Wikipedia
Mid central vowel
The mid central vowel (also known as schwa) is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ə⟩, a rotated lowercase letter e.
| Mid central unrounded vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ə | |||
| IPA Number | 322 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
source · help | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ə | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0259 | ||
| X-SAMPA | @ | ||
| Braille | |||
| |||
| IPA: Vowels |
|---|
| Legend: unrounded • rounded |
While the Handbook of the International Phonetic Association does not define the roundedness of [ə],[1] it is more often unrounded than rounded. The phonetician Jane Setter describes the pronunciation of the unrounded variant as follows: "a sound which can be produced by basically relaxing the articulators in the oral cavity and vocalising."[2] To produce the rounded variant, all that needs to be done in addition to that is to round the lips.
Afrikaans contrasts unrounded and rounded mid central vowels; the latter is usually transcribed with ⟨œ⟩. The contrast is not very stable, and many speakers use an unrounded vowel in both cases.[3]
Danish[4] and Luxembourgish[5] have a mid central vowel that is variably rounded. In other languages, the change in rounding is accompanied with the change in height and/or backness. For instance, in Dutch, the unrounded allophone of /ə/ is mid central unrounded [ə], but its word-final rounded allophone is close-mid front rounded [ø̜], close to the main allophone of /ʏ/.[6]
The symbol ⟨ə⟩ is often used for any unstressed obscure vowel, regardless of its precise quality. For instance, the English vowel transcribed ⟨ə⟩ is a central unrounded vowel that can be close-mid [ɘ], mid [ə] or open-mid [ɜ], depending on the environment.[7]
Mid central unrounded vowel
The mid central unrounded vowel is frequently written with the symbol [ə]. If greater precision is desired, the symbol for the close-mid central unrounded vowel may be used with a lowering diacritic, [ɘ̞]. Another possibility is using the symbol for the open-mid central unrounded vowel with a raising diacritic, [ɜ̝].
Features
- Its vowel height is mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel and an open vowel.
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian | një | [ɲə] | 'one' | ||
| Afrikaans | Standard[3] | lig | [ləχ] | 'light' | Also described as open-mid [ɜ].[8] See Afrikaans phonology |
| Many speakers[3] | lug | 'air' | Many speakers merge /œ/ with /ə/, even in formal speech.[3] See Afrikaans phonology | ||
| Catalan | Balearic | sec | [ˈsək] | 'dry' | Stressable schwa that corresponds to the open-mid [ɛ] in Eastern dialects and the close-mid [e] in Western dialects. See Catalan phonology |
| Eastern[9] | amb | [əm(b)] | 'with' | Reduced vowel. The exact height, backness and rounding are variable.[10] See Catalan phonology | |
| Some Western accents[11] | |||||
| Chinese | Hokkien | lêr (螺) | [lə˧˥] | 'snail' | |
| Chuvash | ăман | [əm'an] | 'worm' | ||
| Danish | Standard[12][13] | hoppe | [ˈhʌ̹pə] | 'mare' | Sometimes realized as rounded [ə̹].[4] See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Standard[6] | renner | [ˈrɛnər] | 'runner' | The backness varies between near-front and central, whereas the height varies between close-mid and open-mid. Many speakers feel that this vowel is simply an unstressed allophone of /ʏ/.[6] See Dutch phonology |
| English | Most dialects[7][14] | Tina | [ˈtʰiːnə] | 'Tina' | Reduced vowel; varies in height between close-mid and open-mid. Word-final /ə/ can be as low as [ɐ].[7][14] See English phonology |
| Cultivated South African[15] | bird | [bɜ̝ːd] | 'bird' | May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɜː⟩. Other South African varieties use a higher, more front and rounded vowel [øː~ ø̈ː]. See South African English phonology | |
| Norfolk[16] | |||||
| Received Pronunciation[17] | Often transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɜː⟩. It is sulcalized, which means the tongue is grooved like in [ɹ]. 'Upper Crust RP' speakers pronounce a near-open vowel [ɐː], but for some other speakers it may actually be open-mid [ɜː]. This vowel corresponds to rhotacized [ɝ] in rhotic dialects. | ||||
| Geordie[18] | bust | [bəst] | 'bust' | Spoken by some middle class speakers, mostly female; other speakers use [ʊ]. Corresponds to /ɜ/ or /ʌ/ in other dialects. | |
| Indian[19] | May be lower. Some Indian varieties merge /ɜ/ or /ʌ/ with /ə/ like Welsh English. | ||||
| Wales[20] | May also be further back; it corresponds to /ɜ/ or /ʌ/ in other dialects. | ||||
| Yorkshire[21] | Middle class pronunciation. Other speakers use [ʊ]. Corresponds to /ɜ/ or /ʌ/ in other dialects. | ||||
| Galician | Some dialects | leite | [ˈlejtə] | 'milk' | Alternative realization of final unstressed /e/ or /ɛ/ (normally [i~ɪ~e̝]) |
| fenecer | [fənəˈs̪eɾ] | 'to die' | Alternative realization of unstressed /e/ or /ɛ/ in any position | ||
| German | Standard[22] | Beschlag | [b̥əˈʃläːk] (help·info) | 'fitting' | See Standard German phonology |
| Southern German accents[23] | oder | [ˈoːdə] | 'or' | Used instead of [ɐ].[23] See Standard German phonology | |
| Georgian[24] | დგას/dgas | [dəɡas] | 1st person singular 'to stand' | Phonetically inserted to break up consonant clusters. See Georgian phonology | |
| Kashmiri | کٔژ | [kət͡s] | 'how many' | ||
| Kensiu[25] | [təh] | 'to be bald' | Contrasts with a rhotacized close-mid [ɚ̝].[25] | ||
| Khmer | ដឹក dœ̆k | [ɗək] | 'to transport' | See Khmer phonology | |
| Kurdish | Sorani (Central) | شهو/şew | [ʃəw] | 'night' | See Kurdish phonology |
| Palewani (Southern) | |||||
| Luxembourgish[5] | dënn | [d̥ən] | 'thin' | More often realized as slightly rounded [ə̹].[5] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Malay | Standard Indonesian | lelah | [lə.lah] | 'tired' | See Malay phonology |
| Standard Malaysian | pengadil | [pə.ŋä.dɪl] | 'referee' | ||
| Johor-Riau | apa | [ä.pə] | 'what' | Common realization of /a/ at the end of words and before /h/. See Malay phonology | |
| Terengganu | Common realization of /a/ at the end of words and before /h/. See Terengganu Malay | ||||
| Jakartan dialect | datang | [da.təŋ] | 'to come' | Usually occurs around Jakarta. If the letter /a/ is located in the last syllable between consonants, the sound changes from [a] to [ə]. For the dialects in Sumatra in which the /a/ letter ([a]) in the last syllable changes to an [ə] sound, see Malay phonology. | |
| Norwegian | Many dialects[26] | sterkeste | [²stæɾkəstə] | 'the strongest' | Occurs only in unstressed syllables. The example word is from Urban East Norwegian. Some dialects (e.g. Trondheimsk) lack this sound.[27] See Norwegian phonology |
| Plautdietsch[28] | bediedt | [bəˈdit] | 'means' | The example word is from the Canadian Old Colony variety, in which the vowel is somewhat fronted [ə̟].[28] | |
| Portuguese | Brazilian[29] | maçã | [maˈsə̃ᵑ] | 'apple' | Possible realization of final stressed /ɐ̃/. Also can be open-mid [ɜ̃].[30] |
| Romanian[31] | păros | [pəˈros] | 'hairy' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian[32] | vrt | [ʋə̂rt̪] | 'garden' | [ər] is a possible phonetic realization of the syllabic trill /r̩/ when it occurs between consonants.[32] See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Swedish | Southern[33] | vante | [²väntə] | 'mitten' | Corresponds to a slightly retracted front vowel [ɛ̠] in Central Standard Swedish.[33] See Swedish phonology |
| Tyap | a̠tan | [ətan] | 'ɡood' | ||
| Welsh | mynydd | [mənɪð] | 'mountain' | See Welsh phonology | |
Mid central rounded vowel
| Mid central rounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| ɵ̞ | |
| ə̹ | |
| ɞ̝ | |
| Audio sample | |
source · help |
Languages may have a mid central rounded vowel (a rounded [ə]), distinct from both the close-mid and open-mid vowels. However, since no language is known to distinguish all three, there is no separate IPA symbol for the mid vowel, and the symbol [ɵ] for the close-mid central rounded vowel is generally used instead. If precision is desired, the lowering diacritic can be used: [ɵ̞]. This vowel can also be represented by adding the more rounded diacritic to the schwa symbol, or by combining the raising diacritic with the open-mid central rounded vowel symbol, although it is rare to use such symbols.
Features
- Its vowel height is mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel and an open vowel.
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
- It is rounded, which means that the lips are rounded rather than spread or relaxed.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | Standard[3] | lug | [lɞ̝χ] | 'air' | Also described as open-mid [ɞ],[8] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨œ⟩. Many speakers merge /œ/ and /ə/, even in formal speech.[3] See Afrikaans phonology |
| Danish | Standard[4] | hoppe | [ˈhʌ̹pə̹] | 'mare' | Possible realization of /ə/.[4] See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Southern[34] | hut | [ɦɵ̞t] | 'hut' | Found in certain accents, e.g. in Bruges. Close-mid [ɵ] in Standard Dutch.[34] See Dutch phonology |
| English | California[35] | foot | [fɵ̞ʔt] | 'foot' | Part of the California vowel shift.[35] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʊ⟩. |
| French[36][37] | je | [ʒə̹] | 'I' | Only somewhat rounded;[36] may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩ or ⟨ɵ⟩. Also described as close-mid [ɵ].[38] May be more front for a number of speakers. See French phonology | |
| German | Chemnitz dialect[39] | Wonne | [ˈv̞ɞ̝nə] | 'bliss' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɞ⟩.[39] |
| Irish | Munster[40] | scoil | [skɞ̝lʲ] | 'school' | Allophone of /ɔ/ between a broad and a slender consonant.[40] See Irish phonology |
| Luxembourgish[5] | dënn | [d̥ə̹n] | 'thin' | Only slightly rounded; less often realized as unrounded [ə̜].[5] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Norwegian | Urban East[41] | nøtt | [nɞ̝tː] | 'nut' | Also described as open-mid front [œʷ];[26][42] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨œ⟩ or ⟨ø⟩. See Norwegian phonology |
| Plautdietsch | Canadian Old Colony[43] | butzt | [bɵ̞t͡st] | 'bumps' | Mid-centralized from [ʊ], to which it corresponds in other dialects.[43] |
| Swedish | Central Standard[44][45] | full | [fɵ̞lː] | 'full' | Pronounced with compressed lips, more closely transcribed [ɵ̞ᵝ] or [ɘ̞ᵝ]. Less often described as close-mid [ø̈].[46] See Swedish phonology |
| Tajik | Northern dialects | кӯҳ/kūh | [kɵ̞h] | 'mountain' | Typically described as close-mid [ɵ]. See Tajik phonology |
See also
Notes
- ^ International Phonetic Association (1999), p. 167.
- ^ "A World of Englishes: Is /ə/ "real"?". 19 June 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f Wissing (2016), section "The rounded and unrounded mid-central vowels".
- ^ a b c d Basbøll (2005), p. 143.
- ^ a b c d e Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 70.
- ^ a b c Collins & Mees (2003), p. 129.
- ^ a b c Wells (2008), p. XXV.
- ^ a b Wissing (2012), p. 711.
- ^ Recasens (1996), pp. 59–60, 104–105.
- ^ Recasens (1996), p. 106.
- ^ Recasens (1996), p. 98.
- ^ Allan, Holmes & Lundskær-Nielsen (2011), p. 2.
- ^ Basbøll (2005), pp. 57, 143.
- ^ a b Gimson (2014), p. 138.
- ^ Lass (2002), p. 116.
- ^ Lodge (2009), p. 168.
- ^ Roach (2004), p. 242.
- ^ Watt & Allen (2003), p. 268.
- ^ Sailaja (2009), pp. 24–25.
- ^ Wells (1982), pp. 380–381.
- ^ Stoddart, Upton & Widdowson (1999), pp. 74, 76.
- ^ Krech et al. (2009), p. 69.
- ^ a b Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 40.
- ^ McCoy, Priscilla (1999), Harmony and Sonority in Georgian (PDF)
- ^ a b Bishop (1996), p. 230.
- ^ a b Vanvik (1979), pp. 13, 20.
- ^ Vanvik (1979), p. 21.
- ^ a b Cox, Driedger & Tucker (2013), p. 224.
- ^ Battisti, Elisa; Gomes de Oliveira, Samuel (2019). "Elevação da vogal /a/ em contexto nasal em português brasileiro: estudo preliminar". Lingüística. 35 (1): 36. doi:10.5935/2079-312x.20190003. ISSN 2079-312X.
- ^ Rothe-Neves & Valentim (1996), p. 112.
- ^ Chițoran (2001:7)
- ^ a b Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
- ^ a b Riad (2014), p. 22.
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003:128, 131). The source describes the Standard Dutch vowel as front-central [ɵ̟], but more sources (e.g. van Heuven & Genet (2002) and Verhoeven (2005)) describe it as central [ɵ]. As far as the lowered varieties of this vowel are concerned, Collins and Mees do not describe their exact backness.
- ^ a b Eckert, Penelope. "Vowel Shifts in California and the Detroit Suburbs". Stanford University.
- ^ a b Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
- ^ Lodge (2009), p. 84.
- ^ "english speech services | Le FOOT vowel". 15 January 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
- ^ a b Khan & Weise (2013), p. 236.
- ^ a b Ó Sé (2000), p. ?.
- ^ Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 16–17.
- ^ Kvifte & Gude-Husken (2005), p. 2.
- ^ a b Cox, Driedger & Tucker (2013), pp. 224–225.
- ^ Engstrand (1999), p. 140.
- ^ Rosenqvist (2007), p. 9.
- ^ Andersson (2002), p. 272.
References
- Allan, Robin; Holmes, Philip; Lundskær-Nielsen, Tom (2011) [First published 2000], Danish: An Essential Grammar (2nd ed.), Abingdon: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-203-87800-2
- Andersson, Erik (2002), "Swedish", in König, Ekkehard; van der Auwera, Johan (eds.), The Germanic Languages, Routledge language family descriptions, Routledge, pp. 271–312, ISBN 0-415-28079-6
- Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Bishop, Nancy (1996), "A preliminary description of Kensiu (Maniq) phonology" (PDF), Mon–Khmer Studies Journal, 25
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
- Cox, Cristopher; Driedger, Jacob M.; Tucker, Benjamin V. (2013), "Mennonite Plautdietsch (Canadian Old Colony)", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (2): 221–229, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000121
- Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (in German) (7th ed.), Berlin: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4
- Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, S2CID 249404451
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Gimson, Alfred Charles (2014), Cruttenden, Alan (ed.), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X, S2CID 243772965
- International Phonetic Association (1999), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Khan, Sameer ud Dowla; Weise, Constanze (2013), "Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (2): 231–241, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000145
- Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
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- Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
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- Rosenqvist, Håkan (2007), Uttalsboken: svenskt uttal i praktik och teori, Stockholm: Natur & Kultur, ISBN 978-91-27-40645-2
- Rothe-Neves, Rui; Valentim, Hellen (1996), "On the duration of nasal vowels in Brazilian Portuguese", Diadorim, 12, doi:10.35520/diadorim.2012.v12n0a3974
- Sailaja, Pingali (2009), Indian English, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd, pp. 17–38, ISBN 978-0-7486-2594-9
- Stoddart, Jana; Upton, Clive; Widdowson, J.D.A. (1999), "Sheffield dialect in the 1990s: revisiting the concept of NORMs", Urban Voices, London: Arnold, pp. 72–89
- van Heuven, Vincent J.; Genet, Roos (2002). Wat is het beste IPA-symbool voor de u van put?. Dag van de Fonetiek. Utrecht. A summary of the presentation can be found here.
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
- Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 245, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
- Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Volume 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Volume 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-52128540-2, 0-52128541-0.
- Wells, J.C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN 9781405881180
- Wissing, Daan (2012), "Integrasie van artikulatoriese en akoestiese eienskappe van vokale: 'n beskrywingsraamwerk", LitNet Akademies (in Afrikaans), Stellenbosch: LitNet, 9 (2): 701–743, ISSN 1995-5928, from the original on 15 April 2017, retrieved 16 April 2017
- Wissing, Daan (2016). "Afrikaans phonology – segment inventory". Taalportaal. from the original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
External links
- List of languages with [ə] on PHOIBLE