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Nepali language

Nepali (English: /nɪˈpɔːli/;[3] Devanagari: नेपाली, [ˈnepali]) is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Himalayas region of South Asia. It is the official, and most widely spoken, language of Nepal, where it also serves as a lingua franca. Nepali has official status in the Indian state of Sikkim and in the Gorkhaland Territorial Administration of West Bengal. It is spoken by about a quarter of Bhutan's population. Nepali also has a significant number of speakers in the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Uttarakhand.[4] In Myanmar it is spoken by the Burmese Gurkhas. The Nepali diaspora in the Middle East, Brunei, Australia and worldwide also use the language.[5] Nepali is spoken by approximately 16 million native speakers and another 9 million as a second language.

Nepali
नेपाली
The word "Nepali" written in Devanagari script
Pronunciation[ˈnepali]
Native toNepal
Bhutan
India
RegionHimalayas[a][1]
EthnicityKhas
Native speakers
16 million (2011 census)[2]
L2 speakers 9 million (2011 census)[2]
Early forms
Devanagari
Devanagari Braille
Signed Nepali
Official status
Official language in
   Nepal
 India[b]

 Sikkim[c]

 West Bengal[d]
Regulated byNepal Academy
Language codes
ISO 639-1ne
ISO 639-2nep
ISO 639-3nep – inclusive code
Individual code:
npi – Nepali
Glottolognepa1254
nepa1252  duplicate code
Linguasphere59-AAF-d
Map showing distribution of Nepali speakers in South Asia. Dark red is areas with a Nepali-speaking majority or plurality, light red is where Nepali speakers are more than 20% of the population
A Nepali speaker, recorded in Myanmar.

Nepali is commonly classified within the Eastern Pahari group of the Northern zone of Indo-Aryan. The language originated from the Sinja Valley, Karnali Province then the capital city of the Khasa Kingdom around the 10th and 14th centuries. It developed proximity to a number of Indo-Aryan languages, most significantly to other Pahari languages. Nepali was originally spoken by the Khas people, an Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic group native to the Himalayan region of South Asia. The earliest inscription in the Nepali language is believed to be an inscription in Dullu, Dailekh District which was written around the reign of King Bhupal Damupal around the year 981. The institutionalisation of the Nepali language arose during the rule of the Kingdom of Gorkha (later became known as the Kingdom of Nepal) in the 16th century. Over the centuries, different dialects of the Nepali language with distinct influences from Sanskrit, Maithili, Hindi, and Bengali are believed to have emerged across different regions of the current-day Nepal and Uttarakhand, making Nepali the lingua franca.

Nepali is a highly fusional language with relatively free word order, although the dominant arrangement is subject–object–verb word order (SOV). There are three major levels or gradations of honorific: low, medium and high. Low honorific is used where no respect is due, medium honorific is used to signify equal status or neutrality, and high honorific signifies respect. Like all modern Indo-Aryan languages, Nepali grammar has syncretized heavily, losing much of the complex declensional system present in the older languages. Nepali developed significant literature within a short period of a hundred years in the 19th century. Around 1830, several Nepali poets wrote on themes from the Sanskrit epics Ramayana and the Bhagavata Purana, which was followed by Bhanubhakta Acharya translating the Ramayana in Nepali which received "great popularity for the colloquial flavour of its language, its religious sincerity, and its realistic natural descriptions".[6]

Etymology

The initial name of Nepali language was Khas Kura. An archaic dialect of the language is spoken in Karnali.[7] During the Shah dynasty the language was also referred to as Gorakhā bhāṣā (Nepali: गोरखा भाषा), meaning language of the Gorkhas.[8][9][10][11][12] Gorkha Bhasa Prakashini Samiti (Gorkha Language Publishing Committee), a government institution established in 1913 (B.S. 1970) for advancement of Gorkha Bhasa, renamed itself as Nepali Bhasa Prakashini Samiti (Nepali Language Publishing Committee) in 1933 (B.S. 1990), and is currently known as Sajha Prakashan.[12] The language is also called Parvate Kurā (Nepali: पर्वते कुरा), which literally means talks of the hills.[9][13][14][15][16] The name Pāṣyā Bolī (Nepali: पाष्या बोली) was also briefly used during the regime of Jung Bahadur Rana.[17] The Tibetan nationalities refer to the language as Khasa Bhāṣā.[18][19][20][21] Nepali language is known as Khae Bhāe (Nepal Bhasa: 𑐏𑐫𑑂 𑐨𑐵𑐫𑑂‎, खय् भाय्) in the Newar community,[22] Jyārdī Gyoī (Tamang: ज्यार्दी ग्योई) or Jyārtī Gyot (Tamang: ज्यार्ती ग्योत्) in the Tamang community,[23][24] Khasanta (Chepang: खस्‌अन्‍त) in the Chepang community,[25] Roṅakeka (Lhowa: रोङकेक) in the Lhowa community[26] and Khase Puka (Dungmali: खसे पुक) in Dungmali community.[19] In Bhutan, the language is known as Lhotshamkha in Dzongkha.[27]

History

Early Nepali

 
Copper Inscription by King of Doti, Raika Mandhata Shahi, at Saka Era 1612 (1747 BS) in old Khas language using Devanagari script

The earliest evidence and inscriptions of dialects related to the Nepali language support the theory of a linguistic intrusion from the West or Northwest Himalayas into the Central Himalayas in the present-day regions of Western Nepal during the rule of Khasas, an Indo-Aryan speaking group, who migrated from the northwest.[28] The oldest discovered inscription in the Nepali language is believed to be the Dullu Inscription, believed to have been written around the reign of King Bhupal Damupal around the year 981. Changes of phonological patterns indicate that Nepali is related to other Northwest Indian languages, including Sindhi, Punjabi, and Lahnda. Comparative reconstructions based on vocabulary have substantiated the relations of the Nepali language to proto-Dardic, Pahari, Sindhi, Lahnda, and Punjabi.[29] Archaeological and historical investigations show that modern Nepali descends from the language spoken by the ancient Khasha people. There is some mention of the word khasha in Sanskrit legal, historical, and literary texts like Manusmriti (circa 100 CE), Puranas (350–1500), and the Rajatarangini (1148).[29] The Khashas are documented to have ruled over a vast territory comprising what is now western Nepal, parts of Garhwal and Kumaon in northern India, and some parts of southwestern Tibet. King Ashoka Challa (1255–1278) is believed to have proclaimed himself Khasha-Rajadhiraja (emperor of the Khashas) in a copper-plate inscription found in Bodh Gaya, and several other copper plates in ancient Nepali have been traced back to the king's descendants.[29]

Middle Nepali

The Ashoka Challa inscription of 1255 is the earliest example of modern Nepali. The languages of these early inscriptions are considered to be a dialect of Jumla and West Nepal, rather than a predecessor of the dialect of Gorkha, which became the modern Nepali language.[30]

The earliest example of modern Nepali is the literary manuscript Svastanivratakatha, dated 1648. Other such early literary texts in modern Nepali are the anonymous version of the "Khandakhadya" (dated 1649), the "Bajapariksha" (1700) and "Jvarotpatticikitsa" written by Banivilas Jytoirvid (1773) and "Prayascittapradipa" written by Premnidhi Pant (1780).[30] The 1670 Rani Pokhari inscription of King Pratap Malla, another early example of modern Nepali, indicates the significant increment of Nepali speakers in Kathmandu valley.[30] The currently popular variant of Nepali is believed to have originated around 500 years ago with the mass migration of a branch of Khas people from the Karnali-Bheri-Seti eastward to settle in lower valleys of the Karnali and the Gandaki basin that were well-suited to rice cultivation. Over the centuries, different dialects of the Nepali language with distinct influences from Sanskrit, Maithili, Hindi, and Bengali are believed to have emerged across different regions of the current-day Nepal and Uttarakhand, making Khasa the lingua franca.

The institutionalisation of the Nepali language is believed to have started with the Shah kings of Gorkha Kingdom, in the modern day Gorkha District of Nepal. In 1559, a prince of Lamjung, Dravya Shah established himself on the throne of Gorkha with the help of local Khas and Magars. He raised an army of Khas people under the command of Bhagirath Panta. Later, in the late 18th century, his descendant, Prithvi Narayan Shah, raised and modernized an army of Chhetri, Thakuri, Magars, Gurung people, and others and set out to conquer and consolidate dozens of small principalities in the Himalayas. Since Gorkha had replaced the original Khas homeland, Khaskura was redubbed Gorkhali "language of the Gorkhas".[31]

Modern Nepali

One of the most notable military achievements of Prithvi Narayan Shah was the conquest of Kathmandu Valley, a region called Nepal at the time. After the overthrowing of the Malla rulers, Kathmandu was established as Prithvi Narayan's new capital. The Khas people originally referred to their language as Khas kurā ("Khas speech"), which was also known as Parbatiya (or Parbattia or Paharia, meaning language of the hill country).[32][33] The Newar people used the term "Gorkhali" as a name for this language, as they identified it with the Gorkhali conquerors.[citation needed] The Gorkhalis themselves started using this term to refer to their language at a later stage.[34] The census of India prior to independence used the term Naipali at least from 1901 to 1951, the 1961 census replacing it with Nepali.[35][36]

Historically, Sanskrit has been a significant source of vocabulary for the Nepali language.[37] According to exclusive phonological evidences observed by lexicographer Sir Ralph Turner, Nepali language is closely related to Punjabi, Lahnda, Hindi and Kumaoni while it appears to share some distinguishing features with the other Indo-Aryan languages like Rajasthani, Gujarati and Bangla.[37] Ethnologist Brian Houghton Hodgson stated that the Khas or Parbattia language is an "Indian Prakrit" brought by colonies from south of the Nepalese hills, and the whole structure including the eighth-tenth portion of the vocabulary of it is "substantially Hindee" due to the influences and loanwords it shares with Arabic and Farsi.[38]

 
The Damupal Inscription in Dullu, Dailekh

Contemporary Nepali

Expansion – particularly to the north, west, and south – brought the growing state into conflict with the British and the Chinese. This led to wars that trimmed back the territory to an area roughly corresponding to Nepal's present borders. After the Gorkha conquests, the Kathmandu valley or Nepal became the new center of politics. As the entire conquered territory of the Gorkhas ultimately became Nepal, in the early decades of the 20th century, Gorkha language activists in India, especially Darjeeling and Varanasi, began petitioning Indian universities to adopt the name 'Nepali' for the language.[39] Also in an attempt to disassociate himself with his Khas background, the Rana monarch Jung Bahadur Rana decreed that the term Gorkhali be used instead of Khas kurā to describe the language. Meanwhile, the British Indian administrators had started using the term "Nepal" to refer to the Gorkha kingdom. In the 1930s, Nepal government also adopted this term fully.[40] Subsequently, the Khas language came to be known as "Nepali language".[1]

The earliest Nepali grammar to have survived was written by Veerendra Keshari Aryal entitled "Nepali Vyakaran" and it is dated around 1891 to 1905. The grammar is based on Panini model and it equates Nepali with Prakrit and labels it as "the mountain Prakrit".[41] However, later the official institution established in 1912 for formalizing Nepali language, the "Gorkha Bhasha Prakashini Samiti", accepted the 1920 grammar text entitled Candrika Gorkha Bhasha Vyakaran by Pandit Hemraj Pandey as the official grammar of the Nepali language.[41] Nepali is spoken indigenously over most of Nepal west of the Gandaki River, then progressively less further to the east.[42]

Official status

Nepal

Part 1 of the Nepali Constitution deals with the official language of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal.[43] Under Article 6, the official "language of the nation" will be "all languages spoken as the mother tongues in Nepal".[43] In Article 7, the official language of Nepal have been written, which includes Nepali in Devanagari script:[43]

  1. The Nepali language in the Devanagari script shall be the official language of Nepal.
  2. A Province may, by a provincial law, determine one or more than one languages of the nation spoken by a majority of people within the Province as its official language or languages, in addition to the Nepali language.
  3. Other matters relating to language shall be as decided by the Government of Nepal on recommendation of the Language Commission.

India

On August 31, 1992, the Parliament of India passed a bill to amend the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India to give Konkani, Manipuri, and Nepali as a languages with official status in India.[44] Nepali has official status in the Indian state of Sikkim and in the Gorkhaland Territorial Administration of West Bengal.[4] Nepali also has a significant number of speakers in the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Uttarakhand.[4]

Bhutan

Despite Nepali language being spoken by about a quarter of population in Bhutan,[45] it has no official status in Bhutan. The native speakers of Nepali are known as Lhotshampa ("southerners").[46] Many of Nepali-language speaking Bhutanese people were displaced by various laws enacted by the Bhutanese government.[47][48]

Geographical distribution

According to the 2011 national census, 44.6% of the population of Nepal speaks Nepali as its first language.[49] and 32.8% speak Nepali as a second language.[50] Ethnologue reports 12,300,000 speakers within Nepal (from the 2011 census).[50]

Nepali is traditionally spoken in the hilly regions of Nepal.[51] The language is prominently used by the government of Nepal and is the everyday language of the local population. The exclusive use of Nepali in the court system and by the government of Nepal, however, is being challenged. Gaining recognition for other languages of Nepal was one of the goals of the decades-long Maoist insurgency.[52]

In Bhutan, native Nepali speakers, known as Lhotshampa, are estimated at 35%[53] of the population. This number includes displaced Bhutanese refugees, with unofficial estimates of the ethnic Bhutanese refugee population as high as 30 to 40%, constituting a majority in the south (about 242,000 people).[54]

According to the 2011 Census of India, there were a total of 2,926,168 Nepali language speakers in India.[55]

Nepali is the third-most spoken language in the Australian territory of Tasmania, where it is spoken by 1.3% of its population,[56] and fifth-most spoken language in the Northern Territory, Australia, spoken by 1.3% of its population.[57]

Literature

 
Bhanubhakta Acharya, Aadi Kavi in Nepali-language literature

Nepali developed significant literature within a short period of a hundred years in the 19th century. This literary explosion was fuelled by Adhyatma Ramayana; Sundarananda Bara (1833); Birsikka, an anonymous collection of folk tales; and a version of the ancient Indian epic Ramayana by Bhanubhakta Acharya (d. 1868). The contribution of trio-laureates Lekhnath Paudyal, Laxmi Prasad Devkota, and Balkrishna Sama took Nepali to the level of other world languages. The contribution of expatriate writers outside Nepal, especially in Darjeeling and Varanasi in India, is also notable.

Dialects

Dialects of Nepali include Acchami, Baitadeli, Bajhangi, Bajurali, Bheri, Dadeldhuri, Dailekhi, Darchulali, Darchuli, Gandakeli, Humli, Purbeli, and Soradi.[50] These dialects can be distinct from Standard Nepali. Mutual intelligibility between Baitadeli, Bajhangi, Bajurali (Bajura), Humli, and Acchami is low.[50] The dialect of Nepali language spoken in Karnali Province is not mutually intelligible with Standard Nepali. The language is known with its old name as Khas Bhasa in Karnali.[7]

Phonology

Vowels and consonants are outlined in the tables below.

Vowels

Nepali vowel phonemes
Front Central Back
Close i ĩ u ũ
Close-mid e o
Open-mid ʌ ʌ̃
Open a ã

Nepali distinguishes six oral vowels and five nasal vowels. /o/ does not have a phonemic nasal counterpart, although it is often in free variation with [õ].

Nepali has ten diphthongs: /ui̯/, /iu̯/, /ei̯/, /eu̯/, /oi̯/, /ou̯/, /ʌi̯/, /ʌu̯/, /ai̯/, and /au̯/.

Consonants

Nepali consonant phonemes
Bilabial Dental Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m ⟨म⟩ n ⟨न/ञ⟩ (ɳ ⟨ण⟩) ŋ ⟨ङ⟩
Plosive/
Affricate
voiceless unaspirated p ⟨प⟩ t ⟨त⟩ t͡s ⟨च⟩ ʈ ⟨ट⟩ k ⟨क⟩
aspirated ⟨फ⟩ ⟨थ⟩ t͡sʰ ⟨छ⟩ ʈʰ ⟨ठ⟩ ⟨ख⟩
voiced unaspirated b ⟨ब⟩ d ⟨द⟩ d͡z ⟨ज⟩ ɖ ⟨ड⟩ ɡ ⟨ग⟩
aspirated ⟨भ⟩ ⟨ध⟩ d͡zʱ /झ⟩ ɖʱ ⟨ढ⟩ ɡʱ ⟨घ⟩
Fricative s ⟨श/ष/स⟩ ɦ ⟨ह⟩
Rhotic r ⟨र⟩
Approximant (w ⟨व⟩) l ⟨ल⟩ (j ⟨य⟩)

[j] and [w] are nonsyllabic allophones of [i] and [u], respectively. Every consonant except [j], [w], and /ɦ/ has a geminate counterpart between vowels. /ɳ/ and /ʃ/ also exist in some loanwords such as /baɳ/ बाण "arrow" and /nareʃ/ नरेश "king", but these sounds are sometimes replaced with native Nepali phonemes.

Final schwas may or may not be preserved in speech. The following rules can be followed to figure out whether or not Nepali words retain the final schwa.

  1. Schwa is retained if the final syllable is a conjunct consonant. अन्त (anta, 'end'), सम्बन्ध (sambandha, 'relation'), श्रेष्ठ (śreṣṭha, 'greatest'/a last name).
    Exceptions: conjuncts such as ञ्च ञ्ज in मञ्च (mañc, 'stage') गञ्ज (gañj, 'city') and occasionally the last name पन्त (panta/pant).
  2. For any verb form the final schwa is always retained unless the schwa-cancelling halanta is present. हुन्छ (huncha, 'it happens'), भएर (bhaera, 'in happening so; therefore'), गएछ(gaecha, 'he apparently went'), but छन् (chan, 'they are'), गईन् (gain, 'she went'). Meanings may change with the wrong orthography: गईन (gaina, 'she didn't go') vs गईन् (gain, 'she went').
  3. Adverbs, onomatopoeia and postpositions usually maintain the schwa and if they don't, halanta is acquired: अब (aba 'now'), तिर (tira, 'towards'), आज (āja, 'today') सिम्सिम (simsim 'drizzle') vs झन् (jhan, 'more').
  4. Few exceptional nouns retain the schwa such as: दुख(dukha, 'suffering'), सुख (sukha, 'pleasure').

Note: Schwas are often retained in music and poetry to facilitate singing and recitation.

Grammar

Nepali is a highly fusional language with relatively free word order, although the dominant arrangement is SOV (subject–object–verb). There are three major levels or gradations of honorifics: low, medium and high. Low honorific is used where no respect is due, medium honorific is used to signify equal status or neutrality, and high honorific signifies respect. There is also a separate highest level honorific, which was used to refer to members of the royal family, and by the royals among themselves.[58] Like all modern Indo-Aryan languages, Nepali grammar has syncretized heavily, losing much of the complex declensional system present in the older languages. Instead, it relies heavily on periphrasis, a marginal verbal feature of older Indo-Aryan languages.[59]

Writing system

Nepali is written in Devanagari script.

In the section below Nepali is represented in Latin transliteration using the IAST scheme and IPA. The chief features are: subscript dots for retroflex consonants; macrons for etymologically, contrastively long vowels; h denoting aspirated plosives. Tildes denote nasalised vowels.

Consonants

  /kʌ/   /kʰʌ/   /ɡʌ/   /ɡʱʌ/   /ŋʌ/
  /t͡sʌ/   /t͡sʰʌ/   /d͡zʌ/  /  /d͡zʱʌ/   /nʌ/
  /ʈʌ/   /ʈʰʌ/   /ɖʌ/   /ɖʱʌ/   /ɳʌ/
  /tʌ/   /tʰʌ/   /dʌ/   /dʱʌ/   /nʌ/
  /pʌ/   /pʰʌ/   /bʌ/   /bʱʌ/   /mʌ/
  /jʌ/   /rʌ/   /lʌ/   /wʌ/
  /sʌ/   /sʌ/   /sʌ/   /ɦʌ/
  /t͡sʰjʌ, ksʌ/   /trʌ/   /ɡjʌ/   /ri/

Vowels

Orthography अं अः अँ
IAST a ā i ī u ū e ai o au aṃ aḥ am̐/ã
IPA ʌ a i i u u e ʌ o ʌ ʌ̃ ʌɦʌ ʌ̃
Vowel mark indicated on consonant b बा बि बी बु बू बे बै बो बौ बं बः बँ

Sample text

The following is a sample text in Nepali, of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, with a transliteration (IAST) and transcription (IPA).[60]

Nepali in Devanagari Script
धारा १. सबै व्यक्तिहरू जन्मजात स्वतन्त्र हुन् ती सबैको समान अधिकार र महत्व छ। निजहरूमा विचार शक्ति र सद्विचार भएकोले निजहरूले आपसमा भातृत्वको भावनाबाट व्यवहार गर्नु पर्छ।
Transliteration (ISO)
Dhārā 1. Sabai vyaktiharū janmajāt svatantra hun tī sabaiko samān adhikār ra mahatva cha. Nijharūmā vicār śakti ra sadvicār bhaekole nijharūle āpasmā bhatṛtvako bhāvanabāṭa vyavahār garnu parcha.
Transcription (IPA)
[dʱaɾa ek sʌbʌi̯ bektiɦʌɾu d͡zʌnmʌd͡zat sotʌntɾʌ ɦun ti sʌbʌi̯ko sʌman ʌd(ʱ)ikaɾ rʌ mʌːtːo t͡sʰʌ nid͡zɦʌɾuma bit͡saɾ sʌkti ɾʌ sʌdbit͡sar bʱʌekole nid͡zɦʌɾule apʌsma bʱatɾitːoko bʱawʌnabaʈʌ bebaːr ɡʌɾnu pʌɾt͡sʰʌ]
Gloss (word-to-word)
Article 1. All human-beings from-birth independent are their all equal right and importance is. In themselves, intellect and conscience {endowed therefore} they {one another} brotherhood's spirit {treatment with} do must.
Translation (grammatical)
Article 1. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Richard Burghart 1984, pp. 118–119.
  2. ^ a b Nepali at Ethnologue (21st ed., 2018)  
    Nepali at Ethnologue (21st ed., 2018)  
  3. ^ . Lexico Dictionaries | English. Archived from the original on 23 July 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  4. ^ a b c (PDF). nclm.nic.in. Ministry of Minority Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  5. ^ "Nepali language | Britannica". Encyclopædia Britannica. from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  6. ^ "Nepali literature". Britannica. from the original on 23 October 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  7. ^ a b "5 features of Nepali, Nepal's lingua franca, that you are unaware of". Online Khabar. Online Khabar. 3 October 2020. from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
  8. ^ Lienhard, Siegfried (1992). Songs of Nepal: An Anthology of Nevar Folksongs and Hymns. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas. ISBN 81-208-0963-7. Page 3.
  9. ^ a b Maharjan, Rajendra. "एकल राष्ट्र–राज्यको धङधङी". EKantipur. Kantipur Publication Limited. from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2021.आजभन्दा करिब नौ दशकअघि मात्रै देशको नाम ‘नेपाल’ का रूपमा स्विकारिएको हो भने, पहिले खस–पर्वते–गोर्खाली भनिने भाषालाई ‘नेपाली’ नामकरण गरिएको हो ।
  10. ^ Clark, T. W. (1973). "Nepali and Pahari". Current Trends in Linguistics. Walter de Gruyter. p. 252.
  11. ^ . Himal Southasian. June 2003. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  12. ^ a b "साझा प्रकाशन एक झलक". Sajha Prakashan. from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
  13. ^ "पर्वते(नेपाली) भाषाको इतिहास". Nepal Patra. 29 May 2018. from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.नेपाली भाषा बिभिन्न समयमा बिभिन्न नामले चिनिन्थ्यो । खस कुरा, पर्वते भाषा तथा गोर्खाली भाषा आदि । यी मध्ये खस कुरा सबैभन्दा पुरानो नाम हो । खस जातीहरूले बोल्ने भाषा भएको हुनाले यसलाई खस भाषा भनिएको हो । यो भाषा पश्चिम नेपालको कर्णाली क्षेत्रमा विकशित भएर पूर्वतर्फ फैलदै गएको हो । खस कुरा पश्चिम नेपालको अर्को भाषा खाम कुरा, जुन नेपालका मगर जातीहरूले बोल्ने गर्दछन्, संगै विकशित हुँदै अगाडी बढ्यो ।
  14. ^ Baniya, Karnabahadur. सेनकालीन पाल्पाको संस्कृति : एक ऐतिहासिक विवेचना. Palpa: Tribhuvan Multiple Campus. pp. 3–4. from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.ISSN:2616-017x
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Footnotes

  1. ^ Historically spoken just by the Karnali Khas people, now spoken as the lingua franca in Nepal.
  2. ^ In India, Nepali is one of the Eighth Schedule languages, i.e. languages of regional significance. Thus, it is not official on federal level but only in states where it is actively spoken.
  3. ^ In the state of Sikkim, Nepali is one of the main official languages in use.
  4. ^ In the state of West Bengal, Nepali is one of the additional official languages, which are secondary to more widely used main official languages.

Bibliography

  • Richard Burghart (1984). "The Formation of the Concept of Nation-State in Nepal". The Journal of Asian Studies. 44 (1): 101–125. doi:10.2307/2056748. JSTOR 2056748. S2CID 154584368.
  • Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (26 July 2007). The Indo-Aryan Languages. ISBN 9781135797119. from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
  • Hodgson, Brian Houghton (2013). Essays on the Languages, Literature, and Religion of Nepál and Tibet (Reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108056083. from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2014.

Further reading

  • पोखरेल, मा. प्र. (2000), ध्वनिविज्ञान र नेपाली भाषाको ध्वनि परिचय, नेपाल राजकीय प्रज्ञा प्रतिष्ठान, काठमाडौँ
  • Schmidt, R. L. (1993) A Practical Dictionary of Modern Nepali. 26 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  • Turner, R. L. (1931) A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language. 13 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  • Clements, G.N. & Khatiwada, R. (2007). "Phonetic realization of contrastively aspirated affricates in Nepali." In Proceedings of ICPhS XVI (Saarbrücken, 6–10 August 2007), 629- 632. [1] 6 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  • Hutt, M. & Subedi, A. (2003) Teach Yourself Nepali.
  • Khatiwada, Rajesh (2009). "Nepali". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 39 (3): 373–380. doi:10.1017/S0025100309990181.
  • Manders, C. J. (2007) नेपाली व्याकरणमा आधार A Foundation in Nepali Grammar.
  • Dr. Dashrath Kharel, "Nepali linguistics spoken in Darjeeling-Sikkim"

External links

  • List of Nepali words at Wiktionary, the free dictionary
  • Omniglot – Nepali Language
  • Barala – Easy Nepali Typing
  • नेपाली बृहत् शब्दकोश | Nepali Brihat Shabdakosh (Comprehensive Nepali Dictionary) | "Nepal Academy"
  • नेपाली बृहत् शब्दकोश | Nepali Brihat Shabdakosh – Nepali Dictionary "Nepali Brihat Shabdakosh Latest Edition"

nepali, language, this, article, about, modern, indo, aryan, language, language, known, nepal, bhasa, newar, language, nepali, english, ɔː, devanagari, ˈnepali, indo, aryan, language, native, himalayas, region, south, asia, official, most, widely, spoken, lang. This article is about the modern Indo Aryan language For the language known as Nepal Bhasa see Newar language Nepali English n ɪ ˈ p ɔː l i 3 Devanagari न प ल ˈnepali is an Indo Aryan language native to the Himalayas region of South Asia It is the official and most widely spoken language of Nepal where it also serves as a lingua franca Nepali has official status in the Indian state of Sikkim and in the Gorkhaland Territorial Administration of West Bengal It is spoken by about a quarter of Bhutan s population Nepali also has a significant number of speakers in the states of Arunachal Pradesh Assam Himachal Pradesh Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram and Uttarakhand 4 In Myanmar it is spoken by the Burmese Gurkhas The Nepali diaspora in the Middle East Brunei Australia and worldwide also use the language 5 Nepali is spoken by approximately 16 million native speakers and another 9 million as a second language Nepaliन प ल The word Nepali written in Devanagari scriptPronunciation ˈnepali Native toNepalBhutanIndiaRegionHimalayas a 1 EthnicityKhasNative speakers16 million 2011 census 2 L2 speakers 9 million 2011 census 2 Language familyIndo European Indo IranianIndo AryanNorthern ZoneEastern PahariNepaliEarly formsProto Indo European Proto Indo Iranian Proto Indo Aryan Vedic Sanskrit Classical Sanskrit Prakrit Apabhraṃsa Old Nepali Khas Writing systemDevanagariDevanagari BrailleSigned formsSigned NepaliOfficial statusOfficial language in Nepal India b Sikkim c West Bengal d Regulated byNepal AcademyLanguage codesISO 639 1 span class plainlinks ne span ISO 639 2 span class plainlinks nep span ISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code nep class extiw title iso639 3 nep nep a inclusive codeIndividual code a href https iso639 3 sil org code npi class extiw title iso639 3 npi npi a NepaliGlottolognepa1254nepa1252 duplicate codeLinguasphere59 AAF dMap showing distribution of Nepali speakers in South Asia Dark red is areas with a Nepali speaking majority or plurality light red is where Nepali speakers are more than 20 of the populationThis article contains Indic text Without proper rendering support you may see question marks or boxes misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text source source source source source source source source source source source source track A Nepali speaker recorded in Myanmar Nepali is commonly classified within the Eastern Pahari group of the Northern zone of Indo Aryan The language originated from the Sinja Valley Karnali Province then the capital city of the Khasa Kingdom around the 10th and 14th centuries It developed proximity to a number of Indo Aryan languages most significantly to other Pahari languages Nepali was originally spoken by the Khas people an Indo Aryan ethno linguistic group native to the Himalayan region of South Asia The earliest inscription in the Nepali language is believed to be an inscription in Dullu Dailekh District which was written around the reign of King Bhupal Damupal around the year 981 The institutionalisation of the Nepali language arose during the rule of the Kingdom of Gorkha later became known as the Kingdom of Nepal in the 16th century Over the centuries different dialects of the Nepali language with distinct influences from Sanskrit Maithili Hindi and Bengali are believed to have emerged across different regions of the current day Nepal and Uttarakhand making Nepali the lingua franca Nepali is a highly fusional language with relatively free word order although the dominant arrangement is subject object verb word order SOV There are three major levels or gradations of honorific low medium and high Low honorific is used where no respect is due medium honorific is used to signify equal status or neutrality and high honorific signifies respect Like all modern Indo Aryan languages Nepali grammar has syncretized heavily losing much of the complex declensional system present in the older languages Nepali developed significant literature within a short period of a hundred years in the 19th century Around 1830 several Nepali poets wrote on themes from the Sanskrit epics Ramayana and the Bhagavata Purana which was followed by Bhanubhakta Acharya translating the Ramayana in Nepali which received great popularity for the colloquial flavour of its language its religious sincerity and its realistic natural descriptions 6 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Early Nepali 2 2 Middle Nepali 2 3 Modern Nepali 2 4 Contemporary Nepali 3 Official status 3 1 Nepal 3 2 India 3 3 Bhutan 4 Geographical distribution 5 Literature 6 Dialects 7 Phonology 7 1 Vowels 7 2 Consonants 8 Grammar 9 Writing system 9 1 Consonants 9 2 Vowels 10 Sample text 11 See also 12 References 13 Footnotes 14 Bibliography 15 Further reading 16 External linksEtymology EditThe initial name of Nepali language was Khas Kura An archaic dialect of the language is spoken in Karnali 7 During the Shah dynasty the language was also referred to as Gorakha bhaṣa Nepali ग रख भ ष meaning language of the Gorkhas 8 9 10 11 12 Gorkha Bhasa Prakashini Samiti Gorkha Language Publishing Committee a government institution established in 1913 B S 1970 for advancement of Gorkha Bhasa renamed itself as Nepali Bhasa Prakashini Samiti Nepali Language Publishing Committee in 1933 B S 1990 and is currently known as Sajha Prakashan 12 The language is also called Parvate Kura Nepali पर वत क र which literally means talks of the hills 9 13 14 15 16 The name Paṣya Boli Nepali प ष य ब ल was also briefly used during the regime of Jung Bahadur Rana 17 The Tibetan nationalities refer to the language as Khasa Bhaṣa 18 19 20 21 Nepali language is known as Khae Bhae Nepal Bhasa 𑐏𑐫 𑐨 𑐫 खय भ य in the Newar community 22 Jyardi Gyoi Tamang ज य र द ग य ई or Jyarti Gyot Tamang ज य र त ग य त in the Tamang community 23 24 Khasanta Chepang खस अन त in the Chepang community 25 Roṅakeka Lhowa र ङक क in the Lhowa community 26 and Khase Puka Dungmali खस प क in Dungmali community 19 In Bhutan the language is known as Lhotshamkha in Dzongkha 27 History EditEarly Nepali Edit Copper Inscription by King of Doti Raika Mandhata Shahi at Saka Era 1612 1747 BS in old Khas language using Devanagari script The earliest evidence and inscriptions of dialects related to the Nepali language support the theory of a linguistic intrusion from the West or Northwest Himalayas into the Central Himalayas in the present day regions of Western Nepal during the rule of Khasas an Indo Aryan speaking group who migrated from the northwest 28 The oldest discovered inscription in the Nepali language is believed to be the Dullu Inscription believed to have been written around the reign of King Bhupal Damupal around the year 981 Changes of phonological patterns indicate that Nepali is related to other Northwest Indian languages including Sindhi Punjabi and Lahnda Comparative reconstructions based on vocabulary have substantiated the relations of the Nepali language to proto Dardic Pahari Sindhi Lahnda and Punjabi 29 Archaeological and historical investigations show that modern Nepali descends from the language spoken by the ancient Khasha people There is some mention of the word khasha in Sanskrit legal historical and literary texts like Manusmriti circa 100 CE Puranas 350 1500 and the Rajatarangini 1148 29 The Khashas are documented to have ruled over a vast territory comprising what is now western Nepal parts of Garhwal and Kumaon in northern India and some parts of southwestern Tibet King Ashoka Challa 1255 1278 is believed to have proclaimed himself Khasha Rajadhiraja emperor of the Khashas in a copper plate inscription found in Bodh Gaya and several other copper plates in ancient Nepali have been traced back to the king s descendants 29 Middle Nepali Edit The Ashoka Challa inscription of 1255 is the earliest example of modern Nepali The languages of these early inscriptions are considered to be a dialect of Jumla and West Nepal rather than a predecessor of the dialect of Gorkha which became the modern Nepali language 30 The earliest example of modern Nepali is the literary manuscript Svastanivratakatha dated 1648 Other such early literary texts in modern Nepali are the anonymous version of the Khandakhadya dated 1649 the Bajapariksha 1700 and Jvarotpatticikitsa written by Banivilas Jytoirvid 1773 and Prayascittapradipa written by Premnidhi Pant 1780 30 The 1670 Rani Pokhari inscription of King Pratap Malla another early example of modern Nepali indicates the significant increment of Nepali speakers in Kathmandu valley 30 The currently popular variant of Nepali is believed to have originated around 500 years ago with the mass migration of a branch of Khas people from the Karnali Bheri Seti eastward to settle in lower valleys of the Karnali and the Gandaki basin that were well suited to rice cultivation Over the centuries different dialects of the Nepali language with distinct influences from Sanskrit Maithili Hindi and Bengali are believed to have emerged across different regions of the current day Nepal and Uttarakhand making Khasa the lingua franca The institutionalisation of the Nepali language is believed to have started with the Shah kings of Gorkha Kingdom in the modern day Gorkha District of Nepal In 1559 a prince of Lamjung Dravya Shah established himself on the throne of Gorkha with the help of local Khas and Magars He raised an army of Khas people under the command of Bhagirath Panta Later in the late 18th century his descendant Prithvi Narayan Shah raised and modernized an army of Chhetri Thakuri Magars Gurung people and others and set out to conquer and consolidate dozens of small principalities in the Himalayas Since Gorkha had replaced the original Khas homeland Khaskura was redubbed Gorkhali language of the Gorkhas 31 Modern Nepali Edit One of the most notable military achievements of Prithvi Narayan Shah was the conquest of Kathmandu Valley a region called Nepal at the time After the overthrowing of the Malla rulers Kathmandu was established as Prithvi Narayan s new capital The Khas people originally referred to their language as Khas kura Khas speech which was also known as Parbatiya or Parbattia or Paharia meaning language of the hill country 32 33 The Newar people used the term Gorkhali as a name for this language as they identified it with the Gorkhali conquerors citation needed The Gorkhalis themselves started using this term to refer to their language at a later stage 34 The census of India prior to independence used the term Naipali at least from 1901 to 1951 the 1961 census replacing it with Nepali 35 36 Historically Sanskrit has been a significant source of vocabulary for the Nepali language 37 According to exclusive phonological evidences observed by lexicographer Sir Ralph Turner Nepali language is closely related to Punjabi Lahnda Hindi and Kumaoni while it appears to share some distinguishing features with the other Indo Aryan languages like Rajasthani Gujarati and Bangla 37 Ethnologist Brian Houghton Hodgson stated that the Khas or Parbattia language is an Indian Prakrit brought by colonies from south of the Nepalese hills and the whole structure including the eighth tenth portion of the vocabulary of it is substantially Hindee due to the influences and loanwords it shares with Arabic and Farsi 38 The Damupal Inscription in Dullu Dailekh Contemporary Nepali Edit Expansion particularly to the north west and south brought the growing state into conflict with the British and the Chinese This led to wars that trimmed back the territory to an area roughly corresponding to Nepal s present borders After the Gorkha conquests the Kathmandu valley or Nepal became the new center of politics As the entire conquered territory of the Gorkhas ultimately became Nepal in the early decades of the 20th century Gorkha language activists in India especially Darjeeling and Varanasi began petitioning Indian universities to adopt the name Nepali for the language 39 Also in an attempt to disassociate himself with his Khas background the Rana monarch Jung Bahadur Rana decreed that the term Gorkhali be used instead of Khas kura to describe the language Meanwhile the British Indian administrators had started using the term Nepal to refer to the Gorkha kingdom In the 1930s Nepal government also adopted this term fully 40 Subsequently the Khas language came to be known as Nepali language 1 The earliest Nepali grammar to have survived was written by Veerendra Keshari Aryal entitled Nepali Vyakaran and it is dated around 1891 to 1905 The grammar is based on Panini model and it equates Nepali with Prakrit and labels it as the mountain Prakrit 41 However later the official institution established in 1912 for formalizing Nepali language the Gorkha Bhasha Prakashini Samiti accepted the 1920 grammar text entitled Candrika Gorkha Bhasha Vyakaran by Pandit Hemraj Pandey as the official grammar of the Nepali language 41 Nepali is spoken indigenously over most of Nepal west of the Gandaki River then progressively less further to the east 42 Official status EditNepal EditPart 1 of the Nepali Constitution deals with the official language of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal 43 Under Article 6 the official language of the nation will be all languages spoken as the mother tongues in Nepal 43 In Article 7 the official language of Nepal have been written which includes Nepali in Devanagari script 43 The Nepali language in the Devanagari script shall be the official language of Nepal A Province may by a provincial law determine one or more than one languages of the nation spoken by a majority of people within the Province as its official language or languages in addition to the Nepali language Other matters relating to language shall be as decided by the Government of Nepal on recommendation of the Language Commission India Edit On August 31 1992 the Parliament of India passed a bill to amend the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India to give Konkani Manipuri and Nepali as a languages with official status in India 44 Nepali has official status in the Indian state of Sikkim and in the Gorkhaland Territorial Administration of West Bengal 4 Nepali also has a significant number of speakers in the states of Arunachal Pradesh Assam Himachal Pradesh Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram and Uttarakhand 4 Bhutan Edit Despite Nepali language being spoken by about a quarter of population in Bhutan 45 it has no official status in Bhutan The native speakers of Nepali are known as Lhotshampa southerners 46 Many of Nepali language speaking Bhutanese people were displaced by various laws enacted by the Bhutanese government 47 48 Geographical distribution EditAccording to the 2011 national census 44 6 of the population of Nepal speaks Nepali as its first language 49 and 32 8 speak Nepali as a second language 50 Ethnologue reports 12 300 000 speakers within Nepal from the 2011 census 50 Nepali is traditionally spoken in the hilly regions of Nepal 51 The language is prominently used by the government of Nepal and is the everyday language of the local population The exclusive use of Nepali in the court system and by the government of Nepal however is being challenged Gaining recognition for other languages of Nepal was one of the goals of the decades long Maoist insurgency 52 In Bhutan native Nepali speakers known as Lhotshampa are estimated at 35 53 of the population This number includes displaced Bhutanese refugees with unofficial estimates of the ethnic Bhutanese refugee population as high as 30 to 40 constituting a majority in the south about 242 000 people 54 According to the 2011 Census of India there were a total of 2 926 168 Nepali language speakers in India 55 Nepali is the third most spoken language in the Australian territory of Tasmania where it is spoken by 1 3 of its population 56 and fifth most spoken language in the Northern Territory Australia spoken by 1 3 of its population 57 Literature EditMain article Nepali literature Bhanubhakta Acharya Aadi Kavi in Nepali language literature Nepali developed significant literature within a short period of a hundred years in the 19th century This literary explosion was fuelled by Adhyatma Ramayana Sundarananda Bara 1833 Birsikka an anonymous collection of folk tales and a version of the ancient Indian epic Ramayana by Bhanubhakta Acharya d 1868 The contribution of trio laureates Lekhnath Paudyal Laxmi Prasad Devkota and Balkrishna Sama took Nepali to the level of other world languages The contribution of expatriate writers outside Nepal especially in Darjeeling and Varanasi in India is also notable Dialects EditDialects of Nepali include Acchami Baitadeli Bajhangi Bajurali Bheri Dadeldhuri Dailekhi Darchulali Darchuli Gandakeli Humli Purbeli and Soradi 50 These dialects can be distinct from Standard Nepali Mutual intelligibility between Baitadeli Bajhangi Bajurali Bajura Humli and Acchami is low 50 The dialect of Nepali language spoken in Karnali Province is not mutually intelligible with Standard Nepali The language is known with its old name as Khas Bhasa in Karnali 7 Phonology EditMain article Nepali phonology Vowels and consonants are outlined in the tables below Vowels Edit Nepali vowel phonemes Front Central BackClose i ĩ u ũClose mid e ẽ oOpen mid ʌ ʌ Open a aNepali distinguishes six oral vowels and five nasal vowels o does not have a phonemic nasal counterpart although it is often in free variation with o Nepali has ten diphthongs ui iu ei eu oi ou ʌi ʌu ai and au Consonants Edit Nepali consonant phonemes Bilabial Dental Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar GlottalNasal m म n न ञ ɳ ण ŋ ङ Plosive Affricate voiceless unaspirated p प t त t s च ʈ ट k क aspirated pʰ फ tʰ थ t sʰ छ ʈʰ ठ kʰ ख voiced unaspirated b ब d द d z ज ɖ ड ɡ ग aspirated bʱ भ dʱ ध d zʱ झ ɖʱ ढ ɡʱ घ Fricative s श ष स ɦ ह Rhotic r र Approximant w व l ल j य j and w are nonsyllabic allophones of i and u respectively Every consonant except j w and ɦ has a geminate counterpart between vowels ɳ and ʃ also exist in some loanwords such as baɳ ब ण arrow and nareʃ नर श king but these sounds are sometimes replaced with native Nepali phonemes Final schwas may or may not be preserved in speech The following rules can be followed to figure out whether or not Nepali words retain the final schwa Schwa is retained if the final syllable is a conjunct consonant अन त anta end सम बन ध sambandha relation श र ष ठ sreṣṭha greatest a last name Exceptions conjuncts such as ञ च ञ ज in मञ च manc stage गञ ज ganj city and occasionally the last name पन त panta pant For any verb form the final schwa is always retained unless the schwa cancelling halanta is present ह न छ huncha it happens भएर bhaera in happening so therefore गएछ gaecha he apparently went but छन chan they are गईन gain she went Meanings may change with the wrong orthography गईन gaina she didn t go vs गईन gain she went Adverbs onomatopoeia and postpositions usually maintain the schwa and if they don t halanta is acquired अब aba now त र tira towards आज aja today स म स म simsim drizzle vs झन jhan more Few exceptional nouns retain the schwa such as द ख dukha suffering स ख sukha pleasure Note Schwas are often retained in music and poetry to facilitate singing and recitation Grammar EditMain article Nepali grammar Nepali is a highly fusional language with relatively free word order although the dominant arrangement is SOV subject object verb There are three major levels or gradations of honorifics low medium and high Low honorific is used where no respect is due medium honorific is used to signify equal status or neutrality and high honorific signifies respect There is also a separate highest level honorific which was used to refer to members of the royal family and by the royals among themselves 58 Like all modern Indo Aryan languages Nepali grammar has syncretized heavily losing much of the complex declensional system present in the older languages Instead it relies heavily on periphrasis a marginal verbal feature of older Indo Aryan languages 59 Writing system EditSee also Devanagari script Nepali is written in Devanagari script In the section below Nepali is represented in Latin transliteration using the IAST scheme and IPA The chief features are subscript dots for retroflex consonants macrons for etymologically contrastively long vowels h denoting aspirated plosives Tildes denote nasalised vowels Consonants Edit kʌ kʰʌ ɡʌ ɡʱʌ ŋʌ t sʌ t sʰʌ d zʌ d zʱʌ nʌ ʈʌ ʈʰʌ ɖʌ ɖʱʌ ɳʌ tʌ tʰʌ dʌ dʱʌ nʌ pʌ pʰʌ bʌ bʱʌ mʌ jʌ rʌ lʌ wʌ sʌ sʌ sʌ ɦʌ t sʰjʌ ksʌ trʌ ɡjʌ ri Vowels Edit Orthography अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ए ऐ ओ औ अ अ अ IAST a a i i u u e ai o au aṃ aḥ am aIPA ʌ a i i u u e ʌ i o ʌ u ʌ ʌ ɦ ʌ ʌ Vowel mark indicated on consonant b ब ब ब ब ब ब ब ब ब ब ब ब ब Sample text EditThe following is a sample text in Nepali of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights with a transliteration IAST and transcription IPA 60 Nepali in Devanagari Script ध र १ सब व यक त हर जन मज त स वतन त र ह न त सब क सम न अध क र र महत व छ न जहर म व च र शक त र सद व च र भएक ल न जहर ल आपसम भ त त वक भ वन ब ट व यवह र गर न पर छ Transliteration ISO Dhara 1 Sabai vyaktiharu janmajat svatantra hun ti sabaiko saman adhikar ra mahatva cha Nijharuma vicar sakti ra sadvicar bhaekole nijharule apasma bhatṛtvako bhavanabaṭa vyavahar garnu parcha Transcription IPA dʱaɾa ek sʌbʌi bektiɦʌɾu d zʌnmʌd zat sotʌntɾʌ ɦun ti sʌbʌi ko sʌman ʌd ʱ ikaɾ rʌ mʌːtːo t sʰʌ nid zɦʌɾuma bit saɾ sʌkti ɾʌ sʌdbit sar bʱʌekole nid zɦʌɾule apʌsma bʱatɾitːoko bʱawʌnabaʈʌ bebaːr ɡʌɾnu pʌɾt sʰʌ Gloss word to word Article 1 All human beings from birth independent are their all equal right and importance is In themselves intellect and conscience endowed therefore they one another brotherhood s spirit treatment with do must Translation grammatical Article 1 All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood See also EditNepal Sambat Nepali language movementReferences Edit a b Richard Burghart 1984 pp 118 119 a b Nepali at Ethnologue 21st ed 2018 Nepali at Ethnologue 21st ed 2018 Nepali Definition of Nepali by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico com also meaning of Nepali Lexico Dictionaries English Archived from the original on 23 July 2020 Retrieved 23 July 2020 a b c 52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India PDF nclm nic in Ministry of Minority Affairs Archived from the original PDF on 25 May 2017 Retrieved 28 May 2022 Nepali language Britannica Encyclopaedia Britannica Archived from the original on 30 July 2022 Retrieved 28 July 2022 Nepali literature Britannica Archived from the original on 23 October 2022 Retrieved 23 October 2022 a b 5 features of Nepali Nepal s lingua franca that you are unaware of Online Khabar Online Khabar 3 October 2020 Archived from the original on 30 October 2021 Retrieved 30 October 2021 Lienhard Siegfried 1992 Songs of Nepal An Anthology of Nevar Folksongs and Hymns New Delhi Motilal Banarsidas ISBN 81 208 0963 7 Page 3 a b Maharjan Rajendra एकल र ष ट र र ज यक धङधङ EKantipur Kantipur Publication Limited Archived from the original on 30 October 2021 Retrieved 30 October 2021 आजभन द कर ब न दशकअघ म त र द शक न म न प ल क र पम स व क र एक ह भन पह ल खस पर वत ग र ख ल भन न भ ष ल ई न प ल न मकरण गर एक ह Clark T W 1973 Nepali and Pahari Current Trends in Linguistics Walter de Gruyter p 252 The kings song Himal Southasian June 2003 Archived from the original on 25 October 2012 Retrieved 15 June 2012 a b स झ प रक शन एक झलक Sajha Prakashan Archived from the original on 30 October 2021 Retrieved 30 October 2021 पर वत न प ल भ ष क इत ह स Nepal Patra 29 May 2018 Archived from the original on 9 November 2021 Retrieved 9 November 2021 न प ल भ ष ब भ न न समयम ब भ न न न मल च न न थ य खस क र पर वत भ ष तथ ग र ख ल भ ष आद य मध य खस क र सब भन द प र न न म ह खस ज त हर ल ब ल न भ ष भएक ह न ल यसल ई खस भ ष भन एक ह य भ ष पश च म न प लक कर ण ल क ष त रम व कश त भएर प र वतर फ फ लद गएक ह खस क र पश च म न प लक अर क भ ष ख म क र ज न न प लक मगर ज त हर ल ब ल न गर दछन स ग व कश त ह द अग ड बढ य Baniya Karnabahadur स नक ल न प ल प क स स क त एक ऐत ह स क व व चन Palpa Tribhuvan Multiple Campus pp 3 4 Archived from the original on 9 November 2021 Retrieved 9 November 2021 ISSN 2616 017x Nepali Harvard University Department of South Asian Studies Archived from the original on 9 November 2021 Retrieved 9 November 2021 long established language dating back to the 1200s it was previously known as Khas Kura and later Gorkha bhasa and also Parbate the language of the mountain people Shrestha Shiva Raj Khaptad Region in Mythology PDF p 10 Archived PDF from the original on 9 November 2021 Retrieved 9 November 2021 Vasistha Kedar ग र ख पत र क हर क पदच प Gorakhapatra Online Archived from the original on 9 November 2021 Retrieved 9 November 2021 जङ गबह द रल ई पन घ स र न गर एक प इन छ तर उनक प ल म ग र ख भ ष व न प ल भ ष नभन प ष य ब ल व पर वत भ ष क प रचलन रह क द ख न छ तर उक त सनद ज र भएक एक वर षपछ क जङ गबह द रक एक पत रम उनल ग र ख व ग र ख ल व न प ल भ ष क नम न भन नभन प ष य प ख ब ल भन क छन Thapa Lekh Bahadur 1 November 2013 Roots A Khas story The Kathmandu Post Archived from the original on 2 November 2013 Retrieved 1 November 2013 a b Kapali Rukshana H खस आर यहर ल जस त ह बह नब ल द क न ल ञ छन Saino Khabar Archived from the original on 9 November 2021 Retrieved 9 November 2021 न व सम द यम ख भ य व पर त य भ य त म ङ भ ष म ज य र द ग य इ व ज य र त ग य त च प ङ भ ष म खस अन त ल ह व भ ष म र ङक क इत य द ईत ह सम सब भन द पह ल उत प डनम पर क ज त Hamra Kura Archived from the original on 9 November 2021 Retrieved 9 November 2021 खसहर ल ई र ईहर ल ख स व ल च च व ब ज य पन भन क प इन छ ल म ब हर ल प न व प न व भन दछन क द ख न भएक ल त यस त भन एक ह क न म न ह म ल क ष त रम रहन भएक ल त म ङहर ल खसहर ल ई ज य र द व र ङ ब भन क प इन छ Hodgson B H 1841 Illustrations of the literature and religion of the Buddhists Serampore Retrieved 16 February 2012 क न प ल भ ष क उत पत त स ज म भएक ह च ल न खबर 26 July 2019 Archived from the original on 13 April 2021 Retrieved 9 November 2021 खसद व र न यह य भ ष पस क ल यसल यह खय भ य भन न न म प एक ह पश च म त म ङ शब दक ष SIL Nepal Archived from the original on 9 November 2021 Retrieved 9 November 2021 ज य र त ग य त dzjarti gjot न म न प ल भ ष स ङ ल ह ग न ङ य र म ल प जनखबर Archived from the original on 13 November 2020 Retrieved 9 November 2021 ख च प ङ शब दक ष Archived from the original on 9 November 2021 Retrieved 9 November 2021 खस अन त khes ʔen te क र व न प ल adv Nepali esp in reference to the Nepali language र ङक क Lhowa Dictionary SIL International Archived from the original on 11 November 2021 Retrieved 11 November 2021 र ङक क ᶫroŋkek न न प ल भ ष Nepali language sem domains 9 7 1 5 भ ष क न महर Bhutan Tourism Council of Language bhutan travel Archived from the original on 28 January 2022 Retrieved 9 February 2022 Jain amp Cardona 2007 p 543 a b c Nepali language Britannica Archived from the original on 28 October 2018 Retrieved 28 October 2018 a b c Jain amp Cardona 2007 p 544 स ह त यप स ट 26 July 2020 ग र ख भ ष कसर न प ल भ ष म पर णत भय स ह त यप स ट in Nepali Archived from the original on 3 November 2022 Retrieved 3 November 2022 Balfour Edward 1871 Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia Commercial Industrial and Scientific Products of the Mineral Vegetable and Animal Kingdoms Useful Arts and Manufactures Scottish amp Adelphi presses p 529 Archived from the original on 15 January 2023 Retrieved 9 August 2020 via Google Books Cust Robert N 1878 A Sketch of the Modern Languages of the East Indies Routledge p 51 ISBN 9781136384691 Archived from the original on 15 January 2023 Retrieved 9 August 2020 via Google Books Richard Burghart 1984 p 118 General India Office of the Registrar 1967 Census of India 1961 Tripura Manager of Publications p 336 Archived from the original on 15 January 2023 Retrieved 9 August 2020 via Google Books Nepali Naipali in 1951 Commissioner India Census Gait Edward Albert 1902 Census of India 1901 Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing India p 91 via Internet Archive Naipali is an Indo Aryan language spoken by the upper classes in Nepal whereas the minor Nepalese languages such as Gurung Magar Jimdar Yakha etc are members of the Tibeto Burman family a b Jain amp Cardona 2007 p 545 Hodgson 2013 pp 1 2 Onta Pratyoush 1996 Creating a Brave Nepali Nation in British India The Rhetoric of Jati Improvement Rediscovery of Bhanubhakta and the Writing of Bir History in Studies in Nepali History and Society 1 1 p 37 76 Malagodi Mara 1 July 2012 3 The Making of the Nepali Nation doi 10 1093 acprof oso 9780198082910 003 0003 Archived from the original on 15 January 2023 Retrieved 3 November 2022 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help a b Jain amp Cardona 2007 p 548 Nepal Ethnologue Archived from the original on 16 October 2012 Retrieved 29 March 2015 a b c The Constitution of Nepal PDF Nepal Law Commission 20 September 2015 Archived PDF from the original on 1 November 2022 Retrieved 14 December 2022 Nepali becomes one of the official languages of India nepalilanguage org Archived from the original on 19 October 2022 Retrieved 14 December 2022 Koirala Keshav P 6 February 2017 Where in US elsewhere Bhutanese refugees from Nepal resettled to The Himalayan Times Archived from the original on 14 December 2022 Retrieved 14 December 2022 Eur 2002 Far East and Australasia 2003 Regional surveys of the world 34 ed Psychology Press pp 181 183 ISBN 1 85743 133 2 This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain Worden Robert L 1991 Savada Andrea Matles ed Bhutan A Country Study Federal Research Division Bhutan Ethnic Groups Koirala Keshav P 6 February 2017 Where in US elsewhere Bhutanese refugees from Nepal resettled to The Himalayan Times Archived from the original on 14 December 2022 Retrieved 14 December 2022 Major highlights PDF Central Bureau of Statistics 2013 p 4 Archived from the original PDF on 17 July 2013 Retrieved 12 September 2013 a b c d Nepali npi Ethnologue Archived from the original on 9 October 2016 Retrieved 6 October 2016 Languages in Nepal Archived from the original on 10 February 2021 Retrieved 8 February 2021 Gurung Harka 20 January 2005 Social Exclusion and Maoist Insurgency p 5 Retrieved 13 April 2012 via Google Books Background Note Bhutan U S Department of State 2 February 2010 Archived from the original on 12 November 2021 Retrieved 2 October 2010 Worden Robert L Savada Andrea Matles 1991 Chapter 6 Bhutan Ethnic Groups Nepal and Bhutan Country Studies 3rd ed Federal Research Division United States Library of Congress pp 424 ISBN 978 0 8444 0777 7 Retrieved 2 October 2010 Language India States And Union Territories Table C 16 PDF census gov in Archived PDF from the original on 9 October 2022 Retrieved 27 August 2020 Snapshot of Tasmania abs gov au 28 June 2022 Archived from the original on 29 June 2022 Retrieved 21 July 2022 Snapshot Northern Territory Housing and Population Census 2021 abs gov au 28 June 2022 Archived from the original on 21 July 2022 Retrieved 21 July 2022 Jain amp Cardona 2007 p 571 Jain amp Cardona 2007 p 596 Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Nepali language PDF ohchr org Archived PDF from the original on 17 May 2021 Retrieved 3 February 2021 Footnotes Edit Historically spoken just by the Karnali Khas people now spoken as the lingua franca in Nepal In India Nepali is one of the Eighth Schedule languages i e languages of regional significance Thus it is not official on federal level but only in states where it is actively spoken In the state of Sikkim Nepali is one of the main official languages in use In the state of West Bengal Nepali is one of the additional official languages which are secondary to more widely used main official languages Bibliography EditRichard Burghart 1984 The Formation of the Concept of Nation State in Nepal The Journal of Asian Studies 44 1 101 125 doi 10 2307 2056748 JSTOR 2056748 S2CID 154584368 Jain Danesh Cardona George 26 July 2007 The Indo Aryan Languages ISBN 9781135797119 Archived from the original on 15 January 2023 Retrieved 26 November 2021 Hodgson Brian Houghton 2013 Essays on the Languages Literature and Religion of Nepal and Tibet Reprint ed Cambridge University Press ISBN 9781108056083 Archived from the original on 15 January 2023 Retrieved 27 March 2014 Further reading Editप खर ल म प र 2000 ध वन व ज ञ न र न प ल भ ष क ध वन पर चय न प ल र जक य प रज ञ प रत ष ठ न क ठम ड Schmidt R L 1993 A Practical Dictionary of Modern Nepali Archived 26 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine Turner R L 1931 A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language Archived 13 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine Clements G N amp Khatiwada R 2007 Phonetic realization of contrastively aspirated affricates in Nepali In Proceedings of ICPhS XVI Saarbrucken 6 10 August 2007 629 632 1 Archived 6 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine Hutt M amp Subedi A 2003 Teach Yourself Nepali Khatiwada Rajesh 2009 Nepali Journal of the International Phonetic Association 39 3 373 380 doi 10 1017 S0025100309990181 Manders C J 2007 न प ल व य करणम आध र A Foundation in Nepali Grammar Dr Dashrath Kharel Nepali linguistics spoken in Darjeeling Sikkim External links Edit Nepali edition of Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Nepali Look up Category Nepali language in Wiktionary the free dictionary List of Nepali words at Wiktionary the free dictionary Omniglot Nepali Language Barala Easy Nepali Typing न प ल ब हत शब दक श Nepali Brihat Shabdakosh Comprehensive Nepali Dictionary Nepal Academy न प ल ब हत शब दक श Nepali Brihat Shabdakosh Nepali Dictionary Nepali Brihat Shabdakosh Latest Edition Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nepali language amp oldid 1133770834, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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