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Modern Greek phonology

January 06, 2023

For assistance with IPA transcriptions of Greek for Wikipedia articles, see Help:IPA/Greek.
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

This article deals with the phonology and phonetics of Standard Modern Greek. For phonological characteristics of other varieties, see varieties of Modern Greek, and for Cypriot, specifically, see Cypriot Greek § Phonology.

Consonants

Greek linguists do not agree on which consonants to count as phonemes in their own right, and which to count as conditional allophones. The table below is adapted from Arvaniti (2007, p. 7), who considers the palatals and both affricates, [t͡s] and [d͡z], to be allophonic.

Consonant phonemes
Labial Dental Alveolar Velar
Nasal /m/ μ /n/ ν
Plosive voiceless /p/ π /t/ τ /k/ κ
voiced /b/ μπ /d/ ντ /ɡ/ γκ
Fricative voiceless /f/ φ /θ/ θ /s/ σ, ς /x/ χ
voiced /v/ β /ð/ δ /z/ ζ /ɣ/ γ
Tap /ɾ/ ρ
Lateral /l/ λ
Examples for consonant phonemes[1]
πήρα /ˈpira/ 'I took'
μπύρα /ˈbira/ 'beer'
φάση /ˈfasi/ 'phase'
βάση /ˈvasi/ 'base'
μόνος /ˈmonos/ 'alone'
νόμος /ˈnomos/ 'law'
τείνω /ˈtino/ 'I tend'
ντύνω /ˈdino/ 'I dress'
θέμα /ˈθema/ 'topic'
δέμα /ˈðema/ 'parcel'
σώα /ˈsoa/ 'safe' (fem.)
ζώα /ˈzoa/ 'animals'
ρήμα /ˈrima/ 'verb'
λίμα /ˈlima/ 'nail file'
κόμμα /ˈkoma/ 'comma'
χώμα /ˈxoma/ 'soil'
γόμα /ˈɣoma/ 'eraser'
γκάμα /ˈɡama/ 'range'

The alveolar nasal /n/ is assimilated to following obstruents; it can be labiodental (e.g. αμφιβολία [aɱfivoˈlia] 'doubt'), dental (e.g. άνθος [ˈan̪θos] 'flower'), retracted alveolar (e.g. πένσα [ˈpen̠sa] 'pliers'), alveolo-palatal (e.g. συγχύζω [siɲˈçizo] 'to annoy'), or velar (e.g. άγχος [ˈaŋхos] 'stress').[2]

Voiceless stops are unaspirated and with a very short voice onset time.[1] They may be lightly voiced in rapid speech, especially when intervocalic.[3] /t/'s exact place of articulation ranges from alveolar to denti-alveolar, to dental.[4] It may be fricated [θ̠ ~ θ] in rapid speech, and very rarely, in function words, it is deleted.[5] /p/ and /k/ are reduced to lesser degrees in rapid speech.[5]

Voiced stops are prenasalised (which is reflected in the orthography) to varying extents, and sometimes not at all.[6] The nasal component—when present—does not increase the duration of the stop's closure; as such, prenasalised voiced stops would be most accurately transcribed [ᵐb ⁿd ᵑɡ] or [m͡b, n͡d, ŋ͡ɡ], depending on the length of the nasal component.[6] Word-initially and after /r/ or /l/, they are very rarely, if ever, prenasalised.[1][4] In rapid and casual speech, prenasalisation is generally rarer, and voiced stops may be lenited to fricatives.[4] This also accounts for Greeks having trouble disambiguating voiced stops, nasalised voiced stops, and nasalised voiceless stops in borrowings and names from foreign languages; for example, d, nd, and nt, which are all written ντ in Greek.

/s/ and /z/ are somewhat retracted ([s̠, z̠]); they are produced in between English alveolars /s, z/ and postalveolars /ʃ, ʒ/. /s/ is variably fronted or further retracted depending on environment, and, in some cases, it may be better described as an advanced postalveolar ([ʃ˖]).[7]

The only Greek rhotic /r/ is prototypically an alveolar tap [ɾ], often retracted ([ɾ̠]). It may be an alveolar approximant [ɹ] intervocalically, and is usually a trill [r] in clusters, with two or three short cycles.[8]

Greek has palatals [c, ɟ, ç, ʝ] which are allophones of the velar consonants /k, ɡ, x, ɣ/ before the front vowels /e, i/. The velars also merge with a following nonsyllabic /i/ to the corresponding palatal before the vowels /a, o, u/, e.g. χιόνι [ˈçoni] (= /ˈxi̯oni/) 'snow', thus producing a surface contrast between palatal and velar consonants before /a, o, u/.[9] [ʎ] and [ɲ] occur as allophones of /l/ and /n/, respectively, in CJV (consonant–glide–vowel) clusters, in analyses that posit an archiphoneme-like glide /J/ that contrasts with the vowel /i/.[10] All palatals may be analysed in the same way. The palatal stops and fricatives are somewhat retracted, and [ʎ] and [ɲ] are somewhat fronted. [ʎ] is best described as a postalveolar, and [ɲ] as alveolo-palatal.[11]

Finally, Greek has two phonetically affricate clusters, [t͡s] and [d͡z].[12] Arvaniti (2007) is reluctant to treat these as phonemes on the grounds of inconclusive research into their phonological behaviour.[13]

The table below, adapted from Arvaniti (2007, p. 25), displays a near-full array of consonant phones in Standard Modern Greek.

Sandhi

Some assimilatory processes mentioned above also occur across word boundaries. In particular, this goes for a number of grammatical words ending in /n/, most notably the negation particles δεν and μην and the accusative forms of the personal pronoun and definite article τον and την. If these words are followed by a voiceless stop, /n/ either assimilates for place of articulation to the stop, or is altogether deleted, and the stop becomes voiced. This results in pronunciations such as τον πατέρα [to(m)baˈtera] ('the father' ACC) or δεν πειράζει [ðe(m)biˈrazi] ('it doesn't matter'), instead of *[ton paˈtera] and *[ðen piˈrazi]. The precise extent of assimilation may vary according to dialect, speed and formality of speech.[14] This may be compared with pervasive sandhi phenomena in Celtic languages, particularly nasalisation in Irish and in certain dialects of Scottish Gaelic.

Vowels

 
The vowels of Standard Modern Greek on a vowel chart. Adapted from Arvaniti (2007, p. 28).

Greek has a system of five vowels /i, u, e, o, a/. The first two have qualities approaching their respective cardinal vowels [i, u], the mid vowels /e, o/ are true-mid [e̞, o̞] and the open /a/ is near-open central [ɐ].[15]

There is no phonemic length distinction, but vowels in stressed syllables are pronounced somewhat longer [iˑ, uˑ, eˑ, oˑ, aˑ] than in unstressed syllables. Furthermore, vowels in stressed syllables are more peripheral, but the difference is not large. In casual speech, unstressed /i/ and /u/ in the vicinity of voiceless consonants may become devoiced or even elided.[16]

Examples for vowel phonemes[17]
πας /pas/ 'you go' subj.
πες /pes/ 'say' imper.
πεις /pis/ 'you say' subj.
πως /pos/ 'that' conj.
πού /pu/ 'where'

Modern Greek retains the fricativization that has existed in many varieties of Greek since at least the first century BCE.[18] The phonetic values of ⟨αυ⟩, ⟨ευ⟩ and ⟨ηυ⟩ are /av/, /ev/ and /iv/ when they appear before a voiced consonant or a vowel and /af/, /ef/ and /if/ otherwise (before voiceless consonants).[19][18]

Stress

Unlike Ancient Greek, which had a pitch accent system, Modern Greek has variable (phonologically unpredictable) stress. Every multisyllabic word carries stress on one of its three final syllables. Enclitics form a single phonological word together with the host word to which they attach, and count towards the three-syllable rule too. In these cases, primary stress shifts to the second-to-last syllable (e.g. αυτοκίνητό μου [aftoˌciniˈto mu] 'my car'). Phonetically, stressed syllables are longer, or carry higher amplitude, or both.[20]

The position of the stress can vary between different inflectional forms of the same word within its inflectional paradigm. In some paradigms, the stress is always on the third last syllable, shifting its position in those forms that have longer affixes (e.g. κάλεσα 'I called' vs. καλέσαμε 'we called'; πρόβλημα 'problem' vs. προβλήματα 'problems'). In some word classes, stress position also preserves an older pattern inherited from Ancient Greek, according to which a word could not be accented on the third-from-last syllable if the last syllable was long, e.g. άνθρωπος ('man', nom. sg., last syllable short), but ανθρώπων ('of men', gen. pl., last syllable long). However, in Modern Greek this rule is no longer automatic and does not apply to all words (e.g. καλόγερος 'monk', καλόγερων 'of monks'), as the phonological length distinction itself no longer exists.[21]

Sample

This sample text, the first sentence of Aesop's fable "The North Wind and the Sun" in Greek, and the accompanying transcription, are adapted from Arvaniti (1999, pp. 5–6).

Orthographic version

Ο βοριάς κι ο ήλιος μάλωναν για το ποιος απ’ τους δυο είναι ο δυνατότερος, όταν έτυχε να περάσει από μπροστά τους ένας ταξιδιώτης που φορούσε κάπα.

Further information: Greek orthography

Transcription

[o voˈɾʝas ˈco̯iʎoz ˈmalonan | ʝa to ˈpços aptuz ˈðʝo ˈineo̯ ðinaˈtoteɾos | ˈota ˈnetiçe napeˈɾasi apo broˈstatus | ˈenas taksiˈðʝotis pu̥ foˈɾuse ˈkapa]

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Arvaniti 1999, p. 2.
  2. ^ Arvaniti 2007, pp. 14–15.
  3. ^ Arvaniti 2007, p. 7.
  4. ^ a b c Arvaniti 2007, p. 10.
  5. ^ a b Arvaniti 2007, p. 11.
  6. ^ a b Arvaniti 2007, p. 9.
  7. ^ Arvaniti 2007, p. 12.
  8. ^ Arvaniti 2007, p. 15.
  9. ^ Arvaniti 2007, p. 19.
  10. ^ Baltazani & Topinzi 2013, p. 23.
  11. ^ Arvaniti 2007, p. 19–20.
  12. ^ Arvaniti 2007, pp. 20, 23.
  13. ^ Arvaniti 2007, p. 24.
  14. ^ Joseph & Philippaki-Warburton 1987, p. 246.
  15. ^ Arvaniti 2007, pp. 25, 28.
  16. ^ Arvaniti 1999, pp. 3, 5.
  17. ^ Arvaniti 1999, p. 3.
  18. ^ a b Zachariou 2020, p. 25.
  19. ^ Holton 2004, pp. 1–2.
  20. ^ Arvaniti 1999, p. 5.
  21. ^ Holton, Mackridge & Philippaki-Warburton 1998, pp. 25–27, 53–54.

References

  • Arvaniti, Amalia (1999). (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 29 (2): 167–172. doi:10.1017/s0025100300006538. S2CID 145606058. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03.
  • Arvaniti, Amalia (2007). (PDF). Journal of Greek Linguistics. 8: 97–208. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.692.1365. doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-11.
  • Baltazani, Mary; Topinzi, Nina (2013). (PDF). Selected Papers of the 20th International Symposium of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics. Versita. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03.
  • Holton, David (2004). Greek: an essential grammar of the modern language. Peter Mackridge, Irene Philippaki-Warburton. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-203-64521-9. OCLC 63791905.
  • Holton, David; Mackridge, Peter; Philippaki-Warburton, Irini (1998). Grammatiki tis ellinikis glossas. Athens: Pataki.
  • Joseph, Brian; Philippaki-Warburton, Irene (1987). Modern Greek. Beckenham: Croom Helm.
  • Zachariou, Philemon (2020-06-08). Reading and Pronouncing Biblical Greek: Historical Pronunciation versus Erasmian. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978-1-7252-5448-0.

Further reading

  • Adaktylos, Anna-Maria (2007). (PDF). In Tsoulas, George (ed.). Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Greek Linguistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-15.
  • Arvaniti, Amalia; Ladd, D. Robbert (2009). (PDF). Phonology. 26: 43–74. doi:10.1017/s0952675709001717. hdl:20.500.11820/1a20a4b7-4e70-40c7-8e03-5a2b19e30f30. S2CID 30810921. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03.
  • Baltazari, Mary (2007). "Prosodic Rhythm and the status of vowel reduction in Greek" (PDF). Selected Papers on Theoretical and Applied Linguistics from the 17th International Symposium on Theoretical & Applied Linguistics. Vol. 1. Thessaloniki: Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics. pp. 31–43.
  • Joseph, Brian D.; Tserdanelis, Georgios (2003). (PDF). In Roelcke, Thorsten (ed.). Variationstypologie. Ein sprachtypologisches Handbuch der europäischen Sprachen in Geschichte und Gegenwart / Variation Typology. A Typological Handbook of European Languages. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 823–836. ISBN 9783110202021. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-03-02.
  • Kong, Eunjong; Beckman, Mary; Edwards, Jan (6–10 August 2007). "Fine-grained phonetics and acquisition of Greek voiced stops" (PDF). Proceedings of the XVIth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences.
  • Mennen, Ineke; Olakidou, Areti (2006). Acquisition of Greek phonology: an overview. QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers (WP-11).
  • Nicolaidis, Katerina; Edwards, Jan; Beckman, Mary; Tserdanelis, Georgios (18–21 September 2003). (PDF). Proceedings of the 6th International Conference of Greek Linguistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 May 2009.
  • Trudgill, Peter (2009). "Greek Dialect Vowel Systems, Vowel Dispersion Theory, and Sociolinguistic Typology". Journal of Greek Linguistics. 9 (1): 80–97. doi:10.1163/156658409X12500896406041.

External links

  • About the Greek Language – Harry Foundalis
  • Segmentals and suprasegmentals in Modern Greek with pronunciation

January 06, 2023
modern, greek, phonology, assistance, with, transcriptions, greek, wikipedia, articles, help, greek, this, article, contains, phonetic, transcriptions, international, phonetic, alphabet, introductory, guide, symbols, help, distinction, between, brackets, trans. For assistance with IPA transcriptions of Greek for Wikipedia articles see Help IPA Greek This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet IPA For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA For the distinction between and see IPA Brackets and transcription delimiters This article deals with the phonology and phonetics of Standard Modern Greek For phonological characteristics of other varieties see varieties of Modern Greek and for Cypriot specifically see Cypriot Greek Phonology Contents 1 Consonants 1 1 Sandhi 2 Vowels 3 Stress 4 Sample 4 1 Orthographic version 4 2 Transcription 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksConsonants EditGreek linguists do not agree on which consonants to count as phonemes in their own right and which to count as conditional allophones The table below is adapted from Arvaniti 2007 p 7 who considers the palatals and both affricates t s and d z to be allophonic Consonant phonemes Labial Dental Alveolar VelarNasal m m n nPlosive voiceless p p t t k kvoiced b mp d nt ɡ gkFricative voiceless f f 8 8 s s s x xvoiced v b d d z z ɣ gTap ɾ rLateral l lExamples for consonant phonemes 1 phra ˈpira I took mpyra ˈbira beer fash ˈfasi phase bash ˈvasi base monos ˈmonos alone nomos ˈnomos law teinw ˈtino I tend ntynw ˈdino I dress 8ema ˈ8ema topic dema ˈdema parcel swa ˈsoa safe fem zwa ˈzoa animals rhma ˈrima verb lima ˈlima nail file komma ˈkoma comma xwma ˈxoma soil goma ˈɣoma eraser gkama ˈɡama range The alveolar nasal n is assimilated to following obstruents it can be labiodental e g amfibolia aɱfivoˈlia doubt dental e g an8os ˈan 8os flower retracted alveolar e g pensa ˈpen sa pliers alveolo palatal e g sygxyzw siɲˈcizo to annoy or velar e g agxos ˈaŋhos stress 2 Voiceless stops are unaspirated and with a very short voice onset time 1 They may be lightly voiced in rapid speech especially when intervocalic 3 t s exact place of articulation ranges from alveolar to denti alveolar to dental 4 It may be fricated 8 8 in rapid speech and very rarely in function words it is deleted 5 p and k are reduced to lesser degrees in rapid speech 5 Voiced stops are prenasalised which is reflected in the orthography to varying extents and sometimes not at all 6 The nasal component when present does not increase the duration of the stop s closure as such prenasalised voiced stops would be most accurately transcribed ᵐb ⁿd ᵑɡ or m b n d ŋ ɡ depending on the length of the nasal component 6 Word initially and after r or l they are very rarely if ever prenasalised 1 4 In rapid and casual speech prenasalisation is generally rarer and voiced stops may be lenited to fricatives 4 This also accounts for Greeks having trouble disambiguating voiced stops nasalised voiced stops and nasalised voiceless stops in borrowings and names from foreign languages for example d nd and nt which are all written nt in Greek s and z are somewhat retracted s z they are produced in between English alveolars s z and postalveolars ʃ ʒ s is variably fronted or further retracted depending on environment and in some cases it may be better described as an advanced postalveolar ʃ 7 The only Greek rhotic r is prototypically an alveolar tap ɾ often retracted ɾ It may be an alveolar approximant ɹ intervocalically and is usually a trill r in clusters with two or three short cycles 8 Greek has palatals c ɟ c ʝ which are allophones of the velar consonants k ɡ x ɣ before the front vowels e i The velars also merge with a following nonsyllabic i to the corresponding palatal before the vowels a o u e g xioni ˈconi ˈxi oni snow thus producing a surface contrast between palatal and velar consonants before a o u 9 ʎ and ɲ occur as allophones of l and n respectively in CJV consonant glide vowel clusters in analyses that posit an archiphoneme like glide J that contrasts with the vowel i 10 All palatals may be analysed in the same way The palatal stops and fricatives are somewhat retracted and ʎ and ɲ are somewhat fronted ʎ is best described as a postalveolar and ɲ as alveolo palatal 11 Finally Greek has two phonetically affricate clusters t s and d z 12 Arvaniti 2007 is reluctant to treat these as phonemes on the grounds of inconclusive research into their phonological behaviour 13 The table below adapted from Arvaniti 2007 p 25 displays a near full array of consonant phones in Standard Modern Greek Consonant phones Bilabial Labio dental Dental Alveolar Retractedalveolar Post alveolar Alveolo palatal Retractedpalatal VelarNasal m ɱ n n n ɲ ŋStop p b t d c ɟ k ɡAffricate t s d zFricative f v 8 d s z c ʝ x ɣApproximant ɹ Flap or tap ɾ Trill r Lateral l ʎSandhi Edit Some assimilatory processes mentioned above also occur across word boundaries In particular this goes for a number of grammatical words ending in n most notably the negation particles den and mhn and the accusative forms of the personal pronoun and definite article ton and thn If these words are followed by a voiceless stop n either assimilates for place of articulation to the stop or is altogether deleted and the stop becomes voiced This results in pronunciations such as ton patera to m baˈtera the father ACC or den peirazei de m biˈrazi it doesn t matter instead of ton paˈtera and den piˈrazi The precise extent of assimilation may vary according to dialect speed and formality of speech 14 This may be compared with pervasive sandhi phenomena in Celtic languages particularly nasalisation in Irish and in certain dialects of Scottish Gaelic Vowels Edit The vowels of Standard Modern Greek on a vowel chart Adapted from Arvaniti 2007 p 28 Greek has a system of five vowels i u e o a The first two have qualities approaching their respective cardinal vowels i u the mid vowels e o are true mid e o and the open a is near open central ɐ 15 There is no phonemic length distinction but vowels in stressed syllables are pronounced somewhat longer iˑ uˑ eˑ oˑ aˑ than in unstressed syllables Furthermore vowels in stressed syllables are more peripheral but the difference is not large In casual speech unstressed i and u in the vicinity of voiceless consonants may become devoiced or even elided 16 Examples for vowel phonemes 17 pas pas you go subj pes pes say imper peis pis you say subj pws pos that conj poy pu where Modern Greek retains the fricativization that has existed in many varieties of Greek since at least the first century BCE 18 The phonetic values of ay ey and hy are av ev and iv when they appear before a voiced consonant or a vowel and af ef and if otherwise before voiceless consonants 19 18 Stress EditUnlike Ancient Greek which had a pitch accent system Modern Greek has variable phonologically unpredictable stress Every multisyllabic word carries stress on one of its three final syllables Enclitics form a single phonological word together with the host word to which they attach and count towards the three syllable rule too In these cases primary stress shifts to the second to last syllable e g aytokinhto moy aftoˌciniˈto mu my car Phonetically stressed syllables are longer or carry higher amplitude or both 20 The position of the stress can vary between different inflectional forms of the same word within its inflectional paradigm In some paradigms the stress is always on the third last syllable shifting its position in those forms that have longer affixes e g kalesa I called vs kalesame we called problhma problem vs problhmata problems In some word classes stress position also preserves an older pattern inherited from Ancient Greek according to which a word could not be accented on the third from last syllable if the last syllable was long e g an8rwpos man nom sg last syllable short but an8rwpwn of men gen pl last syllable long However in Modern Greek this rule is no longer automatic and does not apply to all words e g kalogeros monk kalogerwn of monks as the phonological length distinction itself no longer exists 21 Sample EditThis sample text the first sentence of Aesop s fable The North Wind and the Sun in Greek and the accompanying transcription are adapted from Arvaniti 1999 pp 5 6 Orthographic version Edit O borias ki o hlios malwnan gia to poios ap toys dyo einai o dynatoteros otan etyxe na perasei apo mprosta toys enas ta3idiwths poy foroyse kapa Further information Greek orthography Transcription Edit o voˈɾʝas ˈco iʎoz ˈmalonan ʝa to ˈpcos aptuz ˈdʝo ˈineo dinaˈtoteɾos ˈota ˈnetice napeˈɾasi apo broˈstatus ˈenas taksiˈdʝotis pu foˈɾuse ˈkapa Notes Edit a b c Arvaniti 1999 p 2 Arvaniti 2007 pp 14 15 Arvaniti 2007 p 7 a b c Arvaniti 2007 p 10 a b Arvaniti 2007 p 11 a b Arvaniti 2007 p 9 Arvaniti 2007 p 12 Arvaniti 2007 p 15 Arvaniti 2007 p 19 Baltazani amp Topinzi 2013 p 23 Arvaniti 2007 p 19 20 Arvaniti 2007 pp 20 23 Arvaniti 2007 p 24 Joseph amp Philippaki Warburton 1987 p 246 Arvaniti 2007 pp 25 28 Arvaniti 1999 pp 3 5 Arvaniti 1999 p 3 a b Zachariou 2020 p 25 Holton 2004 pp 1 2 Arvaniti 1999 p 5 Holton Mackridge amp Philippaki Warburton 1998 pp 25 27 53 54 References EditArvaniti Amalia 1999 Illustrations of the IPA Modern Greek PDF Journal of the International Phonetic Association 29 2 167 172 doi 10 1017 s0025100300006538 S2CID 145606058 Archived from the original PDF on 2016 03 03 Arvaniti Amalia 2007 Greek Phonetics The State of the Art PDF Journal of Greek Linguistics 8 97 208 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 692 1365 doi 10 1075 jgl 8 08arv Archived from the original PDF on 2013 12 11 Baltazani Mary Topinzi Nina 2013 Where the glide meets the palatals PDF Selected Papers of the 20th International Symposium of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics Versita Archived from the original PDF on 2016 03 03 Holton David 2004 Greek an essential grammar of the modern language Peter Mackridge Irene Philippaki Warburton London Routledge ISBN 0 203 64521 9 OCLC 63791905 Holton David Mackridge Peter Philippaki Warburton Irini 1998 Grammatiki tis ellinikis glossas Athens Pataki Joseph Brian Philippaki Warburton Irene 1987 Modern Greek Beckenham Croom Helm Zachariou Philemon 2020 06 08 Reading and Pronouncing Biblical Greek Historical Pronunciation versus Erasmian Wipf and Stock Publishers ISBN 978 1 7252 5448 0 Further reading EditAdaktylos Anna Maria 2007 The accent of Ancient and Modern Greek from a typological perspective PDF In Tsoulas George ed Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Greek Linguistics Archived from the original PDF on 2013 05 15 Arvaniti Amalia Ladd D Robbert 2009 Greek wh questions and the phonology of intonation PDF Phonology 26 43 74 doi 10 1017 s0952675709001717 hdl 20 500 11820 1a20a4b7 4e70 40c7 8e03 5a2b19e30f30 S2CID 30810921 Archived from the original PDF on 2016 03 03 Baltazari Mary 2007 Prosodic Rhythm and the status of vowel reduction in Greek PDF Selected Papers on Theoretical and Applied Linguistics from the 17th International Symposium on Theoretical amp Applied Linguistics Vol 1 Thessaloniki Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics pp 31 43 Joseph Brian D Tserdanelis Georgios 2003 Modern Greek PDF In Roelcke Thorsten ed Variationstypologie Ein sprachtypologisches Handbuch der europaischen Sprachen in Geschichte und Gegenwart Variation Typology A Typological Handbook of European Languages Walter de Gruyter pp 823 836 ISBN 9783110202021 Archived from the original PDF on 2007 03 02 Kong Eunjong Beckman Mary Edwards Jan 6 10 August 2007 Fine grained phonetics and acquisition of Greek voiced stops PDF Proceedings of the XVIth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences Mennen Ineke Olakidou Areti 2006 Acquisition of Greek phonology an overview QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers WP 11 Nicolaidis Katerina Edwards Jan Beckman Mary Tserdanelis Georgios 18 21 September 2003 Acquisition of lingual obstruents in Greek PDF Proceedings of the 6th International Conference of Greek Linguistics Archived from the original PDF on 9 May 2009 Trudgill Peter 2009 Greek Dialect Vowel Systems Vowel Dispersion Theory and Sociolinguistic Typology Journal of Greek Linguistics 9 1 80 97 doi 10 1163 156658409X12500896406041 External links EditAbout the Greek Language Harry Foundalis Segmentals and suprasegmentals in Modern Greek with pronunciation Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Modern Greek phonology amp oldid 1118929599, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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