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Hakka Chinese

Hakka (Chinese: 客家話; pinyin: Kèjiāhuà, Chinese: 客語; pinyin: Kèyǔ, Hak-kâ-va) forms a language group of varieties of Chinese, spoken natively by the Hakka people throughout Southern China and Taiwan and throughout the diaspora areas of East Asia, Southeast Asia and in overseas Chinese communities around the world.

Hakka
客家話
Hak-kâ-va/Hak-kâ-fa
Native toChina, Taiwan
RegionMainland China: Guangdong, adjoining regions of Fujian, Jiangxi, Southern Hunan and the midwest of Sichuan
Hong Kong: New Territories and Malaysia (older generations since younger Hakkas mostly speak Cantonese due to language shift and social assimilation)
EthnicityHakka
Native speakers
47.8 million (2007)[1]
Written Chinese
Latin (Pha̍k-fa-sṳ)
Official status
Official language in
 Taiwan[a]
Recognised minority
language in
 Taiwan (a statutory language for public transportation;[3] government sponsor of Hakka-language television station)
 Thailand
Language codes
ISO 639-3hak
Glottologhakk1236
Linguasphere79-AAA-g > 79-AAA-ga (+ 79-AAA-gb transition to 79-AAA-h)
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
Hakka
Hakkahag5 ga1 fa4
or hag5 ga1 va4
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinKèjiāhuà
Wu
RomanizationKah-ka-ho
Gan
RomanizationKhak-ka-ua
Hakka
Romanizationhag5 ga1 fa4
or hag5 ga1 va4
Pha̍k-fa-sṳHak-kâ-fa
or Hak-kâ-va
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanizationhaak gā wá
Jyutpinghaak3 gaa1 waa2
Southern Min
Hokkien POJKheh-oē (客話)
A Hakka speaker, recorded in Taiwan.

Due to its primary usage in scattered isolated regions where communication is limited to the local area, Hakka has developed numerous varieties or dialects, spoken in different provinces, such as Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Fujian, Sichuan, Hunan, Jiangxi and Guizhou, as well as in Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia. Hakka is not mutually intelligible with Yue, Wu, Southern Min, Mandarin or other branches of Chinese, and itself contains a few mutually unintelligible varieties. It is most closely related to Gan and is sometimes classified as a variety of Gan, with a few northern Hakka varieties[which?] even being partially mutually intelligible with southern Gan. There is also a possibility that the similarities are just a result of shared areal features.[5]

Taiwan (where Hakka is the native language of a significant minority of the island's residents) is a center for the study and preservation of the language. Pronunciation differences exist between the Taiwanese Hakka dialects and Mainland China's Hakka dialects; even in Taiwan, two major local varieties of Hakka exist.

The Meixian dialect (Moiyen) of northeast Guangdong in China has been taken as the "standard" dialect by the People's Republic of China. The Guangdong Provincial Education Department created an official romanization of Moiyen in 1960, one of four languages receiving this status in Guangdong.

Etymology

The name of the Hakka people who are the predominant original native speakers of the variety literally means "guest families" or "guest people": Hak (Mandarin: ) means "guest", and ka (Mandarin: jiā) means "family". Among themselves, Hakka people variously called their language Hak-ka-fa (-va), Hak-fa (-va), Tu-gong-dung-fa (-va), literally "Native Guangdong language", and Ngai-fa (-va), "My/our language". In Tonggu County, Jiangxi province, people call their language Huai-yuan-fa.

History

Early history

It is commonly believed that Hakka people have their origins in several episodes of migration from northern China into southern China during periods of war and civil unrest[6] dating back as far as the end of Western Jin.[7] The forebears of the Hakka came from present-day Central Plains provinces of Henan and Shaanxi, and brought with them features of Chinese varieties spoken in those areas during that time. (Since then, the speech in those regions has evolved into dialects of modern Mandarin). The presence of many archaic features occur in modern Hakka, including final consonants -p -t -k, as are found in other modern southern Chinese varieties, but which have been lost in Mandarin.

Laurent Sagart (2002)[8] considers Hakka and southern Gan Chinese to be sister dialects that descended from a single common ancestral language (Proto-Southern Gan) spoken in central Jiangxi during the Song Dynasty. In Hakka and southern Gan, Sagart (2002) identifies a non-Chinese substratum that is possibly Hmong-Mien, an archaic layer, and a more recent Late Middle Chinese layer. Lexical connections between Hakka, Kra-Dai, and Hmong-Mien have also been suggested by Deng (1999).[9]

Due to the migration of its speakers, Hakka may have been influenced by other language areas through which the Hakka-speaking forebears migrated. For instance, common vocabulary is found in Hakka, Min, and the She (Hmong–Mien) languages.[citation needed] Today, most She people in Fujian and Zhejiang speak Shehua, which is closely related to Hakka.

Linguistic development

A regular pattern of sound change can generally be detected in Hakka, as in most Chinese varieties, of the derivation of phonemes from earlier forms of Chinese. Some examples:

  • Characters such as 武 (war, martial arts) or 屋 (room, house), pronounced roughly mwio and uk (mjuX and ʔuwk in Baxter's transcription) in Early Middle Chinese, have an initial v phoneme in Hakka, being vu and vuk in Hakka respectively. Like in Mandarin, labiodentalisation in Hakka also changed mj- to a w-like sound before grave vowels, while Cantonese retained the original distinction (compare Mandarin 武 , 屋 , Cantonese 武 mou5, 屋 uk1).
  • Middle Chinese initial phonemes /ɲ/ (ny in Baxter's transcription) of the characters 人 (person, people) and 日 (sun, day), among others, merged with ng- /ŋ/ initials in Hakka (人 ngin, 日 ngit). For comparison, in Mandarin, /ɲ/ became r- /ɻ/ (人 rén, 日 ), while in Cantonese, it merged with initial y- /j/ (人 yan4, 日 yat6).
  • The initial consonant phoneme exhibited by the character 話 (word, speech; Mandarin huà) is pronounced f or v in Hakka (v does not properly exist as a distinct unit in many Chinese varieties).
  • The initial consonant of 學 hɔk usually corresponds with an h [h] approximant in Hakka and a voiceless alveo-palatal fricative (x [ɕ]) in Mandarin.

Phonology

Dialects

 
𠊎講客。客語友善環境。
(Ngài gong Hak。Hak-ngî yû-san fàn-kín)
(I speak Hakka. Hakka-language-friendly environment.)

Hakka has as many regional dialects as there are counties with Hakka speakers as the majority. Some[which?] of these Hakka dialects are not mutually intelligible with each other. Meixian is surrounded by the counties of Pingyuan, Dabu, Jiaoling, Xingning, Wuhua, and Fengshun. Each county has its own special phonological points of interest. For instance, Xingning lacks the codas [-m] and [-p]. These have merged into [-n] and [-t], respectively. Further away from Meixian, the Hong Kong dialect lacks the [-u-] medial, so whereas the Meixian dialect pronounces the character 光 as [kwɔŋ˦], the Hong Kong Hakka dialect pronounces it as [kɔŋ˧], which is similar to the Hakka spoken in neighbouring Shenzhen.

Tones also vary across the dialects of Hakka. The majority of Hakka dialects have six tones. However, there are dialects which have lost all of their checked tones (rusheng), and the characters originally of this tone class are distributed across the non-ru tones. An example of such a dialect is Changting, which is situated in Western Fujian province. Moreover, there is evidence of the retention of an earlier Hakka tone system in the dialects of Haifeng and Lufeng, situated in coastal southeastern Guangdong province. They contain a yin-yang splitting in the qu tone, giving rise to seven tones in all (with yin-yang registers in ping and ru tones and a shang tone).

In Taiwan, there are two main dialects: Sixian and Hailu (alternatively known as Haifeng; Hailu refers to Haifeng County and Lufeng County). Most Hakka speakers in Taiwan can trace their ancestry to these two regions. Sixian speakers come from Jiaying Prefecture, mainly from the four counties of Chengxiang (now Meixian District), Zhengping (now Jiaoling), Xingning and Pingyuan. Most dialects of Taiwanese Hakka, except Sixian and Dabu, preserved postalveolar consonants ([tʃ], [tʃʰ], [ʃ] and [ʒ]), which are uncommon in other southern Chinese varieties.

Ethnologue reports the dialects of Hakka as being Yue-Tai (Meixian, Wuhua, Raoping, Taiwan Kejia: Meizhou above), Yuezhong (Central Guangdong), Huizhou, Yuebei (Northern Guangdong), Tingzhou (Min-Ke), Ning-Long (Longnan), Yugui, and Tonggu.

Vocabulary

Like other southern Chinese varieties, Hakka retains single syllable words from earlier stages of Chinese; thus a large number of syllables are distinguished by tone and final consonant. This reduces the need for compounding or making words of more than one syllable. However, it is also similar to other Chinese varieties in having words which are made from more than one syllable.

monosyllabic words
Hakka hanzi Pronunciation English Notes
[ŋin˩] person
[ʋɔn˧˩] bowl
[kɛu˧˩] dog
[ŋiu˩] cow
[ʋuk˩] house
[tsɔi˥˧] mouth
𠊎 [ŋai˩] me / I In Hakka, the standard Chinese equivalent is pronounced [ŋɔ˧].
[11] or 𠍲[12] [ki˩] he / she / it In Hakka, the standard Chinese equivalents / / / are pronounced [tʰa˧].
polysyllabic words
Hakka hanzi Pronunciation English
日頭 [ŋit˩ tʰɛu˩] sun
月光 [ŋiɛt˥ kʷɔŋ˦] moon
屋下 [ʋuk˩ kʰa˦] home
屋家
電話 [tʰiɛn˥ ʋa˥˧] telephone
學堂 [hɔk˥ tʰɔŋ˩] school
筷子 [kai zi˩] chopsticks

Hakka, as well as numerous other Chinese varieties such as Min and Cantonese, prefers the verb [kɔŋ˧˩] when referring to saying rather than the Mandarin shuō (Hakka [sɔt˩]).

Hakka uses [sit˥] , like Cantonese [sɪk˨] for the verb "to eat" and [jɐm˧˥] (Hakka [jim˧˩]) for "to drink", unlike Mandarin which prefers chī (Hakka [kʰiɛt˩]) as "to eat" and (Hakka [hɔt˩]) as "to drink" where the meanings in Hakka are different, to stutter and to be thirsty respectively.

Examples
Hakka hanzi IPA English
阿妹,若姆去投墟轉來唔曾? [a˦ mɔi˥, ɲja˦ mi˦ hi˥ tʰju˩ hi˦ tsɔn˧˩ lɔi˩ m˦ tsʰɛn˩] Has your mother returned from going to the market yet, child?
其老弟捉到隻蛘葉來搞。 [kja˦ lau˧˩ tʰai˦ tsuk˧ tau˧˩ tsak˩ jɔŋ˩ jap˥ lɔi˩ kau˧˩] His/her younger brother caught a butterfly to play with.
好冷阿,水桶个水敢凝冰阿。 [hau˧˩ laŋ˦ ɔ˦, sui˧˩ tʰuŋ˧ kai˥˧ sui˧˩ kam˦ kʰɛn˩ pɛn˦ ɔ˦] It's very cold, the water in the bucket has frozen over.

Writing systems

 
Hakka Chinese Hanzi

Chinese script

Hakka Chinese is typically written using Chinese characters (漢字, Hàn-jī).

Latin script

Various dialects of Hakka such as Taiwanese Hakka, is sometimes written in the Latin script or Pha̍k-fa-sṳ.

Dialects of Hakka have been written in a number of Latin orthographies, largely for religious purposes, since at least the mid-19th century. The popular The Little Prince has also been translated into Hakka (2000), specifically the Miaoli dialect of Taiwan (itself a variant of the Sixian dialect). This also was dual-script, albeit using the Tongyong Pinyin scheme.[citation needed]

Media

 
Tsai Ing-wen, President of the Republic of China (Taiwan) and of Taiwanese Hakka descent, appears on "Lecturer Hakka Language Radio Broadcasting" to give a speech.

Hakka TV is a state-run, primarily Hakka-language television channel in Taiwan that started in 2003. In mainland China, Meizhou Televisions's Hakka Public Channel (梅州电视台客家公共频道) has broadcasts 24 hours a day in Hakka since 2006.[13][better source needed]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ National language in Taiwan;[2] also statutory status in Taiwan as one of the languages for public transport announcements[3] and for the naturalisation test.[4]

References

  1. ^ Hakka at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)  
  2. ^ Fan, Cheng-hsiang; Kao, Evelyn (2018-12-25). . Focus Taiwan News Channel. Central News Agency. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25.
  3. ^ a b "Dàzhòng yùnshū gōngjù bòyīn yǔyán píngděng bǎozhàng fǎ" 大眾運輸工具播音語言平等保障法 [Act on Broadcasting Language Equality Protection in Public Transport] (in Chinese) – via Wikisource.
  4. ^ Article 6 of the Standards for Identification of Basic Language Abilities and General Knowledge of the Rights and Duties of Naturalized Citizens 2017-07-25 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy J., eds. (2003). The Sino-Tibetan Languages. Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1129-5.
  6. ^ . edu.ocac.gov.tw. Archived from the original on 2019-09-09. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
  7. ^ . edu.ocac.gov.tw (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2004-08-30. Retrieved 2014-10-12.
  8. ^ Sagart (2002).
  9. ^ Deng, Xiaohua 邓晓华 (1999). (PDF). Mínzú yǔwén 民族语文 (in Chinese). 3: 42–49. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-03-27. Retrieved 2021-07-03.
  10. ^ Zhan, Bohui 詹伯慧 (1993). "Guǎngdōng Shěng Ráopíng fāngyán jì yīn" 广东省饶平方言记音. Fāngyán 方言 (in Simplified Chinese) (2): 129–141.
  11. ^ Liu, Zhenfa 劉鎮發 (1997). Kèyǔ pīnyīn zìhuì 客語拼音字彙 [Hakka Pinyin Vocabulary] (in Chinese). Xianggang zhongwen daxue chubanshe. p. xxvi. ISBN 962-201-750-9.
  12. ^ 𠍲. Jiàoyùbù yìtǐzì zìdiǎn 教育部異體字字典 [Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants of the Ministry of Education] (in Chinese). Retrieved 2021-11-04.
  13. ^ "Méizhōu diànshìtái kāishè quán kèjiā huà píndào (24 xiǎoshí bō chū)" 梅州电视台开设全客家话频道(24小时播出) [Meizhou TV Station Opens an All-Hakka Dialect Channel (24 Hours Broadcast)]. Luófú shān pùbù de bókè 罗浮山瀑布的博客 (in Chinese). blog.sina.com.cn. 2011-07-21.

Further reading

  • Branner, David Prager (2000). Problems in Comparative Chinese Dialectology – the Classification of Miin and Hakka. Trends in Linguistics series, no. 123. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-015831-1.
  • Hashimoto, Mantaro J. (2010). The Hakka Dialect: A Linguistic Study of Its Phonology, Syntax and Lexicon. Princeton/Cambridge Studies in Chinese Linguistics. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-13367-8.
  • Lee, Wai-Sum & Zee, Eric (2009). "Hakka Chinese". Illustrations of the IPA. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 39 (1): 107–111. doi:10.1017/S0025100308003599{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link), with supplementary sound recordings.
  • O'Connor, Kevin A. (1976). "Proto-Hakka". Ajia Afurika Gengo Bunka Kenkyū / Journal of Asia and Africa Studies. 11 (1): 1–64.
  • Sagart, Laurent (1998). "On distinguishing Hakka and non-Hakka dialects". Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 26 (2): 281–302. JSTOR 23756757.
  • ——— (2002). "Gan, Hakka and the Formation of Chinese Dialects" (PDF). In Ho, Dah-an (ed.). Dialect Variations in Chinese: Papers from the Third International Conference on Sinology, Linguistics Section. Taipei: Academia Sinica. pp. 129–153.
  • Schaank, Simon Hartwich (1897). Het Loeh-foeng-dialect (in Dutch). Leiden: E.J. Brill. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  • Taiwan Language Tool (including Hakka)

hakka, chinese, this, article, about, language, group, people, hakka, people, confused, with, hakha, chin, language, hakfa, redirects, here, village, syria, hakfa, hakka, chinese, 客家話, pinyin, kèjiāhuà, chinese, 客語, pinyin, kèyǔ, forms, language, group, variet. This article is about the language group for the people see Hakka people It is not to be confused with the Hakha Chin language Hakfa redirects here for the village in Syria see Abu Hakfa Hakka Chinese 客家話 pinyin Kejiahua Chinese 客語 pinyin Keyǔ Hak ka va forms a language group of varieties of Chinese spoken natively by the Hakka people throughout Southern China and Taiwan and throughout the diaspora areas of East Asia Southeast Asia and in overseas Chinese communities around the world Hakka客家話 Hak ka va Hak ka faNative toChina TaiwanRegionMainland China Guangdong adjoining regions of Fujian Jiangxi Southern Hunan and the midwest of SichuanHong Kong New Territories and Malaysia older generations since younger Hakkas mostly speak Cantonese due to language shift and social assimilation EthnicityHakkaNative speakers47 8 million 2007 1 Language familySino Tibetan SiniticHakkaWriting systemWritten Chinese Latin Pha k fa sṳ Official statusOfficial language in Taiwan a Recognised minoritylanguage in Taiwan a statutory language for public transportation 3 government sponsor of Hakka language television station ThailandLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code hak class extiw title iso639 3 hak hak a Glottologhakk1236Linguasphere79 AAA g gt 79 AAA ga 79 AAA gb transition to 79 AAA h image reference needed This article contains IPA phonetic symbols Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Unicode characters For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA HakkaHakkahag5 ga1 fa4or hag5 ga1 va4TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinKejiahuaWuRomanizationKah ka hoGanRomanizationKhak ka uaHakkaRomanizationhag5 ga1 fa4or hag5 ga1 va4Pha k fa sṳHak ka faor Hak ka vaYue CantoneseYale Romanizationhaak ga waJyutpinghaak3 gaa1 waa2Southern MinHokkien POJKheh oe 客話 source source source source source source source source source source source source source source A Hakka speaker recorded in Taiwan Due to its primary usage in scattered isolated regions where communication is limited to the local area Hakka has developed numerous varieties or dialects spoken in different provinces such as Guangdong Guangxi Hainan Fujian Sichuan Hunan Jiangxi and Guizhou as well as in Taiwan Singapore Malaysia Thailand and Indonesia Hakka is not mutually intelligible with Yue Wu Southern Min Mandarin or other branches of Chinese and itself contains a few mutually unintelligible varieties It is most closely related to Gan and is sometimes classified as a variety of Gan with a few northern Hakka varieties which even being partially mutually intelligible with southern Gan There is also a possibility that the similarities are just a result of shared areal features 5 Taiwan where Hakka is the native language of a significant minority of the island s residents is a center for the study and preservation of the language Pronunciation differences exist between the Taiwanese Hakka dialects and Mainland China s Hakka dialects even in Taiwan two major local varieties of Hakka exist The Meixian dialect Moiyen of northeast Guangdong in China has been taken as the standard dialect by the People s Republic of China The Guangdong Provincial Education Department created an official romanization of Moiyen in 1960 one of four languages receiving this status in Guangdong Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Early history 2 2 Linguistic development 3 Phonology 4 Dialects 5 Vocabulary 6 Writing systems 6 1 Chinese script 6 2 Latin script 7 Media 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further readingEtymology EditThe name of the Hakka people who are the predominant original native speakers of the variety literally means guest families or guest people Hak Mandarin ke means guest and ka Mandarin jia means family Among themselves Hakka people variously called their language Hak ka fa va Hak fa va Tu gong dung fa va literally Native Guangdong language and Ngai fa va My our language In Tonggu County Jiangxi province people call their language Huai yuan fa History EditEarly history Edit It is commonly believed that Hakka people have their origins in several episodes of migration from northern China into southern China during periods of war and civil unrest 6 dating back as far as the end of Western Jin 7 The forebears of the Hakka came from present day Central Plains provinces of Henan and Shaanxi and brought with them features of Chinese varieties spoken in those areas during that time Since then the speech in those regions has evolved into dialects of modern Mandarin The presence of many archaic features occur in modern Hakka including final consonants p t k as are found in other modern southern Chinese varieties but which have been lost in Mandarin Laurent Sagart 2002 8 considers Hakka and southern Gan Chinese to be sister dialects that descended from a single common ancestral language Proto Southern Gan spoken in central Jiangxi during the Song Dynasty In Hakka and southern Gan Sagart 2002 identifies a non Chinese substratum that is possibly Hmong Mien an archaic layer and a more recent Late Middle Chinese layer Lexical connections between Hakka Kra Dai and Hmong Mien have also been suggested by Deng 1999 9 Due to the migration of its speakers Hakka may have been influenced by other language areas through which the Hakka speaking forebears migrated For instance common vocabulary is found in Hakka Min and the She Hmong Mien languages citation needed Today most She people in Fujian and Zhejiang speak Shehua which is closely related to Hakka Linguistic development Edit A regular pattern of sound change can generally be detected in Hakka as in most Chinese varieties of the derivation of phonemes from earlier forms of Chinese Some examples Characters such as 武 war martial arts or 屋 room house pronounced roughly mwio and uk mjuX and ʔuwk in Baxter s transcription in Early Middle Chinese have an initial v phoneme in Hakka being vu and vuk in Hakka respectively Like in Mandarin labiodentalisation in Hakka also changed mj to a w like sound before grave vowels while Cantonese retained the original distinction compare Mandarin 武 wǔ 屋 wu Cantonese 武 mou5 屋 uk1 Middle Chinese initial phonemes ɲ ny in Baxter s transcription of the characters 人 person people and 日 sun day among others merged with ng ŋ initials in Hakka 人 ngin 日 ngit For comparison in Mandarin ɲ became r ɻ 人 ren 日 ri while in Cantonese it merged with initial y j 人 yan4 日 yat6 The initial consonant phoneme exhibited by the character 話 word speech Mandarin hua is pronounced f or v in Hakka v does not properly exist as a distinct unit in many Chinese varieties The initial consonant of 學 hɔk usually corresponds with an h h approximant in Hakka and a voiceless alveo palatal fricative x ɕ in Mandarin Phonology EditFurther information Meixian dialect PhonologyDialects Edit 𠊎講客 客語友善環境 Ngai gong Hak Hak ngi yu san fan kin I speak Hakka Hakka language friendly environment Hakka has as many regional dialects as there are counties with Hakka speakers as the majority Some which of these Hakka dialects are not mutually intelligible with each other Meixian is surrounded by the counties of Pingyuan Dabu Jiaoling Xingning Wuhua and Fengshun Each county has its own special phonological points of interest For instance Xingning lacks the codas m and p These have merged into n and t respectively Further away from Meixian the Hong Kong dialect lacks the u medial so whereas the Meixian dialect pronounces the character 光 as kwɔŋ the Hong Kong Hakka dialect pronounces it as kɔŋ which is similar to the Hakka spoken in neighbouring Shenzhen Tones also vary across the dialects of Hakka The majority of Hakka dialects have six tones However there are dialects which have lost all of their checked tones rusheng and the characters originally of this tone class are distributed across the non ru tones An example of such a dialect is Changting which is situated in Western Fujian province Moreover there is evidence of the retention of an earlier Hakka tone system in the dialects of Haifeng and Lufeng situated in coastal southeastern Guangdong province They contain a yin yang splitting in the qu tone giving rise to seven tones in all with yin yang registers in ping and ru tones and a shang tone In Taiwan there are two main dialects Sixian and Hailu alternatively known as Haifeng Hailu refers to Haifeng County and Lufeng County Most Hakka speakers in Taiwan can trace their ancestry to these two regions Sixian speakers come from Jiaying Prefecture mainly from the four counties of Chengxiang now Meixian District Zhengping now Jiaoling Xingning and Pingyuan Most dialects of Taiwanese Hakka except Sixian and Dabu preserved postalveolar consonants tʃ tʃʰ ʃ and ʒ which are uncommon in other southern Chinese varieties Huizhou dialect not to be confused with Huizhou Chinese Meixian dialect otherwise known as Meizhou Wuhua dialect Xingning dialect Pingyuan dialect Jiaoling dialect Dabu dialect Fengshun dialect Hailu dialect Sixian dialect Raoping dialect a k a Shangrao 10 Zhaoan dialectEthnologue reports the dialects of Hakka as being Yue Tai Meixian Wuhua Raoping Taiwan Kejia Meizhou above Yuezhong Central Guangdong Huizhou Yuebei Northern Guangdong Tingzhou Min Ke Ning Long Longnan Yugui and Tonggu Vocabulary EditLike other southern Chinese varieties Hakka retains single syllable words from earlier stages of Chinese thus a large number of syllables are distinguished by tone and final consonant This reduces the need for compounding or making words of more than one syllable However it is also similar to other Chinese varieties in having words which are made from more than one syllable monosyllabic words Hakka hanzi Pronunciation English Notes人 ŋin person碗 ʋɔn bowl狗 kɛu dog牛 ŋiu cow屋 ʋuk house嘴 tsɔi mouth𠊎 ŋai me I In Hakka the standard Chinese equivalent 我 is pronounced ŋɔ 渠 11 or 𠍲 12 ki he she it In Hakka the standard Chinese equivalents 他 她 它 牠 are pronounced tʰa polysyllabic words Hakka hanzi Pronunciation English日頭 ŋit tʰɛu sun月光 ŋiɛt kʷɔŋ moon屋下 ʋuk kʰa home屋家電話 tʰiɛn ʋa telephone學堂 hɔk tʰɔŋ school筷子 kai zi chopsticksHakka as well as numerous other Chinese varieties such as Min and Cantonese prefers the verb kɔŋ 講 when referring to saying rather than the Mandarin shuō 說 Hakka sɔt Hakka uses sit 食 like Cantonese sɪk for the verb to eat and 飲 jɐm Hakka jim for to drink unlike Mandarin which prefers chi 吃 Hakka kʰiɛt as to eat and he 喝 Hakka hɔt as to drink where the meanings in Hakka are different to stutter and to be thirsty respectively Examples Hakka hanzi IPA English阿妹 若姆去投墟轉來唔曾 a mɔi ɲja mi hi tʰju hi tsɔn lɔi m tsʰɛn Has your mother returned from going to the market yet child 其老弟捉到隻蛘葉來搞 kja lau tʰai tsuk tau tsak jɔŋ jap lɔi kau His her younger brother caught a butterfly to play with 好冷阿 水桶个水敢凝冰阿 hau laŋ ɔ sui tʰuŋ kai sui kam kʰɛn pɛn ɔ It s very cold the water in the bucket has frozen over Writing systems Edit Hakka Chinese Hanzi Chinese script Edit Hakka Chinese is typically written using Chinese characters 漢字 Han ji Latin script Edit Main article Pha k fa sṳ Various dialects of Hakka such as Taiwanese Hakka is sometimes written in the Latin script or Pha k fa sṳ Dialects of Hakka have been written in a number of Latin orthographies largely for religious purposes since at least the mid 19th century The popular The Little Prince has also been translated into Hakka 2000 specifically the Miaoli dialect of Taiwan itself a variant of the Sixian dialect This also was dual script albeit using the Tongyong Pinyin scheme citation needed Media Edit Tsai Ing wen President of the Republic of China Taiwan and of Taiwanese Hakka descent appears on Lecturer Hakka Language Radio Broadcasting to give a speech Hakka TV is a state run primarily Hakka language television channel in Taiwan that started in 2003 In mainland China Meizhou Televisions s Hakka Public Channel 梅州电视台客家公共频道 has broadcasts 24 hours a day in Hakka since 2006 13 better source needed See also EditVarieties of Chinese Hakka culture Hakka Transliteration Scheme Pha k fa sṳ Hagfa Pinyim Protection of the Varieties of Chinese Taiwanese HakkaNotes Edit National language in Taiwan 2 also statutory status in Taiwan as one of the languages for public transport announcements 3 and for the naturalisation test 4 References Edit Hakka at Ethnologue 19th ed 2016 Fan Cheng hsiang Kao Evelyn 2018 12 25 Draft National Language Development Act Clears Legislative Floor Focus Taiwan News Channel Central News Agency Archived from the original on 2018 12 25 a b Dazhong yunshu gōngju boyin yǔyan pingdeng bǎozhang fǎ 大眾運輸工具播音語言平等保障法 Act on Broadcasting Language Equality Protection in Public Transport in Chinese via Wikisource Article 6 of the Standards for Identification of Basic Language Abilities and General Knowledge of the Rights and Duties of Naturalized Citizens Archived 2017 07 25 at the Wayback Machine Thurgood Graham LaPolla Randy J eds 2003 The Sino Tibetan Languages Routledge ISBN 0 7007 1129 5 The Hakka People gt Historical Background edu ocac gov tw Archived from the original on 2019 09 09 Retrieved 2010 06 11 Insert title here edu ocac gov tw in Chinese Archived from the original on 2004 08 30 Retrieved 2014 10 12 Sagart 2002 Deng Xiaohua 邓晓华 1999 Kejiahua gen Miao Yao Zhuang Dongyǔ de Guanxi wenti 客家话跟苗瑶壮侗语的关系问题 PDF Minzu yǔwen 民族语文 in Chinese 3 42 49 Archived from the original PDF on 2019 03 27 Retrieved 2021 07 03 Zhan Bohui 詹伯慧 1993 Guǎngdōng Sheng Raoping fangyan ji yin 广东省饶平方言记音 Fangyan 方言 in Simplified Chinese 2 129 141 Liu Zhenfa 劉鎮發 1997 Keyǔ pinyin zihui 客語拼音字彙 Hakka Pinyin Vocabulary in Chinese Xianggang zhongwen daxue chubanshe p xxvi ISBN 962 201 750 9 𠍲 Jiaoyubu yitǐzi zidiǎn 教育部異體字字典 Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants of the Ministry of Education in Chinese Retrieved 2021 11 04 Meizhōu dianshitai kaishe quan kejia hua pindao 24 xiǎoshi bō chu 梅州电视台开设全客家话频道 24小时播出 Meizhou TV Station Opens an All Hakka Dialect Channel 24 Hours Broadcast Luofu shan pubu de boke 罗浮山瀑布的博客 in Chinese blog sina com cn 2011 07 21 Further reading Edit Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Hakka Branner David Prager 2000 Problems in Comparative Chinese Dialectology the Classification of Miin and Hakka Trends in Linguistics series no 123 Berlin Mouton de Gruyter ISBN 978 3 11 015831 1 Hashimoto Mantaro J 2010 The Hakka Dialect A Linguistic Study of Its Phonology Syntax and Lexicon Princeton Cambridge Studies in Chinese Linguistics Vol 5 Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 13367 8 Lee Wai Sum amp Zee Eric 2009 Hakka Chinese Illustrations of the IPA Journal of the International Phonetic Association 39 1 107 111 doi 10 1017 S0025100308003599 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link with supplementary sound recordings O Connor Kevin A 1976 Proto Hakka Ajia Afurika Gengo Bunka Kenkyu Journal of Asia and Africa Studies 11 1 1 64 Sagart Laurent 1998 On distinguishing Hakka and non Hakka dialects Journal of Chinese Linguistics 26 2 281 302 JSTOR 23756757 2002 Gan Hakka and the Formation of Chinese Dialects PDF In Ho Dah an ed Dialect Variations in Chinese Papers from the Third International Conference on Sinology Linguistics Section Taipei Academia Sinica pp 129 153 Schaank Simon Hartwich 1897 Het Loeh foeng dialect in Dutch Leiden E J Brill Retrieved 11 February 2015 Taiwan Language Tool including Hakka Portals Language China Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hakka Chinese amp oldid 1132752889, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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