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Slovaks

January 08, 2023

For information on the population of Slovakia, see Demographics of Slovakia.

The Slovaks (Slovak: Slováci, singular: Slovák, feminine: Slovenka, plural: Slovenky) are a West Slavic ethnic group and nation native to Slovakia who share a common ancestry, culture, history and speak Slovak.

Slovaks
Slováci
Total population
c. 6–7 million[1]
Regions with significant populations
Slovakia 4,567,547[2]
 United States797,764[3]
 Czech Republic116,817 / 191,818 - 400,000[4]
 United Kingdom85,000[5]
 Canada72,290[6]
 Germany62,235[7]
 Serbia52,750[8]
 Austria35,450[9]
 Hungary29,794[10]
 France23,000[11]
 Brazil17,200[12]
 Romania17,226[13]
 Australia12,000[14]
 Ireland10,801[15]
 Ukraine6,397[16]
 Croatia4,712[16]
 Norway4,000[16]
 Belgium4,000[16]
 Italy2,500–3,000[17]
Languages
Slovak
Religion
Predominantly Catholic[18]
Related ethnic groups
Other West Slavs

In Slovakia, c. 4.4 million are ethnic Slovaks of 5.4 million total population. There are Slovak minorities in many neighboring countries including Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Serbia and Ukraine and sizeable populations of immigrants and their descendants in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, United Kingdom and the United States among others, which are collectively referred to as the Slovak diaspora.

Name

The name Slovak is derived from *Slověninъ, plural *Slověně, the old name of the Slavs (Proglas, around 863).[a] The original stem has been preserved in all Slovak words except the masculine noun; the feminine noun is Slovenka, the adjective is slovenský, the language is slovenčina and the country is Slovensko. The first written mention of adjective slovenský (Slovak) is in 1294 (ad parvam arborem nystra slowenski breza ubi est meta).[19]

The original name of Slovaks Slovenin/Slovene was still recorded in Pressburg Latin-Czech Dictionary (the 14th century),[20] but it changed to Slovák under the influence of Czech and Polish (around 1400). The first written mention of new form in the territory of present-day Slovakia is from Bardejov (1444, "Nicoulaus Cossibor hauptman, Nicolaus Czech et Slowak, stipendiarii supremi"). The mentions in Czech sources are older (1375 and 1385).[21] The change is not related to the ethnogenesis of Slovaks, but exclusively to linguistic changes in the West Slavic languages. The word Slovak was used also later as a common name for all Slavs in Czech, Polish, and also Slovak together with other forms.[21]

In Hungarian, "Slovak" is Tót (pl: tótok), an exonym. It was originally used to refer to all Slavs including Slovenes and Croats, but eventually came to refer primarily to Slovaks. Many place names in Hungary such as Tótszentgyörgy, Tótszentmárton, and Tótkomlós still bear the name. Tóth is a common Hungarian surname.

The Slovaks have also historically been variously referred to as Slovyenyn, Slowyenyny, Sclavus, Sclavi, Slavus, Slavi, Winde, Wende, or Wenden. The final three terms are variations of the Germanic term Wends, which was historically used to refer to any Slavs living close to Germanic settlements.

Ethnogenesis

 
Ján Hollý (portrait from 1885)

The early Slavs came to the territory of Slovakia in several waves from the 5th and 6th centuries and were organized on a tribal level. Original tribal names are not known due to the lack of written sources before their integration into higher political units. Weakening of tribal consciousness was probably accelerated by Avars, who did not respect tribal differences in the controlled territory and motivated remaining Slavs to join together and to collaborate on their defense. In the 7th century, Slavs (probably including some Slovak ancestors) founded a larger tribal union: Samo's empire. Regardless of Samo's empire, the integration process continued in other territories with various intensities.[22]

The final fall of the Avar Khaganate allowed new political entities to arise. The first such political unit documented by written sources is the Principality of Nitra, one of the foundations of later common ethnic consciousness.[23] At this stage in history it is not yet possible to assume a common identity of all ancestors of Slovaks in the neighboring eastern territories, even if it was inhabited by closely related Slavs. The Principality of Nitra became a part of Great Moravia, a common state of Moravians (Czech ancestors were joined only for a few years). The relatively short existence of Great Moravia prevented it from suppressing differences which resulted from its creation from two separate entities, and therefore a common "Slovak-Moravian" ethnic identity failed to develop.[23] The early political integration in the territory of present-day Slovakia was, however, reflected in linguistic integration. While dialects of the early ancestors of Slovaks were divided into West Slavic (western and eastern Slovakia) and non-West Slavic (central Slovakia), between the 8th and 9th centuries both dialects merged, thus laying the foundations of a later Slovak language.

The 10th century is a milestone in the Slovak ethnogenesis.[24] The fall of Great Moravia and further political changes supported their formation into a separate nation. At the same time, with the extinction of the Proto-Slavic language, between the 10th and 13th centuries Slovak evolved into an independent language (simultaneously with other Slavic languages). The early existence of the Kingdom of Hungary positively influenced the development of common consciousness and companionship among Slavs in the Northern Hungary, not only within boundaries of present-day Slovakia.[23] The clear difference between Slovaks and Hungarians made adoption of a specific name unnecessary and Slovaks preserved their original name (in Latin e.g. Slavus), which was also used in communication with other Slavic peoples (Polonus, Bohemus, Ruthenus).[25] In political terms, the medieval Slovaks were a part of the multi-ethnic political nation Natio Hungarica, together with Hungarians (or, more exactly, Magyars), Slavonians, Germans, Romanians and other ethnic groups in the Kingdom of Hungary. Since a medieval political nation did not consist of ordinary people but nobility, membership of the privileged class was necessary for all these peoples (nobiles Hungary).[26]

Like other nations, the Slovaks began to transform into a modern nation from the 18th century under the idea of national romanticism. The modern Slovak nation is the result of radical processes of modernization within the Habsburg Empire which culminated in the middle of the 19th century.[27] The transformation process was slowed down by conflict with Hungarian nationalism and the ethnogenesis of the Slovaks become a political question, particularly regarding their deprivation and preservation of their language and national rights. In 1722, Michal Bencsik, professor of law at the University of Trnava, published a theory that nobility and burghers of Trenčín should not have same privileges as Hungarians, because they are descendants of Svatopluk's people (inferior to Magyars). Neither Bencsik nor his Slovak opponent Ján Baltazár Magin put the continuity of settlement into serious question. Also, the first history of Slovaks written by Georgius Papanek (or Juraj Papánek), traced the roots of the Slovaks to Great Moravia[28] in Historia gentis Slavae. De regno regibusque Slavorum... (1780) ("History of the Slovak nation: On the kingdom and kings of the Slovaks").[29] Papánek's work became a basis for argumentation of the Slovak national revival movement. However, the Slovak national revival not only accepted the continuity of population but also emphasized it, thus proving that Slovaks are equal citizens of the state and neither a Hungarian "unique statesmanlike gift" nor Christianization was required for the foundation of the state.

In 1876, Hungarian linguist Pál Hunfalvy published a theory about missing continuity between Slovaks and Slavs before the arrival of the Hungarians. Hunfalvy tried to prove that ancestors of Slovaks did not live in the territory of the present-day Slovakia before arrival of the old Hungarians (Magyars), but Slovaks emerged later from other Slavs who came to the Kingdom of Hungary from neighbouring countries after the 13th century.[30] János Karácsonyi assumed that central and northern Slovakia were uninhabited (1901) and in his next work "Our historical right to the territorial integrity of our country" (1921) he claimed that the remainder of the original Slavs were assimilated by Magyars and modern Slovaks are descendants of immigrants from Upper Moravia and Oder (the population density on these territories was too low in that time and large numbers of colonists coming from these areas was not possible[30]). The theory was then misused by inter-war Hungarian revisionists, who questioned continuity to support Hungarian claims on Slovakia. In 1982, when rich archaeological evidence proving the opposite was already available,[31] a similar theory was published by Hungarian historian György Györffy.[31] Györffy accepted that smaller groups of Slavs could remain in the territory of Slovakia, but stated that the Slovaks' origin was in sparse settlement of various Slavic groups strengthened by later colonization. According to Ferenc Makk, the medieval Moravians are not the ancestors of Slovaks and the majority of the Slovak people are descended from later Slavic newcomers.[32]

 
A statue of Svätopluk I

The opposite theory, supporting the supposed former common past of the Czech and Slovak nations, thus also legitimizing the creation of the united Czechoslovak nation,[33] gained political support in inter-war Czechoslovakia.[33] Like Karácsonyi, Czech historian Václav Chaloupecký assumed that northern and central parts of Slovakia remained uninhabited until the 13th century and that the south-western part was inhabited by Czechs. Yet, in 1946 Chaloupecký assumed that the Slovak nation emerged from neighboring Slavs and had been formed only in the 17th century. His theory about the lack of population in the greater part of Slovakia covered by forests had already been scientifically refuted by Daniel Rapant (e.g. in O starý Liptov, 1934), and was proven wrong by numerous archaeological finds[note 1] and rejected by Czechoslovak histography. On the other hand, inter-war Slovak autonomists, opposing ethnic Czechoslovakism, dated the existence of the Slovak nation to the time of Pribina (trials to document existence of Slovaks in early Slavic era, i.e. in the time of Samo's empire, are marginal and exist outside of modern mainstream Slovak historiography).

After the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993, the formation of independent Slovakia motivated interest in a particularly Slovak national identity.[34] One reflection of this was the rejection of the common Czechoslovak national identity in favour of a purely Slovak one.[34]

History

Main article: History of Slovakia

Slavs of the Pannonian Basin

The first known Slavic states on the territory of present-day Slovakia were the Empire of Samo and the Principality of Nitra, founded sometime in the 8th century.

Great Moravia

 
Pribina, ruler of Principality of Nitra,[35] established and ruled the Balaton Principality from 839/840 to 861.[36]

Great Moravia (833 – ?907) was a Slavic state in the 9th and early 10th centuries, whose creators were the ancestors of the Czechs and Slovaks.[37][38] Important developments took place at this time, including the mission of Byzantine monks Cyril and Methodius, the development of the Glagolitic alphabet (an early form of the Cyrillic script), and the use of Old Church Slavonic as the official and literary language. Its formation and rich cultural heritage have attracted somewhat more interest since the 19th century.

The original territory inhabited by the Slavic tribes included not only present-day Slovakia, but also parts of present-day Poland, southeastern Moravia and approximately the entire northern half of present-day Hungary.[39]

Kingdom of Hungary

 
Gallery of famous Slovak people, active in different areas (history, literature, education, religion, science). Published on occasion of establishing Matica slovenská ("Slovak Foundation"), major patriotic organization. List of portraited personalities: Ján Mallý-Dusarov, Juraj Tvrdý, Jozef Kozáček, Štefan Moyzes, Martin Čulen, Karol Kuzmány, Štefan Závodník, Michal Chrástek, Viliam Pauliny-Tóth, Michal Miloslav Hodža, Štefan Marko Daxner, Ján Francisci-Rimavský, Ján Gotčár, Andrej Ľudovít Radlinský, Jozef Miloslav Hurban, Jonáš Záborský, Jozef Karol Viktorin, Mikuláš Štefan Ferienčík, Ján Kalinčiak, Martin Hattala, Ján Palárik, František Víťazoslav Sasinek, Andrej Sládkovič, Daniel Gabriel Lichard, Ján Čipka, Juraj Slota, Andrej Kossa

The territory of present-day Slovakia was split in two parts between the Kingdom of Hungary (under Hungarian rule gradually from 907 to the early 14th century) to Upper Hungary and Royal Hungary (under the Habsburgs from 1527 – 1848 (see also Hungarian Revolution of 1848)) until the formation of Czechoslovakia in 1918.[40] However, according to other historians, from 895 to 902, the whole area of the present-day Slovakia became part of the rising Principality of Hungary, and became (without gradation) part of the Kingdom of Hungary a century later.[41][42][43] A separate entity called Nitra Frontier Duchy, existed at this time within the Kingdom of Hungary. This duchy was abolished in 1107. The territory inhabited by the Slovaks in present-day Hungary was gradually reduced.[44]

When most of Hungary was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1541 (see Ottoman Hungary), the territory of present-day Slovakia became the new center of the reduced kingdom[45] that remained under Hungarian, and later Habsburg rule, officially called Royal Hungary.[45] Some Croats settled around and in present-day Bratislava for similar reasons. Also, many Germans settled in the Kingdom of Hungary,[45] especially in the towns, as work-seeking colonists and mining experts from the 13th to the 15th century. Jews and Gypsies also formed significant populations within the territory.[45] During the period, most of present-day Slovakia was part of Habsburg rule, but Ottoman ruled southern and southeasternmost parts of it.

After the Ottoman Empire was forced to retreat from present-day Hungary around 1700, thousands of Slovaks were gradually settled in depopulated parts of the restored Kingdom of Hungary (present-day Hungary, Romania, Serbia, and Croatia) under Maria Theresia, and that is how present-day Slovak enclaves (like Slovaks in Vojvodina, Slovaks in Hungary) in these countries arose.

After Transylvania, Upper Hungary (present-day Slovakia) was the most advanced part of the Kingdom of Hungary for centuries, but in the 19th century, when Buda/Pest became the new capital of the kingdom, the importance of the territory, as well as other parts within the Kingdom fell, and many Slovaks were impoverished. As a result, hundreds of thousands of Slovaks emigrated to North America, especially in the late 19th and early 20th century (between cca. 1880–1910), a total of at least 1.5 million emigrants.

Slovakia exhibits a very rich folk culture. A part of Slovak customs and social convention are common with those of other nations of the former Habsburg monarchy (the Kingdom of Hungary was in personal union with the Habsburg monarchy from 1867 to 1918).

Czechoslovakia

Main article: History of Czechoslovakia

People of Slovakia spent most part of the 20th century within the framework of Czechoslovakia, a new state formed after World War I. Significant reforms and post-World War II industrialization took place during this time. Slovak was strongly influenced by Czech during this period.[46]

Culture

See also: List of Slovaks

The art of Slovakia can be traced back to the Middle Ages, when some of the greatest masterpieces of the country's history were created. Significant figures from this period included the many Old Masters, among them the Master Paul of Levoča and Master MS. More contemporary art can be seen in the shadows of Koloman Sokol,[47] Albín Brunovský, Martin Benka,[48] Mikuláš Galanda,[47] Ľudovít Fulla.[47] Julius Koller and Stanislav Filko, in the 21st century Roman Ondak, Blažej Baláž. The most important Slovak composers have been Eugen Suchoň, Ján Cikker, and Alexander Moyzes, in the 21st century Vladimir Godar and Peter Machajdík.

The most famous Slovak names can indubitably be attributed to invention and technology. Such people include Jozef Murgaš, the inventor of wireless telegraphy; Ján Bahýľ, Štefan Banič, inventor of the modern parachute; Aurel Stodola, inventor of the bionic arm and pioneer in thermodynamics; and, more recently, John Dopyera, father of modern acoustic string instruments. Hungarian inventors Joseph Petzval and Stefan Jedlik were born of Slovak fathers.

Slovakia is also known for its polyhistors, of whom include Pavol Jozef Šafárik, Matej Bel, Ján Kollár, and its political revolutionaries, such Milan Rastislav Štefánik and Alexander Dubček.

There were two leading persons who codified Slovak. The first one was Anton Bernolák whose concept was based on the dialect of western Slovakia (1787). It was the enactment of the first national standard language for the Slovaks. The second notable man was Ľudovít Štúr. His formation of Slovak had principles in the dialect of central Slovakia (1843).

The best known Slovak hero was Juraj Jánošík (the Slovak equivalent of Robin Hood). The prominent explorer and diplomat Móric Beňovský, Hungarian transcript Benyovszky was Slovak as well (he comes from Vrbové in present-day Slovakia and is e.g. listed as "nobilis Slavicus – Slovak nobleman" in his secondary school registration).

In terms of sports, the Slovaks are probably best known (in North America) for their ice hockey personalities, especially Stan Mikita, Peter Šťastný, Peter Bondra, Žigmund Pálffy, Marián Hossa and Zdeno Chára. For a list see List of Slovaks. Zdeno Chára is only the second European captain in history of the NHL that led his team to win the Stanley Cup, winning it with Boston Bruins in season 2010–11.

For a list of the most notable Slovak writers and poets, see List of Slovak authors.

Maps

  •  

    Slovaks in Vojvodina, Serbia (2002 census)

  •  

    The language spread of Slovak in the United States according to U. S. Census 2000 and other resources interpreted by research of U. S. English Foundation, percentage of home speakers

Statistics

There are approximately 5.4 million autochthonous Slovaks in Slovakia. Further Slovaks live in the following countries (the list shows estimates of embassies etc. and of associations of Slovaks abroad in the first place, and official data of the countries as of 2000/2001 in the second place).

The list stems from Claude Baláž, a Canadian Slovak, the current plenipotentiary of the Government of the Slovak Republic for Slovaks abroad (see e.g.: 6):

  • United States (1,200,000 / 821,325*) [*(1) there were, however, 1,882,915 Slovaks in the US according to the 1990 census, (2) there are some 400,000 "Czechoslovaks" in the US, a large part of which are Slovaks] – 19th – 21st century emigrants; see also United States Census[49]
  • Czech Republic (350,000 / 183,749*) [*there were, however, 314 877 Slovaks in the Czech Republic according to the 1991 census] – due to the existence of former Czechoslovakia
  • Hungary (39,266 / 17,693)
  • Canada (100,000 / 50,860) – 19th – 21st century migrants
  • Serbia (60,000 / 59,021*) [especially in Vojvodina;*excl. the Rusins] – 18th & 19th century settlers
  • Poland (2002) (47,000 / 2,000*) [* The Central Census Commission has accepted the objection of the Association of Slovaks in Poland with respect to this number] – ancient minority and due to border shifts during the 20th century
  • Romania (18,000 / 17,199) – ancient minority
  • Ukraine (17,000 / 6,397) [especially in Carpathian Ruthenia] – ancient minority and due to the existence of former Czechoslovakia
  • France (13,000 / n.a.)
  • Australia (12,000 / n.a.) – 20th – 21st century migrants
  • Austria (10,234 / 10,234) – 20th – 21st century migrants
  • United Kingdom (10,000 / n.a.)
  • Croatia (5,000 / 4,712) – 18th & 19th century settlers
  • other countries

The number of Slovaks living outside Slovakia in line with the above data was estimated at max. 2,016,000 in 2001 (2,660,000 in 1991), implying that, in sum, there were max. some 6,630,854 Slovaks in 2001 (7,180,000 in 1991) in the world. The estimate according to the right-hand site chart yields an approximate population of Slovaks living outside Slovakia of 1.5 million.

Other (much higher) estimates stemming from the Dom zahraničných Slovákov (House of Foreign Slovaks) can be found on SME.[50]

See also


Notes

  1. ^ The Slovaks and Slovenes are the only current Slavic nations that have preserved the original name. For Slovenes, the adjective is still slovenski and the feminine noun "Slovene" is still also Slovenka, but the masculine noun has since changed to Slovenec. The Slovak name for their language is slovenčina and the Slovene name for theirs is slovenščina. The Slovak term for Slovene is slovinčina; and the Slovenes call Slovak slovaščina. The name is derived from proto-Slavic form slovo "word, talk" (cf. Slovak sluch, which comes from the IE root *ḱlew-). Thus Slovaks as well as Slovenians would mean "people who speak (the same language)", i.e. people who understand each other.
  1. ^ For example Slavic mounds in Krasňany near Žilina, cemetery in Martin, magnate mounds in Turčianska Blatnica, Malý Čepčín and Žabokreky, settlements in Liptovský Michal, Liptovská Mara (unearthed during construction of the water dam), Vlachy, Liptovská Štiavnica, Paludza, Sokolče, Lisková, Podtureň, Prosiek, Bobrovník, Likavka – all of them from 8–10th century. (Uhlár, 1992, p. 326)

References

  1. ^ "Ako žijú Slováci za hranicami? Slovensko mám rád, ale mojím domovom už nie je" [How do Slovaks live abroad? I like Slovakia but it is no longer my home.]. Sme.sk. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
  2. ^ "Národnosť a materin. jazyk". scitanie.sk.
  3. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
  4. ^ "Slováků v Česku přibývá, tvoří pětinu všech cizinců v zemi". týden.cz. 15 June 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  5. ^ "UK Population by Country of Birth and Nationality". Ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  6. ^ Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics (2017-10-25). "Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca.
  7. ^ "Destatis Nationalitäten in Deutschland 2021". DESTATIS.
  8. ^ "Попис становништва, домаћинстава и станова 2011 : у Републици Србији Конференција за новинаре 29. новембар 2012. НАЦИОНАЛНА НАЦИОНАЛНА ПРИПАДНОСТ" (PDF). Webrzs.stat.gov.rs. Retrieved 2017-08-02.
  9. ^ Statistik Austria. "STATISTIK AUSTRIA – Bevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit und Geburtsland". Statistik.at. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  10. ^ Vukovich, Gabriella (2018). Mikrocenzus 2016 - 12. Nemzetiségi adatok [2016 microcensus - 12. Ethnic data] (PDF). Hungarian Central Statistical Office (in Hungarian). Budapest. ISBN 978-963-235-542-9. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
  11. ^ "Présentation de la Slovaquie". France Diplomatie : : Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
  12. ^ . Archived from the original on 26 January 2009. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  13. ^ . Recensamant.referinte.transindex.ro. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  14. ^ "SLOVAK ARRIVAL and SETTLEMENT IN AUSTRALIA". slovakclubsa.org. Slovak Club of SA. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  15. ^ "CSO Emigration" (PDF). Census Office Ireland. Retrieved January 29, 2013.
  16. ^ a b c d (2010 census)
  17. ^ Petit Press a.s. (14 June 2010). "Slovaks in Italy make Slovakia more visible". spectator.sme.sk. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
  18. ^ "Table 14 Population by religion" (PDF). Statistical Office of the SR. 2011. Retrieved Jun 8, 2012.
  19. ^ Uličný 1986, p. 102.
  20. ^ Uličný 1986, p. 101.
  21. ^ a b Marek 2011, p. 67.
  22. ^ Marsina 2013, p. 65.
  23. ^ a b c Marsina 2013, p. 67.
  24. ^ Marsina 2009, p. 16.
  25. ^ Marsina 2013, p. 71.
  26. ^ Marek 2011, p. 13.
  27. ^ Stefan Auer, Liberal Nationalism in Central Europe, Routledge, 2004, p. 135
  28. ^ Kamusella 2009, p. 134
  29. ^ Papánek, Juraj. "Historia gentis Slavae / Dejiny slovenského národa". Databazeknih.cz. Perfekt. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  30. ^ a b Marsina 2009, p. 18.
  31. ^ a b Marsina 2009, p. 19.
  32. ^ Ferenc, Makk, "És erővel elfoglalta egész Pannóniát", In: Tiszatáj, 1996-10, p. 76
  33. ^ a b Marsina 1997, p. 17
  34. ^ a b W. Warhola, James (2005). (PDF). The University of Maine. Orono, Maine, United States.: Midwest Political Science Association 2005 Annual National Conference, April 9, 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 15, 2012. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
  35. ^ Kirschbaum 1995, p. 25
  36. ^ Bagnell Bury, John (1923). The Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge: Macmillan. p. 211.
  37. ^ Ference Gregory Curtis. Chronology of 20th-century eastern European history. Gale Research, Inc., 1994. ISBN 978-0-8103-8879-6, p. 103
  38. ^ Věd, Archeologický Ústav (Československá Akademie) (1964). The Great Moravia Exhibition: 1100 years of tradition of state and cultural life.
  39. ^ A history of Eastern Europe: crisis and change, Robert Bideleux, Ian Jeffries
  40. ^ Eberhardt 2003, p. 105
  41. ^ Kristó, Gyula (1996). Hungarian History in the Ninth Century. Szeged: Szegedi Középkorász Műhely. p. 229. ISBN 963-482-113-8
  42. ^ . Historia.hu. Archived from the original on 26 April 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  43. ^ Kristó, Gyula (1993). A Kárpát-medence és a magyarság régmúltja (1301-ig) (The ancient history of the Carpathian Basin and the Hungarians – till 1301)[1] Szeged: Szegedi Középkorász Műhely. p. 299. ISBN 963-04-2914-4.
  44. ^ Vauchez, André; Barrie Dobson, Richard; Lapidge, Michael (2000). Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages. Vol. 1. Routledge. p. 1363. ISBN 9781579582821.
  45. ^ a b c d Eberhardt 2003, p. 104
  46. ^ Harlig, Jeffrey; Pléh, Csaba (11 January 1995). When East Met West: Sociolinguistics in the Former Socialist Bloc. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110145854. Retrieved 11 January 2018 – via Google Books.
  47. ^ a b c Marshall Cavendish Corporation (2009). "Slovakia; Cultural expression". World and Its Peoples. Vol. 7. Marshall Cavendish. p. 993. ISBN 9780761478836.
  48. ^ Mikuš 1977, p. 108
  49. ^ (PDF). Census.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-09-20. Retrieved 2017-08-02.
  50. ^ "Ako žijú Slováci za hranicami? Slovensko mám rád, ale mojím domovom už nie je". Sme.sk. Retrieved 2 August 2017.

Sources

  • Slovaks in Czech Republic
  • Slovaks in Hungary
  • Baláž, Claude: Slovenská republika a zahraniční Slováci. 2004, Martin
  • Baláž, Claude: (a series of articles in:) Dilemma. 01/1999 – 05/2003

Further reading

See also: List of Slavic studies journals
  • Marsina, Richard (1995). Nové pohľady historickej vedy na slovenské dejiny. I. časť. Najstaršie obdobie slovenských dejín (do prelomu 9.-10. storočia) (in Slovak). Bratislava: Metodické centrum mesta Bratislavy. ISBN 978-80-7164-069-1.
  • Marsina, Richard (1997). Ethnogenesis of Slovaks, Human Affairs, 7, 1997, 1. Trnava, Slovakia: Faculty of Humanities, University of Trnava.
  • Marsina, Richard (2009). "K problematike etnogenézy Slovákov a ich pomenovania". In Marsina, Richard; Mulík, Peter (eds.). Etnogenéza Slovákov (in Slovak). Martin: Matica slovenská. ISBN 978-80-7090-940-9.
  • Marek, Miloš (2009). Národnosti Uhorska [Nationalities in the Kingdom of Hungary] (in Slovak). Trnava: University of Trnava. ISBN 978-80-8082-470-9.
  • Uličný, Ferdinand (1986). "Najstarší výskyt slova slovenský z roku 1294" (PDF). Slovenská Reč (in Slovak). Bratislava: Slovak Academic Press (2).
  • Uhlár, Vlado (1992). "Osídlenie Liptova a dolnoliptovské nárečia" (PDF). Slovenská Reč (in Slovak). Bratislava: Slovak Academic Press.
  • Kamusella, Tomasz (2009). The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe. Basingstoke, UK (Foreword by Professor Peter Burke): Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780230550704.
  • Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. (March 1995). . New York: Palgrave Macmillan; St. Martin's Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-312-10403-0. Archived from the original on 2008-09-25.
  • Eberhardt, Piotr (2003). Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-Century Central-Eastern Europe: History, Data, Analysis. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-7656-0665-5.
  • Mikuš, Joseph A. (1977). Slovakia and the Slovaks. Three Continents Press. ISBN 9780914478881. The work is superbly illustrated by Martin Benka, a Slovak painter of comparable

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Slovaks.
 
Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Slovaks.
  • Slovaks in America (Library of Congress)
  • The Slovaks in the Kingdom of Hungary according to the (disputed) 1910 census

January 08, 2023
slovaks, information, population, slovakia, demographics, slovakia, slovak, slováci, singular, slovák, feminine, slovenka, plural, slovenky, west, slavic, ethnic, group, nation, native, slovakia, share, common, ancestry, culture, history, speak, slovak, slovác. For information on the population of Slovakia see Demographics of Slovakia The Slovaks Slovak Slovaci singular Slovak feminine Slovenka plural Slovenky are a West Slavic ethnic group and nation native to Slovakia who share a common ancestry culture history and speak Slovak Slovaks SlovaciFlag of SlovakiaTotal populationc 6 7 million 1 Regions with significant populationsSlovakia 4 567 547 2 United States797 764 3 Czech Republic116 817 191 818 400 000 4 United Kingdom85 000 5 Canada72 290 6 Germany62 235 7 Serbia52 750 8 Austria35 450 9 Hungary29 794 10 France23 000 11 Brazil17 200 12 Romania17 226 13 Australia12 000 14 Ireland10 801 15 Ukraine6 397 16 Croatia4 712 16 Norway4 000 16 Belgium4 000 16 Italy2 500 3 000 17 LanguagesSlovakReligionPredominantly Catholic 18 Related ethnic groupsOther West Slavs CzechsMoraviansSilesians In Slovakia c 4 4 million are ethnic Slovaks of 5 4 million total population There are Slovak minorities in many neighboring countries including Austria Croatia Czech Republic Hungary Poland Romania Serbia and Ukraine and sizeable populations of immigrants and their descendants in Australia Canada France Germany United Kingdom and the United States among others which are collectively referred to as the Slovak diaspora Contents 1 Name 2 Ethnogenesis 3 History 3 1 Slavs of the Pannonian Basin 3 2 Great Moravia 3 3 Kingdom of Hungary 3 4 Czechoslovakia 4 Culture 5 Maps 6 Statistics 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Sources 11 Further reading 12 External linksName EditThe name Slovak is derived from Slovenin plural Slovene the old name of the Slavs Proglas around 863 a The original stem has been preserved in all Slovak words except the masculine noun the feminine noun is Slovenka the adjective is slovensky the language is slovencina and the country is Slovensko The first written mention of adjective slovensky Slovak is in 1294 ad parvam arborem nystra slowenski breza ubi est meta 19 The original name of Slovaks Slovenin Slovene was still recorded in Pressburg Latin Czech Dictionary the 14th century 20 but it changed to Slovak under the influence of Czech and Polish around 1400 The first written mention of new form in the territory of present day Slovakia is from Bardejov 1444 Nicoulaus Cossibor hauptman Nicolaus Czech et Slowak stipendiarii supremi The mentions in Czech sources are older 1375 and 1385 21 The change is not related to the ethnogenesis of Slovaks but exclusively to linguistic changes in the West Slavic languages The word Slovak was used also later as a common name for all Slavs in Czech Polish and also Slovak together with other forms 21 In Hungarian Slovak is Tot pl totok an exonym It was originally used to refer to all Slavs including Slovenes and Croats but eventually came to refer primarily to Slovaks Many place names in Hungary such as Totszentgyorgy Totszentmarton and Totkomlos still bear the name Toth is a common Hungarian surname The Slovaks have also historically been variously referred to as Slovyenyn Slowyenyny Sclavus Sclavi Slavus Slavi Winde Wende or Wenden The final three terms are variations of the Germanic term Wends which was historically used to refer to any Slavs living close to Germanic settlements Ethnogenesis Edit Jan Holly portrait from 1885 The early Slavs came to the territory of Slovakia in several waves from the 5th and 6th centuries and were organized on a tribal level Original tribal names are not known due to the lack of written sources before their integration into higher political units Weakening of tribal consciousness was probably accelerated by Avars who did not respect tribal differences in the controlled territory and motivated remaining Slavs to join together and to collaborate on their defense In the 7th century Slavs probably including some Slovak ancestors founded a larger tribal union Samo s empire Regardless of Samo s empire the integration process continued in other territories with various intensities 22 The final fall of the Avar Khaganate allowed new political entities to arise The first such political unit documented by written sources is the Principality of Nitra one of the foundations of later common ethnic consciousness 23 At this stage in history it is not yet possible to assume a common identity of all ancestors of Slovaks in the neighboring eastern territories even if it was inhabited by closely related Slavs The Principality of Nitra became a part of Great Moravia a common state of Moravians Czech ancestors were joined only for a few years The relatively short existence of Great Moravia prevented it from suppressing differences which resulted from its creation from two separate entities and therefore a common Slovak Moravian ethnic identity failed to develop 23 The early political integration in the territory of present day Slovakia was however reflected in linguistic integration While dialects of the early ancestors of Slovaks were divided into West Slavic western and eastern Slovakia and non West Slavic central Slovakia between the 8th and 9th centuries both dialects merged thus laying the foundations of a later Slovak language The 10th century is a milestone in the Slovak ethnogenesis 24 The fall of Great Moravia and further political changes supported their formation into a separate nation At the same time with the extinction of the Proto Slavic language between the 10th and 13th centuries Slovak evolved into an independent language simultaneously with other Slavic languages The early existence of the Kingdom of Hungary positively influenced the development of common consciousness and companionship among Slavs in the Northern Hungary not only within boundaries of present day Slovakia 23 The clear difference between Slovaks and Hungarians made adoption of a specific name unnecessary and Slovaks preserved their original name in Latin e g Slavus which was also used in communication with other Slavic peoples Polonus Bohemus Ruthenus 25 In political terms the medieval Slovaks were a part of the multi ethnic political nation Natio Hungarica together with Hungarians or more exactly Magyars Slavonians Germans Romanians and other ethnic groups in the Kingdom of Hungary Since a medieval political nation did not consist of ordinary people but nobility membership of the privileged class was necessary for all these peoples nobiles Hungary 26 Like other nations the Slovaks began to transform into a modern nation from the 18th century under the idea of national romanticism The modern Slovak nation is the result of radical processes of modernization within the Habsburg Empire which culminated in the middle of the 19th century 27 The transformation process was slowed down by conflict with Hungarian nationalism and the ethnogenesis of the Slovaks become a political question particularly regarding their deprivation and preservation of their language and national rights In 1722 Michal Bencsik professor of law at the University of Trnava published a theory that nobility and burghers of Trencin should not have same privileges as Hungarians because they are descendants of Svatopluk s people inferior to Magyars Neither Bencsik nor his Slovak opponent Jan Baltazar Magin put the continuity of settlement into serious question Also the first history of Slovaks written by Georgius Papanek or Juraj Papanek traced the roots of the Slovaks to Great Moravia 28 in Historia gentis Slavae De regno regibusque Slavorum 1780 History of the Slovak nation On the kingdom and kings of the Slovaks 29 Papanek s work became a basis for argumentation of the Slovak national revival movement However the Slovak national revival not only accepted the continuity of population but also emphasized it thus proving that Slovaks are equal citizens of the state and neither a Hungarian unique statesmanlike gift nor Christianization was required for the foundation of the state In 1876 Hungarian linguist Pal Hunfalvy published a theory about missing continuity between Slovaks and Slavs before the arrival of the Hungarians Hunfalvy tried to prove that ancestors of Slovaks did not live in the territory of the present day Slovakia before arrival of the old Hungarians Magyars but Slovaks emerged later from other Slavs who came to the Kingdom of Hungary from neighbouring countries after the 13th century 30 Janos Karacsonyi assumed that central and northern Slovakia were uninhabited 1901 and in his next work Our historical right to the territorial integrity of our country 1921 he claimed that the remainder of the original Slavs were assimilated by Magyars and modern Slovaks are descendants of immigrants from Upper Moravia and Oder the population density on these territories was too low in that time and large numbers of colonists coming from these areas was not possible 30 The theory was then misused by inter war Hungarian revisionists who questioned continuity to support Hungarian claims on Slovakia In 1982 when rich archaeological evidence proving the opposite was already available 31 a similar theory was published by Hungarian historian Gyorgy Gyorffy 31 Gyorffy accepted that smaller groups of Slavs could remain in the territory of Slovakia but stated that the Slovaks origin was in sparse settlement of various Slavic groups strengthened by later colonization According to Ferenc Makk the medieval Moravians are not the ancestors of Slovaks and the majority of the Slovak people are descended from later Slavic newcomers 32 A statue of Svatopluk I The opposite theory supporting the supposed former common past of the Czech and Slovak nations thus also legitimizing the creation of the united Czechoslovak nation 33 gained political support in inter war Czechoslovakia 33 Like Karacsonyi Czech historian Vaclav Chaloupecky assumed that northern and central parts of Slovakia remained uninhabited until the 13th century and that the south western part was inhabited by Czechs Yet in 1946 Chaloupecky assumed that the Slovak nation emerged from neighboring Slavs and had been formed only in the 17th century His theory about the lack of population in the greater part of Slovakia covered by forests had already been scientifically refuted by Daniel Rapant e g in O stary Liptov 1934 and was proven wrong by numerous archaeological finds note 1 and rejected by Czechoslovak histography On the other hand inter war Slovak autonomists opposing ethnic Czechoslovakism dated the existence of the Slovak nation to the time of Pribina trials to document existence of Slovaks in early Slavic era i e in the time of Samo s empire are marginal and exist outside of modern mainstream Slovak historiography After the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993 the formation of independent Slovakia motivated interest in a particularly Slovak national identity 34 One reflection of this was the rejection of the common Czechoslovak national identity in favour of a purely Slovak one 34 History EditMain article History of Slovakia Slavs of the Pannonian Basin Edit The first known Slavic states on the territory of present day Slovakia were the Empire of Samo and the Principality of Nitra founded sometime in the 8th century Great Moravia Edit Pribina ruler of Principality of Nitra 35 established and ruled the Balaton Principality from 839 840 to 861 36 Great Moravia 833 907 was a Slavic state in the 9th and early 10th centuries whose creators were the ancestors of the Czechs and Slovaks 37 38 Important developments took place at this time including the mission of Byzantine monks Cyril and Methodius the development of the Glagolitic alphabet an early form of the Cyrillic script and the use of Old Church Slavonic as the official and literary language Its formation and rich cultural heritage have attracted somewhat more interest since the 19th century The original territory inhabited by the Slavic tribes included not only present day Slovakia but also parts of present day Poland southeastern Moravia and approximately the entire northern half of present day Hungary 39 Kingdom of Hungary Edit Gallery of famous Slovak people active in different areas history literature education religion science Published on occasion of establishing Matica slovenska Slovak Foundation major patriotic organization List of portraited personalities Jan Mally Dusarov Juraj Tvrdy Jozef Kozacek Stefan Moyzes Martin Culen Karol Kuzmany Stefan Zavodnik Michal Chrastek Viliam Pauliny Toth Michal Miloslav Hodza Stefan Marko Daxner Jan Francisci Rimavsky Jan Gotcar Andrej Ľudovit Radlinsky Jozef Miloslav Hurban Jonas Zaborsky Jozef Karol Viktorin Mikulas Stefan Feriencik Jan Kalinciak Martin Hattala Jan Palarik Frantisek Vitazoslav Sasinek Andrej Sladkovic Daniel Gabriel Lichard Jan Cipka Juraj Slota Andrej Kossa The territory of present day Slovakia was split in two parts between the Kingdom of Hungary under Hungarian rule gradually from 907 to the early 14th century to Upper Hungary and Royal Hungary under the Habsburgs from 1527 1848 see also Hungarian Revolution of 1848 until the formation of Czechoslovakia in 1918 40 However according to other historians from 895 to 902 the whole area of the present day Slovakia became part of the rising Principality of Hungary and became without gradation part of the Kingdom of Hungary a century later 41 42 43 A separate entity called Nitra Frontier Duchy existed at this time within the Kingdom of Hungary This duchy was abolished in 1107 The territory inhabited by the Slovaks in present day Hungary was gradually reduced 44 When most of Hungary was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1541 see Ottoman Hungary the territory of present day Slovakia became the new center of the reduced kingdom 45 that remained under Hungarian and later Habsburg rule officially called Royal Hungary 45 Some Croats settled around and in present day Bratislava for similar reasons Also many Germans settled in the Kingdom of Hungary 45 especially in the towns as work seeking colonists and mining experts from the 13th to the 15th century Jews and Gypsies also formed significant populations within the territory 45 During the period most of present day Slovakia was part of Habsburg rule but Ottoman ruled southern and southeasternmost parts of it After the Ottoman Empire was forced to retreat from present day Hungary around 1700 thousands of Slovaks were gradually settled in depopulated parts of the restored Kingdom of Hungary present day Hungary Romania Serbia and Croatia under Maria Theresia and that is how present day Slovak enclaves like Slovaks in Vojvodina Slovaks in Hungary in these countries arose After Transylvania Upper Hungary present day Slovakia was the most advanced part of the Kingdom of Hungary for centuries but in the 19th century when Buda Pest became the new capital of the kingdom the importance of the territory as well as other parts within the Kingdom fell and many Slovaks were impoverished As a result hundreds of thousands of Slovaks emigrated to North America especially in the late 19th and early 20th century between cca 1880 1910 a total of at least 1 5 million emigrants Slovakia exhibits a very rich folk culture A part of Slovak customs and social convention are common with those of other nations of the former Habsburg monarchy the Kingdom of Hungary was in personal union with the Habsburg monarchy from 1867 to 1918 Czechoslovakia Edit Main article History of Czechoslovakia People of Slovakia spent most part of the 20th century within the framework of Czechoslovakia a new state formed after World War I Significant reforms and post World War II industrialization took place during this time Slovak was strongly influenced by Czech during this period 46 Culture EditSee also List of Slovaks The art of Slovakia can be traced back to the Middle Ages when some of the greatest masterpieces of the country s history were created Significant figures from this period included the many Old Masters among them the Master Paul of Levoca and Master MS More contemporary art can be seen in the shadows of Koloman Sokol 47 Albin Brunovsky Martin Benka 48 Mikulas Galanda 47 Ľudovit Fulla 47 Julius Koller and Stanislav Filko in the 21st century Roman Ondak Blazej Balaz The most important Slovak composers have been Eugen Suchon Jan Cikker and Alexander Moyzes in the 21st century Vladimir Godar and Peter Machajdik The most famous Slovak names can indubitably be attributed to invention and technology Such people include Jozef Murgas the inventor of wireless telegraphy Jan Bahyľ Stefan Banic inventor of the modern parachute Aurel Stodola inventor of the bionic arm and pioneer in thermodynamics and more recently John Dopyera father of modern acoustic string instruments Hungarian inventors Joseph Petzval and Stefan Jedlik were born of Slovak fathers Slovakia is also known for its polyhistors of whom include Pavol Jozef Safarik Matej Bel Jan Kollar and its political revolutionaries such Milan Rastislav Stefanik and Alexander Dubcek There were two leading persons who codified Slovak The first one was Anton Bernolak whose concept was based on the dialect of western Slovakia 1787 It was the enactment of the first national standard language for the Slovaks The second notable man was Ľudovit Stur His formation of Slovak had principles in the dialect of central Slovakia 1843 The best known Slovak hero was Juraj Janosik the Slovak equivalent of Robin Hood The prominent explorer and diplomat Moric Benovsky Hungarian transcript Benyovszky was Slovak as well he comes from Vrbove in present day Slovakia and is e g listed as nobilis Slavicus Slovak nobleman in his secondary school registration In terms of sports the Slovaks are probably best known in North America for their ice hockey personalities especially Stan Mikita Peter Stastny Peter Bondra Zigmund Palffy Marian Hossa and Zdeno Chara For a list see List of Slovaks Zdeno Chara is only the second European captain in history of the NHL that led his team to win the Stanley Cup winning it with Boston Bruins in season 2010 11 For a list of the most notable Slovak writers and poets see List of Slovak authors Maps Edit Slovaks in Vojvodina Serbia 2002 census The language spread of Slovak in the United States according to U S Census 2000 and other resources interpreted by research of U S English Foundation percentage of home speakersStatistics EditThere are approximately 5 4 million autochthonous Slovaks in Slovakia Further Slovaks live in the following countries the list shows estimates of embassies etc and of associations of Slovaks abroad in the first place and official data of the countries as of 2000 2001 in the second place The list stems from Claude Balaz a Canadian Slovak the current plenipotentiary of the Government of the Slovak Republic for Slovaks abroad see e g 6 United States 1 200 000 821 325 1 there were however 1 882 915 Slovaks in the US according to the 1990 census 2 there are some 400 000 Czechoslovaks in the US a large part of which are Slovaks 19th 21st century emigrants see also United States Census 49 Czech Republic 350 000 183 749 there were however 314 877 Slovaks in the Czech Republic according to the 1991 census due to the existence of former Czechoslovakia Hungary 39 266 17 693 Canada 100 000 50 860 19th 21st century migrants Serbia 60 000 59 021 especially in Vojvodina excl the Rusins 18th amp 19th century settlers Poland 2002 47 000 2 000 The Central Census Commission has accepted the objection of the Association of Slovaks in Poland with respect to this number ancient minority and due to border shifts during the 20th century Romania 18 000 17 199 ancient minority Ukraine 17 000 6 397 especially in Carpathian Ruthenia ancient minority and due to the existence of former Czechoslovakia France 13 000 n a Australia 12 000 n a 20th 21st century migrants Austria 10 234 10 234 20th 21st century migrants United Kingdom 10 000 n a Croatia 5 000 4 712 18th amp 19th century settlers other countriesThe number of Slovaks living outside Slovakia in line with the above data was estimated at max 2 016 000 in 2001 2 660 000 in 1991 implying that in sum there were max some 6 630 854 Slovaks in 2001 7 180 000 in 1991 in the world The estimate according to the right hand site chart yields an approximate population of Slovaks living outside Slovakia of 1 5 million Other much higher estimates stemming from the Dom zahranicnych Slovakov House of Foreign Slovaks can be found on SME 50 See also Edit Slovakia portalHistory of the Slovak language Slovak Americans Slovaks in Bulgaria Slovak Australians Slovak Canadians Slovaks of Croatia Slovaks in the Czech Republic Slovaks in Hungary Slovaks of Romania Slovaks in Serbia Slovaks in Vojvodina Slovenes List of Slovak Americans List of Slovaks Romani people in SlovakiaNotes Edit The Slovaks and Slovenes are the only current Slavic nations that have preserved the original name For Slovenes the adjective is still slovenski and the feminine noun Slovene is still also Slovenka but the masculine noun has since changed to Slovenec The Slovak name for their language is slovencina and the Slovene name for theirs is slovenscina The Slovak term for Slovene is slovincina and the Slovenes call Slovak slovascina The name is derived from proto Slavic form slovo word talk cf Slovak sluch which comes from the IE root ḱlew Thus Slovaks as well as Slovenians would mean people who speak the same language i e people who understand each other For example Slavic mounds in Krasnany near Zilina cemetery in Martin magnate mounds in Turcianska Blatnica Maly Cepcin and Zabokreky settlements in Liptovsky Michal Liptovska Mara unearthed during construction of the water dam Vlachy Liptovska Stiavnica Paludza Sokolce Liskova Podturen Prosiek Bobrovnik Likavka all of them from 8 10th century Uhlar 1992 p 326 References Edit Ako ziju Slovaci za hranicami Slovensko mam rad ale mojim domovom uz nie je How do Slovaks live abroad I like Slovakia but it is no longer my home Sme sk Retrieved 2 August 2017 Narodnost a materin jazyk scitanie sk U S Census website United States Census Bureau Retrieved 7 October 2017 Slovaku v Cesku pribyva tvori petinu vsech cizincu v zemi tyden cz 15 June 2019 Retrieved 25 June 2020 UK Population by Country of Birth and Nationality Ons gov uk Retrieved 14 November 2014 Canada Government of Canada Statistics 2017 10 25 Ethnic Origin 279 Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses 3 Generation Status 4 Age 12 and Sex 3 for the Population in Private Households of Canada Provinces and Territories Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations 2016 Census 25 Sample Data www12 statcan gc ca Destatis Nationalitaten in Deutschland 2021 DESTATIS Popis stanovnishtva domaћinstava i stanova 2011 u Republici Srbiјi Konferenciјa za novinare 29 novembar 2012 NACIONALNA NACIONALNA PRIPADNOST PDF Webrzs stat gov rs Retrieved 2017 08 02 Statistik Austria STATISTIK AUSTRIA Bevolkerung nach Staatsangehorigkeit und Geburtsland Statistik at Retrieved 1 January 2015 Vukovich Gabriella 2018 Mikrocenzus 2016 12 Nemzetisegi adatok 2016 microcensus 12 Ethnic data PDF Hungarian Central Statistical Office in Hungarian Budapest ISBN 978 963 235 542 9 Retrieved 9 January 2019 Presentation de la Slovaquie France Diplomatie Ministere de l Europe et des Affaires etrangeres Retrieved 2 August 2017 Edicao 214 Um atalho para a Europa Archived from the original on 26 January 2009 Retrieved January 31 2008 Transindex ro Recensamant referinte transindex ro Archived from the original on 9 November 2013 Retrieved 14 November 2014 SLOVAK ARRIVAL and SETTLEMENT IN AUSTRALIA slovakclubsa org Slovak Club of SA Retrieved 6 January 2014 CSO Emigration PDF Census Office Ireland Retrieved January 29 2013 a b c d 2010 census Petit Press a s 14 June 2010 Slovaks in Italy make Slovakia more visible spectator sme sk Retrieved 22 August 2022 Table 14 Population by religion PDF Statistical Office of the SR 2011 Retrieved Jun 8 2012 Ulicny 1986 p 102 Ulicny 1986 p 101 a b Marek 2011 p 67 sfn error no target CITEREFMarek2011 help Marsina 2013 p 65 sfn error no target CITEREFMarsina2013 help a b c Marsina 2013 p 67 sfn error no target CITEREFMarsina2013 help Marsina 2009 p 16 Marsina 2013 p 71 sfn error no target CITEREFMarsina2013 help Marek 2011 p 13 sfn error no target CITEREFMarek2011 help Stefan Auer Liberal Nationalism in Central Europe Routledge 2004 p 135 Kamusella 2009 p 134 Papanek Juraj Historia gentis Slavae Dejiny slovenskeho naroda Databazeknih cz Perfekt Retrieved 21 June 2022 a b Marsina 2009 p 18 a b Marsina 2009 p 19 Ferenc Makk Es erovel elfoglalta egesz Pannoniat In Tiszataj 1996 10 p 76 a b Marsina 1997 p 17 a b W Warhola James 2005 Changing Rule Between the Danube and the Tatras A study of Political Culture in Independent Slovakia 1993 2005 PDF The University of Maine Orono Maine United States Midwest Political Science Association 2005 Annual National Conference April 9 2005 Archived from the original PDF on September 15 2012 Retrieved 2011 06 15 Kirschbaum 1995 p 25 Bagnell Bury John 1923 The Cambridge Medieval History Cambridge Macmillan p 211 Ference Gregory Curtis Chronology of 20th century eastern European history Gale Research Inc 1994 ISBN 978 0 8103 8879 6 p 103 Ved Archeologicky Ustav Ceskoslovenska Akademie 1964 The Great Moravia Exhibition 1100 years of tradition of state and cultural life A history of Eastern Europe crisis and change Robert Bideleux Ian Jeffries Eberhardt 2003 p 105 Kristo Gyula 1996 Hungarian History in the Ninth Century Szeged Szegedi Kozepkorasz Muhely p 229 ISBN 963 482 113 8 Histria 2001 03 GYRFFY GYRGY Honfoglals a Krpt medencben Historia hu Archived from the original on 26 April 2014 Retrieved 14 November 2014 Kristo Gyula 1993 A Karpat medence es a magyarsag regmultja 1301 ig The ancient history of the Carpathian Basin and the Hungarians till 1301 1 Szeged Szegedi Kozepkorasz Muhely p 299 ISBN 963 04 2914 4 Vauchez Andre Barrie Dobson Richard Lapidge Michael 2000 Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages Vol 1 Routledge p 1363 ISBN 9781579582821 a b c d Eberhardt 2003 p 104 Harlig Jeffrey Pleh Csaba 11 January 1995 When East Met West Sociolinguistics in the Former Socialist Bloc Walter de Gruyter ISBN 9783110145854 Retrieved 11 January 2018 via Google Books a b c Marshall Cavendish Corporation 2009 Slovakia Cultural expression World and Its Peoples Vol 7 Marshall Cavendish p 993 ISBN 9780761478836 Mikus 1977 p 108 Ancestry 2000 Census 2000 Brief PDF Census gov Archived from the original PDF on 2004 09 20 Retrieved 2017 08 02 Ako ziju Slovaci za hranicami Slovensko mam rad ale mojim domovom uz nie je Sme sk Retrieved 2 August 2017 Sources EditSlovaks in Czech Republic Slovaks in Hungary Balaz Claude Slovenska republika a zahranicni Slovaci 2004 Martin Balaz Claude a series of articles in Dilemma 01 1999 05 2003Further reading EditSee also List of Slavic studies journals Marsina Richard 1995 Nove pohľady historickej vedy na slovenske dejiny I cast Najstarsie obdobie slovenskych dejin do prelomu 9 10 storocia in Slovak Bratislava Metodicke centrum mesta Bratislavy ISBN 978 80 7164 069 1 Marsina Richard 1997 Ethnogenesis of Slovaks Human Affairs 7 1997 1 Trnava Slovakia Faculty of Humanities University of Trnava Marsina Richard 2009 K problematike etnogenezy Slovakov a ich pomenovania In Marsina Richard Mulik Peter eds Etnogeneza Slovakov in Slovak Martin Matica slovenska ISBN 978 80 7090 940 9 Marek Milos 2009 Narodnosti Uhorska Nationalities in the Kingdom of Hungary in Slovak Trnava University of Trnava ISBN 978 80 8082 470 9 Ulicny Ferdinand 1986 Najstarsi vyskyt slova slovensky z roku 1294 PDF Slovenska Rec in Slovak Bratislava Slovak Academic Press 2 Uhlar Vlado 1992 Osidlenie Liptova a dolnoliptovske narecia PDF Slovenska Rec in Slovak Bratislava Slovak Academic Press Kamusella Tomasz 2009 The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe Basingstoke UK Foreword by Professor Peter Burke Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 9780230550704 Kirschbaum Stanislav J March 1995 A History of Slovakia The Struggle for Survival New York Palgrave Macmillan St Martin s Press p 25 ISBN 978 0 312 10403 0 Archived from the original on 2008 09 25 Eberhardt Piotr 2003 Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth Century Central Eastern Europe History Data Analysis M E Sharpe ISBN 978 0 7656 0665 5 Mikus Joseph A 1977 Slovakia and the Slovaks Three Continents Press ISBN 9780914478881 The work is superbly illustrated by Martin Benka a Slovak painter of comparableExternal links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Slovaks Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Slovaks Some studies on the early Slovaks and Slavs on Slovak and Slovak hydronymy Slovaks in America Library of Congress The Slovaks in the Kingdom of Hungary according to the disputed 1910 census Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Slovaks amp oldid 1127558395, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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