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Close-mid central unrounded vowel

January 08, 2023

The close-mid central unrounded vowel, or high-mid central unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɘ⟩. This is a mirrored letter e and should not be confused with the schwa ⟨ə⟩, which is a turned e. It was added to the IPA in 1993; before that, this vowel was transcribed ⟨ë⟩ (Latin small letter e with umlaut, not Cyrillic small letter yo). Certain older sources[2] transcribe this vowel ⟨ɤ̈⟩.

Close-mid central unrounded vowel
ɘ
IPA Number397
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɘ
Unicode (hex)U+0258
X-SAMPA@\
Braille

The ⟨ɘ⟩ letter may be used with a lowering diacritic ⟨ɘ̞⟩, to denote the mid central unrounded vowel.

Conversely, ⟨ə⟩, the symbol for the mid central vowel may be used with a raising diacritic ⟨ə̝⟩ to denote the close-mid central unrounded vowel, although that is more accurately written with an additional unrounding diacritic ⟨ə̝͑⟩ to explicitly denote the lack of rounding (the canonical value of IPA ⟨ə⟩ is undefined for rounding).

Features

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Azerbaijani Tabriz[3] qız / قیز [ɡɘz] 'girl' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɯ⟩.
Cotabato Manobo[4] [example needed] May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩.
Chuvash чĕлхе [t͡ɕɘlɣɛˈ] 'language, tongue'
Cuyonon maambeng [maambɘŋ] 'industrious'
Dinka Luanyjang[5] ŋeŋ [ŋɘ́ŋ] 'jawbone' Short allophone of /e/.[5]
English Australian[6][7] bird [bɘːd] 'bird' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɜː⟩. See Australian English phonology
Cardiff[8] foot [fɘt] 'foot' Less often rounded [ɵ];[9] corresponds to [ʊ] in other dialects. See English phonology
New Zealand[10] bit [bɘt] 'bit' Merger of /ə/ and /ɪ/ found in other dialects. See New Zealand English phonology
Southern American[11] nut [nɘt] 'nut' Some dialects.[11] Corresponds to /ʌ/ in other dialects. See English phonology
Estonian[12] kõrv [kɘrv] 'ear' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɤ⟩; can be close-mid back [ɤ] or close back [ɯ] instead, depending on the speaker.[12] See Estonian phonology
Irish Munster[13] sáile [ˈsˠɰaːlʲə̝] 'salt water' Usually transcribed in IPA with [ɪ̽]. It is an allophone of /ə/ next to non-palatal slender consonants.[13] See Irish phonology
Jebero[14] ɨx[e/ï][k/c/q] [ˈiʃɘk] 'bat'
Kaingang[15] me [ˈᵐbɘ] 'tail' Varies between central [ɘ] and back [ɤ].[16]
Kalagan Kaagan[17] [miˈwə̝ːʔ] 'lost' Allophone of /ɨ/ in word-final stressed syllables before /ʔ/; can be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩.[17]
Karakalpak бир [bɘr] 'one'
Kazakh бір [bɘr] 'one' Also transcribed as [ɪ̞].
Kensiu[18] [ɟɚ̝h] 'to trim' Rhotacized; may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɚ⟩.[18]
Kera[19] [t͡ʃə̝̄wā̠a̠] 'fire' Allophone of /a/; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩.[19]
Korean[20] 어른/ŏŏleun [ə̝ːɾɯ̽n] 'adult' May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨əː⟩. See Korean phonology
Lizu[21] [Fkə̝][clarification needed] 'eagle' Allophone of /ə/ after velar stops.[21]
Mapudungun[22] elün [ë̝ˈlɘn] 'to give (something)'
Mongolian[23] үсэр [usɘɾɘ̆] 'jump'
Mono[24] dœ [də̝] 'be (equative)' May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩.[24]
Polish[25] mysz  [mɘ̟ʂ] (help·info) 'mouse' Somewhat fronted;[25] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɨ⟩. See Polish phonology
Romanian Moldavian dialect[26] casă [ˈkäsɘ] 'house' Corresponds to [ə] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Shiwiar[27] [example needed]
Temne[28] pər [pə̝́r] 'incite' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩.[28]
Vietnamese[29] vợ [vɘ˨˩ˀ] 'wife' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɤ⟩. See Vietnamese phonology
Xumi Upper[30] [LPmɘ̃dɐ] 'upstairs' Nasalized; occurs only in this word.[30] It is realized as mid [ə̃] in Lower Xumi.[31]
Zapotec Tilquiapan[32] ne [nɘ] 'and' Most common realization of /e/.[32]

Notes

  1. ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. ^ For example Collins & Mees (1990).
  3. ^ Mokari & Werner (2016).
  4. ^ Kerr (1988:110)
  5. ^ a b Remijsen & Manyang (2009:117, 119)
  6. ^ Cox (2006:?)
  7. ^ Durie & Hajek (1994:?)
  8. ^ Collins & Mees (1990:93)
  9. ^ Collins & Mees (1990:92)
  10. ^ Bauer et al. (2007)
  11. ^ a b Roca & Johnson (1999:186)
  12. ^ a b Asu & Teras (2009), pp. 368–369.
  13. ^ a b Ó Sé (2000)
  14. ^ Valenzuela & Gussenhoven (2013:101)
  15. ^ Jolkesky (2009:676–677 and 682)
  16. ^ Jolkesky (2009:676 and 682)
  17. ^ a b Wendel & Wendel (1978:198)
  18. ^ a b Bishop (1996:230)
  19. ^ a b Pearce (2011:251)
  20. ^ Lee (1999:121)
  21. ^ a b Chirkova & Chen (2013a:79)
  22. ^ Sadowsky et al. (2013:92)
  23. ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:62, 66–67)
  24. ^ a b Olson (2004:235)
  25. ^ a b Jassem (2003:105) The source transcribes this sound with the symbol ⟨ɨ⟩ but one can see from the vowel chart at pag. 105 that the Polish sound is closer to [ɘ] than to [ɨ].
  26. ^ Pop (1938), p. 29.
  27. ^ Fast Mowitz (1975:2)
  28. ^ a b Kanu & Tucker (2010:249)
  29. ^ Hoang (1965:24)
  30. ^ a b Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013:389)
  31. ^ Chirkova & Chen (2013b:370)
  32. ^ a b Merrill (2008:109–110)

References

  • Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009), "Estonian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (3): 367–372, doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x
  • Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), "New Zealand English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 97–102, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830
  • Bishop, Nancy (1996), "A preliminary description of Kensiu (Maniq) phonology" (PDF), Mon–Khmer Studies Journal, 25
  • Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013a), "Lizu", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 75–86, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000242
  • Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013b), "Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 363–379, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157
  • Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013), "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (1990), "The Phonetics of Cardiff English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 87–103, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
  • Cox, F.M. (2006), "The acoustic characteristics of /hVd/ vowels in the speech of some Australian teenagers", Australian Journal of Linguistics, 26: 147–179, doi:10.1080/07268600600885494, S2CID 62226994
  • Durie, M.; Hajek, J. (1994), "A revised standard phonemic orthography for Australian English vowels", Australian Journal of Linguistics, 14 (1): 93–107, doi:10.1080/07268609408599503
  • Fast Mowitz, Gerhard (1975), Sistema fonológico del idioma achual, Lima: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano
  • Hoang, Thi Quynh Hoa (1965), A phonological contrastive study of Vietnamese and English (PDF), Lubbock, Texas: Texas Technological College
  • Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe (2005), "Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 59–71, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X, S2CID 145733117
  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
  • Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009), "Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble", Anais do SETA, Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP, 3: 675–685
  • Kanu, Sullay M.; Tucker, Benjamin V. (2010), "Temne", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 247–253, doi:10.1017/S002510031000006X
  • Kerr, Harland (1988), (PDF), Studies in Philippine Linguistics, 7 (1): 1–123, archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-05-11
  • Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
  • Lee, Hyun Bok (1999), "Korean", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 120–122, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
  • Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
  • Mokari, Payam Ghaffarvand; Werner, Stefan (2016), Dziubalska-Kolaczyk, Katarzyna (ed.), "An acoustic description of spectral and temporal characteristics of Azerbaijani vowels", Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics, 52 (3), doi:10.1515/psicl-2016-0019, S2CID 151826061
  • Olson, Kenneth S. (2004), "Mono" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 233–238, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001744
  • Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000), Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne (in Ga), Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, ISBN 0-946452-97-0
  • Pearce, Mary (2011), "Kera", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 41 (2): 249–258, doi:10.1017/S0025100311000168, S2CID 232344047
  • Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
  • Remijsen, Bert; Manyang, Caguor Adong (2009), "Luanyjang Dinka", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (1): 113–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003605
  • Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 0-631-21345-7
  • Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto (2013), "Mapudungun", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 87–96, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369
  • Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2013), "Shiwilu (Jebero)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 97–106, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000370
  • Wendel, Åsa; Wendel, Dag (1978), (PDF), Studies in Philippine Linguistics, 2 (1): 191–203, archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-05-11

External links

  • List of languages with [ɘ] on PHOIBLE

January 08, 2023
close, central, unrounded, vowel, close, central, unrounded, vowel, high, central, unrounded, vowel, type, vowel, sound, used, some, spoken, languages, symbol, international, phonetic, alphabet, that, represents, this, sound, this, mirrored, letter, should, co. The close mid central unrounded vowel or high mid central unrounded vowel 1 is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ɘ This is a mirrored letter e and should not be confused with the schwa e which is a turned e It was added to the IPA in 1993 before that this vowel was transcribed e Latin small letter e with umlaut not Cyrillic small letter yo Certain older sources 2 transcribe this vowel ɤ Close mid central unrounded vowelɘIPA Number397Audio sample source source source helpEncodingEntity decimal amp 600 Unicode hex U 0258X SAMPA BrailleImageIPA VowelsFront Central BackClose i y ɨ ʉ ɯ uNear close ɪ ʏ ʊClose mid e o ɘ ɵ ɤ oMid e o e ɤ o Open mid ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔNear open ae ɐOpen a ɶ a ɑ ɒIPA help audio full chart template Legend unrounded roundedThe ɘ letter may be used with a lowering diacritic ɘ to denote the mid central unrounded vowel Conversely e the symbol for the mid central vowel may be used with a raising diacritic e to denote the close mid central unrounded vowel although that is more accurately written with an additional unrounding diacritic e to explicitly denote the lack of rounding the canonical value of IPA e is undefined for rounding Contents 1 Features 2 Occurrence 3 Notes 4 References 5 External linksFeatures EditIts vowel height is close mid also known as high mid which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel a high vowel and a mid vowel Its vowel backness is central which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel It is unrounded which means that the lips are not rounded Occurrence EditLanguage Word IPA Meaning NotesAzerbaijani Tabriz 3 qiz قیز ɡɘz girl Typically transcribed in IPA with ɯ Cotabato Manobo 4 example needed May be transcribed in IPA with e Chuvash chĕlhe t ɕɘlɣɛˈ language tongue Cuyonon maambeng maambɘŋ industrious Dinka Luanyjang 5 ŋeŋ ŋɘ ŋ jawbone Short allophone of e 5 English Australian 6 7 bird bɘːd bird Typically transcribed in IPA with ɜː See Australian English phonologyCardiff 8 foot fɘt foot Less often rounded ɵ 9 corresponds to ʊ in other dialects See English phonologyNew Zealand 10 bit bɘt bit Merger of e and ɪ found in other dialects See New Zealand English phonologySouthern American 11 nut nɘt nut Some dialects 11 Corresponds to ʌ in other dialects See English phonologyEstonian 12 korv kɘrv ear Typically transcribed in IPA with ɤ can be close mid back ɤ or close back ɯ instead depending on the speaker 12 See Estonian phonologyIrish Munster 13 saile ˈsˠɰaːlʲe salt water Usually transcribed in IPA with ɪ It is an allophone of e next to non palatal slender consonants 13 See Irish phonologyJebero 14 ɨx e i k c q ˈiʃɘk bat Kaingang 15 me ˈᵐbɘ tail Varies between central ɘ and back ɤ 16 Kalagan Kaagan 17 miˈwe ːʔ lost Allophone of ɨ in word final stressed syllables before ʔ can be transcribed in IPA with e 17 Karakalpak bir bɘr one Kazakh bir bɘr one Also transcribed as ɪ Kensiu 18 ɟɚ h to trim Rhotacized may be transcribed in IPA with ɚ 18 Kera 19 t ʃe wa a fire Allophone of a typically transcribed in IPA with e 19 Korean 20 어른 ŏŏleun e ːɾɯ n adult May be transcribed in IPA with eː See Korean phonologyLizu 21 Fke clarification needed eagle Allophone of e after velar stops 21 Mapudungun 22 elun e ˈlɘn to give something Mongolian 23 үser usɘɾɘ jump Mono 24 dœ de be equative May be transcribed in IPA with e 24 Polish 25 mysz mɘ ʂ help info mouse Somewhat fronted 25 typically transcribed in IPA with ɨ See Polish phonologyRomanian Moldavian dialect 26 casă ˈkasɘ house Corresponds to e in standard Romanian See Romanian phonologyShiwiar 27 example needed Temne 28 per pe r incite Typically transcribed in IPA with e 28 Vietnamese 29 vợ vɘ ˀ wife Typically transcribed in IPA with ɤ See Vietnamese phonologyXumi Upper 30 LPmɘ dɐ upstairs Nasalized occurs only in this word 30 It is realized as mid e in Lower Xumi 31 Zapotec Tilquiapan 32 ne nɘ and Most common realization of e 32 Notes Edit While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms close and open for vowel height many linguists use high and low For example Collins amp Mees 1990 Mokari amp Werner 2016 Kerr 1988 110 a b Remijsen amp Manyang 2009 117 119 Cox 2006 Durie amp Hajek 1994 Collins amp Mees 1990 93 Collins amp Mees 1990 92 Bauer et al 2007 a b Roca amp Johnson 1999 186 a b Asu amp Teras 2009 pp 368 369 a b o Se 2000 Valenzuela amp Gussenhoven 2013 101 Jolkesky 2009 676 677 and 682 Jolkesky 2009 676 and 682 a b Wendel amp Wendel 1978 198 a b Bishop 1996 230 a b Pearce 2011 251 Lee 1999 121 a b Chirkova amp Chen 2013a 79 Sadowsky et al 2013 92 Iivonen amp Harnud 2005 62 66 67 a b Olson 2004 235 a b Jassem 2003 105 The source transcribes this sound with the symbol ɨ but one can see from the vowel chart at pag 105 that the Polish sound is closer to ɘ than to ɨ Pop 1938 p 29 Fast Mowitz 1975 2 a b Kanu amp Tucker 2010 249 Hoang 1965 24 a b Chirkova Chen amp Kocjancic Antolik 2013 389 Chirkova amp Chen 2013b 370 a b Merrill 2008 109 110 References EditAsu Eva Liina Teras Pire 2009 Estonian Journal of the International Phonetic Association 39 3 367 372 doi 10 1017 s002510030999017x Bauer Laurie Warren Paul Bardsley Dianne Kennedy Marianna Major George 2007 New Zealand English Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 1 97 102 doi 10 1017 S0025100306002830 Bishop Nancy 1996 A preliminary description of Kensiu Maniq phonology PDF Mon Khmer Studies Journal 25 Chirkova Katia Chen Yiya 2013a Lizu Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 1 75 86 doi 10 1017 S0025100312000242 Chirkova Katia Chen Yiya 2013b Xumi Part 1 Lower Xumi the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 3 363 379 doi 10 1017 S0025100313000157 Chirkova Katia Chen Yiya Kocjancic Antolik Tanja 2013 Xumi Part 2 Upper Xumi the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 3 381 396 doi 10 1017 S0025100313000169 Collins Beverley Mees Inger M 1990 The Phonetics of Cardiff English in Coupland Nikolas Thomas Alan Richard eds English in Wales Diversity Conflict and Change Multilingual Matters Ltd pp 87 103 ISBN 1 85359 032 0 Cox F M 2006 The acoustic characteristics of hVd vowels in the speech of some Australian teenagers Australian Journal of Linguistics 26 147 179 doi 10 1080 07268600600885494 S2CID 62226994 Durie M Hajek J 1994 A revised standard phonemic orthography for Australian English vowels Australian Journal of Linguistics 14 1 93 107 doi 10 1080 07268609408599503 Fast Mowitz Gerhard 1975 Sistema fonologico del idioma achual Lima Instituto Linguistico de Verano Hoang Thi Quynh Hoa 1965 A phonological contrastive study of Vietnamese and English PDF Lubbock Texas Texas Technological College Iivonen Antti Harnud Huhe 2005 Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish Mongolian and Udmurt Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 1 59 71 doi 10 1017 S002510030500191X S2CID 145733117 Jassem Wiktor 2003 Polish Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 1 103 107 doi 10 1017 S0025100303001191 Jolkesky Marcelo Pinho de Valhery 2009 Fonologia e prosodia do Kaingang falado em Cacique Doble Anais do SETA Campinas Editora do IEL UNICAMP 3 675 685 Kanu Sullay M Tucker Benjamin V 2010 Temne Journal of the International Phonetic Association 40 2 247 253 doi 10 1017 S002510031000006X Kerr Harland 1988 Cotabato Manobo Grammar PDF Studies in Philippine Linguistics 7 1 1 123 archived from the original PDF on 2015 05 11 Krech Eva Maria Stock Eberhard Hirschfeld Ursula Anders Lutz Christian 2009 Deutsches Ausspracheworterbuch Berlin New York Walter de Gruyter ISBN 978 3 11 018202 6 Lee Hyun Bok 1999 Korean Handbook of the International Phonetic Association Cambridge University Press pp 120 122 ISBN 0 521 63751 1 Merrill Elizabeth 2008 Tilquiapan Zapotec PDF Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 1 107 114 doi 10 1017 S0025100308003344 Mokari Payam Ghaffarvand Werner Stefan 2016 Dziubalska Kolaczyk Katarzyna ed An acoustic description of spectral and temporal characteristics of Azerbaijani vowels Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 52 3 doi 10 1515 psicl 2016 0019 S2CID 151826061 Olson Kenneth S 2004 Mono PDF Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 2 233 238 doi 10 1017 S0025100304001744 o Se Diarmuid 2000 Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne in Ga Dublin Institiuid Teangeolaiochta Eireann ISBN 0 946452 97 0 Pearce Mary 2011 Kera Journal of the International Phonetic Association 41 2 249 258 doi 10 1017 S0025100311000168 S2CID 232344047 Pop Sever 1938 Micul Atlas Linguistic Roman Muzeul Limbii Romane Cluj Remijsen Bert Manyang Caguor Adong 2009 Luanyjang Dinka Journal of the International Phonetic Association 39 1 113 124 doi 10 1017 S0025100308003605 Roca Iggy Johnson Wyn 1999 A Course in Phonology Blackwell Publishing ISBN 0 631 21345 7 Sadowsky Scott Painequeo Hector Salamanca Gaston Avelino Heriberto 2013 Mapudungun Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 1 87 96 doi 10 1017 S0025100312000369 Valenzuela Pilar M Gussenhoven Carlos 2013 Shiwilu Jebero PDF Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 1 97 106 doi 10 1017 S0025100312000370 Wendel Asa Wendel Dag 1978 Kaagan Kalagan phonemic statement PDF Studies in Philippine Linguistics 2 1 191 203 archived from the original PDF on 2015 05 11External links EditList of languages with ɘ on PHOIBLE Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Close mid central unrounded vowel amp oldid 1105915606, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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