North Munda, of which Santali is the most widely spoken and recognized as an official language in India, has twice as many speakers as South Munda. After Santali, the Mundari and Ho languages rank next in number of speakers, followed by Korku and Sora. The remaining Munda languages are spoken by small, isolated groups, and are poorly described.[1]
In Munda sound systems, consonant sequences are infrequent except in the middle of a word. Other than in Korku, whose syllables show a distinction between high and low tone, accent is predictable in the Munda languages.
Rau and Sidwell (2019),[13][14] along with Blench (2019),[15] suggest that pre-Proto-Munda had arrived in the Mahanadi River Delta around 1,500 BCE from Southeast Asia via a maritime route, rather than overland. The Munda languages then subsequently spread up the Mahanadi watershed. Recent studies suggest that Munda languages spread as far as Eastern Uttar Pradesh and impacted Eastern Indo-Aryan languages.[16][17]
Classification
Munda consists of five uncontroversial branches (Korku as an isolate, Remo, Savara, Kherwar, and Kharia-Juang). However, their interrelationship is debated.
Diffloth (1974)
The bipartite Diffloth (1974) classification is widely cited:
However, in 2001, Anderson split Juang and Kharia apart from the Juang-Kharia branch and also excluded Gtaʔ from his former Gutob–Remo–Gtaʔ branch. Thus, his 2001 proposal includes 5 branches for South Munda.
Anderson (2001)
Anderson (2001) follows Diffloth (1974) apart from rejecting the validity of Koraput. He proposes instead, on the basis of morphological comparisons, that Proto-South Munda split directly into Diffloth's three daughter groups, Kharia–Juang, Sora–Gorum (Savara), and Gutob–Remo–Gtaʼ (Remo).[20]
His South Munda branch contains the following five branches, while the North Munda branch is the same as those of Diffloth (1974) and Anderson (1999).
Note: "↔" = shares certain innovative isoglosses (structural, lexical). In Austronesian and Papuan linguistics, this has been called a "linkage" by Malcolm Ross.
Sidwell (2015)
Paul Sidwell (2015:197)[21] considers Munda to consist of 6 coordinate branches, and does not accept South Munda as a unified subgroup.
The proto-forms have been reconstructed by Sidwell & Rau (2015: 319, 340-363).[22] Proto-Munda reconstruction has since been revised and improved by Rau (2019).[23][24]
^ abcdAnderson, Gregory D. S. (29 March 2017), "Munda Languages", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.37, ISBN978-0-19-938465-5
^Bradley (2012) notes, MK in the wider sense including the Munda languages of eastern South Asia is also known as Austroasiatic
^Pinnow, Heinz-Jurgen. "A comparative study of the verb in Munda language" (PDF). Sealang.com. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
^Daladier, Anne. "Kinship and Spirit Terms Renewed as Classifiers of "Animate" Nouns and Their Reduced Combining Forms in Austroasiatic". Elanguage. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
^Bhattacharya, S. (1975). "Munda studies: A new classification of Munda". Indo-Iranian Journal. 17 (1): 97–101. doi:10.1163/000000075794742852. ISSN 1572-8536.
^"Munda languages". The Language Gulper. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
^ ab"Gregory D. S. Anderson The Munda Verb: Typological Perspectives", Annual Review of South Asian Languages and Linguistics, Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs [TiLSM], Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2008, doi:10.1515/9783110211504.4.265, ISBN978-3-11-021150-4
^Anderson, Gregory D. S. (7 May 2018), Urdze, Aina (ed.), "Reduplication in the Munda languages", Non-Prototypical Reduplication, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 35–70, doi:10.1515/9783110599329-002, ISBN978-3-11-059932-9
^Donegan, Patricia Jane; Stampe, David. "South-East Asian Features in the Munda Languages". Berkley Linguistics Society.
^Anderson, Gregory D. S. (1 January 2014), "5 Overview of the Munda Languages", The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages (2 vols), BRILL, pp. 364–414, doi:10.1163/9789004283572_006, ISBN978-90-04-28357-2
^Sidwell, Paul. 2018. Austroasiatic Studies: state of the art in 2018. Presentation at the Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, 22 May 2018.
^Rau, Felix; Sidwell, Paul (2019). "The Munda Maritime Hypothesis". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (JSEALS). 12 (2). hdl:10524/52454. ISSN 1836-6821.
^Rau, Felix and Paul Sidwell 2019. "The Maritime Munda Hypothesis." ICAAL 8, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 29–31 August 2019. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3365316
^Blench, Roger. 2019. The Munda maritime dispersal: when, where and what is the evidence?
^Ivani, Jessica K; Paudyal, Netra; Peterson, John (2021). Indo-Aryan – a house divided? Evidence for the east–west Indo-Aryan divide and its significance for the study of northern South Asia. Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics, 7(2):287-326. doi:10.1515/jsall-2021-2029
^John Peterson (October 2021). "The spread of Munda in prehistoric South Asia -the view from areal typology To appear in: Volume in Celebration of the Bicentenary of Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute (Deemed University)". researchgate. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
^Anderson, Gregory D.S. (1999). "A new classification of the Munda languages: Evidence from comparative verb morphology." Paper presented at 209th meeting of the American Oriental Society, Baltimore, MD.
^Anderson, G.D.S. (2008). ""Gtaʔ" The Munda Languages. Routledge Language Family Series. London: Routledge. pp. 682-763". Routledge Language Family Series (3): 682–763.
^Anderson, Gregory D S (2001). A New Classification of South Munda: Evidence from Comparative Verb Morphology. Indian Linguistics. Vol. 62. Poona: Linguistic Society of India. pp. 21–36.
^Sidwell, Paul. 2015. "Austroasiatic classification." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages. Leiden: Brill.
^Sidwell, Paul and Felix Rau (2015). "Austroasiatic Comparative-Historical Reconstruction: An Overview." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages. Leiden: Brill.
^Rau, Felix. (2019). Advances in Munda historical phonology. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3380908
^Rau, Felix. (2019). Munda cognate set with proto-Munda reconstructions (Version 0.1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3380874
Diffloth, Gérard. 2005. "The contribution of linguistic palaeontology to the homeland of Austro-Asiatic". In: Sagart, Laurent, Roger Blench and Alicia Sanchez-Mazas (eds.). The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics. RoutledgeCurzon. pp 79–82.
Further reading
Gregory D S Anderson, ed. (2008). Munda Languages. Routledge Language Family Series. Vol. 3. Routledge. ISBN978-0-415-32890-6.
Anderson, Gregory D S (2007). The Munda verb: typological perspectives. Trends in linguistics. Vol. 174. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN978-3-11-018965-0.
Anderson, Gregory D. S. (2015). "Prosody, phonological domains and the structure of roots, stems and words in the Munda languages in a comparative/historical light". Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics 2. 2: 163–183.
Donegan, Patricia; David Stampe (2002). South-East Asian Features in the Munda Languages: Evidence for the Analytic-to-Synthetic Drift of Munda. In Patrick Chew, ed., Proceedings of the 28th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, Special Session on Tibeto-Burman and Southeast Asian Linguistics, in honour of Prof. James A. Matisoff. 111-129. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley Linguistics Society.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
Śarmā, Devīdatta (2003). Munda: sub-stratum of Tibeto-Himalayan languages. Studies in Tibeto-Himalayan languages. Vol. 7. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. ISBN81-7099-860-3.
Newberry, J (2000). North Munda hieroglyphics. Victoria BC CA: J Newberry.
Varma, Siddheshwar (1978). Munda and Dravidian languages: a linguistic analysis. Hoshiarpur: Vishveshvaranand Vishva Bandhu Institute of Sanskrit and Indological Studies, Panjab University. OCLC 25852225.
2006-a. Munda Languages. In E. K. Brown (ed.) Encyclopedia of Languages and Linguistics. Oxford: Elsevier Press.
Zide, Norman H. and G. D. S. Anderson. 1999. The Proto-Munda Verb and Some Connections with Mon-Khmer. In P. Bhaskararao (ed.) Working Papers International Symposium on South Asian Languages Contact and Convergence, and Typology. Tokyo. pp. 401–21.
Zide, Norman H. and Gregory D. S. Anderson. 2001. The Proto-Munda Verb: Some Connections with Mon-Khmer. In K. V. Subbarao and P. Bhaskararao (eds.) Yearbook of South-Asian Languages and Linguistics-2001. Delhi: Sage Publications. pp. 517–40.
Gregory D. S. Anderson and John P. Boyle. 2002. Switch-Reference in South Munda. In Marlys A. Macken (ed.) Papers from the 10th Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. Tempe, AZ: Arizona State University, South East Asian Studies Program, Monograph Series Press. pp. 39–54.
Gregory D. S. Anderson and Norman H. Zide. 2001. Recent Advances in the Reconstruction of the Proto-Munda Verb. In L. Brinton (ed.) Historical Linguistics 1999. Amsterdam: Benjamins. pp. 13–30.
Historical migrations
Blench, Roger. 2019. The Munda maritime dispersal: when, where and what is the evidence?
Rau, Felix and Paul Sidwell 2019. "The Maritime Munda Hypothesis." ICAAL 8, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 29–31 August 2019. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3365316
Rau, Felix and Paul Sidwell 2019. "The Maritime Munda Hypothesis." Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 12.2 (2019): 31-53
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Munda languages.
SEAlang Munda Languages Project
SEAlang Munda Etymological Dictionary
Munda Dictionaries Project (Kiel, Peterson)
Donegan & Stampe Munda site
Munda languages at Living Tongues
The Ho language webpage by K. David Harrison, Swarthmore College
RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
munda, languages, munda, language, redirects, here, kili, language, also, known, munda, mundari, language, mundari, language, group, closely, related, languages, spoken, about, nine, million, people, indian, subcontinent, spread, across, central, india, east, . Munda language redirects here For the Kili language also known as the Munda or Mundari language see Mundari language The Munda languages are a group of closely related languages spoken by about nine million people in the Indian subcontinent spread across Central India East India and Bangladesh 1 2 Historically they have been called the Kolarian languages They constitute a branch of the Austroasiatic language family which means they are more distantly related to languages such as the Mon and Khmer languages to Vietnamese as well as to minority languages in Thailand and Laos and the minority Mangic languages of South China 3 Bhumij Ho Mundari and Santali are notable Munda languages 4 5 1 Mundaह ड EthnicityMunda peoplesGeographicdistributionIndian subcontinentLinguistic classificationAustroasiaticMundaProto languageProto MundaSubdivisionsNorth Munda Sora Gorum Juang Kharia Gutob Remo GtaʼISO 639 2 5munGlottologmund1335Map of areas with significant concentration of Munda speakersThe family is generally divided into two branches North Munda spoken in the Chota Nagpur Plateau of Jharkhand Chhattisgarh Odisha West Bengal and Bangladesh and South Munda spoken in central Odisha and along the border between Andhra Pradesh and Odisha 6 7 1 North Munda of which Santali is the most widely spoken and recognized as an official language in India has twice as many speakers as South Munda After Santali the Mundari and Ho languages rank next in number of speakers followed by Korku and Sora The remaining Munda languages are spoken by small isolated groups and are poorly described 1 Characteristics of the Munda languages include three grammatical numbers singular dual and plural two genders animate and inanimate a distinction between inclusive and exclusive first person plural pronouns the use of suffixes or auxiliaries to indicate tense 8 and partial total and complex reduplication as well as switch reference 9 8 The Munda languages are also polysynthetic and agglutinating 10 11 In Munda sound systems consonant sequences are infrequent except in the middle of a word Other than in Korku whose syllables show a distinction between high and low tone accent is predictable in the Munda languages Contents 1 Origin 2 Classification 2 1 Diffloth 1974 2 2 Diffloth 2005 2 3 Anderson 1999 2 4 Anderson 2001 2 5 Sidwell 2015 3 Distribution 4 Reconstruction 5 See also 6 References 6 1 Notes 6 2 General references 7 Further reading 8 External linksOrigin Edit Present day distribution of Austroasiatic languages Most linguists including Paul Sidwell 2018 suggest that the Proto Munda language probably split from proto Austroasiatic somewhere in Indochina and arrived on the coast of modern day Odisha about 4000 3500 years ago and spread after the Indo Aryan migration to the region 12 Rau and Sidwell 2019 13 14 along with Blench 2019 15 suggest that pre Proto Munda had arrived in the Mahanadi River Delta around 1 500 BCE from Southeast Asia via a maritime route rather than overland The Munda languages then subsequently spread up the Mahanadi watershed Recent studies suggest that Munda languages spread as far as Eastern Uttar Pradesh and impacted Eastern Indo Aryan languages 16 17 Classification EditMunda consists of five uncontroversial branches Korku as an isolate Remo Savara Kherwar and Kharia Juang However their interrelationship is debated Diffloth 1974 Edit The bipartite Diffloth 1974 classification is widely cited North Munda Korku Kherwarian Kherwari branch Birjia Koraku Mundari branch Mundari Bhumij Asuri Koda Ho Birhor Kol Turi Santal branch Santali Mahali South Munda Kharia Juang Kharia Juang Koraput Munda Remo branch Gata Gta Bondo Remo Bodo Gadaba Gutob Savara branch Sora Juray Gorum Parengi Gorum Sora Savara Juray LodhiDiffloth 2005 Edit Diffloth 2005 retains Koraput rejected by Anderson below but abandons South Munda and places Kharia Juang with the northern languages Munda Koraput RemoSavara Core Munda Kharia Juang North Munda KorkuKherwarianAnderson 1999 Edit Gregory Anderson s 1999 proposal is as follows 18 North Munda Korku Kherwarian Santali Mundari South Munda 3 branches Kharia Juang Juang Kharia Sora Gorum Sora Gorum Gutob Remo Gtaʔ Gutob Remo Gutob Remo Gtaʼ 19 Plains Gtaʔ Hill GtaʔHowever in 2001 Anderson split Juang and Kharia apart from the Juang Kharia branch and also excluded Gtaʔ from his former Gutob Remo Gtaʔ branch Thus his 2001 proposal includes 5 branches for South Munda Anderson 2001 Edit Anderson 2001 follows Diffloth 1974 apart from rejecting the validity of Koraput He proposes instead on the basis of morphological comparisons that Proto South Munda split directly into Diffloth s three daughter groups Kharia Juang Sora Gorum Savara and Gutob Remo Gtaʼ Remo 20 His South Munda branch contains the following five branches while the North Munda branch is the same as those of Diffloth 1974 and Anderson 1999 Sora Gorum Juang Kharia Gutob Remo Gtaʔ Note shares certain innovative isoglosses structural lexical In Austronesian and Papuan linguistics this has been called a linkage by Malcolm Ross Sidwell 2015 Edit Paul Sidwell 2015 197 21 considers Munda to consist of 6 coordinate branches and does not accept South Munda as a unified subgroup North Munda Korku Santali Munda Sora Gorum Juang Kharia Gutob Remo GtaʼDistribution EditLanguage name Number of speakers 2011 LocationKorwa 28 400 Chhattisgarh JharkhandBirjia 25 000 Jharkhand West BengalMundari inc Bhumij 1 600 000 Jharkhand Odisha BiharAsur 7 000 Jharkhand Chhattisgarh OdishaHo 1 400 000 Jharkhand Odisha West BengalBirhor 2 000 JharkhandSantali 7 400 000 Jharkhand West Bengal Odisha Bihar Assam Bangladesh NepalTuri 2 000 JharkhandKorku 727 000 Madhya Pradesh MaharashtraKharia 298 000 Odisha Jharkhand ChhattisgarhJuang 30 400 OdishaGtaʼ 4 500 OdishaBonda 9 000 OdishaGutob 10 000 Odisha Andhra PradeshGorum 20 Odisha Andhra PradeshSora 410 000 Odisha Andhra PradeshJuray 25 000 OdishaLodhi 25 000 Odisha West BengalKoda 47 300 West Bengal Odisha BangladeshKol 1 600 West Bengal Jharkhand BangladeshReconstruction EditMain article Proto Munda language The proto forms have been reconstructed by Sidwell amp Rau 2015 319 340 363 22 Proto Munda reconstruction has since been revised and improved by Rau 2019 23 24 See also EditNihali language Munda peoplesReferences EditNotes Edit a b c d Anderson Gregory D S 29 March 2017 Munda Languages Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 acrefore 9780199384655 013 37 ISBN 978 0 19 938465 5 Hock Hans Henrich Bashir Elena eds 23 January 2016 The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia doi 10 1515 9783110423303 ISBN 9783110423303 Bradley 2012 notes MK in the wider sense including the Munda languages of eastern South Asia is also known as Austroasiatic Pinnow Heinz Jurgen A comparative study of the verb in Munda language PDF Sealang com Retrieved 22 March 2015 Daladier Anne Kinship and Spirit Terms Renewed as Classifiers of Animate Nouns and Their Reduced Combining Forms in Austroasiatic Elanguage Retrieved 22 March 2015 Bhattacharya S 1975 Munda studies A new classification of Munda Indo Iranian Journal 17 1 97 101 doi 10 1163 000000075794742852 ISSN 1572 8536 Munda languages The Language Gulper Retrieved 14 May 2019 a b Gregory D S Anderson The Munda Verb Typological Perspectives Annual Review of South Asian Languages and Linguistics Trends in Linguistics Studies and Monographs TiLSM Berlin New York Mouton de Gruyter 2008 doi 10 1515 9783110211504 4 265 ISBN 978 3 11 021150 4 Anderson Gregory D S 7 May 2018 Urdze Aina ed Reduplication in the Munda languages Non Prototypical Reduplication Berlin Boston De Gruyter pp 35 70 doi 10 1515 9783110599329 002 ISBN 978 3 11 059932 9 Donegan Patricia Jane Stampe David South East Asian Features in the Munda Languages Berkley Linguistics Society Anderson Gregory D S 1 January 2014 5 Overview of the Munda Languages The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages 2 vols BRILL pp 364 414 doi 10 1163 9789004283572 006 ISBN 978 90 04 28357 2 Sidwell Paul 2018 Austroasiatic Studies state of the art in 2018 Presentation at the Graduate Institute of Linguistics National Tsing Hua University Taiwan 22 May 2018 Rau Felix Sidwell Paul 2019 The Munda Maritime Hypothesis Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society JSEALS 12 2 hdl 10524 52454 ISSN 1836 6821 Rau Felix and Paul Sidwell 2019 The Maritime Munda Hypothesis ICAAL 8 Chiang Mai Thailand 29 31 August 2019 doi 10 5281 zenodo 3365316 Blench Roger 2019 The Munda maritime dispersal when where and what is the evidence Ivani Jessica K Paudyal Netra Peterson John 2021 Indo Aryan a house divided Evidence for the east west Indo Aryan divide and its significance for the study of northern South Asia Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics 7 2 287 326 doi 10 1515 jsall 2021 2029 John Peterson October 2021 The spread of Munda in prehistoric South Asia the view from areal typology To appear in Volume in Celebration of the Bicentenary of Deccan College Post Graduate and Research Institute Deemed University researchgate Retrieved 1 September 2022 Anderson Gregory D S 1999 A new classification of the Munda languages Evidence from comparative verb morphology Paper presented at 209th meeting of the American Oriental Society Baltimore MD Anderson G D S 2008 Gtaʔ The Munda Languages Routledge Language Family Series London Routledge pp 682 763 Routledge Language Family Series 3 682 763 Anderson Gregory D S 2001 A New Classification of South Munda Evidence from Comparative Verb Morphology Indian Linguistics Vol 62 Poona Linguistic Society of India pp 21 36 Sidwell Paul 2015 Austroasiatic classification In Jenny Mathias and Paul Sidwell eds 2015 The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages Leiden Brill Sidwell Paul and Felix Rau 2015 Austroasiatic Comparative Historical Reconstruction An Overview In Jenny Mathias and Paul Sidwell eds 2015 The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages Leiden Brill Rau Felix 2019 Advances in Munda historical phonology Zenodo doi 10 5281 zenodo 3380908 Rau Felix 2019 Munda cognate set with proto Munda reconstructions Version 0 1 0 Data set Zenodo doi 10 5281 zenodo 3380874 General references Edit Diffloth Gerard 1974 Austro Asiatic Languages Encyclopaedia Britannica pp 480 484 Diffloth Gerard 2005 The contribution of linguistic palaeontology to the homeland of Austro Asiatic In Sagart Laurent Roger Blench and Alicia Sanchez Mazas eds The Peopling of East Asia Putting Together Archaeology Linguistics and Genetics RoutledgeCurzon pp 79 82 Further reading EditGregory D S Anderson ed 2008 Munda Languages Routledge Language Family Series Vol 3 Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 32890 6 Anderson Gregory D S 2007 The Munda verb typological perspectives Trends in linguistics Vol 174 Berlin Mouton de Gruyter ISBN 978 3 11 018965 0 Anderson Gregory D S 2015 Prosody phonological domains and the structure of roots stems and words in the Munda languages in a comparative historical light Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics 2 2 163 183 Donegan Patricia David Stampe 2002 South East Asian Features in the Munda Languages Evidence for the Analytic to Synthetic Drift of Munda In Patrick Chew ed Proceedings of the 28th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society Special Session on Tibeto Burman and Southeast Asian Linguistics in honour of Prof James A Matisoff 111 129 Berkeley CA Berkeley Linguistics Society a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location link Sarma Devidatta 2003 Munda sub stratum of Tibeto Himalayan languages Studies in Tibeto Himalayan languages Vol 7 New Delhi Mittal Publications ISBN 81 7099 860 3 Newberry J 2000 North Munda hieroglyphics Victoria BC CA J Newberry Varma Siddheshwar 1978 Munda and Dravidian languages a linguistic analysis Hoshiarpur Vishveshvaranand Vishva Bandhu Institute of Sanskrit and Indological Studies Panjab University OCLC 25852225 2006 a Munda Languages In E K Brown ed Encyclopedia of Languages and Linguistics Oxford Elsevier Press Zide Norman H and G D S Anderson 1999 The Proto Munda Verb and Some Connections with Mon Khmer In P Bhaskararao ed Working Papers International Symposium on South Asian Languages Contact and Convergence and Typology Tokyo pp 401 21 Zide Norman H and Gregory D S Anderson 2001 The Proto Munda Verb Some Connections with Mon Khmer In K V Subbarao and P Bhaskararao eds Yearbook of South Asian Languages and Linguistics 2001 Delhi Sage Publications pp 517 40 Gregory D S Anderson and John P Boyle 2002 Switch Reference in South Munda In Marlys A Macken ed Papers from the 10th Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society Tempe AZ Arizona State University South East Asian Studies Program Monograph Series Press pp 39 54 Gregory D S Anderson and Norman H Zide 2001 Recent Advances in the Reconstruction of the Proto Munda Verb In L Brinton ed Historical Linguistics 1999 Amsterdam Benjamins pp 13 30 Historical migrationsBlench Roger 2019 The Munda maritime dispersal when where and what is the evidence Rau Felix and Paul Sidwell 2019 The Maritime Munda Hypothesis ICAAL 8 Chiang Mai Thailand 29 31 August 2019 doi 10 5281 zenodo 3365316 Rau Felix and Paul Sidwell 2019 The Maritime Munda Hypothesis Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 12 2 2019 31 53External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Munda languages SEAlang Munda Languages Project SEAlang Munda Etymological Dictionary Munda Dictionaries Project Kiel Peterson Donegan amp Stampe Munda site Munda languages at Living Tongues bibliography The Ho language webpage by K David Harrison Swarthmore College RWAAI Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage http hdl handle net 10050 00 0000 0000 0003 66EE 3 view Munda languages in RWAAI Digital Archive Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Munda languages amp oldid 1140683622, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
