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Revised Romanization of Korean

Revised Romanization of Korean (국어의 로마자 표기법; Gug-eoui Romaja Pyogibeop; lit. "Roman-letter notation of the national language") is the official Korean language romanization system in South Korea. It was developed by the National Academy of the Korean Language from 1995 and was released to the public on 7 July 2000 by South Korea's Ministry of Culture and Tourism in Proclamation No. 2000-8.[1][2]

The new system addressed problems in the implementation of the McCune–Reischauer system, such as the phenomena where different consonants and vowels became indistinguishable in the absence of special symbols. To be specific, under the McCune–Reischauer system, Korean consonants  (k),  (t),  (p) and  (ch) and  (kʼ),  (tʼ),  (pʼ) and  (chʼ) became indistinguishable when the apostrophe was removed. In addition, Korean vowels  (ŏ) and  (o), as well as  (ŭ) and  (u), became indistinguishable when the breve was removed. Especially in internet use, where omission of apostrophes and breves is common, this caused many Koreans as well as foreigners confusion. Hence, the revision was made with the belief that if McCune–Reischauer was left unrevised, it would continue to confuse people, both Koreans and foreigners.

Features

Revised Romanization of Korean
Hangul
국어의 로마자 표기법
Hanja
國語의 로마字 表記法
Revised Romanizationgugeoui romaja pyogibeop
McCune–Reischauerkugŏŭi romacha pʼyogibŏp

These are notable features of the Revised Romanization system:

  • The aspiration distinction between consonants is represented in a new way. The unaspirated consonants are represented as ⟨g⟩ ⟨d⟩ ⟨b⟩ ⟨j⟩ respectively and the aspirated consonants are represented as ⟨k⟩ ⟨t⟩ ⟨p⟩ ⟨ch⟩. These letter pairs have a similar aspiration distinction in English at the beginning of a syllable (though they also have a voicing distinction unlike Korean); this approach is also used by Hanyu Pinyin. By contrast, the McCune–Reischauer system uses ⟨k⟩ ⟨t⟩ ⟨p⟩ ⟨ch⟩ both for the unaspirated and aspirated consonants, adding an apostrophe for the aspirated versions (⟨kʼ⟩ ⟨tʼ⟩ ⟨pʼ⟩ ⟨chʼ⟩). (The McCune–Reischauer system also includes voicing, which the revised romanization does not.)
    • However, are not always romanized as ⟨g⟩ ⟨d⟩ ⟨b⟩ ⟨j⟩, depending on their environment. For example, they are romanized as ⟨k⟩ ⟨t⟩ ⟨p⟩ ⟨ch⟩ when placed in the final position, as they are neutralized to unreleased stops: [pjʌk̚]byeok, [pak̚]bak, 부엌 [pu.ʌk̚]bueok, 벽에 [pjʌ.ɡe̞]byeoge, 밖에 [pa.k͈e̞]bakke, 부엌에 [pu.ʌ.kʰe̞]bueoke, [kʰʌp̚] → keop.
  • Vowels and are written as ⟨eo⟩ and ⟨eu⟩ respectively, replacing the ⟨ŏ⟩ and ⟨ŭ⟩ of the McCune–Reischauer system.
    • However, /wʌ/ is written as ⟨wo⟩ (not ⟨weo⟩) and /ɰi/ is written as ⟨ui⟩ (not ⟨eui⟩)
  • ㅅ used to be written as sh and s, depending on context. Now it will be written as s in all cases.
    • /s/ is written as ⟨s⟩ regardless of the following vowels and semivowels; there is no ⟨sh⟩: [sa]sa, [ɕi]si.
    • When followed by another consonant or when in final position, it is written as ⟨t⟩: [ot̚]ot (but 옷에 [o.se̞]ose).
  • /l/ is ⟨r⟩ before a vowel or a semivowel and ⟨l⟩ everywhere else: 리을 [ɾi.ɯl]rieul, 철원 [tɕʰʌ.ɾwʌn]Cheorwon, 울릉도 [ul.lɯŋ.do]Ulleungdo, 발해 [pal.ɦɛ̝]Balhae. Like in McCune–Reischauer, /n/ is written ⟨l⟩ whenever pronounced as a lateral rather than as a nasal consonant: 전라북도 [tɕʌl.la.buk̚.do]Jeollabuk-do

In addition, special provisions are for regular phonological rules in exceptions to transliteration (see Korean phonology).

Other rules and recommendations include the following:

  • A hyphen optionally disambiguates syllables: 가을ga-eul (fall; autumn) versus 개울gae-ul (stream). However, few official publications make use of this provision since actual instances of ambiguity among names are rare.
    • A hyphen must be used in linguistic transliterations to denote syllable-initial except at the beginning of a word: 없었습니다eobs-eoss-seumnida, 외국어oegug-eo, 애오개Ae-ogae
  • It is permitted to hyphenate syllables in the given name, following common practice. Certain phonological changes, ordinarily indicated in other contexts, are ignored in names, for better disambiguating between names: 강홍립Gang Hongrip or Gang Hong-rip (not *Hongnip), 한복남Han Boknam or Han Bok-nam (not *Bongnam or "Bong-nam")
  • Administrative units (such as the do) are hyphenated from the placename proper: 강원도Gangwon-do
    • One may omit terms such as 시, 군, 읍: 평창군Pyeongchang-gun or Pyeongchang, 평창읍Pyeongchang-eup or Pyeongchang.
  • However, names for geographic features and artificial structures are not hyphenated: 설악산Seoraksan, 해인사Haeinsa
  • Proper nouns are capitalized.

Usage

In South Korea

 
The sign with the name of the railway station in Bucheon — at the top, a writing in hangul, the transliteration in Latin script below using the Revised Romanization, along with the hanja text.
 
The sign with the name of the railway station in Jecheon — at the top, a writing in hangul, the transliteration in Latin script below using the Revised Romanization and the English translation of the word 'station', along with the hanja text.

Almost all road signs, names of railway and subway stations on line maps and signs, etc. have been changed according to Revised Romanization of Korean (RR, also called South Korean or Ministry of Culture (MC) 2000). It is estimated to have cost at least 500 billion won to 600 billion won (US$500~600 million) to carry out this procedure.[3] All Korean textbooks, maps and signs to do with cultural heritage were required to comply with the new system by 28 February 2002. Romanization of surnames and existing companies' names has been left untouched because of the reasons explained below. However, the Korean government encourages using the revised romanization of Korean for the new names.

Exceptions

Like several European languages that have undergone spelling reforms (such as Portuguese, German or Swedish), the Revised Romanization is not expected to be adopted as the official romanization of Korean family names. This is because the conditions for allowing changes in romanization of surnames in passport is very strict. The reasons are outlined below.

1. Countries around the world manage information about foreigners who are harmful to the public safety of their countries, including international criminals and illegal immigrants by the Roman name and date of birth of the passport they have used in the past. If a passport holder is free to change their listed Roman name, it would pose a serious risk to border management due to difficulty in determining identities.

2. The people of a country where it is free to change the official Roman name will be subject to strict immigration checks, which will inevitably cause inconvenience to the people of that country.

3. Arbitrary changes in the romanization of passports can lead to a fall in the credibility of the passports and national credit, which can have a negative impact on new visa waiver agreements, etc.

With very few exceptions, it is impossible for a person who has ever left the country under their romanized name to change their family name again.[4] However, South Korea's Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism encourages those who “newly” register their romanized names to follow the Revised Romanization of Korean. In addition, North Korea continues to use a version of the McCune–Reischauer system of romanization, a different version of which was in official use in South Korea from 1984 to 2000.

Outside Korea

Textbooks and dictionaries intended for students of the Korean language tend to include this Romanization. However, some publishers have acknowledged the difficulties or confusion it can cause for non-native Korean speakers who are unused to the conventions of this style of Romanization.[5]

Transcription rules

Vowel letters

Hangul
Romanization a ae ya yae eo e yeo ye o wa wae oe yo u wo we wi yu eu ui i

Consonant letters

Hangul
Romanization Initial g kk n d tt r m b pp s ss j jj ch k t p h
Final k k t l p t t ng t t t

, , and are transcribed as g, d, b and r when placed at the initial of a word or before a vowel, and as k, t, p and l when followed by another consonant or when appearing at the end of a word.[6]

Special provisions

The revised romanization transcribes certain phonetic changes that occur with combinations of the ending consonant of a character and the initial consonant of the next like HangukHangugeo. These significant changes occur (highlighted in yellow):

following
initial
previous
ending
g n d r m b s j ch k t p h
k g kg ngn kd ngn ngm kb ks kj kch k-k kt kp kh, k
n n n-g nn nd ll nm nb ns nj nch nk nt np nh
t d, j tg nn td nn nm tb ts tj tch tk t-t tp th, t, ch
l r lg ln ld ll lm lb ls lj lch lk lt lp lh
m m mg mn md mn mm mb ms mj mch mk mt mp mh
p b pg mn pd mn mm pb ps pj pch pk pt p-p ph, p
t s tg nn td nn nm tb ts tj tch tk t-t tp th, t, ch
ng ng- ngg ngn ngd ngn ngm ngb ngs ngj ngch ngk ngt ngp ngh
t j tg nn td nn nm tb ts tj tch tk t-t tp th, t, ch
t ch tg nn td nn nm tb ts tj tch tk t-t tp th, t, ch
t t, ch tg nn td nn nm tb ts tj tch tk t-t tp th, t, ch
t h k nn t nn nm p hs ch tch tk t tp t

Phonetic changes between syllables in given names are not transcribed: 정석민Jeong Seokmin or Jeong Seok-min, 최빛나Choe Bitna or Choe Bit-na.

Phonological changes are reflected where , , and are adjacent to : 좋고joko, 놓다nota, 잡혀japyeo, 낳지 → nachi. However, aspirated sounds are not reflected in case of nouns where follows , and : 묵호Mukho, 집현전Jiphyeonjeon.[6]

See also

References

  1. ^ . Korea.net. Ministry of Culture & Tourism. July 2000. Archived from the original on 16 September 2007. Retrieved 9 May 2007.
  2. ^ "한국어 어문 규범". kornorms.korean.go.kr. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  3. ^ "2005년까지 연차적으로 도로표지판을 바꾸는 데 5000억~6000억원이 들고" (in Korean). Monthly Chosun ilbo. 1 September 2000. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
  4. ^ "로마자성명 표기 변경 허용 요건". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2007. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
  5. ^ Tuttle Publishing: "In addition, easy-to-use phonetic spellings of all Korean words and phrases are given. For example, “How are you?”—annyeonghaseyo? is also written as anh-nyawng-hah-seyo?", blurb for two Korean phrasebooks: Making Out in Korean ISBN 9780804843546 and More Making Out in Korean 2016-03-06 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 9780804838498. All accessed 2 March 2016.
  6. ^ a b "Romanization of Korean". National Institute of Korean Language. Retrieved 13 December 2016.

External links

  • Romanization of Korean from the National Institute of Korean Language
  • Korean Romanization Converter by Pusan National University
  • software online: lexilogos words' converter Hangul to Latin alphabet
  • Culture Ministry sets guideline for Romanizing Korean names

revised, romanization, korean, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jst. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Revised Romanization of Korean news newspapers books scholar JSTOR January 2008 Learn how and when to remove this template message Revised Romanization of Korean 국어의 로마자 표기법 Gug eoui Romaja Pyogibeop lit Roman letter notation of the national language is the official Korean language romanization system in South Korea It was developed by the National Academy of the Korean Language from 1995 and was released to the public on 7 July 2000 by South Korea s Ministry of Culture and Tourism in Proclamation No 2000 8 1 2 The new system addressed problems in the implementation of the McCune Reischauer system such as the phenomena where different consonants and vowels became indistinguishable in the absence of special symbols To be specific under the McCune Reischauer system Korean consonants ㄱ k ㄷ t ㅂ p and ㅈ ch and ㅋ kʼ ㅌ tʼ ㅍ pʼ and ㅊ chʼ became indistinguishable when the apostrophe was removed In addition Korean vowels 어 ŏ and 오 o as well as 으 ŭ and 우 u became indistinguishable when the breve was removed Especially in internet use where omission of apostrophes and breves is common this caused many Koreans as well as foreigners confusion Hence the revision was made with the belief that if McCune Reischauer was left unrevised it would continue to confuse people both Koreans and foreigners Contents 1 Features 2 Usage 2 1 In South Korea 2 2 Exceptions 2 3 Outside Korea 3 Transcription rules 3 1 Vowel letters 3 2 Consonant letters 3 3 Special provisions 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksFeatures EditRevised Romanization of KoreanHangul국어의 로마자 표기법Hanja國語의 로마字 表記法Revised Romanizationgugeoui romaja pyogibeopMcCune Reischauerkugŏŭi romacha pʼyogibŏpThese are notable features of the Revised Romanization system The aspiration distinction between consonants is represented in a new way The unaspirated consonants ㄱ ㄷ ㅂ ㅈ are represented as g d b j respectively and the aspirated consonants ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅊ are represented as k t p ch These letter pairs have a similar aspiration distinction in English at the beginning of a syllable though they also have a voicing distinction unlike Korean this approach is also used by Hanyu Pinyin By contrast the McCune Reischauer system uses k t p ch both for the unaspirated and aspirated consonants adding an apostrophe for the aspirated versions kʼ tʼ pʼ chʼ The McCune Reischauer system also includes voicing which the revised romanization does not However ㄱ ㄷ ㅂ ㅈ are not always romanized as g d b j depending on their environment For example they are romanized as k t p ch when placed in the final position as they are neutralized to unreleased stops 벽 pjʌk byeok 밖 pak bak 부엌 pu ʌk bueok 벽에 pjʌ ɡe byeoge 밖에 pa k e bakke 부엌에 pu ʌ kʰe bueoke 컵 kʰʌp keop Vowels ㅓ and ㅡ are written as eo and eu respectively replacing the ŏ and ŭ of the McCune Reischauer system However ㅝ wʌ is written as wo not weo and ㅢ ɰi is written as ui not eui ㅅ used to be written as sh and s depending on context Now it will be written as s in all cases ㅅ s is written as s regardless of the following vowels and semivowels there is no sh 사 sa sa 시 ɕi si When followed by another consonant or when in final position it is written as t 옷 ot ot but 옷에 o se ose ㄹ l is r before a vowel or a semivowel and l everywhere else 리을 ɾi ɯl rieul 철원 tɕʰʌ ɾwʌn Cheorwon 울릉도 ul lɯŋ do Ulleungdo 발해 pal ɦɛ Balhae Like in McCune Reischauer ㄴ n is written l whenever pronounced as a lateral rather than as a nasal consonant 전라북도 tɕʌl la buk do Jeollabuk doIn addition special provisions are for regular phonological rules in exceptions to transliteration see Korean phonology Other rules and recommendations include the following A hyphen optionally disambiguates syllables 가을 ga eul fall autumn versus 개울 gae ul stream However few official publications make use of this provision since actual instances of ambiguity among names are rare A hyphen must be used in linguistic transliterations to denote syllable initial ㅇ except at the beginning of a word 없었습니다 eobs eoss seumnida 외국어 oegug eo 애오개 Ae ogae It is permitted to hyphenate syllables in the given name following common practice Certain phonological changes ordinarily indicated in other contexts are ignored in names for better disambiguating between names 강홍립 Gang Hongrip or Gang Hong rip not Hongnip 한복남 Han Boknam or Han Bok nam not Bongnam or Bong nam Administrative units such as the do are hyphenated from the placename proper 강원도 Gangwon do One may omit terms such as 시 군 읍 평창군 Pyeongchang gun or Pyeongchang 평창읍 Pyeongchang eup or Pyeongchang However names for geographic features and artificial structures are not hyphenated 설악산 Seoraksan 해인사 Haeinsa Proper nouns are capitalized Usage EditIn South Korea Edit The sign with the name of the railway station in Bucheon at the top a writing in hangul the transliteration in Latin script below using the Revised Romanization along with the hanja text The sign with the name of the railway station in Jecheon at the top a writing in hangul the transliteration in Latin script below using the Revised Romanization and the English translation of the word station along with the hanja text Almost all road signs names of railway and subway stations on line maps and signs etc have been changed according to Revised Romanization of Korean RR also called South Korean or Ministry of Culture MC 2000 It is estimated to have cost at least 500 billion won to 600 billion won US 500 600 million to carry out this procedure 3 All Korean textbooks maps and signs to do with cultural heritage were required to comply with the new system by 28 February 2002 Romanization of surnames and existing companies names has been left untouched because of the reasons explained below However the Korean government encourages using the revised romanization of Korean for the new names Exceptions Edit Like several European languages that have undergone spelling reforms such as Portuguese German or Swedish the Revised Romanization is not expected to be adopted as the official romanization of Korean family names This is because the conditions for allowing changes in romanization of surnames in passport is very strict The reasons are outlined below 1 Countries around the world manage information about foreigners who are harmful to the public safety of their countries including international criminals and illegal immigrants by the Roman name and date of birth of the passport they have used in the past If a passport holder is free to change their listed Roman name it would pose a serious risk to border management due to difficulty in determining identities 2 The people of a country where it is free to change the official Roman name will be subject to strict immigration checks which will inevitably cause inconvenience to the people of that country 3 Arbitrary changes in the romanization of passports can lead to a fall in the credibility of the passports and national credit which can have a negative impact on new visa waiver agreements etc With very few exceptions it is impossible for a person who has ever left the country under their romanized name to change their family name again 4 However South Korea s Ministry of Culture Sports and Tourism encourages those who newly register their romanized names to follow the Revised Romanization of Korean In addition North Korea continues to use a version of the McCune Reischauer system of romanization a different version of which was in official use in South Korea from 1984 to 2000 Outside Korea Edit Textbooks and dictionaries intended for students of the Korean language tend to include this Romanization However some publishers have acknowledged the difficulties or confusion it can cause for non native Korean speakers who are unused to the conventions of this style of Romanization 5 Transcription rules EditVowel letters Edit Hangul ㅏ ㅐ ㅑ ㅒ ㅓ ㅔ ㅕ ㅖ ㅗ ㅘ ㅙ ㅚ ㅛ ㅜ ㅝ ㅞ ㅟ ㅠ ㅡ ㅢ ㅣRomanization a ae ya yae eo e yeo ye o wa wae oe yo u wo we wi yu eu ui iConsonant letters Edit Hangul ㄱ ㄲ ㄴ ㄷ ㄸ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅃ ㅅ ㅆ ㅇ ㅈ ㅉ ㅊ ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅎRomanization Initial g kk n d tt r m b pp s ss j jj ch k t p hFinal k k t l p t t ng t t tㄱ ㄷ ㅂ and ㄹ are transcribed as g d b and r when placed at the initial of a word or before a vowel and as k t p and l when followed by another consonant or when appearing at the end of a word 6 Special provisions Edit The revised romanization transcribes certain phonetic changes that occur with combinations of the ending consonant of a character and the initial consonant of the next like Hanguk Hangugeo These significant changes occur highlighted in yellow followinginitialpreviousending ㅇ ㄱ ㄴ ㄷ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅅ ㅈ ㅊ ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅎ g n d r m b s j ch k t p hㄱ k g kg ngn kd ngn ngm kb ks kj kch k k kt kp kh kㄴ n n n g nn nd ll nm nb ns nj nch nk nt np nhㄷ t d j tg nn td nn nm tb ts tj tch tk t t tp th t chㄹ l r lg ln ld ll lm lb ls lj lch lk lt lp lhㅁ m m mg mn md mn mm mb ms mj mch mk mt mp mhㅂ p b pg mn pd mn mm pb ps pj pch pk pt p p ph pㅅ t s tg nn td nn nm tb ts tj tch tk t t tp th t chㅇ ng ng ngg ngn ngd ngn ngm ngb ngs ngj ngch ngk ngt ngp nghㅈ t j tg nn td nn nm tb ts tj tch tk t t tp th t chㅊ t ch tg nn td nn nm tb ts tj tch tk t t tp th t chㅌ t t ch tg nn td nn nm tb ts tj tch tk t t tp th t chㅎ t h k nn t nn nm p hs ch tch tk t tp tPhonetic changes between syllables in given names are not transcribed 정석민 Jeong Seokmin or Jeong Seok min 최빛나 Choe Bitna or Choe Bit na Phonological changes are reflected where ㄱ ㄷ ㅂ and ㅈ are adjacent to ㅎ 좋고 joko 놓다 nota 잡혀 japyeo 낳지 nachi However aspirated sounds are not reflected in case of nouns where ㅎ follows ㄱ ㄷ and ㅂ 묵호 Mukho 집현전 Jiphyeonjeon 6 See also EditRomanization of Korean Korean Pronunciation Help IPA KoreanReferences Edit Romanization of Korean Korea net Ministry of Culture amp Tourism July 2000 Archived from the original on 16 September 2007 Retrieved 9 May 2007 한국어 어문 규범 kornorms korean go kr Retrieved 31 December 2022 2005년까지 연차적으로 도로표지판을 바꾸는 데 5000억 6000억원이 들고 in Korean Monthly Chosun ilbo 1 September 2000 Retrieved 22 May 2019 로마자성명 표기 변경 허용 요건 Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2007 Retrieved 17 May 2019 Tuttle Publishing In addition easy to use phonetic spellings of all Korean words and phrases are given For example How are you annyeonghaseyo is also written as anh nyawng hah seyo blurb for two Korean phrasebooks Making Out in Korean ISBN 9780804843546 and More Making Out in Korean Archived 2016 03 06 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 9780804838498 All accessed 2 March 2016 a b Romanization of Korean National Institute of Korean Language Retrieved 13 December 2016 External links Edit Look up revised romanization of korean in Wiktionary the free dictionary Wikidata has the property Revised Romanization P2001 see uses Romanization of Korean from the National Institute of Korean Language Korean Romanization Converter by Pusan National University software online lexilogos words converter Hangul to Latin alphabet Culture Ministry sets guideline for Romanizing Korean namesPortal Language Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Revised Romanization of Korean amp oldid 1130665597, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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