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Open central unrounded vowel

May 14, 2023

The open central unrounded vowel, or low central unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in many spoken languages. While the International Phonetic Alphabet officially has no dedicated letter for this sound between front [a] and back [ɑ], it is normally written ⟨a⟩. If precision is required, it can be specified by using diacritics, typically centralized ⟨ä⟩.

Open central unrounded vowel
ä
ɐ̞
IPA Number304 415
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)a​̈
Unicode (hex)U+0061 U+0308
X-SAMPAa_" or a

However, it has been argued that the purported distinction between a front and central open vowel is based on outdated phonetic theories, and that cardinal [a] is the only open vowel, while [ɑ], like [æ], is a near-open vowel.[2][clarification needed The source does not say that and neither uses the word "near open".]

It is usual to use plain ⟨a⟩ for an open central vowel and, if needed, ⟨æ⟩ for an open front vowel. Sinologists may use the letter ⟨ᴀ⟩ (small capital A). The IPA has voted against officially adopting this symbol in 1976, 1989, and 2012.[3][4][5]

The Hamont-Achel dialect of Limburgish has been reported to contrast long open front, central and back unrounded vowels.[6] This is extremely unusual.

Features

  • Its vowel height is open, also known as low, which means the tongue is positioned far from the roof of the mouth – that is, low in the mouth.
  • Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel. This often subsumes open (low) front vowels, because the tongue does not have as much flexibility in positioning as it does for the close (high) vowels; the difference between an open front vowel and an open back vowel is equal to the difference between a close front and a close central vowel, or a close central and a close back vowel.
  • It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.

Occurrence

Most languages have some form of an unrounded open vowel. Because the IPA uses ⟨a⟩ for both front and central unrounded open vowels, it is not always clear whether a particular language uses the former or the latter. However, there may not actually be a difference. (See Vowel#Acoustics.)

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Burmese[7] မာ / ma [mä] 'hard' Oral allophone of /a/ in open syllables; realized as near-open [ɐ] in other environments.[7]
Catalan sac [säk] 'bag' See Catalan phonology
Chinese Mandarin[8] 塌／tā  [tʰä˥] 'collapse' See Standard Chinese phonology
Czech[9][10] prach [präx] 'dust' See Czech phonology
Danish Standard[11] barn [ˈpɑ̈ːˀn] 'child' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɑː⟩. See Danish phonology
Dutch[12][13] zaal [zäːɫ] 'hall' Ranges from front to central;[12] in non-standard accents it may be back. See Dutch phonology
English Australian[14] bra [bɹɐ̞ː] 'bra' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɐː⟩. See Australian English phonology
East Anglian[15] Used mostly by middle-class speakers; can be front [aː] instead.[15]
General American[16] In the Midwest. Can be back [ɑː] instead.[16]
New Zealand[17][18] Can be more front [a̠ː] and/or higher [ɐ̟ː ~ ɐː] instead.[17][18] It may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɐː⟩. See New Zealand English phonology
Some Canadian and Californian speakers[19][20] trap [t̠ɹ̝̊äp̚] 'trap' See Canadian Shift and English phonology
Some English English speakers[21][22] [t̠ɹ̝̊äʔp] Used in Multicultural London English and Northern England English.[21][22] More front [æ ~ a] in other dialects.
French Parisian[23][24] patte [pät̪] 'paw' Older speakers have two contrastive open vowels: front /a/ and back /ɑ/.[24] See French phonology
German[25][26] Katze [ˈkʰät͡sə] 'cat' Can be more front or more back in regional Standard German.[27] See Standard German phonology
Hindi आकार / akaar [äkäːɾ] 'shape' Contrasts with the Mid-central vowel [ə]. See Hindi phonology.
Hungarian[28] láb [läːb] 'leg' See Hungarian phonology
Italian[29] casa [ˈkäːsä] 'home' See Italian phonology
Japanese[30] 蚊 / ka  [kä] 'mosquito' See Japanese phonology
Limburgish Hamont-Achel dialect[6] zaak [ˈzǎ̠ːk] 'business' Contrasts with front [aː] and back [ɑː].[6]
Lithuanian ratas [räːtɐs̪] 'wheel' See Lithuanian phonology
Malay Standard رق / rak [räʔ] 'shelf' See Malay phonology
Kelantan-Pattani سست / sesat [səˈsäʔ] 'lost' See Kelantan-Pattani Malay
Malayalam വാൾ [ʋäːɭ̩] 'sword' See Malayalam phonology
Polish[31] kat  [kät̪] 'executioner' See Polish phonology
Portuguese[32] vá [vä] 'go' See Portuguese phonology
Romanian[33] cal [käl] 'horse' See Romanian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[34][35] пас / pas [pâ̠s̪] 'dog' See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Spanish[36] rata [ˈrät̪ä] 'rat' See Spanish phonology
Swedish Central Standard[37][38] bank [bäŋk] 'bank' Also described as front [a].[39][40] See Swedish phonology
Thai[41] บางกอก / baang-gɔ̀ɔk  [bǟːŋ.kɔ̀ːk̚] (help·info) 'Bangkok' See Thai phonology
Turkish[42] Standard at [ät̪] 'horse' Also described as back [ɑ].[43] See Turkish phonology
Welsh siarad [ʃäräd] 'talk' See Welsh phonology
Yoruba[44] àbá [ä̀.bä́] 'idea' See Yoruba phonology

Notes

  1. ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. ^ Geoff Lindsey, The vowel space, March 27, 2013
  3. ^ Wells (1976).
  4. ^ International Phonetic Association (1989), p. 74.
  5. ^ Keating (2012).
  6. ^ a b c Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
  7. ^ a b Watkins (2001), pp. 292–293.
  8. ^ Lee & Zee (2003), pp. 110–111.
  9. ^ Dankovičová (1999), p. 72.
  10. ^ Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), p. 228.
  11. ^ Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
  12. ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 104.
  13. ^ Verhoeven (2005), p. 245.
  14. ^ Cox & Fletcher (2017), pp. 64–65.
  15. ^ a b Trudgill (2004), p. 172.
  16. ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 476.
  17. ^ a b Bauer et al. (2007), p. 98.
  18. ^ a b Hay, Maclagan & Gordon (2008), pp. 21–23.
  19. ^ Esling & Warkentyne (1993), p. ?.
  20. ^ Boberg (2004), pp. 361–362.
  21. ^ a b Boberg (2004), p. 361.
  22. ^ a b Kerswill, Torgerson & Fox (2006), p. 30.
  23. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  24. ^ a b Collins & Mees (2013), pp. 226–227.
  25. ^ Kohler (1999), p. 87.
  26. ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 34.
  27. ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
  28. ^ Szende (1994), p. 92.
  29. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 119.
  30. ^ Okada (1999), p. 117.
  31. ^ Jassem (2003), p. 105.
  32. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  33. ^ Sarlin (2014), p. 18.
  34. ^ Kordić (2006), p. 4.
  35. ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
  36. ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 256.
  37. ^ Engstrand (1999), p. 140.
  38. ^ Riad (2014), p. 35.
  39. ^ Bolander (2001), p. 55.
  40. ^ Rosenqvist (2007), p. 9.
  41. ^ Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993), p. 25.
  42. ^ Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155.
  43. ^ Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 10.
  44. ^ Bamgboṣe (1966), p. 166.

References

  • Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics, 8: 97–208, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.692.1365, doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv, archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-11
  • Bamgboṣe, Ayọ (1966), A Grammar of Yoruba, [West African Languages Survey / Institute of African Studies], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), "New Zealand English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 97–102, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830
  • Boberg, Charles (2004), "English in Canada: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 351–366, ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5
  • Bolander, Maria (2001), Funktionell svensk grammatik (1st ed.), Liber AB, ISBN 9789147050543
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 978-9004103405
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2013) [First published 2003], Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students (3rd ed.), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-50650-2
  • Cox, Felicity; Fletcher, Janet (2017) [First published 2012], Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-316-63926-9
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
  • Dankovičová, Jana (1999), "Czech", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 70–74
  • Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (in German) (7th ed.), Berlin: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4
  • Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0
  • Esling, John H.; Warkentyne, Henry J. (1993), "Retracting of /æ/ in Vancouver English", in Clarke, Sandra (ed.), Focus on Canada, Varieties of English Around the World, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 978-1556194429
  • Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, S2CID 249404451
  • Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005), Turkish: a comprehensive grammar, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415114943
  • Grønnum, Nina (1998), "Illustrations of the IPA: Danish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28 (1 & 2): 99–105, doi:10.1017/s0025100300006290, S2CID 249412109
  • Hay, Jennifer; Maclagan, Margaret; Gordon, Elizabeth (2008), New Zealand English, Dialects of English, Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 978-0-7486-2529-1
  • International Phonetic Association (1989), "Report on the 1989 Kiel Convention", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 19 (2): 67–80, doi:10.1017/S0025100300003868, S2CID 249412330
  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
  • Keating, Patricia (2012), "IPA Council votes against new IPA symbol", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 42 (2): 245, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000114
  • Kerswill, Paul; Torgerson, Eivind; Fox, Sue (2006), "Innovation in inner‐London teenage speech", NWAV35, Columbus
  • Kohler, Klaus J. (1999), "German", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 86–89, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
  • Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006), The Atlas of North American English, Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-016746-7
  • Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
  • Lee, Wai-Sum; Zee, Eric (2003), "Standard Chinese (Beijing)", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 109–112, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001208
  • Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch, Duden, p. 37, ISBN 9783411040667
  • Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
  • Moosmüller, Sylvia; Schmid, Carolin; Brandstätter, Julia (2015), "Standard Austrian German", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (3): 339–348, doi:10.1017/S0025100315000055
  • Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
  • Riad, Tomas (2014), The Phonology of Swedish, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-954357-1
  • Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
  • Rosenqvist, Håkan (2007), Uttalsboken: svenskt uttal i praktik och teori, Stockholm: Natur & Kultur, ISBN 978-91-27-40645-2
  • Sarlin, Mika (2014) [First published 2013], "Sounds of Romanian and their spelling", Romanian Grammar (2nd ed.), Helsinki: Books on Demand GmbH, pp. 16–37, ISBN 978-952-286-898-5
  • Šimáčková, Šárka; Podlipský, Václav Jonáš; Chládková, Kateřina (2012), "Czech spoken in Bohemia and Moravia" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 42 (2): 225–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000102
  • Szende, Tamás (1994), "Hungarian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 24 (2): 91–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090, S2CID 242632087
  • Tingsabadh, M.R. Kalaya; Abramson, Arthur (1993), "Thai", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (1): 24–28, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004746, S2CID 242001518
  • Trudgill, Peter (2004), "The dialect of East Anglia: Phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 163–177, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
  • Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 245, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
  • Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (2): 219–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940
  • Watkins, Justin W. (2001), "Illustrations of the IPA: Burmese" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 31 (2): 291–295, doi:10.1017/S0025100301002122, S2CID 232344700
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  • Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Volume 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-52128541-0 .
  • Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), (PDF), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-25, retrieved 2015-04-12
  • Kordić, Snježana (2006), Serbo-Croatian, Languages of the World/Materials; 148, Munich & Newcastle: Lincom Europa, ISBN 978-3-89586-161-1

External links

  • List of languages with [ä] on PHOIBLE
  • List of languages with [ɑ̈] on PHOIBLE
  • List of languages with [a̠] on PHOIBLE

May 14, 2023
open, central, unrounded, vowel, open, central, unrounded, vowel, central, unrounded, vowel, type, vowel, sound, used, many, spoken, languages, while, international, phonetic, alphabet, officially, dedicated, letter, this, sound, between, front, back, normally. The open central unrounded vowel or low central unrounded vowel 1 is a type of vowel sound used in many spoken languages While the International Phonetic Alphabet officially has no dedicated letter for this sound between front a and back ɑ it is normally written a If precision is required it can be specified by using diacritics typically centralized a Open central unrounded vowelaɐ IPA Number304 415Audio sample source source source helpEncodingEntity decimal amp 97 amp 776 Unicode hex U 0061 U 0308X SAMPAa b or b aIPA VowelsFront Central BackClose i y ɨ ʉ ɯ uNear close ɪ ʏ ʊClose mid e o ɘ ɵ ɤ oMid e o e ɤ o Open mid ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔNear open ae ɐOpen a ɶ a ɑ ɒIPA help audio full chart template Legend unrounded roundedHowever it has been argued that the purported distinction between a front and central open vowel is based on outdated phonetic theories and that cardinal a is the only open vowel while ɑ like ae is a near open vowel 2 clarification needed The source does not say that and neither uses the word near open It is usual to use plain a for an open central vowel and if needed ae for an open front vowel Sinologists may use the letter ᴀ small capital A The IPA has voted against officially adopting this symbol in 1976 1989 and 2012 3 4 5 The Hamont Achel dialect of Limburgish has been reported to contrast long open front central and back unrounded vowels 6 This is extremely unusual Contents 1 Features 2 Occurrence 3 Notes 4 References 5 External linksFeatures EditIts vowel height is open also known as low which means the tongue is positioned far from the roof of the mouth that is low in the mouth Its vowel backness is central which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel This often subsumes open low front vowels because the tongue does not have as much flexibility in positioning as it does for the close high vowels the difference between an open front vowel and an open back vowel is equal to the difference between a close front and a close central vowel or a close central and a close back vowel It is unrounded which means that the lips are not rounded Occurrence EditMost languages have some form of an unrounded open vowel Because the IPA uses a for both front and central unrounded open vowels it is not always clear whether a particular language uses the former or the latter However there may not actually be a difference See Vowel Acoustics Language Word IPA Meaning NotesBurmese 7 မ ma ma hard Oral allophone of a in open syllables realized as near open ɐ in other environments 7 Catalan sac sak bag See Catalan phonologyChinese Mandarin 8 塌 ta tʰa collapse See Standard Chinese phonologyCzech 9 10 prach prax dust See Czech phonologyDanish Standard 11 barn ˈpɑ ːˀn child Typically transcribed in IPA with ɑː See Danish phonologyDutch 12 13 zaal zaːɫ hall Ranges from front to central 12 in non standard accents it may be back See Dutch phonologyEnglish Australian 14 bra bɹɐ ː bra Typically transcribed in IPA with ɐː See Australian English phonologyEast Anglian 15 Used mostly by middle class speakers can be front aː instead 15 General American 16 In the Midwest Can be back ɑː instead 16 New Zealand 17 18 Can be more front a ː and or higher ɐ ː ɐː instead 17 18 It may be transcribed in IPA with ɐː See New Zealand English phonologySome Canadian and Californian speakers 19 20 trap t ɹ ap trap See Canadian Shift and English phonologySome English English speakers 21 22 t ɹ aʔp Used in Multicultural London English and Northern England English 21 22 More front ae a in other dialects French Parisian 23 24 patte pat paw Older speakers have two contrastive open vowels front a and back ɑ 24 See French phonologyGerman 25 26 Katze ˈkʰat se cat Can be more front or more back in regional Standard German 27 See Standard German phonologyHindi आक र akaar akaːɾ shape Contrasts with the Mid central vowel e See Hindi phonology Hungarian 28 lab laːb leg See Hungarian phonologyItalian 29 casa ˈkaːsa home See Italian phonologyJapanese 30 蚊 ka ka mosquito See Japanese phonologyLimburgish Hamont Achel dialect 6 zaak ˈzǎ ːk business Contrasts with front aː and back ɑː 6 Lithuanian ratas raːtɐs wheel See Lithuanian phonologyMalay Standard رق rak raʔ shelf See Malay phonologyKelantan Pattani سست sesat seˈsaʔ lost See Kelantan Pattani MalayMalayalam വ ൾ ʋaːɭ sword See Malayalam phonologyPolish 31 kat kat executioner See Polish phonologyPortuguese 32 va va go See Portuguese phonologyRomanian 33 cal kal horse See Romanian phonologySerbo Croatian 34 35 pas pas pa s dog See Serbo Croatian phonologySpanish 36 rata ˈrat a rat See Spanish phonologySwedish Central Standard 37 38 bank baŋk bank Also described as front a 39 40 See Swedish phonologyThai 41 bangkxk baang gɔ ɔk bǟːŋ kɔ ːk help info Bangkok See Thai phonologyTurkish 42 Standard at at horse Also described as back ɑ 43 See Turkish phonologyWelsh siarad ʃarad talk See Welsh phonologyYoruba 44 aba a ba idea See Yoruba phonologyNotes Edit While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms close and open for vowel height many linguists use high and low Geoff Lindsey The vowel space March 27 2013 Wells 1976 International Phonetic Association 1989 p 74 Keating 2012 a b c Verhoeven 2007 p 221 a b Watkins 2001 pp 292 293 Lee amp Zee 2003 pp 110 111 Dankovicova 1999 p 72 Simackova Podlipsky amp Chladkova 2012 p 228 Gronnum 1998 p 100 a b Collins amp Mees 2003 p 104 Verhoeven 2005 p 245 Cox amp Fletcher 2017 pp 64 65 a b Trudgill 2004 p 172 a b Wells 1982 p 476 a b Bauer et al 2007 p 98 a b Hay Maclagan amp Gordon 2008 pp 21 23 Esling amp Warkentyne 1993 p Boberg 2004 pp 361 362 a b Boberg 2004 p 361 a b Kerswill Torgerson amp Fox 2006 p 30 Fougeron amp Smith 1993 p 73 a b Collins amp Mees 2013 pp 226 227 Kohler 1999 p 87 Dudenredaktion Kleiner amp Knobl 2015 p 34 Dudenredaktion Kleiner amp Knobl 2015 p 64 Szende 1994 p 92 Rogers amp d Arcangeli 2004 p 119 Okada 1999 p 117 Jassem 2003 p 105 Cruz Ferreira 1995 p 91 Sarlin 2014 p 18 Kordic 2006 p 4 Landau et al 1999 p 67 Martinez Celdran Fernandez Planas amp Carrera Sabate 2003 p 256 Engstrand 1999 p 140 Riad 2014 p 35 Bolander 2001 p 55 Rosenqvist 2007 p 9 Tingsabadh amp Abramson 1993 p 25 Zimmer amp Orgun 1999 p 155 Goksel amp Kerslake 2005 p 10 Bamgboṣe 1966 p 166 References EditArvaniti Amalia 2007 Greek Phonetics The State of the Art PDF Journal of Greek Linguistics 8 97 208 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 692 1365 doi 10 1075 jgl 8 08arv archived from the original PDF on 2013 12 11 Bamgboṣe Ayọ 1966 A Grammar of Yoruba West African Languages Survey Institute of African Studies Cambridge Cambridge University Press Bauer Laurie Warren Paul Bardsley Dianne Kennedy Marianna Major George 2007 New Zealand English Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 1 97 102 doi 10 1017 S0025100306002830 Boberg Charles 2004 English in Canada phonology in Schneider Edgar W Burridge Kate Kortmann Bernd Mesthrie Rajend Upton Clive eds A handbook of varieties of English vol 1 Phonology Mouton de Gruyter pp 351 366 ISBN 978 3 11 017532 5 Bolander Maria 2001 Funktionell svensk grammatik 1st ed Liber AB ISBN 9789147050543 Collins Beverley Mees Inger M 2003 First published 1981 The Phonetics of English and Dutch 5th ed Leiden Brill Publishers ISBN 978 9004103405 Collins Beverley Mees Inger M 2013 First published 2003 Practical Phonetics and Phonology A Resource Book for Students 3rd ed Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 50650 2 Cox Felicity Fletcher Janet 2017 First published 2012 Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription 2nd ed Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 316 63926 9 Cruz Ferreira Madalena 1995 European Portuguese Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 2 90 94 doi 10 1017 S0025100300005223 S2CID 249414876 Dankovicova Jana 1999 Czech Handbook of the International Phonetic Association Cambridge University Press pp 70 74 Dudenredaktion Kleiner Stefan Knobl Ralf 2015 First published 1962 Das Ausspracheworterbuch in German 7th ed Berlin Dudenverlag ISBN 978 3 411 04067 4 Engstrand Olle 1999 Swedish Handbook of the International Phonetic Association A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 140 142 ISBN 978 0 521 63751 0 Esling John H Warkentyne Henry J 1993 Retracting of ae in Vancouver English in Clarke Sandra ed Focus on Canada Varieties of English Around the World John Benjamins Publishing Company ISBN 978 1556194429 Fougeron Cecile Smith Caroline L 1993 French Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 2 73 76 doi 10 1017 S0025100300004874 S2CID 249404451 Goksel Asli Kerslake Celia 2005 Turkish a comprehensive grammar Routledge ISBN 978 0415114943 Gronnum Nina 1998 Illustrations of the IPA Danish Journal of the International Phonetic Association 28 1 amp 2 99 105 doi 10 1017 s0025100300006290 S2CID 249412109 Hay Jennifer Maclagan Margaret Gordon Elizabeth 2008 New Zealand English Dialects of English Edinburgh University Press ISBN 978 0 7486 2529 1 International Phonetic Association 1989 Report on the 1989 Kiel Convention Journal of the International Phonetic Association 19 2 67 80 doi 10 1017 S0025100300003868 S2CID 249412330 Jassem Wiktor 2003 Polish Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 1 103 107 doi 10 1017 S0025100303001191 Keating Patricia 2012 IPA Council votes against new IPA symbol Journal of the International Phonetic Association 42 2 245 doi 10 1017 S0025100312000114 Kerswill Paul Torgerson Eivind Fox Sue 2006 Innovation in inner London teenage speech NWAV35 Columbus Kohler Klaus J 1999 German Handbook of the International Phonetic Association A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 86 89 ISBN 978 0 521 65236 0 Labov William Ash Sharon Boberg Charles 2006 The Atlas of North American English Berlin Mouton de Gruyter ISBN 978 3 11 016746 7 Landau Ernestina Loncarica Mijo Horga Damir Skaric Ivo 1999 Croatian Handbook of the International Phonetic Association A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 66 69 ISBN 978 0 521 65236 0 Lee Wai Sum Zee Eric 2003 Standard Chinese Beijing Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 1 109 112 doi 10 1017 S0025100303001208 Mangold Max 2005 Das Ausspracheworterbuch Duden p 37 ISBN 9783411040667 Martinez Celdran Eugenio Fernandez Planas Ana Ma Carrera Sabate Josefina 2003 Castilian Spanish Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 2 255 259 doi 10 1017 S0025100303001373 Moosmuller Sylvia Schmid Carolin Brandstatter Julia 2015 Standard Austrian German Journal of the International Phonetic Association 45 3 339 348 doi 10 1017 S0025100315000055 Okada Hideo 1999 Japanese in International Phonetic Association ed Handbook of the International Phonetic Association A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet Cambridge University Press pp 117 119 ISBN 978 0 52163751 0 Riad Tomas 2014 The Phonology of Swedish Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 954357 1 Rogers Derek d Arcangeli Luciana 2004 Italian Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 1 117 121 doi 10 1017 S0025100304001628 Rosenqvist Hakan 2007 Uttalsboken svenskt uttal i praktik och teori Stockholm Natur amp Kultur ISBN 978 91 27 40645 2 Sarlin Mika 2014 First published 2013 Sounds of Romanian and their spelling Romanian Grammar 2nd ed Helsinki Books on Demand GmbH pp 16 37 ISBN 978 952 286 898 5 Simackova Sarka Podlipsky Vaclav Jonas Chladkova Katerina 2012 Czech spoken in Bohemia and Moravia PDF Journal of the International Phonetic Association 42 2 225 232 doi 10 1017 S0025100312000102 Szende Tamas 1994 Hungarian Journal of the International Phonetic Association 24 2 91 94 doi 10 1017 S0025100300005090 S2CID 242632087 Tingsabadh M R Kalaya Abramson Arthur 1993 Thai Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 1 24 28 doi 10 1017 S0025100300004746 S2CID 242001518 Trudgill Peter 2004 The dialect of East Anglia Phonology in Schneider Edgar W Burridge Kate Kortmann Bernd Mesthrie Rajend Upton Clive eds A handbook of varieties of English vol 1 Phonology Mouton de Gruyter pp 163 177 ISBN 3 11 017532 0 Verhoeven Jo 2005 Belgian Standard Dutch Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 2 245 doi 10 1017 S0025100305002173 Verhoeven Jo 2007 The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 2 219 225 doi 10 1017 S0025100307002940 Watkins Justin W 2001 Illustrations of the IPA Burmese PDF Journal of the International Phonetic Association 31 2 291 295 doi 10 1017 S0025100301002122 S2CID 232344700 Wells John C 1976 The Association s Alphabet Journal of the International Phonetic Association 6 1 2 3 doi 10 1017 S0025100300001420 S2CID 249403800 Wells John C 1982 Accents of English Volume 3 Beyond the British Isles pp i xx 467 674 Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 52128541 0 Zimmer Karl Orgun Orhan 1999 Turkish PDF Handbook of the International Phonetic Association A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 154 158 ISBN 978 0 521 65236 0 archived from the original PDF on 2018 07 25 retrieved 2015 04 12 Kordic Snjezana 2006 Serbo Croatian Languages of the World Materials 148 Munich amp Newcastle Lincom Europa ISBN 978 3 89586 161 1External links EditList of languages with a on PHOIBLE List of languages with ɑ on PHOIBLE List of languages with a on PHOIBLE Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Open central unrounded vowel amp oldid 1153461123, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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