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New York City English

April 13, 2023

"New York English" redirects here. For other uses, see New York English (disambiguation).

New York City English, or Metropolitan New York English,[1] is a regional dialect of American English spoken by many people in New York City and much of its surrounding metropolitan area. It is described by sociolinguist William Labov as the most recognizable regional dialect in North America.[2] Its pronunciation system—the New York accent—is widely represented in American media with many public figures and fictional characters. Major features of the accent include a high, gliding /ɔ/ vowel (in words like talk and caught); a split of the "short a" vowel /æ/ into two separate sounds; variable dropping of r sounds; and a lack of the cot–caught, Mary–marry–merry, and hurry–furry mergers heard in many other American accents.

New York City English
RegionNew York City
EthnicityVarious, see: Demographics of New York City
Early forms
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
Glottolognewy1234
IETFen-u-sd-usny
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Today, New York City English is associated particularly with urban New Yorkers of lower or mid socioeconomic status, descended from 19th- and 20th-century European immigrants.[3] It is spoken in all five boroughs of the City and Long Island's Nassau County, as well as in varying degrees among speakers in Suffolk County (Long Island), Westchester County, and Rockland County of New York State, plus Hudson and Bergen Counties in northeastern New Jersey.[4]

History

The origins of many of New York City English's diverse features are probably not recoverable. New York City English, largely with the same major pronunciation system popularly recognized today, was first reproduced in literature and scientifically documented in the 1890s.[5] It was then, and still mostly is, associated with ethnically diverse European-American native-English speakers. The entire Mid-Atlantic United States, including both New York City and the Delaware Valley (whose own distinct dialect centers around Philadelphia and Baltimore) shares certain key features, including a high /ɔ/ vowel with a glide (sometimes called the aww vowel) as well as a phonemic split of the short a vowel, /æ/ (making gas and gap, for example, have different vowels sounds)—New York City's split not identical though to Philadelphia's. Linguist William Labov has pointed out that a similarly structured (though differently pronounced) split is found today even in the southern accents of England; thus, a single common origin of this split may trace back to colonial-era England.[a]

New York City became an urban economic power in the eighteenth century, with the city's financial elites maintaining close ties with the British Empire even after the Revolutionary War. According to Labov, New York City speakers' loss of the r sound after vowels (incidentally, not found in the nearby Delaware Valley) began as a nineteenth-century imitation of the prestigious British feature, consistently starting among the upper classes in New York City before spreading to other socioeconomic classes.[6] After World War II, social perceptions reversed and r-preserving (rhotic) pronunciations became the new American prestige standard, rejecting East Coast and British accent features,[7] while postwar migrations transferred rhotic speakers directly to New York City from other regions of the country. The result is that non-rhoticity, which was once a high-status feature and later a city-wide feature, has been diminishing and now, since the mid-twentieth century onward, largely remains only among lower-status New Yorkers.[8] Today, New York City metropolitan accents are often rhotic or variably rhotic.

Other features of the dialect, such as the dental pronunciations of d and t, and related th-stopping, likely come from contact with foreign languages, particularly Italian and Yiddish, brought into New York City through its huge immigration waves of Europeans during the mid-to-late nineteenth century. Grammatical structures, such as the lack of inversion in indirect questions, similarly suggest contact with immigrant languages, plus several words common in the city are derived from such foreign languages.[9]

Influence on other dialects

Philadelphians born in the twentieth century exhibit a short-a split system that some linguists regard as a simplification of the very similar New York City short-a split.[10] Younger Philadelphians, however, are retreating from many of the traditional features shared in common with New York City.[11] Due to an influx of immigrants from New York City and neighboring New Jersey to southern Florida, some resident southern Floridians now speak with an accent reminiscent of a New York accent. Additionally, as a result of social and commercial contact between New Orleans, Louisiana and New York City,[12] the traditional accent of New Orleans, known locally as "Yat", bears distinctive similarities with the New York accent, including the (moribund) coil–curl merger, raising of /ɔ/ to [ɔə], a similar split in the short-a system, and th-stopping. Similarly, dialect similarities suggest that older New York City English also influenced Cincinnati, Ohio and Albany, New York, whose older speakers in particular may still exhibit a short-a split system that linguists suggest is an expanded or generalized variant of the New York City short-a system. Certain New York City dialect features also understandably appear in New York City Latino English.

Recent developments

Though William Labov argued in 2010 that the New York City accent is basically stable at the moment,[13] some recent studies have revealed a trend of recession in most features of the accent, especially among younger speakers from middle-class or higher backgrounds. Documented loss of New York City accent features includes the loss of the coil–curl merger (now almost completely extinct), non-rhoticity, and the extremely raised long vowel [ɔ] (as in talk, cough, or law). Researchers proposed that the motivation behind these recessive trends is the stigmatization against the typical New York City accent since the mid-1900s as being associated with a poorer or working-class background, often also corresponding with particular ethnic identities. While earlier projects detected trends of emphasizing New York City accents as part of a process of social identification, recent researches attribute the loss of typical accent features to in-group ethnic distancing. In other words, many of the young generations of ethnic groups who formerly were the most representative speakers of the accent are currently avoiding its features in order to not stand out socially or ethnically.[14]

Pronunciation

Main article: New York accent

The pronunciation of New York City English, most popularly acknowledged by the term New York accent, is readily noticed and stereotyped, garnering considerable attention in American culture.[15] Some distinctive phonological features include its traditional dropping of r except before vowels, a short-a split system (in which, for example, the a in gas is not assonant to the a in gap), a high gliding /ɔ/ vowel (in words like talk, thought, all, etc. and thus an absence of the cot–caught merger),[15] absence of the Mary–marry–merry merger, and the highly stigmatized (and largely now-extinct) coil–curl merger.[16]

Vocabulary and grammar

These are some words or grammatical constructions used mainly in Greater New York City:

  • bodega /boʊˈdeɪgə/: a small neighborhood convenience store; used in recent decades, particularly in New York City though not on Long Island generally, it comes from Spanish, originally meaning "a wine storehouse" via the Puerto Rican Spanish term for "small store; corner store"; by extension, "bodega cats" is the term for the cats that inhabit such establishments.[17] These small stores may also be called delis, which is the short form of delicatessens.
  • bubkes /ˈbʌpkəs/: a worthless amount; little or nothing (from Yiddish; probably an abbreviation of kozebubkes, literally, "goat droppings")[18]
  • dungarees: an older term for blue jeans[19]
  • egg cream: a mixture of cold milk, chocolate syrup, and seltzer (carbonated water)[19]
  • have a catch: to play a game of catch[19]
  • hero: a footlong sandwich or "sub"[19]
  • Mischief Night: the night before Halloween
  • on line: Metro New Yorkers tend to say they stand on line, whereas most other New York State and American English speakers tend to stand in line.[20]
  • punchball and stickball: street variants of baseball, suitable for smaller urban areas, in which a fist or stick substitutes for the bat and a rubber ball (a "Spaldeen") is used[19]
  • skel(l): a vagrant, beggar, or small-time street criminal[18]
  • s(c)hmuck: an insulting term for an unlikeable man (from Yiddish shmok: "penis")[18]
  • yous(e) (often /jɪz/): the plural form of you, in addition to you guys or, possibly performatively, yous guys[21]

The word punk tends to be used as a synonym for "weak", "someone unwilling or unable to defend himself" or perhaps "loser", though it appears to descend from an outdated New York African-American English meaning of male receptive participant in anal sex.[22]

Conversational styles

New York City speakers have some unique conversational styles. Linguistics professor Deborah Tannen notes in a New York Times article it has "an emphasis to involve the other person, rather than being considerate. It would be asking questions as a show of interest in the other person, whereas in other parts of [the] country, people don't ask because it might put the person on the spot." Metro New Yorkers "stand closer, talk louder, and leave shorter pauses between exchanges," Tannen said. "I call it 'cooperative overlap'. It's a way of showing interest and enthusiasm, but it's often mistaken for interrupting by people from elsewhere in the country." On the other hand, linguist William Labov demurs, "there's nothing known to linguists about 'normal New York City conversation'".[23]

Notable speakers

The accent has a strong presence in media; pioneer variationist sociolinguist William Labov describes it as the most recognizable variety of North American English.[2] The following famous people are native New York City area speakers, demonstrating typical features of the accent.

Fictional characters

Many fictional characters in popular films and television shows have used New York City English, whether or not the actors portraying them are native speakers of the dialect. Some examples are listed below.

Geographic boundaries

This accent is not spoken in the rest of New York State beyond the immediate New York City metropolitan area. Specifically, the upper Hudson Valley mixes New York City and Western New England accent features, while Central and Western New York belongs to the same dialect region as Great Lakes cities such as Chicago and Detroit, known as the Inland North.[169][170]

New York State

New York City English is confined to a geographically small but densely populated area, including all five boroughs of New York City, as well as many speakers on Long Island: generally in Nassau County and somewhat in Suffolk County.[171][172][173][174] Moreover, the English of the Hudson Valley forms a continuum of speakers who gather more features of New York City English the closer they are to the city itself;[175] some of the dialect's features may be heard as far north as the state capital of Albany.

Connecticut

A small portion of southwestern Connecticut speaks a similar dialect, primarily speakers in Fairfield County and as far as New Haven County.[176]

New Jersey

The northeast quarter of New Jersey, prominently Bergen, Hudson, Union, and Essex counties, including the cities Weehawken, Hoboken, Jersey City, Bayonne, and Newark,[177] plus Middlesex and Monmouth Counties, are all within the New York City metropolitan area and thus also home to the major features of New York City English. With the exception of New York City's immediate neighbors like Jersey City and Newark,[6] the New York City metropolitan dialect as spoken in New Jersey is rhotic (or fully r-pronouncing), so that, whereas a Brooklynite might pronounce "over there" something like "ovah theah/deah" [oʊvə ˈd̪ɛə], an Elizabeth native might say "over there/dare" [oʊvɚ ˈd̪ɛɚ]. The Atlas of North American English by William Labov et al. shows that the New York City short-a pattern has diffused to many r-pronouncing communities in northern New Jersey like Rutherford (Labov's birthplace) and North Plainfield. However, in these communities, the function word constraint is lost and the open syllable constraint is variable.[178]

Notable speakers

The following is a list of notable lifelong native speakers of the rhotic New York City English of northeastern New Jersey:

Frank Sinatra is an older example of a non-rhotic speaker from New Jersey.

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. 173: "In NYC and the Mid-Atlantic region, short-a is split into a tense and lax class. There is reason to believe that the tense class /æh/ descends from the British /ah/ or 'broad-a' class."

Citations

  1. ^ Morén, Bruce (2000). Distinctiveness, Coercion and Sonority: A Unified Theory of Weight. Routledge. p. 203.
  2. ^ a b Labov, William (2006) [1966]. The Social Stratification of English in New York City (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 18. ISBN 0-521-82122-3.
  3. ^ Newman, 2014, pp. 1-3.
  4. ^ Newman, 2014, pp. 17-18: "Although small, the [dialect] region is certainly populous. The 2010 US Census gives the population of New York City at 8,175,133. Nassau County, which is entirely within the dialect region, adds 1,339,532. The remaining counties are only partly inside. They include Suffolk (1,493,350), Westchester (949,113), and Rockland (311,687) in New York State and Hudson (905,113), Essex, and Bergen (905,116) in New Jersey".
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  7. ^ Labov (1966/2006)
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  9. ^ Labov 1972
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General and cited references

  • Babbitt, Eugene H. (1896). "The English of the lower classes in New York City and vicinity". Dialect Notes. 1: 457–464.
  • Becker, Kara & Amy Wing Mei Wong. 2009. The short-a system of New York City English: An update. 'University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics. Volume 15, Issue 2 Article 3. pp: 10–20. http://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol15/iss2/3/
  • Becker, Kara & Elizabeth Coggshall. 2010. The vowel phonologies of white and African American New York Residents. In Malcah Yaeger-Dror and *Erik R. Thomas (eds.) African American English Speakers And Their Participation In Local Sound Changes: A Comparative Study. American Speech Volume Supplement 94, Number 1. Chapel Hill, NC: Duke University Press. pp: 101–128
  • Becker, Kara & Elizabeth L. Coggshall. 2009. The Sociolinguistics of Ethnicity in New York City, 2009, Language and Linguistic Compass, 3(3): 751–766.4
  • Becker, Kara (2009). "/r/ and the construction of place identity on New York City's Lower East Side". Journal of Sociolinguistics. 13 (5): 634–658. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9841.2009.00426.x.
  • Becker, Kara. 2010. Regional Dialect Features on the Lower East Side of New York City: Sociophonetics, Ethnicity, and Identity. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, NYU.
  • Bonfiglio, Thomas Paul. 2002. Race and the Rise of Standard American. New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 214–225.
  • Cutler, Cece (1999). "Yorkville crossing: White teens, hip hop and African American English". Journal of Sociolinguistics. 3 (4): 428–442. doi:10.1111/1467-9481.00089.
  • Cutler, Cece. 2007. Hip-hop language in sociolinguistics and beyond. Language and Linguistics Compass, 1(5):519–538.
  • Cutler, Cece. 2008 Brooklyn Style: hip-hop markers and racial affiliation among European immigrants. International Journal of Bilingualism, 12(1–2), 7–24.
  • Gordon, Matthew (2004). Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (eds.). New York, Philadelphia and other Northern Cities. Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3110175325.
  • Hubell, Allan F. 1972. The Pronunciation of English in New York City. NY: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.
  • Kurath, Hans and Raven I. McDavid. 1961. The Pronunciation of English in the Atlantic States. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
  • Labov, William, Paul Cohen, Clarence Robins, and John Lewis. 1968. A study of the Non-Standard English of Negro and Puerto Rican Speakers in New York City, V. 1: Phonological and Grammatical Analysis. Washington, DC: Office of Education, Bureau of Research/ERIC.
  • Labov, William, Paul Cohen, Clarence Robins, and John Lewis. 1968. A study of the Non-Standard English of Negro and Puerto Rican Speakers in New York City', V. 2: The Use of Language in the Speech Community. Washington, DC: Office of Education, Bureau of Research/ERIC.
  • Labov, William (1966). (PDF) (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 24, 2014.
  • Labov, William. 1972a. Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English Vernacular. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Labov, William. 1972b. Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Labov, William (1994) Principles of Linguistic Change: Volume 1: Internal Factors Blackwell ISBN 0-631-17914-3
  • Labov, William (2001) Principles of Linguistic Change: Volume 2: Social Factors Blackwell ISBN 0-631-17916-X
  • Labov, William (2006). The Social Stratification of English in New York City (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521528054.
  • Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006). The Atlas of North American English. Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-016746-7.
  • Labov, William (2007) "Transmission and Diffusion", Language June 2007
  • Newman, Michael (2005). "New York Talk" in American Voices Walt Wolfram and Ben Ward (eds.). p. 82–87. Blackwell. ISBN 1-4051-2109-2.
  • Newman, Michael (2010). "'Focusing, implicational scaling, and the dialect status of New York Latino English". Journal of Sociolinguistics. 14 (2): 207–239. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9841.2010.00441.x.
  • Schneider, E. W., Kortmann, B. (2005), A Handbook of Varieties of English: A Multi-Media Reference Tool, Mouton de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-017532-0, p. 284
  • Slomanson, Peter; Newman, Michael (2004). "Peer Group Identification and Variation in New York Latino English Laterals". English World-Wide. 25 (2): 199–216. doi:10.1075/eww.25.2.03slo. S2CID 35393553.
  • Thomas, C. K. (1932). "Jewish dialect and New York Dialect". American Speech. 7 (5): 321–6. doi:10.2307/452953. JSTOR 452953.
  • Thomas, C. K. (1942). "Pronunciation in downstate New York". American Speech. 17 (1): 30–41. doi:10.2307/486854. JSTOR 486854.
  • Thomas, C. K. (1947). "The place of New York City in American linguistic geography". Quarterly Journal of Speech. 33 (3): 314–20. doi:10.1080/00335634709381312.
  • Wells, J. C. 1982. Accents of English. 3 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Wolfram, Walt. 1974. Sociolinguistic Aspects of Assimilation: Puerto Rican English in New York City. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.
  • Wolfram, Walt & Natalie Schilling Estes (2006) American English 2nd edition Blackwell ISBN 1-4051-1265-4
  • Wolfram, Walt & Ward, Ben (2005) American Voices: How Dialects Differ from Coast to Coast Blackwell ISBN 1-4051-2109-2
  • Wong, Amy (2007). "Two Vernacular Features in the English of Four American-Born Chinese". University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics. 13 (2): 217–230.

External links

  • Varieties of English: New York City phonology April 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine from the University of Arizona's Language Samples Project
  • A paper by Labov on dialect diversity, including information on NY dialect phonology[permanent dead link]
  • The site of the New York Latino English project, which studies the native English spoken by New York Latinos.
  • Video on YouTube Demonstration of NYC English raised and tensed /ɔ/, i.e., the THOUGHT vowel in words like 'coffee' and 'sausage.'

April 13, 2023
york, city, english, york, english, redirects, here, other, uses, york, english, disambiguation, metropolitan, york, english, regional, dialect, american, english, spoken, many, people, york, city, much, surrounding, metropolitan, area, described, sociolinguis. New York English redirects here For other uses see New York English disambiguation New York City English or Metropolitan New York English 1 is a regional dialect of American English spoken by many people in New York City and much of its surrounding metropolitan area It is described by sociolinguist William Labov as the most recognizable regional dialect in North America 2 Its pronunciation system the New York accent is widely represented in American media with many public figures and fictional characters Major features of the accent include a high gliding ɔ vowel in words like talk and caught a split of the short a vowel ae into two separate sounds variable dropping of r sounds and a lack of the cot caught Mary marry merry and hurry furry mergers heard in many other American accents New York City EnglishRegionNew York CityEthnicityVarious see Demographics of New York CityLanguage familyIndo European GermanicWest GermanicIngvaeonicAnglo FrisianEnglishAmerican EnglishNew York City EnglishEarly formsOld English Middle English Early Modern EnglishWriting systemLatin English alphabet American BrailleLanguage codesISO 639 3 Glottolognewy1234IETFen u sd usnyThis article contains IPA phonetic symbols Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Unicode characters For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA Today New York City English is associated particularly with urban New Yorkers of lower or mid socioeconomic status descended from 19th and 20th century European immigrants 3 It is spoken in all five boroughs of the City and Long Island s Nassau County as well as in varying degrees among speakers in Suffolk County Long Island Westchester County and Rockland County of New York State plus Hudson and Bergen Counties in northeastern New Jersey 4 Contents 1 History 1 1 Influence on other dialects 1 2 Recent developments 2 Pronunciation 3 Vocabulary and grammar 4 Conversational styles 5 Notable speakers 5 1 Fictional characters 6 Geographic boundaries 6 1 New York State 6 2 Connecticut 6 3 New Jersey 6 3 1 Notable speakers 7 See also 8 Explanatory notes 9 Citations 10 General and cited references 11 External linksHistory EditThe origins of many of New York City English s diverse features are probably not recoverable New York City English largely with the same major pronunciation system popularly recognized today was first reproduced in literature and scientifically documented in the 1890s 5 It was then and still mostly is associated with ethnically diverse European American native English speakers The entire Mid Atlantic United States including both New York City and the Delaware Valley whose own distinct dialect centers around Philadelphia and Baltimore shares certain key features including a high ɔ vowel with a glide sometimes called the aww vowel as well as a phonemic split of the short a vowel ae making gas and gap for example have different vowels sounds New York City s split not identical though to Philadelphia s Linguist William Labov has pointed out that a similarly structured though differently pronounced split is found today even in the southern accents of England thus a single common origin of this split may trace back to colonial era England a New York City became an urban economic power in the eighteenth century with the city s financial elites maintaining close ties with the British Empire even after the Revolutionary War According to Labov New York City speakers loss of the r sound after vowels incidentally not found in the nearby Delaware Valley began as a nineteenth century imitation of the prestigious British feature consistently starting among the upper classes in New York City before spreading to other socioeconomic classes 6 After World War II social perceptions reversed and r preserving rhotic pronunciations became the new American prestige standard rejecting East Coast and British accent features 7 while postwar migrations transferred rhotic speakers directly to New York City from other regions of the country The result is that non rhoticity which was once a high status feature and later a city wide feature has been diminishing and now since the mid twentieth century onward largely remains only among lower status New Yorkers 8 Today New York City metropolitan accents are often rhotic or variably rhotic Other features of the dialect such as the dental pronunciations of d and t and related th stopping likely come from contact with foreign languages particularly Italian and Yiddish brought into New York City through its huge immigration waves of Europeans during the mid to late nineteenth century Grammatical structures such as the lack of inversion in indirect questions similarly suggest contact with immigrant languages plus several words common in the city are derived from such foreign languages 9 Influence on other dialects Edit Philadelphians born in the twentieth century exhibit a short a split system that some linguists regard as a simplification of the very similar New York City short a split 10 Younger Philadelphians however are retreating from many of the traditional features shared in common with New York City 11 Due to an influx of immigrants from New York City and neighboring New Jersey to southern Florida some resident southern Floridians now speak with an accent reminiscent of a New York accent Additionally as a result of social and commercial contact between New Orleans Louisiana and New York City 12 the traditional accent of New Orleans known locally as Yat bears distinctive similarities with the New York accent including the moribund coil curl merger raising of ɔ to ɔe a similar split in the short a system and th stopping Similarly dialect similarities suggest that older New York City English also influenced Cincinnati Ohio and Albany New York whose older speakers in particular may still exhibit a short a split system that linguists suggest is an expanded or generalized variant of the New York City short a system Certain New York City dialect features also understandably appear in New York City Latino English Recent developments Edit Though William Labov argued in 2010 that the New York City accent is basically stable at the moment 13 some recent studies have revealed a trend of recession in most features of the accent especially among younger speakers from middle class or higher backgrounds Documented loss of New York City accent features includes the loss of the coil curl merger now almost completely extinct non rhoticity and the extremely raised long vowel ɔ as in talk cough or law Researchers proposed that the motivation behind these recessive trends is the stigmatization against the typical New York City accent since the mid 1900s as being associated with a poorer or working class background often also corresponding with particular ethnic identities While earlier projects detected trends of emphasizing New York City accents as part of a process of social identification recent researches attribute the loss of typical accent features to in group ethnic distancing In other words many of the young generations of ethnic groups who formerly were the most representative speakers of the accent are currently avoiding its features in order to not stand out socially or ethnically 14 Pronunciation EditMain article New York accent The pronunciation of New York City English most popularly acknowledged by the term New York accent is readily noticed and stereotyped garnering considerable attention in American culture 15 Some distinctive phonological features include its traditional dropping of r except before vowels a short a split system in which for example the a in gas is not assonant to the a in gap a high gliding ɔ vowel in words like talk thought all etc and thus an absence of the cot caught merger 15 absence of the Mary marry merry merger and the highly stigmatized and largely now extinct coil curl merger 16 Vocabulary and grammar EditThese are some words or grammatical constructions used mainly in Greater New York City bodega boʊˈdeɪge a small neighborhood convenience store used in recent decades particularly in New York City though not on Long Island generally it comes from Spanish originally meaning a wine storehouse via the Puerto Rican Spanish term for small store corner store by extension bodega cats is the term for the cats that inhabit such establishments 17 These small stores may also be called delis which is the short form of delicatessens bubkes ˈbʌpkes a worthless amount little or nothing from Yiddish probably an abbreviation of kozebubkes literally goat droppings 18 dungarees an older term for blue jeans 19 egg cream a mixture of cold milk chocolate syrup and seltzer carbonated water 19 have a catch to play a game of catch 19 hero a footlong sandwich or sub 19 Mischief Night the night before Halloween on line Metro New Yorkers tend to say they stand on line whereas most other New York State and American English speakers tend to stand in line 20 punchball and stickball street variants of baseball suitable for smaller urban areas in which a fist or stick substitutes for the bat and a rubber ball a Spaldeen is used 19 skel l a vagrant beggar or small time street criminal 18 s c hmuck an insulting term for an unlikeable man from Yiddish shmok penis 18 yous e often jɪz the plural form of you in addition to you guys or possibly performatively yous guys 21 The word punk tends to be used as a synonym for weak someone unwilling or unable to defend himself or perhaps loser though it appears to descend from an outdated New York African American English meaning of male receptive participant in anal sex 22 Conversational styles EditNew York City speakers have some unique conversational styles Linguistics professor Deborah Tannen notes in a New York Times article it has an emphasis to involve the other person rather than being considerate It would be asking questions as a show of interest in the other person whereas in other parts of the country people don t ask because it might put the person on the spot Metro New Yorkers stand closer talk louder and leave shorter pauses between exchanges Tannen said I call it cooperative overlap It s a way of showing interest and enthusiasm but it s often mistaken for interrupting by people from elsewhere in the country On the other hand linguist William Labov demurs there s nothing known to linguists about normal New York City conversation 23 Notable speakers EditThe accent has a strong presence in media pioneer variationist sociolinguist William Labov describes it as the most recognizable variety of North American English 2 The following famous people are native New York City area speakers demonstrating typical features of the accent Bella Abzug 24 25 Eric Adams 26 Danny Aiello 27 28 29 30 Alan Alda 31 32 Woody Allen 29 30 33 34 Jack Armstrong basketball 35 Mel Brooks 29 30 36 James Caan 29 30 37 James Cagney 29 30 38 Mariah Carey 39 40 George Carlin 41 Andrew Dice Clay 42 43 Michael Cohen 44 Howard Cosell 45 46 Mario Cuomo 47 Tony Curtis 48 49 50 Larry David 30 51 Rodney Dangerfield 30 52 Tony Danza 38 53 Dead End Kids 54 38 Billy Donovan 55 Robert De Niro 29 30 38 Alan Dershowitz 56 Kevin Dobson 57 58 Fran Drescher 30 33 54 38 Jimmy Durante 33 59 Anthony Fauci 60 Mike Francesa 61 John Garfield 62 63 Ruth Bader Ginsburg 64 Rudy Giuliani 65 66 Whoopi Goldberg 30 Gilbert Gottfried 67 68 Buddy Hackett 69 Judd Hirsch 29 30 Meir Kahane 70 Wendy Kaufman 71 Harvey Keitel 72 Ed Koch 33 59 Burt Lancaster 29 30 Cyndi Lauper 73 74 John Leguizamo 75 76 77 Vince Lombardi 78 Bernard Madoff 79 Barry Manilow 80 Garry Marshall 81 82 Penny Marshall 83 The Marx Brothers prominently Groucho Marx 29 30 84 Jackie Mason 33 85 Walter Matthau 29 30 86 87 Debi Mazar 88 89 John Mearsheimer 90 Al Michaels 91 Chris Mullin 92 93 94 Al Pacino 29 30 95 96 97 Joe Paterno 98 99 Rosie Perez 33 34 38 53 100 Rhea Perlman 101 Regis Philbin 102 Colin Quinn 103 104 George Raft 105 106 Charles Rangel 107 108 Michael Rapaport 109 Paul Reiser 34 Leah Remini 110 111 Linda Richman 54 Don Rickles 112 Thelma Ritter 113 Joan Rivers 114 115 Ray Romano 116 Maxie Rosenbloom 117 Adam Sandler 118 Michael Savage 119 120 Bernie Sanders 121 122 123 Vin Scully 124 Phil Silvers 125 Al Smith 47 126 Sebastian Stan 127 Arnold Stang 128 Barbara Stanwyck 129 130 Howard Stern 131 Barbra Streisand 29 30 Marisa Tomei 29 30 132 133 John Travolta 134 135 Donald Trump 136 Christopher Walken 30 137 Eli Wallach 138 Denzel Washington 139 140 Barry Wellman 141 Mae West 142 Lenny Wilkens 143 144 Janet Yellen 145 Fictional characters Edit Many fictional characters in popular films and television shows have used New York City English whether or not the actors portraying them are native speakers of the dialect Some examples are listed below The Bowery Boys 33 54 Archie and Edith Bunker 34 59 146 147 148 Bugs Bunny 54 149 The Honeymooners cast 29 30 146 147 150 151 Terry Malloy 152 Meowth from Pokemon 153 Mob Wives cast 154 155 Rhoda Morgenstern 156 157 The Sopranos cast 146 158 159 160 161 162 Jerry Seinfeld 147 163 164 and George Costanza 165 from Seinfeld The Three Stooges 166 Marisa Tomei as Mona Lisa Vito in My Cousin Vinny for which she won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress 167 Travis Bickle 168 Geographic boundaries EditThis accent is not spoken in the rest of New York State beyond the immediate New York City metropolitan area Specifically the upper Hudson Valley mixes New York City and Western New England accent features while Central and Western New York belongs to the same dialect region as Great Lakes cities such as Chicago and Detroit known as the Inland North 169 170 New York State Edit New York City English is confined to a geographically small but densely populated area including all five boroughs of New York City as well as many speakers on Long Island generally in Nassau County and somewhat in Suffolk County 171 172 173 174 Moreover the English of the Hudson Valley forms a continuum of speakers who gather more features of New York City English the closer they are to the city itself 175 some of the dialect s features may be heard as far north as the state capital of Albany Connecticut Edit A small portion of southwestern Connecticut speaks a similar dialect primarily speakers in Fairfield County and as far as New Haven County 176 New Jersey Edit The northeast quarter of New Jersey prominently Bergen Hudson Union and Essex counties including the cities Weehawken Hoboken Jersey City Bayonne and Newark 177 plus Middlesex and Monmouth Counties are all within the New York City metropolitan area and thus also home to the major features of New York City English With the exception of New York City s immediate neighbors like Jersey City and Newark 6 the New York City metropolitan dialect as spoken in New Jersey is rhotic or fully r pronouncing so that whereas a Brooklynite might pronounce over there something like ovah theah deah oʊve ˈd ɛe an Elizabeth native might say over there dare oʊvɚ ˈd ɛɚ The Atlas of North American English by William Labov et al shows that the New York City short a pattern has diffused to many r pronouncing communities in northern New Jersey like Rutherford Labov s birthplace and North Plainfield However in these communities the function word constraint is lost and the open syllable constraint is variable 178 Notable speakers Edit The following is a list of notable lifelong native speakers of the rhotic New York City English of northeastern New Jersey Jon Bon Jovi 179 Danny DeVito 180 Joey Diaz 181 James Gandolfini 182 183 Ed Harris 184 William Labov 185 Ray Liotta 186 187 Joe Pesci 188 Patti Stanger Dick Vitale Zakk WyldeFrank Sinatra is an older example of a non rhotic speaker from New Jersey See also EditAmerican English regional vocabulary Mission brogue New Orleans English New York Latino English North American English regional phonologyExplanatory notes Edit Labov Ash amp Boberg 2006 p 173 In NYC and the Mid Atlantic region short a is split into a tense and lax class There is reason to believe that the tense class aeh descends from the British ah or broad a class Citations Edit Moren Bruce 2000 Distinctiveness Coercion and Sonority A Unified Theory of Weight Routledge p 203 a b Labov William 2006 1966 The Social Stratification of English in New York City 2nd ed Cambridge Cambridge University Press p 18 ISBN 0 521 82122 3 Newman 2014 pp 1 3 Newman 2014 pp 17 18 Although small the dialect region is certainly populous The 2010 US Census gives the population of New York City at 8 175 133 Nassau County which is entirely within the dialect region adds 1 339 532 The remaining counties are only partly inside They include Suffolk 1 493 350 Westchester 949 113 and Rockland 311 687 in New York State and Hudson 905 113 Essex and Bergen 905 116 in New Jersey Mencken H L 1919 reprinted 2012 American Language 4th Edition Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group p 367 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Non Standard English of Negro and Puerto Rican Speakers in New York City V 1 Phonological and Grammatical Analysis Washington DC Office of Education Bureau of Research ERIC Labov William Paul Cohen Clarence Robins and John Lewis 1968 A study of the Non Standard English of Negro and Puerto Rican Speakers in New York City V 2 The Use of Language in the Speech Community Washington DC Office of Education Bureau of Research ERIC Labov William 1966 The Social Stratification of English in New York City PDF 2nd ed Cambridge Cambridge University Press Archived from the original PDF on August 24 2014 Labov William 1972a Language in the Inner City Studies in the Black English Vernacular Philadelphia PA University of Pennsylvania Press Labov William 1972b Sociolinguistic Patterns Philadelphia PA University of Pennsylvania Press Labov William 1994 Principles of Linguistic Change Volume 1 Internal Factors Blackwell ISBN 0 631 17914 3 Labov William 2001 Principles of Linguistic Change Volume 2 Social Factors Blackwell ISBN 0 631 17916 X Labov William 2006 The Social Stratification of English in New York City 2nd ed Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0521528054 Labov William Ash Sharon Boberg Charles 2006 The Atlas of North American English Berlin Mouton de Gruyter ISBN 978 3 11 016746 7 Labov William 2007 Transmission and Diffusion Language June 2007 Newman Michael 2005 New York Talk in American Voices Walt Wolfram and Ben Ward eds p 82 87 Blackwell ISBN 1 4051 2109 2 Newman Michael 2010 Focusing implicational scaling and the dialect status of New York Latino English Journal of Sociolinguistics 14 2 207 239 doi 10 1111 j 1467 9841 2010 00441 x Schneider E W Kortmann B 2005 A Handbook of Varieties of English A Multi Media Reference Tool Mouton de Gruyter ISBN 3 11 017532 0 p 284 Slomanson Peter Newman Michael 2004 Peer Group Identification and Variation in New York Latino English Laterals English World Wide 25 2 199 216 doi 10 1075 eww 25 2 03slo S2CID 35393553 Thomas C K 1932 Jewish dialect and New York Dialect American Speech 7 5 321 6 doi 10 2307 452953 JSTOR 452953 Thomas C K 1942 Pronunciation in downstate New York American Speech 17 1 30 41 doi 10 2307 486854 JSTOR 486854 Thomas C K 1947 The place of New York City in American linguistic geography Quarterly Journal of Speech 33 3 314 20 doi 10 1080 00335634709381312 Wells J C 1982 Accents of English 3 vols Cambridge Cambridge University Press Wolfram Walt 1974 Sociolinguistic Aspects of Assimilation Puerto Rican English in New York City Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics Wolfram Walt amp Natalie Schilling Estes 2006 American English 2nd edition Blackwell ISBN 1 4051 1265 4 Wolfram Walt amp Ward Ben 2005 American Voices How Dialects Differ from Coast to Coast Blackwell ISBN 1 4051 2109 2 Wong Amy 2007 Two Vernacular Features in the English of Four American Born Chinese University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 13 2 217 230 External links EditVarieties of English New York City phonology Archived April 19 2012 at the Wayback Machine from the University of Arizona s Language Samples Project A paper by Labov on dialect diversity including information on NY dialect phonology permanent dead link The New York Latino English Project The site of the New York Latino English project which studies the native English spoken by New York Latinos A site with samples of speech in various dialects including New York AM New York s feature on the New York accent Video on YouTube Demonstration of NYC English raised and tensed ɔ i e the THOUGHT vowel in words like coffee and sausage Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title New York City English amp oldid 1149411392, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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