Wikipedia
Voiced velar nasal
The voiced velar nasal, also known as agma, from the Greek word for 'fragment', is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It is the sound of ng in English sing as well as n before velar consonants as in English and ink. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ŋ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is N. The IPA symbol ⟨ŋ⟩ is similar to ⟨ɳ⟩, the symbol for the retroflex nasal, which has a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem, and to ⟨ɲ⟩, the symbol for the palatal nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the left stem. Both the IPA symbol and the sound are commonly called 'eng' or 'engma'.
| Voiced velar nasal | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ŋ | |||
| IPA Number | 119 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
source · help | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ŋ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+014B | ||
| X-SAMPA | N | ||
| Braille | |||
| |||
As a phoneme, the velar nasal does not occur in many of the indigenous languages of the Americas or in many European, Middle Eastern or Caucasian languages, but it is extremely common in Australian Aboriginal languages and is also common in many languages of Sub-Saharan Africa, East Asia, Southeast Asia and Polynesia. While almost all languages have /m/ and /n/, /ŋ/ is rarer.[1] Only half of the 469 languages surveyed in Anderson (2008) had a velar nasal phoneme; as a further curiosity, many of them limit its occurrence to the syllable coda. In many languages that do not have the velar nasal as a phoneme, it occurs as an allophone of /n/ before velar consonants. An example of it used this way is the English word income, of which the pronunciation /ˈɪnˌkʌm/ can be realized as either [ˈɪnˌkʌm] or [ˈɪŋˌkʌm].
An example of a language that lacks a phonemic or allophonic velar nasal is Russian, in which /n/ is pronounced as laminal denti-alveolar [n̪] even before velar consonants.[2]
Some languages have the pre-velar nasal,[3] which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical velar nasal, though not as front as the prototypical palatal nasal - see that article for more information.
Conversely, some languages have the post-velar nasal,[4] which is articulated slightly behind the place of articulation of a prototypical velar nasal, though not as back as the prototypical uvular nasal.
Features
Features of the voiced velar nasal:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Because the consonant is also nasal, the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.
- Its place of articulation is velar, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the soft palate.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is a nasal consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian | ngaqë | [ŋɡacə] | 'because' | ||
| Aleut[5] | chaang | [tʃɑːŋ] | 'five' | ||
| Arabic | Hejazi [citation needed] | مــنــقل/mingal | [mɪŋɡal] | 'brazier' | Allophone of /n/ before velar stops. See Hejazi Arabic phonology |
| Armenian | Eastern[6] | ընկեր/ënker | [əŋˈkɛɾ] | 'friend' | Allophone of /n/ before velar consonants |
| Assamese | ৰং/ŗông | [ɹɔŋ] | 'color' | ||
| Bambara | ŋonI | [ŋoni] | 'guitar' | ||
| Bashkir | мең / meñ | [mɪ̞ŋ] (help·info) | 'one thousand' | ||
| Basque | hanka | [haŋka] | 'leg' | ||
| Bengali | রঙ/rông | [rɔŋ] | 'color' | ||
| Bulgarian[7] | тънко/tănko | [ˈtɤŋko] | 'thin' | ||
| Catalan[8] | sang | [ˈsɑ̃ŋ(k)] | 'blood' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Cebuano | ngano | [ˈŋano] | 'why' | ||
| Chamorro | ngånga' | [ŋɑŋaʔ] | 'duck' | ||
| Chinese | Cantonese | 昂/ngong4 | [ŋɔːŋ˩] | 'raise' | See Cantonese phonology |
| Eastern Min | 疑/ngi | [ŋi] | 'suspect' | ||
| Gan | 牙/nga | [ŋa] | 'tooth' | ||
| Hakka | 我/ngai | [ŋai] | 'I' | ||
| Mandarin | 北京/beijing | [peɪ˨˩tɕiŋ˥] | 'Beijing' | Restricted to the syllable coda. See Mandarin phonology | |
| Northern Min | 外/ngui | [ŋui] | 'outside' | ||
| Southern Min | 黃/ng | [ŋ̍] | 'yellow' | ||
| Sichuanese | 我/ngo | [ŋɔ] | 'I' | ||
| Wu | 五/ng | [ŋ˩˧] | 'five' | ||
| Xiang | 熬/ngau | [ŋau] | 'to boil' | ||
| Yuci dialect of Jin | 我/ngie | [ŋie] | 'I' | ||
| Chukchi | ӈыроӄ/ṇyroq | [ŋəɹoq] | 'three' | ||
| Czech | tank | [taŋk] | 'tank' | See Czech phonology | |
| Dinka | ŋa | [ŋa] | 'who' | ||
| Danish | sang | [sɑŋˀ] | 'song' | See Danish phonology | |
| Dutch[9] | angst | [ɑŋst] | 'fear' | See Dutch phonology | |
| English | sing | [sɪŋ] | 'sing' | Restricted to the syllable coda. See English phonology | |
| Faroese | ong | [ɔŋk] | 'meadow' | ||
| Fijian | gone | [ˈŋone] | 'child' | ||
| Filipino | ngayón | [ŋaˈjon] | 'now' | ||
| Finnish | kangas | [ˈkɑŋːɑs] | 'cloth' | Occurs in native vocabulary only intervocally (as a geminate) and before /k/. See Finnish phonology | |
| French[10] | Standard | camping | [kɑ̃piŋ(ɡ)] | 'camping' | Occurs only in words borrowed from English or Chinese. See French phonology |
| Southern France | pain | [pɛŋ] | 'bread' | For many speakers, [ŋ] acts as a substitute for the nasalization of the preceding vowel, which may still be partially nasal. It is one of the most typical traits of varieties of French influenced by an Occitan substrate. | |
| Galician | unha | [ˈuŋa] | 'one' (f.) | ||
| German | lang | [laŋ] | 'long' | See Standard German phonology | |
| Greek | άγχος / anchos | ['aŋxo̞s] | 'Stress' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Hebrew | Standard | אנגלית/anglit | [aŋɡˈlit] | 'English language' | Allophone of /n/ before velar stops. See Modern Hebrew phonology |
| Sephardi | עין/nayin | [ŋaˈjin] | 'Ayin' | See Sephardi Hebrew | |
| Hiligaynon | buang | [bu'äŋ] | 'crazy/mentally unstable' | ||
| Hindustani | Hindi | रंग/रङ्ग/raṅg | [rəŋg] | 'color' | See Hindustani phonology |
| Urdu | رن٘گ/raṅg | ||||
| Fiji Hindustani | Rang | ||||
| Hungarian | ing | [iŋɡ] | 'shirt' | Allophone of /n/. See Hungarian phonology | |
| Icelandic | göng | [ˈkœy̯ŋk] | 'tunnel' | See Icelandic phonology | |
| Ilocano | ngalngal | [ŋalŋal] | 'to chew' | ||
| Inuktitut | ᐴᙳᐆᖅ / puunnguuq | [puːŋŋuːq] | 'dog' | ||
| Inuvialuktun | qamnguiyuaq | [qamŋuijuaq] | 'snores' | ||
| Irish | a nglór | [ˌə̃ ˈŋl̪ˠoːɾˠ] | 'their voice' | Occurs word-initially as a result of the consonantal mutation eclipsis. See Irish phonology | |
| Italian[11] | anche | [ˈaŋke] | 'also' | Allophone of /n/ before /k/ and /ɡ/. See Italian phonology | |
| Itelmen | қниң | [qniŋ] | 'one' | ||
| Japanese | Standard | 南極 / nankyoku | [naŋkʲokɯ] | 'the South Pole' | See Japanese phonology |
| Eastern dialects[12] | 鍵 / kagi | [kaŋi] | 'key' | ||
| Javanese | ꦱꦺꦔꦏ꧀/Sengak | [səŋŋak] | stink | Additional /ŋ/ caused by vowel after /ŋ/ sounding | |
| Kagayanen[13] | manang | [manaŋ] | 'older sister' | ||
| Kazakh | мың / myń | [məŋ] | 'thousand' | ||
| Kyrgyz | миң/miñ | [miŋ] | |||
| Ket | аяң/ajaņ | [ajaŋ] | 'to damn' | ||
| Khasi | ngap | [ŋap] | 'honey' | ||
| Khmer |
|
| See Khmer phonology | ||
| Korean | 성에 / seonge | [sʌŋe] | 'window frost' | See Korean phonology | |
| Kurdish | Northern | ceng | [dʒɛŋ] | 'war' | See Kurdish phonology |
| Central | جهنگ/ceng | ||||
| Southern | |||||
| Luxembourgish[14] | keng | [kʰæŋ] | 'nobody' | See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Macedonian | aнглиски/angliski | [ˈaŋɡliski] | 'English' | Occurs occasionally as an allophone of /n/ before /k/ and /ɡ/. See Macedonian phonology | |
| Luganda | ŋaaŋa | [ŋɑːŋɑ] | 'hornbill' | ||
| Malay | Malaysian and Indonesian | bangun | [ˈbaŋʊn] | 'wake up' | |
| Kelantan-Pattani | sini | [si.niŋ] | 'here' | See Kelantan-Pattani Malay | |
| Terengganu | ayam | [a.jaŋ] | 'chicken' | See Terengganu Malay | |
| Malayalam[5] | മാങ്ങ/mān̄n̄a | [maːŋŋɐ] | 'mango' | ||
| Māori[15] | ngā | [ŋaː] | 'the' | ||
| Marathi | रंग/ranga | [rəŋə] | 'colour' | See Marathi phonology | |
| Mari | еҥ/eng | [jeŋ] | 'human' | ||
| Mongolian | тэнгэр / teŋger | [teŋger] | 'sky' | ||
| Nepali | नङ/nang | [nʌŋ] | 'nail' | See Nepali phonology | |
| Nganasan | ӈаӈ/ngang | [ŋaŋ] | 'mouth' | ||
| Nivkh | ңамг/ngamg | [ŋamɡ] | 'seven' | ||
| North Frisian | Mooring | kåchelng | [ˈkɔxəlŋ] | 'stove' | |
| Norwegian | gang | [ɡɑŋ] | 'hallway' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Odia | ଏବଂ/ebang | [ebɔŋ] | 'and' | ||
| Ottoman Turkish | یڭی/yeŋi | 'new' | |||
| Panjabi | Gurmukhi | ਰੰਗ/rang | [rəŋ] | 'color' | |
| Shahmukhi | رنگ/rang | ||||
| Persian | [ræːŋ] | See Persian phonology | |||
| Pipil | nemanha | [nemaŋa] | 'later' | ||
| Polish[16] | bank | [bäŋk] | 'bank' | Allophone of /n/ before /k, ɡ, x/; post-palatal before /kʲ, ɡʲ/.[17][18] See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese | manga | [ˈmɐ̃(ŋ)ɡɐ] | 'mango' | Occurs occasionally in slow, careful speech, as an allophone of /n/ before /ɡ/ and /k/, when the speaker does not delete the /n/ by fusing it with the preceding vowel. | |
| Occitan | Provençal | vin | [viŋ] | 'wine' | |
| Rapanui | hanga | [haŋa] | 'bay' | Sometimes written ⟨g⟩ in Rapanui | |
| Romanian | Țara Moților Transylvanian[19] | câine | ['kɨŋi] | 'dog' | Corresponds to [n] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
| Samoan | gagana | [ŋaˈŋana] | 'language' | ||
| Serbo-Croatian[20] | станка / stanka | [stâːŋka] | 'pause' | Allophone of /n/ before /k, ɡ, x/.[20] See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Seri | comcáac | [koŋˈkaak] | 'Seri people' | ||
| Shona | n'anga | [ŋaŋɡa] | 'traditional healer' | ||
| Slovene | tank | [taŋk] | 'tank' | ||
| Spanish[21] | All dialects | domingo | [d̪o̞ˈmĩŋɡo̞] | 'Sunday' | Allophone of /n/ before velar stops. See Spanish phonology |
| Galician Spanish, Andalusian, Canarian, and most Latin American dialects | alquitrán | [alkitˈɾaŋ] | 'tar' | Allophone of /n/ in word-final position, either before consonants other than velar stops or vowel-beginning words or before a pause. | |
| Swahili | ng'ombe | [ŋombɛ] | 'cow' | ||
| Swedish | ingenting | [ɪŋɛnˈtʰɪŋ] | 'nothing' | See Swedish phonology | |
| Tamil | இங்கே/in̄gē | [iŋgeː] | 'here' | ||
| Telugu | వాఙ్మయం | [ʋaːŋmajam] | 'Literature' | Allophone of anuswara when followed by velar stop | |
| Thai | งาน/ngaan | [ŋaːn] | 'work' | ||
| Nuer - Thok Nath | ŋa | [ŋa] | 'who?' or 'Is who?' | ||
| Tongan | tangata | [taŋata] | 'man' | ||
| Tuamotuan | rangi / ragi | [raŋi] | 'sky' | ||
| Tundra Nenets | ӈэва/ŋəwa | [ŋæewa] | 'head' | ||
| Turkmen | müň | [myŋ] | 'thousand' | ||
| Tyap | nɡɡwon | [ŋɡʷən] | 'child' | ||
| Uzbek | ming | [miŋ] | 'thousand' | ||
| Venetian | man | [maŋ] | 'hand' | ||
| Vietnamese[22] | ngà | [ŋaː˨˩] | 'ivory' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
| Welsh | rhwng | [r̥ʊŋ] | 'between' | ||
| West Frisian | kening | [ˈkeːnɪŋ] | 'king' | ||
| Xhosa | ing’ang’ane | [iŋaŋaːne] | 'hadada ibis' | ||
| Yi | ꉢ/nga | [ŋa˧] | 'I' | ||
| Yup'ik | ungungssiq | [uŋuŋssiq] | 'animal' | ||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[23] | yan | [jaŋ] | 'neck' | Word-final allophone of lenis /n/ |
See also
Notes
- ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 164. The oral counterparts /p, t, k/ are found together in almost all languages
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 160.
- ^ Instead of "pre-velar", it can be called "advanced velar", "fronted velar", "front-velar", "palato-velar", "post-palatal", "retracted palatal" or "backed palatal".
- ^ Instead of "post-velar", it can be called "retracted velar", "backed velar", "pre-uvular", "advanced uvular" or "fronted uvular".
- ^ a b Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 19.
- ^ Sabev, Mitko. "Bulgarian Sound System". from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
- ^ Wells (1989), p. 44.
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 118.
- ^ Okada (1999), p. 118.
- ^ Olson et al. (2010), pp. 206–207.
- ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
- ^ Reed (2001).
- ^ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
- ^ Gussmann (1974), pp. 107, 111 and 114.
- ^ Ostaszewska & Tambor (2000), pp. 35, 41 and 86.
- ^ Pop (1938), p. 31.
- ^ a b Landau et al. (1999), p. 67
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 258.
- ^ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
- ^ Merrill (2008), p. 109.
References
- Anderson, Gregory D. S. (2008), "The Velar Nasal", in Haspelmath, Martin; Dryer, Matthew S; Gil, David; et al. (eds.), The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Munich: Max Planck Digital Library, retrieved 2008-04-30
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X, S2CID 243772965
- Gussmann, Edmund (1974), Fisiak, Jacek (ed.), "Nasality in Polish and English" (PDF), Papers and Studies in Contrastive Linguistics, Poznań: Adam Mickiewicz University, 2: 105–122
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521153003
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants: An Introduction to the Sounds of Languages, vol. 1, Wiley-Blackwell
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
- Olson, Kenneth; Mielke, Jeff; Sanicas-Daguman, Josephine; Pebley, Carol Jean; Paterson, Hugh J., III (2010), "The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 199–215, doi:10.1017/S0025100309990296, S2CID 38504322
- Ostaszewska, Danuta; Tambor, Jolanta (2000), Fonetyka i fonologia współczesnego języka polskiego, Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, ISBN 83-01-12992-1
- Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
- Reed, A.W. (2001), Kāretu, Tīmoti (ed.), The Reed Concise Māori Dictionary
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Wells, J.C. (1989), "Computer-Coded Phonemic Notation of Individual Languages of the European Community", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 19 (1): 31–54, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005892, S2CID 145148170
External links
- List of languages with [ŋ] on PHOIBLE