In 1972, as part of the effort of harmonizing spelling differences between the two countries, Indonesia and Malaysia each adopted a spelling reform plan, called the Perfected Spelling System (Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan) in Indonesia and the New Rumi Spelling (Ejaan Rumi Baharu)[2] in Malaysia.
Although the representations of speech sounds are now largely identical in the Indonesian and Malay varieties, a number of minor spelling differences remain.[3]
The Malay alphabet has a phonemic orthography; words are spelled the way they are pronounced, with few exceptions like the distinctions between /ə/ and /e/ where it is both written as E/e. The names of the letters, however, differ between Indonesia and rest of the Malay-speaking countries; while Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore follow the letter names of the English alphabet, Indonesia largely follows the letter names of the Dutch alphabet, making its implementation more faithful to the actual phonemic values of each letter. The letters otherwise represent the same sounds in all Malay-speaking countries.
The letters F, Q, V, X and Z are not used in spelling native Malay/Indonesian words. F and Z occur in loanwords from Arabic (e. g. fatah 'conquest, opening', zaman 'era, period, time') and from European languages (e. g. faktor 'factor', zoologi 'zoology'). V is used in loanwords from European languages (e. g. valuta 'currency', provinsi 'province'). The letter Q is very rare: it is used for Arabic ﻕ in some loanwords, particularly related to religion: Qur'an, Al-Qur'an (spelling these words with the apostrophe is recommended by the Indonesian Ministry of Religion, the variants Quran and Alquran are deprecated; Malaysia uses Quran, Al-Quran), qari/qariah 'male/female Quran reader', qanun 'law established by Muslim sovereigns or by Aceh autonomous provincial government' (also qanun (instrument)). But many loanwords from Arabic words with ﻕ use k instead: makam 'tomb', mutlak 'absolute, complete'. Some words are spelled with q in Malaysia but with k in Indonesia: qasidah/kasidah 'qasida'. European loanwords use the letter k instead of q: kualiti (Malaysian)/kualitas (Indonesian) 'quality', frekuensi 'frequency'. The letter X is also very rare: it is used at the beginning of loanwords, e. g. xilofon 'xylophone', but replaced by ks at the middle and at the end of loanwords: taksi 'taxi', lateks 'latex', teks 'text' (some consonant clusters are regularly simplified at the end of loanwords: -st>-s, -nt>-n, -kt>-k).
Letter
Name (in IPA)
Sound
Indonesia
Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore
IPA
English equivalent
Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore
Indonesia
Aa
a (/a/)
e (/e/)
/a/
a as in father
/ə/ ~ /a/
-
a as in sofa
Bb
bé (/be/)
bi (/bi/)
/b/
b as in bed
Cc
cé (/t͡ʃe/)
si (/si/)
/t͡ʃ/
ch as in check
Dd
dé (/de/)
di (/di/)
/d/
d as in day
Ee
é (/e/)
i (/i/)
/ə/
e as in tolerant
/e/
e as in hey
/e/
/ɪ/
e as in packet
/ɛ/
e as in get
Ff
éf (/ef/)
éf (/ef/)
/f/
f as in effort
Gg
gé (/ge/)
ji (/d͡ʒi/)
/ɡ/
g as in gain
Hh
ha (/ha/)
héc (/het͡ʃ/, /heʃ/)
/h/
h as in harm
Ii
i (/i/)
ay (/aj/)
/i/
i as in machine, but shorter
/e/
/ɪ/
i as in igloo
Jj
jé (/d͡ʒe/)
jé (/d͡ʒe/)
/d͡ʒ/
j as in jam
Kk
ka (/ka/)
ké (/ke/)
/k/
unaspirated k as in skate
Ll
él (/el/)
él (/el/)
/l/
l as in let
Mm
ém (/em/)
ém (/em/)
/m/
m as in mall
Nn
én (/en/)
én (/en/)
/n/
n as in net
Oo
o (/o/)
o (/o/)
/o/
o as in owe
/o/
/ʊ/
/ɔ/
o as in bought, but shorter
Pp
pé (/pe/)
pi (/pi/)
/p/
unaspirated p as in speak
Qq
ki (/ki/)
kiu (/kiu/ or /kju/)
/q/ ~ /k/
q as in Qatar
Rr
ér (/er/)
ar (/ar/ or /a:/)
/r/
Spanish rr as in puerro
Ss
és (/es/)
és (/es/)
/s/
s as in sun
Tt
té (/te/)
ti (/ti/)
/t/
unaspirated t as in still
Uu
u (/u/)
yu (/ju/)
/u/
u as in rule, but shorter
/o/
/ʊ/
oo as in foot
Vv
vé (/ve/ or /fe/)
vi (/vi/)
/v/ ~ /f/
v as in van
Ww
wé (/we/)
dabel yu (/dabəlˈju/)
/w/
w as in wet
Xx
éks (/eks/)
éks (/eks/)
/ks/
x as in box
/z/
/s/
x as in xenon
Yy
yé (/je/)
way (/wai̯/)
/j/
y as in yarn
Zz
zét (/zet/)
zed (/zed/)
/z/
z as in zebra
* Many vowels are pronounced (and were formerly spelt) differently in Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra (where Malay is native): tujuh is pronounced (and was spelt) tujoh, rambut as rambot, kain as kaen, pilih as pileh, etc., [e] and [o] are also allophones of /i/ and /u/ in closed final syllables in peninsular Malaysian and Sumatran. Many vowels were pronounced and formerly spelt differently that way also in East Malaysia, Brunei, and Indonesia.
In addition, there are digraphs that are not considered separate letters of the alphabet:[4]
Digraph
Sound
IPA
Notes
Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore
Indonesia
ai
/ai̯/
uy as in buy (ui)
au
/au̯/
ou as in ouch (ou)
ei
/ei̯/
ei as in survey
oi
/oi̯/
/ʊi̯/
oy as in boy
gh
/ɣ/ ~ /x/
similar to Dutch and German ch, but voiced
kh
/x/
ch as in loch
ng
/ŋ/
ng as in sing
ny
/ɲ/
Spanish ñ; similar to ny as in canyon with a nasal sound
sy
/ʃ/
sh as in shoe
Pre-1972 spelling system
Pre-1972 British Malaya and Borneo/Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore orthography
^Before a spelling reform in 1972, Indonesia would disambiguate /e/ as é and /ə/ as e, and Malaysia /e/ as e and /ə/ as ĕ. The spelling reform removed the diacritics, leaving plain e to represent both /e/ and /ə/.
^Nomoto, Hiroki; Yamashita, Nahoko; Osaka, Ayano (2014). "Senarai komprehensif perbezaan ejaan Malaysia dan ejaan Indonesia]" (PDF). Journal of the Institute of Language Research (in Malay). 19: 21–31. doi:10.15026/81116. hdl:10108/81116.
^"Malay (Bahasa Melayu / بهاس ملايو)". www.omniglot.com.
External links
Malay alphabet
Omniglot
Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia (PUEBI)
April 23, 2023
malay, orthography, this, article, about, what, sometimes, called, rumi, script, other, uses, rumi, rumi, disambiguation, modern, malay, indonesian, alphabet, brunei, malaysia, singapore, tulisan, rumi, roman, script, roman, writing, indonesian, aksara, latin,. This article is about what is sometimes called Rumi script For other uses of Rumi see Rumi disambiguation The modern Malay or Indonesian alphabet Brunei Malaysia and Singapore Tulisan Rumi lit Roman script Roman writing Indonesian Aksara Latin lit Latin script consists of the 26 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet 1 It is the more common of the two alphabets used today to write the Malay language the other being Jawi a modified Arabic script The Latin Malay alphabet is the official Malay script in Indonesia as Indonesian Malaysia also called Malaysian and Singapore while it is co official with Jawi in Brunei Historically various scripts such as Pallava Kawi and Rencong or Surat Ulu were used to write Old Malay until they were replaced by Jawi during Islamic missionary missions in the Malay Archipelago The arrival of European colonial powers brought the Latin alphabet to the Malay Archipelago As the Malay speaking countries were divided between two colonial administrations the Dutch and the British two major different spelling orthographies were developed in the Dutch East Indies and British Malaya respectively influenced by the orthographies of their respective colonial tongues citation needed The Van Ophuijsen Spelling System used in the Dutch East Indies and later Indonesia was based on the Dutch alphabet It was replaced by the simpler Republican Spelling System in 1947 In 1972 as part of the effort of harmonizing spelling differences between the two countries Indonesia and Malaysia each adopted a spelling reform plan called the Perfected Spelling System Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan in Indonesia and the New Rumi Spelling Ejaan Rumi Baharu 2 in Malaysia Although the representations of speech sounds are now largely identical in the Indonesian and Malay varieties a number of minor spelling differences remain 3 Contents 1 Letter names and pronunciations 1 1 Pre 1972 spelling system 1 1 1 Pre 1972 British Malaya and Borneo Brunei Malaysia and Singapore orthography 1 1 2 Pre 1972 Dutch East Indies Indonesia orthography 1 1 3 Comparison table 2 See also 3 References 4 External linksLetter names and pronunciations EditEnhanced Indonesian Spelling System Indonesian Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan abbreviated as EYD New Rumi Spelling Malay Ejaan Rumi Baharu Indonesian Malay Latin alphabet Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26Upper case A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y ZLower case a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y zThe Malay alphabet has a phonemic orthography words are spelled the way they are pronounced with few exceptions like the distinctions between e and e where it is both written as E e The names of the letters however differ between Indonesia and rest of the Malay speaking countries while Malaysia Brunei and Singapore follow the letter names of the English alphabet Indonesia largely follows the letter names of the Dutch alphabet making its implementation more faithful to the actual phonemic values of each letter The letters otherwise represent the same sounds in all Malay speaking countries The letters F Q V X and Z are not used in spelling native Malay Indonesian words F and Z occur in loanwords from Arabic e g fatah conquest opening zaman era period time and from European languages e g faktor factor zoologi zoology V is used in loanwords from European languages e g valuta currency provinsi province The letter Q is very rare it is used for Arabic ﻕ in some loanwords particularly related to religion Qur an Al Qur an spelling these words with the apostrophe is recommended by the Indonesian Ministry of Religion the variants Quran and Alquran are deprecated Malaysia uses Quran Al Quran qari qariah male female Quran reader qanun law established by Muslim sovereigns or by Aceh autonomous provincial government also qanun instrument But many loanwords from Arabic words with ﻕ use k instead makam tomb mutlak absolute complete Some words are spelled with q in Malaysia but with k in Indonesia qasidah kasidah qasida European loanwords use the letter k instead of q kualiti Malaysian kualitas Indonesian quality frekuensi frequency The letter X is also very rare it is used at the beginning of loanwords e g xilofon xylophone but replaced by ks at the middle and at the end of loanwords taksi taxi lateks latex teks text some consonant clusters are regularly simplified at the end of loanwords st gt s nt gt n kt gt k Letter Name in IPA SoundIndonesia Malaysia Brunei and Singapore IPA English equivalentMalaysia Brunei Singapore IndonesiaAa a a e e a a as in father e a a as in sofaBb be be bi bi b b as in bedCc ce t ʃe si si t ʃ ch as in checkDd de de di di d d as in dayEe e e i i e e as in tolerant e e as in hey e ɪ e as in packet ɛ e as in getFf ef ef ef ef f f as in effortGg ge ge ji d ʒi ɡ g as in gainHh ha ha hec het ʃ heʃ h h as in harmIi i i ay aj i i as in machine but shorter e ɪ i as in iglooJj je d ʒe je d ʒe d ʒ j as in jamKk ka ka ke ke k unaspirated k as in skateLl el el el el l l as in letMm em em em em m m as in mallNn en en en en n n as in netOo o o o o o o as in owe o ʊ ɔ o as in bought but shorterPp pe pe pi pi p unaspirated p as in speakQq ki ki kiu kiu or kju q k q as in QatarRr er er ar ar or a r Spanish rr as in puerroSs es es es es s s as in sunTt te te ti ti t unaspirated t as in stillUu u u yu ju u u as in rule but shorter o ʊ oo as in footVv ve ve or fe vi vi v f v as in vanWw we we dabel yu dabelˈju w w as in wetXx eks eks eks eks ks x as in box z s x as in xenonYy ye je way wai j y as in yarnZz zet zet zed zed z z as in zebra Many vowels are pronounced and were formerly spelt differently in Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra where Malay is native tujuh is pronounced and was spelt tujoh rambut as rambot kain as kaen pilih as pileh etc e and o are also allophones of i and u in closed final syllables in peninsular Malaysian and Sumatran Many vowels were pronounced and formerly spelt differently that way also in East Malaysia Brunei and Indonesia In addition there are digraphs that are not considered separate letters of the alphabet 4 Digraph SoundIPA NotesMalaysia Brunei and Singapore Indonesiaai ai uy as in buy ui au au ou as in ouch ou ei ei ei as in surveyoi oi ʊi oy as in boygh ɣ x similar to Dutch and German ch but voicedkh x ch as in lochng ŋ ng as in singny ɲ Spanish n similar to ny as in canyon with a nasal soundsy ʃ sh as in shoePre 1972 spelling system Edit Pre 1972 British Malaya and Borneo Brunei Malaysia and Singapore orthography Edit Main article Za aba Spelling Malaysia Brunei and Singapore 1927 Za aba Spelling system Upper case A Ă B C D E Ĕ F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y ZLower case a ă b c d e ĕ f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y zPre 1972 Dutch East Indies Indonesia orthography Edit Indonesia 1901 Van Ophuijsen Spelling System and 1947 Soewandi Spelling System Upper case A B C D E E pre 1947 F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T Oe 1901 U 1947 V W X Y ZLower case a b c d e e pre 1947 f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t oe 1901 u 1947 v w x y zComparison table Edit Sound Letter s Post 1972 replacement1927 Za aba Malaysia Brunei Singapore 1901 Van Ophuijsen 1947 Soewandi Indonesia Malaysia Brunei Singapore Indonesia t ʃ ch a tj c d dh d z z dz d z e ă ĕ e e pre 1947 e e e e e ɛ e e ɪ e e i monophthong i i d ʒ dj j x ch b kh ɲ nj ny s th s ʃ sh sj sy u oe u j j y The ch digraph was used for a different purpose in Indonesia The ch digraph was used for a different purpose in Malaysia Brunei and SingaporeSee also EditJawi alphabet Congress Spelling System Javanese orthographyReferences Edit Before a spelling reform in 1972 Indonesia would disambiguate e as e and e as e and Malaysia e as e and e as ĕ The spelling reform removed the diacritics leaving plain e to represent both e and e Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu 2014 Ejaan Rumi Baharu Bahasa Malaysia retrieved 2014 10 04 Nomoto Hiroki Yamashita Nahoko Osaka Ayano 2014 Senarai komprehensif perbezaan ejaan Malaysia dan ejaan Indonesia PDF Journal of the Institute of Language Research in Malay 19 21 31 doi 10 15026 81116 hdl 10108 81116 Malay Bahasa Melayu بهاس ملايو www omniglot com External links EditMalay alphabet Omniglot Coba coba Cuba cuba Indonesian amp Malay Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia PUEBI Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Melayu Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Malay orthography amp oldid 1149651207, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
