Not to be confused with Franco-Provençal, a distinct language that shares features of both French and the Provençal dialect (Occitan).
Provençal (/ˌprɒvɒ̃ˈsɑːl/, also UK: /-sæl/,[4]US: /ˌproʊ-,-vən-/; Occitan: provençau or prouvençau[pʁuveⁿˈsaw]) is a variety of Occitan,[5][6] spoken by people in Provence and parts of Drôme and Gard. Historically, the term Provençal has been used to refer to the whole of the Occitan language, but today it is considered more technically appropriate to refer only to the variety of Occitan spoken in Provence.[7][8] However it can still be found being used to refer to Occitan as a whole, e.g.Merriam-Webster states that it can be used to refer to general Occitan, though this is going out of use.[9]
In 2007, all the ISO 639-3 codes for Occitan dialects, including [prv] for Provençal, were retired and merged into [oci] Occitan. The old codes ([prv], [auv], [gsc], [lms], [lnc]) are no longer in active use, but still have the meaning assigned them when they were established in the Standard.[10]
A Rodanenc subvariety, the Shuadit (or Judeo-Provençal), has been considered extinct since 1977. It was spoken by the Jewish community around Avignon. When Jews were granted freedom of residence in France the dialect declined.
When written in the Mistralian norm ("normo mistralenco"), definite articles are lou in the masculine singular, la in the feminine singular and li in the masculine and feminine plural (lis before vowels). Nouns and adjectives usually drop the Latin masculine endings, but -e remains; the feminine ending is -o (this is the opposite of the neighbouring Italian masculine gender). Nouns do not inflect for number, but all adjectives ending in vowels (-e or -o) become -i, and all plural adjectives take -s before vowels.
When written in the classical norm ("nòrma classica"), definite articles are masculine lo [lu], feminine la [la], and plural lei/leis [lej/lejz = li/liz]. Nouns and adjectives usually drop the Latin masculine endings, but -e [e] remains; the feminine ending is -a [ɔ]. Nouns inflect for number, all adjectives ending in vowels (-e or -a) become -ei/-eis [ej/ejz = i/iz] in some syntactic positions, and most plural adjectives take -s.
Comparison of articles and endings between the two norms
English
Mistralian norm
Classical norm
Singular
Masculine
the good friend
lou bon ami [lu ˌbɔn aˈmi]
lo bòn amic [lu ˌbɔn aˈmi]
Feminine
la bono amigo [la ˌbɔn aˈmigɔ]
la bòna amiga [la ˌbɔn aˈmigɔ]
Plural
Masculine
the good friends
li bons ami [lej ˌbɔnz aˈmi] = [li ˌbɔnz aˈmi]
lei bòns amics [lej ˌbɔnz aˈmi] = [li ˌbɔnz aˈmi]
Feminine
li bònis amigo [lei ˈbɔnejz aˈmigɔ] = [li ˈbɔniz aˈmigɔ]
lei bòneis amigas [lei ˈbɔnejz aˈmigɔ] = [li ˈbɔniz aˈmigɔ]
Pronunciation remains the same in both norms (Mistralian and classical), which are only two different ways to write the same language.
Literature
Modern Provençal literature was given impetus by Nobel laureate Frédéric Mistral and the association Félibrige he founded with other writers, such as Théodore Aubanel. The beginning of the 20th century saw other authors like Joseph d'Arbaud, Batisto Bonnet and Valère Bernard. It has been enhanced and modernized since the second half of the 20th century by writers such as Robèrt Lafont, Pierre Pessemesse, Claude Barsotti, Max-Philippe Delavouët [Wikidata], Philippe Gardy [Wikidata], Florian Vernet [Wikidata], Danielle Julien [Wikidata], Jòrgi Gròs [Wikidata], Sèrgi Bec [Wikidata], Bernat Giély, and many others.
^"Occitan (post 1500)". IANA language subtag registry. 18 August 2008. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
^"Provençal"; IANA language subtag registry; subtitle: Occitan variant spoken in Provence; retrieved: 11 February 2019; publication date: 22 April 2018.
^Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh
^Holtus, Günther; Metzeltin, Michael; Schmitt, Christian (1991). "Band V/2 Okzitanisch, Katalanisch". Lexikon der Romanistischen Linguistik (LRL). Berlin, New York: De Gruyter / Max Niemeyer Verlag.
^"Langues régionales". Ministère de la culture (France). Retrieved 13 February 2023.
^Dalby, Andrew (1998). "Occitan". Dictionary of Languages (1st ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing plc. p. 468. ISBN0-7475-3117-X. Retrieved 8 November 2006.
^On the persistent use of Provençal as a synonym of Occitan see: Constanze WETH. « L'occitan / provençal ». Manuel des langues romanes, Edited by Klump, Andre / Kramer, Johannes / Willems, Aline. DE GRUYTER. 2014. Pages: 491–509. ISBN (Online): 9783110302585
^"Definition of PROVENÇAL". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
^Nòrmas ortogràficas, chausias morfològicas e vocabulari de l'occitan alpin oriental [tèxte imprimit] / Commission internacionala per la normalizacion linguistica de l'occitan alpin, Published by Espaci Occitan, Piemonte, 2008 . - 242. ISBN9788890299742-PN-01
References
Jules (Jùli) Ronjat, L’ourtougràfi prouvençalo, Avignon: Vivo Prouvènço!, 1908.
Robert Lafont, Phonétique et graphie du provençal: essai d’adaptation de la réforme linguistique occitane aux parlers de Provence, Toulouse: Institut d’Études Occitanes, 1951 [2nd ed. 1960]
Robèrt Lafont, L’ortografia occitana, lo provençau, Montpellier: Universitat de Montpelhièr III-Centre d’Estudis Occitans, 1972.
Jules Coupier, (& Philippe Blanchet) Dictionnaire français-provençal / Diciounàri francés-prouvençau, Aix en Provence: Association Dictionnaire Français-Provençal / Edisud, 1995. (rhodanian dialect)
Philippe Blanchet, Le provençal : essai de description sociolinguistique et différentielle, Institut de Linguistique de Louvain, Louvain, Peeters, 1992 (lire en ligne [archive]).
Philippe Blanchet, Dictionnaire fondamental français-provençal. (Variété côtière et intérieure), Paris, éditions Gisserot-éducation, 2002.
Philippe Blanchet, Découvrir le provençal, un "cas d'école" sociolinguistique [archive], cours en ligne de l'Université Ouverte des Humanités, 2020.
Philippe Blanchet, Langues, cultures et identités régionales en Provence. La Métaphore de l’aïoli, Paris, L'Harmattan, 2002.
Pierre Vouland, Du provençal rhodanien parlé à l'écrit mistralien, précis d'analyse structurale et comparée, Aix-en-Provence, Edisud, 2005, 206 pages.
Alain Barthélemy-Vigouroux & Guy Martin, Manuel pratique de provençal contemporain, Édisud 2006, ISBN2-7449-0619-0
External links
Occitan edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Provençal phrasebook travel guide from Wikivoyage
- a list of words, with some mistakes
Modern Provençal phonology and morphology studied in the language of Frederic Mistral (1921)
April 27, 2023
provençal, dialect, other, uses, provençal, provençal, confused, with, franco, provençal, distinct, language, that, shares, features, both, french, occitan, provençal, ɑː, also, occitan, provençau, prouvençau, pʁuveⁿˈsaw, variety, occitan, spoken, people, prov. For other uses of Provencal see Provencal Not to be confused with Franco Provencal a distinct language that shares features of both French and the Provencal dialect Occitan Provencal ˌ p r ɒ v ɒ ˈ s ɑː l also UK s ae l 4 US ˌ p r oʊ v e n Occitan provencau or prouvencau pʁuveⁿˈsaw is a variety of Occitan 5 6 spoken by people in Provence and parts of Drome and Gard Historically the term Provencal has been used to refer to the whole of the Occitan language but today it is considered more technically appropriate to refer only to the variety of Occitan spoken in Provence 7 8 However it can still be found being used to refer to Occitan as a whole e g Merriam Webster states that it can be used to refer to general Occitan though this is going out of use 9 Provencalprouvencau mistralian norm provencal provencau classical norm Native toFrance Italy MonacoNative speakers 350 000 cited 1990 1 Language familyIndo European ItalicRomanceWesternGallo RomanceOccitano RomanceOccitanProvencalLanguage codesISO 639 3None mis Glottologprov1235ELPProvencalIETFoc provenc sup id cite ref wikidata 1efac5152aeb4486e2a8741189ef642933ad0959 v3 2 0 class reference a href cite note wikidata 1efac5152aeb4486e2a8741189ef642933ad0959 v3 2 2 a sup sup id cite ref wikidata 00f8a236c95326fdd778558c3a8b2c34ad67f831 v3 3 0 class reference a href cite note wikidata 00f8a236c95326fdd778558c3a8b2c34ad67f831 v3 3 3 a sup Provencal is also the customary name given to the older version of the Occitan language used by the troubadours of medieval literature when Old French or the langue d oil was limited to the northern areas of France Thus the ISO 639 3 code for Old Occitan is pro In 2007 all the ISO 639 3 codes for Occitan dialects including prv for Provencal were retired and merged into oci Occitan The old codes prv auv gsc lms lnc are no longer in active use but still have the meaning assigned them when they were established in the Standard 10 Contents 1 Subdialects 2 Orthography 3 Literature 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External linksSubdialects EditThe main subdialects of Provencal are Rodanenc in French Rhodanien around the lower Rhone river Arles Avignon Nimes A Rodanenc subvariety the Shuadit or Judeo Provencal has been considered extinct since 1977 It was spoken by the Jewish community around Avignon When Jews were granted freedom of residence in France the dialect declined Maritim or Centrau or Mediterraneu Maritime or Central or Mediterranean around Aix en Provence Marseille Toulon Cannes Antibes Grasse Forcalquier Castellane Draguignan Nicard in the lower County of Nice Gavot in French Gavot spoken in the Western Occitan Alps around Digne Sisteron Gap Barcelonnette and the upper County of Nice but also in a part of the Ardeche is not exactly a subdialect of Provencal but rather a closely related Occitan dialect also known as Vivaro Alpine So is the dialect spoken in the upper valleys of Piedmont Italy Val Maira Val Varaita Val Stura di Demonte Entracque Limone Piemonte Vinadio Sestriere 11 Some people view Gavot as a variety of Provencal since a part of the Gavot area near Digne and Sisteron belongs to historical Provence Orthography EditWhen written in the Mistralian norm normo mistralenco definite articles are lou in the masculine singular la in the feminine singular and li in the masculine and feminine plural lis before vowels Nouns and adjectives usually drop the Latin masculine endings but e remains the feminine ending is o this is the opposite of the neighbouring Italian masculine gender Nouns do not inflect for number but all adjectives ending in vowels e or o become i and all plural adjectives take s before vowels When written in the classical norm norma classica definite articles are masculine lo lu feminine la la and plural lei leis lej lejz li liz Nouns and adjectives usually drop the Latin masculine endings but e e remains the feminine ending is a ɔ Nouns inflect for number all adjectives ending in vowels e or a become ei eis ej ejz i iz in some syntactic positions and most plural adjectives take s Comparison of articles and endings between the two norms English Mistralian norm Classical normSingular Masculine the good friend lou bon ami lu ˌbɔn aˈmi lo bon amic lu ˌbɔn aˈmi Feminine la bono amigo la ˌbɔn aˈmigɔ la bona amiga la ˌbɔn aˈmigɔ Plural Masculine the good friends li bons ami lej ˌbɔnz aˈmi li ˌbɔnz aˈmi lei bons amics lej ˌbɔnz aˈmi li ˌbɔnz aˈmi Feminine li bonis amigo lei ˈbɔnejz aˈmigɔ li ˈbɔniz aˈmigɔ lei boneis amigas lei ˈbɔnejz aˈmigɔ li ˈbɔniz aˈmigɔ Pronunciation remains the same in both norms Mistralian and classical which are only two different ways to write the same language Literature EditModern Provencal literature was given impetus by Nobel laureate Frederic Mistral and the association Felibrige he founded with other writers such as Theodore Aubanel The beginning of the 20th century saw other authors like Joseph d Arbaud Batisto Bonnet and Valere Bernard It has been enhanced and modernized since the second half of the 20th century by writers such as Robert Lafont Pierre Pessemesse Claude Barsotti Max Philippe Delavouet Wikidata Philippe Gardy Wikidata Florian Vernet Wikidata Danielle Julien Wikidata Jorgi Gros Wikidata Sergi Bec Wikidata Bernat Giely and many others See also EditOccitan conjugation Languages of FranceNotes Edit Provencal dialect at Ethnologue 15th ed 2005 Occitan post 1500 IANA language subtag registry 18 August 2008 Retrieved 11 February 2019 Provencal IANA language subtag registry subtitle Occitan variant spoken in Provence retrieved 11 February 2019 publication date 22 April 2018 Laurie Bauer 2007 The Linguistics Student s Handbook Edinburgh Holtus Gunther Metzeltin Michael Schmitt Christian 1991 Band V 2 Okzitanisch Katalanisch Lexikon der Romanistischen Linguistik LRL Berlin New York De Gruyter Max Niemeyer Verlag Langues regionales Ministere de la culture France Retrieved 13 February 2023 Dalby Andrew 1998 Occitan Dictionary of Languages 1st ed Bloomsbury Publishing plc p 468 ISBN 0 7475 3117 X Retrieved 8 November 2006 On the persistent use of Provencal as a synonym of Occitan see Constanze WETH L occitan provencal Manuel des langues romanes Edited by Klump Andre Kramer Johannes Willems Aline DE GRUYTER 2014 Pages 491 509 ISBN Online 9783110302585 Definition of PROVENCAL www merriam webster com Retrieved 2022 05 14 Deprecated Language Codes SIL International Normas ortograficas chausias morfologicas e vocabulari de l occitan alpin oriental texte imprimit Commission internacionala per la normalizacion linguistica de l occitan alpin Published by Espaci Occitan Piemonte 2008 242 ISBN 9788890299742 PN 01References EditJules Juli Ronjat L ourtougrafi prouvencalo Avignon Vivo Prouvenco 1908 Robert Lafont Phonetique et graphie du provencal essai d adaptation de la reforme linguistique occitane aux parlers de Provence Toulouse Institut d Etudes Occitanes 1951 2nd ed 1960 Robert Lafont L ortografia occitana lo provencau Montpellier Universitat de Montpelhier III Centre d Estudis Occitans 1972 Jules Coupier amp Philippe Blanchet Dictionnaire francais provencal Diciounari frances prouvencau Aix en Provence Association Dictionnaire Francais Provencal Edisud 1995 rhodanian dialect Philippe Blanchet Le provencal essai de description sociolinguistique et differentielle Institut de Linguistique de Louvain Louvain Peeters 1992 lire en ligne archive Philippe Blanchet Dictionnaire fondamental francais provencal Variete cotiere et interieure Paris editions Gisserot education 2002 Philippe Blanchet Decouvrir le provencal un cas d ecole sociolinguistique archive cours en ligne de l Universite Ouverte des Humanites 2020 Philippe Blanchet Langues cultures et identites regionales en Provence La Metaphore de l aioli Paris L Harmattan 2002 Pierre Vouland Du provencal rhodanien parle a l ecrit mistralien precis d analyse structurale et comparee Aix en Provence Edisud 2005 206 pages Alain Barthelemy Vigouroux amp Guy Martin Manuel pratique de provencal contemporain Edisud 2006 ISBN 2 7449 0619 0External links Edit Occitan edition of Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Provencal phrasebook travel guide from Wikivoyage Provencal English Dictionary a list of words with some mistakes Modern Provencal phonology and morphology studied in the language of Frederic Mistral 1921 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Provencal dialect amp oldid 1139030284, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
