There is no phonemic length distinction, even though it is indicated in the script. Some educated speakers try to maintain a length distinction in learned borrowings (tatsamas) from Sanskrit.[1]
There are no nasal vowels.
Like other alphasyllabaries, Devanagari writes out syllables by adding vowel diacritics to consonant bases. The table below includes all the vowel symbols used in Marathi, along with a transliteration of each sound into Latin script and IPA.
Devanagari
Transliterated
IPA
Pronunciation
अ
a
/ə/
आ
ā
/a(ː)/
इ
i
/i/
ई
ī
/i(ː)/
उ
u
/u/
ऊ
ū
/u(ː)/
ऋ
ṛ
/ru/
ए
e
/e/
ऐ
ai
/əi/
ओ
o
/o/
औ
au
/əu/
अं
aṃ
/əm/
अः
aḥ
/əɦə/
Marathi furthermore contrasts /əi, əu/ with /ai, au/.
There are two more vowels in Marathi to denote the pronunciations of English words such as of /æ/ in act and /ɔ/ in all. These are written as ⟨अॅ⟩ and ⟨ऑ⟩.
Marathi retains several features of Sanskrit that have been lost in north-Indian Sanskrit-based languages such as Hindi and Bengali, especially in terms of pronunciation of vowels and consonants. For instance, Marathi retains the original Sanskrit pronunciation of ⟨अं⟩ [əⁿ], ⟨ऐ⟩ [əi], and ⟨औ⟩ [əu]. However, as in Gujarati, Marathi speakers tend to pronounce ऋ ṛ somewhat similar to [ru], unlike most other Indic languages which changed it to [ri] (e.g. the original Sanskrit pronunciation of the language's name was saṃskṛtam, while in day-to-day Marathi and Gujarati it is saṃskrut. In other Indic languages, it is closer to sanskrit). Spoken Marathi allows for conservative stress patterns in words like राम (rama) with an emphasis on the ending vowel sound, a feature that has been lost in Hindi.
Marathi used to have a /t͡sʰ/ but it merged with /s/.[2]
Some speakers pronounce /d͡z, d͡zʱ/ as fricatives but the aspiration is maintained in /zʱ/.[2]
A defining feature of the Marathi language is the split of the consonant ल /la/ in Sanskrit words into a retroflex lateral flap ळ (ḷa) and alveolar ल (la). For instance, कुळ (kuḷa) for the Sanskrit कुलम् (kulam 'clan') and कमळ (kamaḷ) for Sanskrit कमलम् (kamalam 'lotus'). Marathi got ळ possibly due to long contact from Dravidian languages; there are some ḷ words loaned from Kannada like ṭhaḷak from kn. taḷaku but most of the words are native. Vedic Sanskrit did have /ɭ, ɭʱ/ as well, but they merged with /ɖ, ɖʱ/ by the time of classical Sanskrit.
The table below includes all the consonant bases onto which vowel diacritics are placed. The lack of a vowel diacritic can either indicate the lack of a vowel, or the existence of the default, or "inherent", vowel, which in the case of Marathi is the schwa.
क
ख
ग
घ
ङ
ka /kə/
kha /kʰə/
ga /ɡə/
gha /ɡʱə/
ṅa (/ŋə/)
च
छ
ज
झ
ञ
ca, ċa /t͡ɕə/ or /t͡sə/
cha /t͡ɕʰə/
ja, j̈a /d͡ʑə/ or /d͡zə/
jha, j̈ha /d͡ʑʱə/ or /d͡zʱə/
ña (/ɲə/)
ट
ठ
ड
ढ
ण
ṭa /ʈə/
ṭha /ʈʰə/
ḍa /ɖə/
ḍha /ɖʱə/
ṇa /ɳə/
त
थ
द
ध
न
ta /tə/
tha /tʰə/
da /də/
dha /dʱə/
na /nə/
प
फ
ब
भ
म
pa /pə/
pha /pʰə/ or /fə/
ba /bə/
bha /bʱə/
ma /mə/
य
र
ल
व
श
ya /jə/
ra /ɾə/
la /lə/
va /ʋə/
śa /ʃə/
ष
स
ह
ळ
क्ष
ज्ञ
ṣa /ʂə/
sa /sə/
ha /ɦə/
ḷa /ɭə/
kṣa /kɕə/
jña /dɲə/
Example of consonant–vowel combination
The combination of the vowels with the k-series
Script
Pronunciation (IPA)
क
/kə/
का
/kaː/
कि
/ki/
की
/kiː/
कु
/ku/
कू
/kuː/
कृ
/kru/
के
/ke/
कै
/kəi̯/
को
/ko/
कौ
/kəu̯/
कं
/kəm/
कः
/kəɦ(ə)/
Consonant clusters
In Marathi, the consonants by default come with a schwa. Therefore, तयाचे will be 'tayāċe', not 'tyāċe'. To form 'tyāċe', one should add त् to याचे, which would yield त्याचे.
References
^Dhongde, Ramesh Vaman; Wali, Kashi (2009). Marathi. London Oriental and African Languages Library, 13. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
^Pandharipande, Rajeshwari V. (2003). Marathi. George Cardona and Dhanesh Jain (eds.), The Indo-Aryan Languages: London & New York: Routledge. pp. 789–790.
marathi, phonology, assistance, with, transcriptions, marathi, wikipedia, articles, help, marathi, this, article, contains, phonetic, transcriptions, international, phonetic, alphabet, introductory, guide, symbols, help, distinction, between, brackets, transcr. For assistance with IPA transcriptions of Marathi for Wikipedia articles see Help IPA Marathi This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet IPA For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA For the distinction between and see IPA Brackets and transcription delimiters This article contains Indic text Without proper rendering support you may see question marks or boxes misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text The phoneme inventory of the Marathi language is similar to that of many other Indo Aryan languages An IPA chart of all contrastive sounds in Marathi is provided below Contents 1 Vowels 2 Consonants 2 1 Example of consonant vowel combination 3 Consonant clusters 4 References 5 External linksVowels EditVowels in native words are Vowels Front Central BackHigh i uMid e e oLow aThere is no phonemic length distinction even though it is indicated in the script Some educated speakers try to maintain a length distinction in learned borrowings tatsamas from Sanskrit 1 There are no nasal vowels Like other alphasyllabaries Devanagari writes out syllables by adding vowel diacritics to consonant bases The table below includes all the vowel symbols used in Marathi along with a transliteration of each sound into Latin script and IPA Devanagari Transliterated IPA Pronunciationअ a e source source आ a a ː source source इ i i source source ई i i ː source source उ u u source source ऊ u u ː source source ऋ ṛ ru source source ए e e source source ऐ ai ei source source ओ o o source source औ au eu source source अ aṃ em source source अ aḥ eɦe source source Marathi furthermore contrasts ei eu with ai au There are two more vowels in Marathi to denote the pronunciations of English words such as of ae in act and ɔ in all These are written as अ and ऑ Marathi retains several features of Sanskrit that have been lost in north Indian Sanskrit based languages such as Hindi and Bengali especially in terms of pronunciation of vowels and consonants For instance Marathi retains the original Sanskrit pronunciation of अ eⁿ ऐ ei and औ eu However as in Gujarati Marathi speakers tend to pronounce ऋ ṛ somewhat similar to ru unlike most other Indic languages which changed it to ri e g the original Sanskrit pronunciation of the language s name was saṃskṛtam while in day to day Marathi and Gujarati it is saṃskrut In other Indic languages it is closer to sanskrit Spoken Marathi allows for conservative stress patterns in words like र म rama with an emphasis on the ending vowel sound a feature that has been lost in Hindi Consonants EditConsonants 2 3 Labial Dental Alveolar Retroflex Alveolo palatal Velar GlottalNasal plain m n ɳ ɲ ŋ murmured mʱ nʱ ɳʱStop Affricate voiceless p t t s ʈ t ɕ t ʃ kaspirated pʰ f tʰ ʈʰ t ɕʰ t ʃʰ kʰvoiced b d d z z ɖ d ʑ d ʒ ɡmurmured bʱ dʱ d zʱ zʱ ɖʱ d ʑʱ d ʒʱ ɡʱFricative s ʂ ɕ ʃ h ɦApproximant plain ʋ l ɭ jmurmured ʋʱ lʱ jʱ 4 Flap Trill plain ɾ r 5 murmured ɾʱ rʱMarathi used to have a t sʰ but it merged with s 2 Some speakers pronounce d z d zʱ as fricatives but the aspiration is maintained in zʱ 2 A defining feature of the Marathi language is the split of the consonant ल la in Sanskrit words into a retroflex lateral flap ळ ḷa and alveolar ल la For instance क ळ kuḷa for the Sanskrit क लम kulam clan and कमळ kamaḷ for Sanskrit कमलम kamalam lotus Marathi got ळ possibly due to long contact from Dravidian languages there are some ḷ words loaned from Kannada like ṭhaḷak from kn taḷaku but most of the words are native Vedic Sanskrit did have ɭ ɭʱ as well but they merged with ɖ ɖʱ by the time of classical Sanskrit The table below includes all the consonant bases onto which vowel diacritics are placed The lack of a vowel diacritic can either indicate the lack of a vowel or the existence of the default or inherent vowel which in the case of Marathi is the schwa क ख ग घ ङka ke source source kha kʰe source source ga ɡe source source gha ɡʱe source source ṅa ŋe source source च छ ज झ ञca ċa t ɕe or t se source source cha t ɕʰe source source ja j a d ʑe or d ze source source jha j ha d ʑʱe or d zʱe source source na ɲe source source ट ठ ड ढ णṭa ʈe source source ṭha ʈʰe source source ḍa ɖe source source ḍha ɖʱe source source ṇa ɳe source source त थ द ध नta te source source tha tʰe source source da de source source dha dʱe source source na ne source source प फ ब भ मpa pe source source pha pʰe or fe source source ba be source source bha bʱe source source ma me source source य र ल व शya je source source ra ɾe source source la le source source va ʋe source source sa ʃe source source ष स ह ळ क ष ज ञṣa ʂe source source sa se source source ha ɦe source source ḷa ɭe source source kṣa kɕe source source jna dɲe source source Example of consonant vowel combination Edit The combination of the vowels with the k series Script Pronunciation IPA क ke क kaː क ki क kiː क ku क kuː क kru क ke क kei क ko क keu क kem क keɦ e Consonant clusters EditIn Marathi the consonants by default come with a schwa Therefore तय च will be tayaċe not tyaċe To form tyaċe one should add त to य च which would yield त य च References Edit Dhongde Ramesh Vaman Wali Kashi 2009 Marathi London Oriental and African Languages Library 13 Amsterdam John Benjamins a b c Masica Colin 1991 The Indo Aryan Languages Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 29944 2 Pandharipande Rajeshwari V 2003 Marathi George Cardona and Dhanesh Jain eds The Indo Aryan Languages London amp New York Routledge pp 789 790 In Kudali dialect Masica 1991 97 External links EditMarathi language sounds Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Marathi phonology amp oldid 1134510433, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
