S2238 10312013000300003 http www idehshot com shiraz day روزشیراز بزرگ ترين ايستگاه راه آهن کشور در شيراز افتتاح شد in Persian Archived from the original on 17 January 2012 Retrieved 19 December 2011 روزنامه خبر جنوب نیازمندیهای خبر جنوب Khabarads ir Retrieved 17 October 2013 Sister Cities shiraz ir Shiraz Retrieved 17 June 2020 German city eyes deepening friendship with Shiraz 7 December 2014 Bibliography EditLambton Ann K S 1997 Shiraz In Bosworth C E van Donzel E Heinrichs W P amp Lecomte G eds Encyclopaedia of Islam Volume IX San Sze 2nd ed Leiden E J Brill pp 772 479 ISBN 978 90 04 10422 8 Limbert John 2004 Shiraz in the Age of Hafez The Glory of a Medieval Persian City Seattle and London University of Washington Press ISBN 0 295 98391 4 Berney K A Ring Trudy eds 2013 Middle East and Africa International Dictionary of Historic Places Volume 4 Routledge ISBN 978 1 884964 03 9 External links Edit Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Shiraz Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shiraz 360 VR panorama gallery of ShirazSmall textSmall textPreceded byMashhad Capital of Iran Persia 1750 1794 style width 30 text align center rowspan 1 Succeeded byTehranPreceded by Capital of Zand dynasty1750 1794 style width 30 text align center rowspan 1 Succeeded byKerman Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Shiraz amp oldid 1169756776, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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