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Close back rounded vowel

January 13, 2023

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The close back rounded vowel, or high back rounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨u⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is u.

Close back rounded vowel
u
IPA Number308
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)u
Unicode (hex)U+0075
X-SAMPAu
Braille

In most languages, this rounded vowel is pronounced with protruded lips ('endolabial'). However, in a few cases the lips are compressed ('exolabial').

[u] alternates with labio-velar approximant [w] in certain languages, such as French, and in the diphthongs of some languages, [u̯] with the non-syllabic diacritic and [w] are used in different transcription systems to represent the same sound.

Close back protruded vowel

The close back protruded vowel is the most common variant of the close back rounded vowel. It is typically transcribed in IPA simply as ⟨u⟩ (the convention used in this article). As there is no dedicated IPA diacritic for protrusion, the symbol for the close back rounded vowel with an old diacritic for labialization, ⟨  ̫⟩, can be used as an ad hoc symbol ⟨u̫⟩. Another possible transcription is ⟨uʷ⟩ or ⟨ɯʷ⟩ (a close back vowel modified by endolabialization), but that could be misread as a diphthong.

Features

  • Its vowel height is close, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned close to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
  • Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
  • Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afrikaans Standard[2] boek [bu̜k] 'book' Only weakly rounded.[3] See Afrikaans phonology
Arabic Standard[4] جنوب/ǧanuub [d͡ʒaˈnuːb] 'south' See Arabic phonology
Armenian Eastern[5] դուռ/dur [dur] 'door'
Bavarian Amstetten dialect[6] und [und̥] 'and' Contrasts close [u], near-close [o̝], close-mid [o] and open-mid [ɔ] back rounded vowels in addition to the open central unrounded [ä].[6]
Bulgarian[7] луд/lud [ɫut̪] 'crazy' See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan[8] suc [s̺uk] 'juice' See Catalan phonology
Chinese Mandarin[9][10] 土 / tǔ [tʰu˨˩˦] 'earth' See Standard Chinese phonology
Cantonese[11] 夫 / fū  [fuː˥] 'man' See Cantonese phonology
Shanghainese[12] 瓜/ku [ku˩] 'melon' Height varies between close and close-mid; contrasts with a close to close-mid back compressed vowel.[12]
Chuvash урам [ur'am] 'street'
Danish Standard[13][14] du [tu] 'you' See Danish phonology
Dutch Standard[15][16] voet  [vut] 'foot' Somewhat fronted in Belgian Standard Dutch.[16]
English Australian[17][18] book [buk] 'book' Corresponds to [ʊ] in other accents. See Australian English phonology
Cape Flats[19] May be advanced to [ʉ], or lowered and unrounded to [ɤ].[19] See South African English phonology
Cultivated South African[20] boot [bu̟ːt] 'boot' Typically more front than cardinal [u]. Instead of being back, it may be central [ʉː] in Geordie and RP, and front [yː] in Multicultural London. See English phonology and South African English phonology
General American[21]
Geordie[22]
Multicultural London[23]
Received Pronunciation[24]
Welsh[25][26][27]
Pakistani[28] [buːʈ]
Greater New York City [buːt][29]
New Zealand[30][31] treacle [ˈtɹ̝̊iːku] 'treacle' Possible realization of the unstressed vowel /ɯ/, which is variable in rounding and ranges from central to (more often) back and close to close-mid.[30][31] Corresponds to /əl/ in other accents. See New Zealand English phonology
Estonian[32] sule [ˈsule̞] 'feather' (gen. sg.) See Estonian phonology
Finnish[33][34] kukka [ˈkukːɑ] 'flower' See Finnish phonology
Faroese[35] gulur [ˈkuːlʊɹ] 'yellow' See Faroese phonology
French[36][37] où  [u] 'where' See French phonology
Georgian[38] გუდა/guda [ɡudɑ] 'leather bag'
German Standard[39][40] Fuß  [fuːs] 'foot' See Standard German phonology
Many speakers[41] Stunde [ˈʃtundə] 'hour' The usual realization of /ʊ/ in Switzerland, Austria and partially also in Western and Southwestern Germany (Palatinate, Swabia).[41] See Standard German phonology
Greek Modern Standard[42][43] που / pou [pu] 'where' See Modern Greek phonology
Hungarian[44] út [uːt̪] 'way' See Hungarian phonology
Icelandic[45][46] þú [θ̠u] 'you' See Icelandic phonology
Indonesian[47] Standard Indonesian unta [unta] 'camel' See Indonesian phonology
Italian[48] tutto [ˈt̪ut̪t̪o] 'all', 'everything' See Italian phonology
Kaingang[49] [ˈndukːi] 'in the belly'
Kazakh туған/tuğan [t̪ʰuˈʁɑ̝̃n̪] 'native' Transcribed phonemically as ⟨ʊw⟩
Khmer ភូមិ / phumĭ [pʰuːm] 'village' See Khmer phonology
Korean 눈 / nun [nuːn] 'snow' See Korean phonology
Kurdish[50][51][52] Kurmanji (Northern) çû [tʃʰuː] 'wood' See Kurdish phonology
Sorani (Central) چوو/çû
Palewani (Southern)
Latin Classical[53] sus [suːs] 'pig'
Limburgish[54][55] sjoen [ʃu̟n] 'beautiful' Back[55] or near-back,[54] depending on the dialect. The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
Lower Sorbian[56] zub [z̪up] 'tooth'
Luxembourgish[57] Luucht [luːχt] 'air' See Luxembourgish phonology
Malay ubat [u.bät] 'medicine' See Malay phonology
Mongolian[58] үүр/üür [uːɾɘ̆] 'nest'
Nogai сув [suː] 'water'
Persian دور/dur [duɾ] 'far' See Persian phonology
Polish[59] buk  [buk] 'beech tree' Also represented orthographically by ⟨ó⟩. See Polish phonology
Portuguese[60] tu [ˈtu] 'you' See Portuguese phonology
Romanian[61] unu [ˈun̪u] 'one' See Romanian phonology
Russian[62] узкий/uzkiy/uzkij  [ˈus̪kʲɪj] 'narrow' See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[63] дуга / duga [d̪ǔːɡä] 'rainbow' See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Shiwiar[64] [example needed]
Spanish[65] curable [kuˈɾäβ̞le̞] 'curable' See Spanish phonology
Sotho[66] tumo [tʼumɔ] 'fame' Contrasts close, near-close and close-mid back rounded vowels.[66] See Sotho phonology
Swahili ubongo [ubongo] 'brain'
Tagalog utang [ˈʔutɐŋ] 'debt'
Thai Standard[67] ชลบุรี/chonburi  [tɕ͡ʰōn.bū.rīː] (help·info) 'Chonburi'
Turkish[68][69] uzak [uˈz̪äk] 'far' See Turkish phonology
Udmurt[70] урэтэ/urėtė [urete] 'to divide'
Ukrainian[71] рух/rukh [rux] 'motion' See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian[56][72] žuk [ʒuk] 'beetle' See Upper Sorbian phonology
Urdu دُور/dur [duɾ] 'far' See Urdu phonology
Welsh mwg [muːɡ] 'smoke' See Welsh phonology
Yoruba[73] itọju [itɔju]
Zapotec Tilquiapan[74] gdu [ɡdu] 'all'

Close back compressed vowel

Close back compressed vowel
u͍
ɯᵝ
Audio sample
source · help

Some languages, such as Japanese and Swedish, have a close back vowel that has a distinct type of rounding, called compressed or exolabial.[75] Only Shanghainese is known to contrast it with the more typical protruded (endolabial) close back vowel, but the height of both vowels varies from close to close-mid.[12]

There is no dedicated diacritic for compression in the IPA. However, compression of the lips can be shown with the letter ⟨β̞⟩ as ⟨ɯ͡β̞⟩ (simultaneous [ɯ] and labial compression) or ⟨ɯᵝ⟩ ([ɯ] modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic ⟨  ͍ ⟩ may also be used with a rounded vowel letter ⟨u͍⟩ as an ad hoc symbol, but 'spread' technically means unrounded.

Features

  • Its vowel height is close, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned close to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
  • Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
  • Its roundedness is compressed, which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Chinese Shanghainese[12] 都/tub [tɯᵝ˩] 'capital' Height varies between close and close-mid; contrasts with a close to close-mid back protruded vowel.[12]
Japanese[76] 空気 / kūki  [kɯ̟ᵝːki] 'air' Near-back; may be realized as central [ɨᵝ] by younger speakers.[76] See Japanese phonology
Lizu[77] [Fmɯ̟ᵝ][clarification needed] 'feather' Near-back.[77]
Norwegian[78][79] mot [mɯᵝːt] 'courage' The example word is from Urban East Norwegian, in which the vowel can be diphthongized to [ɯᵝə̯].[80] See Norwegian phonology
Swedish Central Standard[81][82] oro [²ɯᵝːrɯᵝː] 'unease' Often realized as a sequence [ɯᵝβ̞] or [ɯᵝβ][81] (hear the word:  [²ɯᵝβrɯᵝβ]). See Swedish phonology

See also

Citations

  1. ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. ^ Donaldson (1993), pp. 2, 5.
  3. ^ Donaldson (1993), p. 5.
  4. ^ Thelwall & Sa'Adeddin (1990), p. 38.
  5. ^ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
  6. ^ a b Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
  7. ^ Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999), p. 56.
  8. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 54.
  9. ^ Lee & Zee (2003), pp. 110–111.
  10. ^ Duanmu (2007), pp. 35–36.
  11. ^ Zee (1999), pp. 59–60.
  12. ^ a b c d e Chen & Gussenhoven (2015), pp. 328–329.
  13. ^ Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
  14. ^ Basbøll (2005), p. 46.
  15. ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 47.
  16. ^ a b Verhoeven (2005), p. 245.
  17. ^ Cox & Palethorpe (2007), p. 344.
  18. ^ Cox & Fletcher (2017), p. 65.
  19. ^ a b Finn (2004), p. 970.
  20. ^ Lass (2002), p. 116.
  21. ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
  22. ^ Watt & Allen (2003), p. 268.
  23. ^ Gimson (2014), p. 91.
  24. ^ Roach (2004), p. 242.
  25. ^ Collins & Mees (1990), p. 95.
  26. ^ Connolly (1990), p. 125.
  27. ^ Tench (1990), p. 135.
  28. ^ Mahboob & Ahmar (2004), p. 1007.
  29. ^ Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006). The Atlas of North American English. chpt. 17
  30. ^ a b "NZE Phonology" (PDF). Victoria University of Wellington. p. 3.
  31. ^ a b Bauer & Warren (2004), p. 585.
  32. ^ Asu & Teras (2009), p. 368.
  33. ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005), pp. 60, 66.
  34. ^ Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008), p. 21.
  35. ^ Árnason (2011), pp. 68, 74.
  36. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  37. ^ Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
  38. ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), pp. 261–262.
  39. ^ Hall (2003), pp. 87, 107.
  40. ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 34.
  41. ^ a b Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
  42. ^ Arvaniti (2007), p. 28.
  43. ^ Trudgill (2009), p. 81.
  44. ^ Szende (1994), p. 92.
  45. ^ Árnason (2011), p. 60.
  46. ^ Einarsson (1945:10), cited in Gussmann (2011:73)
  47. ^ "Indonesian Alphabet and Pronunciation". mylanguages.org. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
  48. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 119.
  49. ^ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676–677, 682.
  50. ^ Thackston (2006a), p. 1.
  51. ^ Khan & Lescot (1970), pp. 8–16.
  52. ^ Fattah describes the sound as being voyelle longue centrale arrondie (p. 116).
  53. ^ Wheelock's Latin (1956).
  54. ^ a b Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
  55. ^ a b Peters (2006), p. 119.
  56. ^ a b Stone (2002), p. 600.
  57. ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 70.
  58. ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005), pp. 62, 66–67.
  59. ^ Jassem (2003), p. 105.
  60. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  61. ^ Sarlin (2014), p. 18.
  62. ^ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 67.
  63. ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
  64. ^ Fast Mowitz (1975), p. 2.
  65. ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 256.
  66. ^ a b Doke & Mofokeng (1974), p. ?.
  67. ^ Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993), p. 24.
  68. ^ Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155.
  69. ^ Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 11.
  70. ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005), pp. 64, 68.
  71. ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  72. ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 20.
  73. ^ Bamgboṣe (1966), p. 166.
  74. ^ Merrill (2008), p. 109.
  75. ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 295.
  76. ^ a b Okada (1999), p. 118.
  77. ^ a b Chirkova & Chen (2013), p. 78.
  78. ^ Vanvik (1979), pp. 13, 17.
  79. ^ While Vanvik (1979) does not describe the exact type of rounding of this vowel, some other sources (e.g. Haugen (1974:40) and Kristoffersen (2000:16)) state explicitly that it is compressed.
  80. ^ Vanvik (1979), p. 17.
  81. ^ a b Engstrand (1999), p. 140.
  82. ^ Rosenqvist (2007), p. 9.

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  • Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
  • Stone, Gerald (2002), "Sorbian (Upper and Lower)", in Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville G. (eds.), The Slavonic Languages, London and New York: Routledge, pp. 593–685, ISBN 9780415280785
  • Suomi, Kari; Toivanen, Juhani; Ylitalo, Riikka (2008), Finnish sound structure – Phonetics, phonology, phonotactics and prosody (PDF), Studia Humaniora Ouluensia 9, Oulu University Press, ISBN 978-951-42-8984-2
  • Szende, Tamás (1994), "Hungarian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 24 (2): 91–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090, S2CID 242632087
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  • Ternes, Elmer; Vladimirova-Buhtz, Tatjana (1999), "Bulgarian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 55–57, ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0
  • Thackston, W.M. (2006a), —Sorani Kurdish— A Reference Grammar with Selected Readings (PDF), retrieved 29 October 2017
  • Thelwall, Robin; Sa'Adeddin, M. Akram (1990), "Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 20 (2): 37–39, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266, S2CID 243640727
  • Tingsabadh, M. R. Kalaya; Abramson, Arthur S. (1993), "Thai", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (1): 24–28, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004746, S2CID 242001518
  • Traunmüller, Hartmut (1982), "Vokalismus in der westniederösterreichischen Mundart.", Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, 2: 289–333
  • Trudgill, Peter (2009), "Greek Dialect Vowel Systems, Vowel Dispersion Theory, and Sociolinguistic Typology", Journal of Greek Linguistics, 9 (1): 80–97, doi:10.1163/156658409X12500896406041
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  • Zee, Eric (1999), "Chinese (Hong Kong Cantonese)", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 58–60, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
  • Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), (PDF), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-25, retrieved 2015-11-20

External links

  • List of languages with [u] on PHOIBLE

January 13, 2023
close, back, rounded, vowel, redirects, here, users, reddit, reddit, users, moderators, close, back, rounded, vowel, high, back, rounded, vowel, type, vowel, sound, used, many, spoken, languages, symbol, international, phonetic, alphabet, that, represents, thi. u redirects here For users on Reddit see Reddit Users and moderators The close back rounded vowel or high back rounded vowel 1 is a type of vowel sound used in many spoken languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is u and the equivalent X SAMPA symbol is u Close back rounded voweluIPA Number308Audio sample source source source helpEncodingEntity decimal amp 117 Unicode hex U 0075X SAMPAuBrailleIPA VowelsFront Central BackClose i y ɨ ʉ ɯ uNear close ɪ ʏ ʊClose mid e o ɘ ɵ ɤ oMid e o e ɤ o Open mid ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔNear open ae ɐOpen a ɶ a ɑ ɒIPA help audio full chart template Legend unrounded roundedIn most languages this rounded vowel is pronounced with protruded lips endolabial However in a few cases the lips are compressed exolabial u alternates with labio velar approximant w in certain languages such as French and in the diphthongs of some languages u with the non syllabic diacritic and w are used in different transcription systems to represent the same sound Contents 1 Close back protruded vowel 1 1 Features 1 2 Occurrence 2 Close back compressed vowel 2 1 Features 2 2 Occurrence 3 See also 4 Citations 5 References 6 External linksClose back protruded vowel EditThe close back protruded vowel is the most common variant of the close back rounded vowel It is typically transcribed in IPA simply as u the convention used in this article As there is no dedicated IPA diacritic for protrusion the symbol for the close back rounded vowel with an old diacritic for labialization can be used as an ad hoc symbol u Another possible transcription is uʷ or ɯʷ a close back vowel modified by endolabialization but that could be misread as a diphthong Features Edit Its vowel height is close also known as high which means the tongue is positioned close to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant Its vowel backness is back which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant Its roundedness is protruded which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together and the inner surfaces exposed Occurrence Edit Language Word IPA Meaning NotesAfrikaans Standard 2 boek bu k book Only weakly rounded 3 See Afrikaans phonologyArabic Standard 4 جنوب ǧanuub d ʒaˈnuːb south See Arabic phonologyArmenian Eastern 5 դուռ dur dur door Bavarian Amstetten dialect 6 und und and Contrasts close u near close o close mid o and open mid ɔ back rounded vowels in addition to the open central unrounded a 6 Bulgarian 7 lud lud ɫut crazy See Bulgarian phonologyCatalan 8 suc s uk juice See Catalan phonologyChinese Mandarin 9 10 土 tǔ tʰu earth See Standard Chinese phonologyCantonese 11 夫 fu fuː man See Cantonese phonologyShanghainese 12 瓜 ku ku melon Height varies between close and close mid contrasts with a close to close mid back compressed vowel 12 Chuvash uram ur am street Danish Standard 13 14 du tu you See Danish phonologyDutch Standard 15 16 voet vut foot Somewhat fronted in Belgian Standard Dutch 16 English Australian 17 18 book buk book Corresponds to ʊ in other accents See Australian English phonologyCape Flats 19 May be advanced to ʉ or lowered and unrounded to ɤ 19 See South African English phonologyCultivated South African 20 boot bu ːt boot Typically more front than cardinal u Instead of being back it may be central ʉː in Geordie and RP and front yː in Multicultural London See English phonology and South African English phonologyGeneral American 21 Geordie 22 Multicultural London 23 Received Pronunciation 24 Welsh 25 26 27 Pakistani 28 buːʈ Greater New York City buːt 29 New Zealand 30 31 treacle ˈtɹ iːku treacle Possible realization of the unstressed vowel ɯ which is variable in rounding and ranges from central to more often back and close to close mid 30 31 Corresponds to el in other accents See New Zealand English phonologyEstonian 32 sule ˈsule feather gen sg See Estonian phonologyFinnish 33 34 kukka ˈkukːɑ flower See Finnish phonologyFaroese 35 gulur ˈkuːlʊɹ yellow See Faroese phonologyFrench 36 37 ou u where See French phonologyGeorgian 38 გუდა guda ɡudɑ leather bag German Standard 39 40 Fuss fuːs foot See Standard German phonologyMany speakers 41 Stunde ˈʃtunde hour The usual realization of ʊ in Switzerland Austria and partially also in Western and Southwestern Germany Palatinate Swabia 41 See Standard German phonologyGreek Modern Standard 42 43 poy pou pu where See Modern Greek phonologyHungarian 44 ut uːt way See Hungarian phonologyIcelandic 45 46 thu 8 u you See Icelandic phonologyIndonesian 47 Standard Indonesian unta unta camel See Indonesian phonologyItalian 48 tutto ˈt ut t o all everything See Italian phonologyKaingang 49 ˈndukːi in the belly Kazakh tugan tugan t ʰuˈʁɑ n native Transcribed phonemically as ʊw Khmer ភ ម phumĭ pʰuːm village See Khmer phonologyKorean 눈 nun nuːn snow See Korean phonologyKurdish 50 51 52 Kurmanji Northern cu tʃʰuː wood See Kurdish phonologySorani Central چوو cuPalewani Southern Latin Classical 53 sus suːs pig Limburgish 54 55 sjoen ʃu n beautiful Back 55 or near back 54 depending on the dialect The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect Lower Sorbian 56 zub z up tooth Luxembourgish 57 Luucht luːxt air See Luxembourgish phonologyMalay ubat u bat medicine See Malay phonologyMongolian 58 үүr uur uːɾɘ nest Nogai suv suː water Persian دور dur duɾ far See Persian phonologyPolish 59 buk buk beech tree Also represented orthographically by o See Polish phonologyPortuguese 60 tu ˈtu you See Portuguese phonologyRomanian 61 unu ˈun u one See Romanian phonologyRussian 62 uzkij uzkiy uzkij ˈus kʲɪj narrow See Russian phonologySerbo Croatian 63 duga duga d ǔːɡa rainbow See Serbo Croatian phonologyShiwiar 64 example needed Spanish 65 curable kuˈɾab le curable See Spanish phonologySotho 66 tumo tʼumɔ fame Contrasts close near close and close mid back rounded vowels 66 See Sotho phonologySwahili ubongo ubongo brain Tagalog utang ˈʔutɐŋ debt Thai Standard 67 chlburi chonburi tɕ ʰōn bu riː help info Chonburi Turkish 68 69 uzak uˈz ak far See Turkish phonologyUdmurt 70 urete urete urete to divide Ukrainian 71 ruh rukh rux motion See Ukrainian phonologyUpper Sorbian 56 72 zuk ʒuk beetle See Upper Sorbian phonologyUrdu د ور dur duɾ far See Urdu phonologyWelsh mwg muːɡ smoke See Welsh phonologyYoruba 73 itọju itɔju Zapotec Tilquiapan 74 gdu ɡdu all Close back compressed vowel EditClose back compressed vowelu ɯᵝAudio sample source source source helpSome languages such as Japanese and Swedish have a close back vowel that has a distinct type of rounding called compressed or exolabial 75 Only Shanghainese is known to contrast it with the more typical protruded endolabial close back vowel but the height of both vowels varies from close to close mid 12 There is no dedicated diacritic for compression in the IPA However compression of the lips can be shown with the letter b as ɯ b simultaneous ɯ and labial compression or ɯᵝ ɯ modified with labial compression The spread lip diacritic may also be used with a rounded vowel letter u as an ad hoc symbol but spread technically means unrounded Features Edit Its vowel height is close also known as high which means the tongue is positioned close to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant Its vowel backness is back which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant Its roundedness is compressed which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed Occurrence Edit Language Word IPA Meaning NotesChinese Shanghainese 12 都 tub tɯᵝ capital Height varies between close and close mid contrasts with a close to close mid back protruded vowel 12 Japanese 76 空気 kuki kɯ ᵝːki air Near back may be realized as central ɨᵝ by younger speakers 76 See Japanese phonologyLizu 77 Fmɯ ᵝ clarification needed feather Near back 77 Norwegian 78 79 mot mɯᵝːt courage The example word is from Urban East Norwegian in which the vowel can be diphthongized to ɯᵝe 80 See Norwegian phonologySwedish Central Standard 81 82 oro ɯᵝːrɯᵝː unease Often realized as a sequence ɯᵝb or ɯᵝb 81 hear the word ɯᵝbrɯᵝb See Swedish phonologySee also EditIndex of phonetics articles Close central compressed vowel Close front protruded vowelCitations Edit While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms close and open for vowel height many linguists use high and low Donaldson 1993 pp 2 5 Donaldson 1993 p 5 Thelwall amp Sa Adeddin 1990 p 38 Dum Tragut 2009 p 13 a b Traunmuller 1982 cited in Ladefoged amp Maddieson 1996 290 Ternes amp Vladimirova Buhtz 1999 p 56 Carbonell amp Llisterri 1992 p 54 Lee amp Zee 2003 pp 110 111 Duanmu 2007 pp 35 36 Zee 1999 pp 59 60 a b c d e Chen amp Gussenhoven 2015 pp 328 329 Gronnum 1998 p 100 Basboll 2005 p 46 Gussenhoven 1992 p 47 a b Verhoeven 2005 p 245 Cox amp Palethorpe 2007 p 344 Cox amp Fletcher 2017 p 65 a b Finn 2004 p 970 Lass 2002 p 116 Mannell Cox amp Harrington 2009 Watt amp Allen 2003 p 268 Gimson 2014 p 91 Roach 2004 p 242 Collins amp Mees 1990 p 95 Connolly 1990 p 125 Tench 1990 p 135 Mahboob amp Ahmar 2004 p 1007 Labov William Ash Sharon Boberg Charles 2006 The Atlas of North American English chpt 17 a b NZE Phonology PDF Victoria University of Wellington p 3 a b Bauer amp Warren 2004 p 585 Asu amp Teras 2009 p 368 Iivonen amp Harnud 2005 pp 60 66 Suomi Toivanen amp Ylitalo 2008 p 21 Arnason 2011 pp 68 74 Fougeron amp Smith 1993 p 73 Collins amp Mees 2013 p 225 Shosted amp Chikovani 2006 pp 261 262 Hall 2003 pp 87 107 Dudenredaktion Kleiner amp Knobl 2015 p 34 a b Dudenredaktion Kleiner amp Knobl 2015 p 64 Arvaniti 2007 p 28 Trudgill 2009 p 81 Szende 1994 p 92 Arnason 2011 p 60 Einarsson 1945 10 cited in Gussmann 2011 73 Indonesian Alphabet and Pronunciation mylanguages org Retrieved 2021 05 17 Rogers amp d Arcangeli 2004 p 119 Jolkesky 2009 pp 676 677 682 Thackston 2006a p 1 Khan amp Lescot 1970 pp 8 16 Fattah describes the sound as being voyelle longue centrale arrondie p 116 Wheelock s Latin 1956 a b Gussenhoven amp Aarts 1999 p 159 a b Peters 2006 p 119 a b Stone 2002 p 600 Gilles amp Trouvain 2013 p 70 Iivonen amp Harnud 2005 pp 62 66 67 Jassem 2003 p 105 Cruz Ferreira 1995 p 91 Sarlin 2014 p 18 Jones amp Ward 1969 p 67 Landau et al 1999 p 67 Fast Mowitz 1975 p 2 Martinez Celdran Fernandez Planas amp Carrera Sabate 2003 p 256 a b Doke amp Mofokeng 1974 p Tingsabadh amp Abramson 1993 p 24 Zimmer amp Orgun 1999 p 155 Goksel amp Kerslake 2005 p 11 Iivonen amp Harnud 2005 pp 64 68 Danyenko amp Vakulenko 1995 p 4 Sewc Schuster 1984 p 20 Bamgboṣe 1966 p 166 Merrill 2008 p 109 Ladefoged amp Maddieson 1996 p 295 a b Okada 1999 p 118 a b Chirkova amp Chen 2013 p 78 Vanvik 1979 pp 13 17 While Vanvik 1979 does not describe the exact type of rounding of this vowel some other sources e g Haugen 1974 40 and Kristoffersen 2000 16 state explicitly that it is compressed Vanvik 1979 p 17 a b Engstrand 1999 p 140 Rosenqvist 2007 p 9 References EditArnason Kristjan 2011 The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 922931 4 Arvaniti Amalia 2007 Greek Phonetics The State of the Art PDF Journal of Greek Linguistics 8 97 208 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 692 1365 doi 10 1075 jgl 8 08arv archived from the original PDF on 2013 12 11 Asu Eva Liina Teras Pire 2009 Estonian Journal of the International Phonetic Association 39 3 367 372 doi 10 1017 s002510030999017x Bamgboṣe Ayọ 1966 A Grammar of Yoruba West African Languages Survey Institute of African Studies Cambridge Cambridge University Press Basboll Hans 2005 The Phonology of Danish ISBN 978 0 203 97876 4 Bauer Laurie Warren Paul 2004 New Zealand English phonology in Schneider Edgar W Burridge Kate Kortmann Bernd Mesthrie Rajend Upton Clive eds A handbook of varieties of English vol 1 Phonology Mouton de Gruyter pp 580 602 ISBN 978 3 11 017532 5 Carbonell Joan F Llisterri Joaquim 1992 Catalan Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 1 2 53 56 doi 10 1017 S0025100300004618 S2CID 249411809 Chen Yiya Gussenhoven Carlos 2015 Shanghai Chinese Journal of the International Phonetic Association 45 3 321 327 doi 10 1017 S0025100315000043 Chirkova Katia Chen Yiya 2013 Lizu Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 1 75 86 doi 10 1017 S0025100312000242 Collins Beverley Mees Inger M 1990 The Phonetics of Cardiff English in Coupland Nikolas Thomas Alan Richard eds English in Wales Diversity Conflict and Change Multilingual Matters Ltd pp 87 103 ISBN 978 1 85359 032 0 Collins Beverley Mees Inger M 2013 First published 2003 Practical Phonetics and Phonology A Resource Book for Students 3rd ed Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 50650 2 Connolly John H 1990 Port Talbot English in Coupland Nikolas Thomas Alan Richard eds English in Wales Diversity Conflict and Change Multilingual Matters Ltd pp 121 129 ISBN 978 1 85359 032 0 Cox Felicity Fletcher Janet 2017 First published 2012 Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription 2nd ed Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 316 63926 9 Cox Felicity Palethorpe Sallyanne 2007 Australian English PDF Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 3 341 350 doi 10 1017 S0025100307003192 Cruz Ferreira Madalena 1995 European Portuguese Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 2 90 94 doi 10 1017 S0025100300005223 S2CID 249414876 Danyenko Andrii Vakulenko Serhii 1995 Ukrainian Lincom Europa ISBN 9783929075083 Doke Clement Martyn Mofokeng S Machabe 1974 Textbook of Southern Sotho Grammar 3rd ed Cape Town Longman Southern Africa ISBN 978 0 582 61700 1 Donaldson Bruce C 1993 1 Pronunciation A Grammar of Afrikaans Mouton de Gruyter pp 1 35 ISBN 9783110134261 Duanmu San 2007 First published 2000 The Phonology of Standard Chinese 2nd ed Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 921578 2 Dudenredaktion Kleiner Stefan Knobl Ralf 2015 First published 1962 Das Ausspracheworterbuch in German 7th ed Berlin Dudenverlag ISBN 978 3 411 04067 4 Dum Tragut Jasmine 2009 Armenian Modern Eastern Armenian Amsterdam John Benjamins Publishing Company Einarsson Stefan 1945 Icelandic Grammar texts glossary Baltimore The Johns Hopkins Press ISBN 978 0801863578 Engstrand Olle 1999 Swedish Handbook of the International Phonetic Association A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 140 142 ISBN 978 0 521 63751 0 Fast Mowitz Gerhard 1975 Sistema fonologico del idioma achual Lima Instituto Linguistico de Verano Finn Peter 2004 Cape Flats English phonology in Schneider Edgar W Burridge Kate Kortmann Bernd Mesthrie Rajend Upton Clive eds A handbook of varieties of English vol 1 Phonology Mouton de Gruyter pp 964 984 ISBN 978 3 11 017532 5 Fougeron Cecile Smith Caroline L 1993 French Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 2 73 76 doi 10 1017 S0025100300004874 S2CID 249404451 Gilles Peter Trouvain Jurgen 2013 Luxembourgish PDF Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 1 67 74 doi 10 1017 S0025100312000278 Gimson Alfred Charles 2014 Cruttenden Alan ed Gimson s Pronunciation of English 8th ed Routledge ISBN 9781444183092 Goksel Asli Kerslake Celia 2005 Turkish a comprehensive grammar Routledge ISBN 978 0415114943 Gronnum Nina 1998 Illustrations of the IPA Danish Journal of the International Phonetic Association 28 1 amp 2 99 105 doi 10 1017 s0025100300006290 S2CID 249412109 Gussenhoven Carlos 1992 Dutch Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 2 45 47 doi 10 1017 S002510030000459X S2CID 243772965 Gussenhoven Carlos Aarts Flor 1999 The dialect of Maastricht PDF Journal of the International Phonetic Association 29 2 155 166 doi 10 1017 S0025100300006526 S2CID 145782045 Gussmann Edmund 2011 Getting your head around the vowel system of Modern Icelandic PDF Folia Scandinavica Posnaniensia Vol 12 pp 71 90 ISBN 978 83 232 2296 5 Hall Christopher 2003 First published 1992 Modern German pronunciation An introduction for speakers of English 2nd ed Manchester Manchester University Press ISBN 978 0 7190 6689 4 Haugen Einar 1974 1965 Norwegian English Dictionary The University of Wisconsin Press ISBN 978 0 299 03874 8 Iivonen Antti Harnud Huhe 2005 Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish Mongolian and Udmurt Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 1 59 71 doi 10 1017 S002510030500191X S2CID 145733117 Jassem Wiktor 2003 Polish Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 1 103 107 doi 10 1017 S0025100303001191 Jolkesky Marcelo Pinho de Valhery 2009 Fonologia e prosodia do Kaingang falado em Cacique Doble Anais do SETA Campinas 3 675 685 Jones Daniel Ward Dennis 1969 The Phonetics of Russian Cambridge University Press Khan Celadet Bedir Lescot Roger 1970 Grammaire Kurde Dialecte kurmandji PDF Paris La librairie d Amerique et d Orient Adrien Maisonneuve retrieved 28 October 2017 Kristoffersen Gjert 2000 The Phonology of Norwegian Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 823765 5 Ladefoged Peter Maddieson Ian 1996 The Sounds of the World s Languages Oxford Blackwell ISBN 978 0 631 19814 7 Landau Ernestina Loncarica Mijo Horga Damir Skaric Ivo 1999 Croatian Handbook of the International Phonetic Association A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 66 69 ISBN 978 0 521 65236 0 Lass Roger 2002 South African English in Mesthrie Rajend ed Language in South Africa Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521791052 Lee Wai Sum Zee Eric 2003 Standard Chinese Beijing Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 1 109 112 doi 10 1017 S0025100303001208 Mahboob Ahmar Ahmar Nadra H 2004 Pakistani English phonology in Schneider Edgar W ed A handbook of varieties of English vol 1 Berlin New York Mouton de Gruyter pp 1003 1015 Mannell R Cox F Harrington J 2009 An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology Macquarie University Martinez Celdran Eugenio Fernandez Planas Ana Ma Carrera Sabate Josefina 2003 Castilian Spanish Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 2 255 259 doi 10 1017 S0025100303001373 Merrill Elizabeth 2008 Tilquiapan Zapotec PDF Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 1 107 114 doi 10 1017 S0025100308003344 Okada Hideo 1999 Japanese in International Phonetic Association ed Handbook of the International Phonetic Association A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet Cambridge University Press pp 117 119 ISBN 978 0 52163751 0 Peters Jorg 2006 The dialect of Hasselt Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 1 117 124 doi 10 1017 S0025100306002428 Roach Peter 2004 British English Received Pronunciation Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 2 239 245 doi 10 1017 S0025100304001768 Rogers Derek d Arcangeli Luciana 2004 Italian Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 1 117 121 doi 10 1017 S0025100304001628 Rosenqvist Hakan 2007 Uttalsboken svenskt uttal i praktik och teori Stockholm Natur amp Kultur ISBN 978 91 27 40645 2 Sarlin Mika 2014 First published 2013 Sounds of Romanian and their spelling Romanian Grammar 2nd ed Helsinki Books on Demand GmbH pp 16 37 ISBN 978 952 286 898 5 Sewc Schuster Hinc 1984 Gramatika hornjo serbskeje rece Budysin Ludowe nakladnistwo Domowina Shosted Ryan K Chikovani Vakhtang 2006 Standard Georgian PDF Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 2 255 264 doi 10 1017 S0025100306002659 Stone Gerald 2002 Sorbian Upper and Lower in Comrie Bernard Corbett Greville G eds The Slavonic Languages London and New York Routledge pp 593 685 ISBN 9780415280785 Suomi Kari Toivanen Juhani Ylitalo Riikka 2008 Finnish sound structure Phonetics phonology phonotactics and prosody PDF Studia Humaniora Ouluensia 9 Oulu University Press ISBN 978 951 42 8984 2 Szende Tamas 1994 Hungarian Journal of the International Phonetic Association 24 2 91 94 doi 10 1017 S0025100300005090 S2CID 242632087 Tench Paul 1990 The Pronunciation of English in Abercrave in Coupland Nikolas Thomas Alan Richard eds English in Wales Diversity Conflict and Change Multilingual Matters Ltd pp 130 141 ISBN 978 1 85359 032 0 Ternes Elmer Vladimirova Buhtz Tatjana 1999 Bulgarian Handbook of the International Phonetic Association Cambridge University Press pp 55 57 ISBN 978 0 521 63751 0 Thackston W M 2006a Sorani Kurdish A Reference Grammar with Selected Readings PDF retrieved 29 October 2017 Thelwall Robin Sa Adeddin M Akram 1990 Arabic Journal of the International Phonetic Association 20 2 37 39 doi 10 1017 S0025100300004266 S2CID 243640727 Tingsabadh M R Kalaya Abramson Arthur S 1993 Thai Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 1 24 28 doi 10 1017 S0025100300004746 S2CID 242001518 Traunmuller Hartmut 1982 Vokalismus in der westniederosterreichischen Mundart Zeitschrift fur Dialektologie und Linguistik 2 289 333 Trudgill Peter 2009 Greek Dialect Vowel Systems Vowel Dispersion Theory and Sociolinguistic Typology Journal of Greek Linguistics 9 1 80 97 doi 10 1163 156658409X12500896406041 Vanvik Arne 1979 Norsk fonetikk Oslo Universitetet i Oslo ISBN 978 82 990584 0 7 Verhoeven Jo 2005 Belgian Standard Dutch Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 2 243 247 doi 10 1017 S0025100305002173 Watt Dominic Allen William 2003 Tyneside English Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 2 267 271 doi 10 1017 S0025100303001397 Wheelock Frederick M LaFleur Richard A 2011 1956 Wheelock s Latin Seventh ed HarperCollins ISBN 978 0 06 199722 8 Zee Eric 1999 Chinese Hong Kong Cantonese Handbook of the International Phonetic Association A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 58 60 ISBN 978 0 521 65236 0 Zimmer Karl Orgun Orhan 1999 Turkish PDF Handbook of the International Phonetic Association A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 154 158 ISBN 978 0 521 65236 0 archived from the original PDF on 2018 07 25 retrieved 2015 11 20External links EditList of languages with u on PHOIBLE Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Close back rounded vowel amp oldid 1123203029, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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