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Close-mid central rounded vowel

January 04, 2023

Not to be confused with Voiceless dental fricative, represented by ⟨θ⟩ in the IPA.

The close-mid central rounded vowel, or high-mid central rounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɵ⟩, a lowercase barred letter o.

Close-mid central rounded vowel
ɵ
IPA Number323
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɵ
Unicode (hex)U+0275
X-SAMPA8
Braille

The character ɵ has been used in several Latin-derived alphabets such as the one for Yañalif but then denotes a sound that is different from that of the IPA. The character is homographic with Cyrillic Ө. The Unicode code point is U+019F Ɵ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH MIDDLE TILDE.

This vowel occurs in Cantonese, Dutch, French, Russian and Swedish as well as in a number of English dialects as a realization of /ʊ/ (as in foot), /ɜː/ (as in nurse) or /oʊ/ (as in goat).

This sound rarely contrasts with the near-close front rounded vowel and so is sometimes transcribed with the symbol ⟨ʏ⟩.

Close-mid central protruded vowel

The close-mid central protruded vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as ⟨ɵ⟩, and that is the convention used in this article. As there is no dedicated diacritic for protrusion in the IPA, symbol for the close central rounded vowel with an old diacritic for labialization, ⟨  ̫⟩, can be used as an ad hoc symbol ⟨ɵ̫⟩ for the close central protruded vowel. Another possible transcription is ⟨ɵʷ⟩ or ⟨ɘʷ⟩ (a close central vowel modified by endolabialization), but this could be misread as a diphthong.

Features

Occurrence

Because central rounded vowels are assumed to have protrusion, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have compression.

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Asturian Some Western dialects [es][2] fuöra [ˈfwɵɾɐ] 'outside' Realization of ⟨o⟩ in the diphthong ⟨uo⟩. May also be realized as [ø] or [œ].
Azeri Tabriz[3] göz گؤز [dʒɵz] 'eye' Typically transcribed as /œ/.
Chinese Cantonese 出/ceot7 [tsʰɵt˥] 'to go out' See Cantonese phonology
Dutch Standard[4][5] hut [ɦɵt] 'hut' See Dutch phonology
English Cardiff[6] foot [fɵt] 'foot' More often unrounded [ɘ];[7] corresponds to [ʊ] in other dialects. See English phonology
General South African[8] Younger, especially female speakers.[8] Other speakers have a less front vowel [ʊ]. May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʊ̟⟩ or ⟨ʉ̞⟩. See South African English phonology
Received Pronunciation[9] [fɵʔt] Younger speakers. Others pronounce [ʊ]. See English phonology
Hull[10] goat [ɡɵːt] 'goat' Corresponds to /oʊ/ in other dialects.
New Zealand[11] bird [bɵːd] 'bird' Corresponds to /ɝ/ in other dialects. See New Zealand English phonology
French[12] je [ʒɵ] 'I' May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩ or ⟨ɵ⟩. Also described as mid [ɵ̞].[13][14] May be more front for a number of speakers. See French phonology
German Swabian[15] wird [ʋɵʕ̞d̥] 'becomes' Allophone of /i/ before /ʁ/.[15]
Upper Saxon[16] Wunder [ˈv̞ɵn(d̥)oˤ] 'wonder' The example word is from the Chemnitz dialect.
Hiw[17] yöykön̄ [jɵjkɵŋ] 'forget'
Irish Munster[18] dúnadh [ˈd̪ˠuːn̪ˠө] 'closing' Allophone of /ə/ adjacent to broad consonants, when the vowel in the preceding syllable is either /uː/ or /ʊ/.[18] See Irish phonology
Kazakh көз [kɵz] 'eye' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨œ⟩.
Limburgish Most dialects[19][20][21] bluts [blɵts] 'bump' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʏ⟩. The example word is from the Weert dialect.[19][20][21]
Maastrichtian[20] beuk [bɵːk] 'books' Sometimes realized as a narrow diphthong [ɵʉ̞];[20] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨øː⟩. Front [øː] in other dialects.[19][22]
Mongolian[23] өгөх/ögökh [ɵɡɵx] 'to give'
Norwegian Stavangersk[24] gull [ɡɵl] 'gold' Near-close [ʉ̞] in other dialects that have this vowel.[24] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʉ⟩. See Norwegian phonology
Urban East[25] søt [sɵːt] 'sweet' Also described as front [ø̫ː];[26] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨øː⟩. See Norwegian phonology
Ripuarian Kerkrade dialect[27] sjuts [ʃɵts] 'marksman' See Kerkrade dialect phonology
Russian[28] тётя/tyotya  [ˈtʲɵtʲə] 'aunt' Allophone of /o/ following a palatalized consonant. See Russian phonology
Tajik Northern dialects[29] кӯҳ/kūh [kɵh] 'mountain' May be realized as mid [ɵ̞], merged with /u/ in the central and southern dialects. See Tajik phonology
Toda பர்/pȫr [pɵːr̘] 'name'
Uzbek koʻz/кўз [kɵz] 'eye' Allophone of /o/, especially near velar consonants /k/ and /g/. May be realized as mid [ɵ̞]. See Uzbek phonology
West Frisian Standard[30][31] put [pɵt] 'well' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ø⟩. See West Frisian phonology
Southwestern dialects[32] fuotten [ˈfɵtn̩] 'feet' Corresponds to [wo] in other dialects.[32] See West Frisian phonology
Xumi Lower[33] ľatsö [ʎ̟ɐtsɵ˦] 'to filter tea' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʉ⟩.[33]
Upper[34] htö [htɵ] 'way to do things' Allophone of /o/ after alveolar consonants; may be realized as [o] or [ɤ] instead.[34]

Close-mid central compressed vowel

Close-mid central compressed vowel
ø̈
ɘ͡β̞
ɘᵝ
ɵ͍

As there is no official diacritic for compression in the IPA, the centering diacritic is used with the front rounded vowel [ø], which is normally compressed. Other possible transcriptions are ⟨ɘ͡β̞⟩ (simultaneous [ɘ] and labial compression) and ⟨ɘᵝ⟩ ([ɘ] modified with labial compression).

Features

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Swedish Central Standard[35] full [fø̈lː] 'full' More often described as mid [ɵ̞ᵝ].[36][37] See Swedish phonology

See also

Notes

  1. ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. ^ García, Fernando Álvarez-Balbuena (1 September 2015). "Na frontera del asturllionés y el gallegoportugués: descripción y exame horiométricu de la fala de Fernidiellu (Forniella, Llión). Parte primera: fonética". Revista de Filoloxía Asturiana. 14 (14). ISSN 2341-1147.
  3. ^ Mokari & Werner (2016).
  4. ^ van Heuven & Genet (2002).
  5. ^ Verhoeven (2005), p. 245.
  6. ^ Collins & Mees (1990:92–93)
  7. ^ Collins & Mees (1990:92)
  8. ^ a b Lass (2002), pp. 115–116.
  9. ^ "Received Pronunciation Phonology". The British Library.
  10. ^ Williams & Kerswill (1999), pp. 143 and 146.
  11. ^ Bauer et al. (2007), pp. 98–99.
  12. ^ "english speech services | Le FOOT vowel". 15 January 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  13. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  14. ^ Lodge (2009), p. 84.
  15. ^ a b Khan & Weise (2013), p. 237.
  16. ^ Khan & Weise (2013), p. 236.
  17. ^ François (2013), p. 207.
  18. ^ a b Ó Sé (2000).
  19. ^ a b c Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
  20. ^ a b c d Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
  21. ^ a b Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998), p. 110.
  22. ^ Peters (2006), p. 119.
  23. ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005), pp. 62, 66–67.
  24. ^ a b Vanvik (1979), p. 19.
  25. ^ Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 16–17, 33–35, 37, 343.
  26. ^ Vanvik (1979), pp. 13, 20.
  27. ^ Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997:16). The source describes this vowel as the same as the short u in Standard Dutch lucht, which is close-mid central [ɵ] (van Heuven & Genet (2002)).
  28. ^ Jones & Ward (1969), pp. 62–63.
  29. ^ Ido (2014), pp. 91–92.
  30. ^ Sipma (1913), pp. 6, 8, 10.
  31. ^ Tiersma (1999), p. 11.
  32. ^ a b Hoekstra (2003:202), citing Hof (1933:14)
  33. ^ a b Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 369–370.
  34. ^ a b Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), p. 389.
  35. ^ Andersson (2002), p. 272.
  36. ^ Engstrand (1999), p. 140.
  37. ^ Rosenqvist (2007), p. 9.

References

  • Andersson, Erik (2002), "Swedish", in König, Ekkehard; van der Auwera, Johan (eds.), The Germanic Languages, Routledge language family descriptions, Routledge, pp. 271–312, ISBN 978-0-415-28079-2
  • Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), "New Zealand English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 97–102, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830
  • Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013), "Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 363–379, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157
  • Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013), "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (1990), "The Phonetics of Cardiff English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 87–103, ISBN 978-1-85359-032-0
  • Cox, F.M. (2006), "The acoustic characteristics of /hVd/ vowels in the speech of some Australian teenagers", Australian Journal of Linguistics, 26 (2): 147–179, doi:10.1080/07268600600885494, S2CID 62226994
  • Crosswhite, Katherine Margaret (2000), (PDF), University of Rochester Working Papers in the Language Sciences, 1 (1): 107–172, archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2012
  • Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0
  • Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, S2CID 249404451
  • François, Alexandre (2013), "Shadows of bygone lives: The histories of spiritual words in northern Vanuatu", in Mailhammer, Robert (ed.), Lexical and structural etymology: Beyond word histories, Studies in Language Change, vol. 11, Berlin: DeGruyter Mouton, pp. 185–244
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29 (2): 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526, S2CID 145782045
  • Heijmans, Linda; Gussenhoven, Carlos (1998), "The Dutch dialect of Weert" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28 (1–2): 107–112, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006307, S2CID 145635698
  • Hoekstra, Jarich (2003), "Frisian. Standardization in progress of a language in decay" (PDF), Germanic Standardizations. Past to Present, vol. 18, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 193–209, ISBN 978-90-272-1856-8
  • Hof, Jan Jelles (1933), (PDF), The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2016
  • Ido, Shinji (2014), "Bukharan Tajik", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 44 (1): 87–102, doi:10.1017/S002510031300011X
  • Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe (2005), "Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 59–71, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X, S2CID 145733117
  • Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
  • Khan, Sameer ud Dowla; Weise, Constanze (2013), "Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (2): 231–241, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000145
  • Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
  • Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
  • Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
  • Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000), Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne (in Ga), Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, ISBN 978-0-946452-97-2
  • Mokari, Payam Ghaffarvand; Werner, Stefan (2016), Dziubalska-Kolaczyk, Katarzyna (ed.), "An acoustic description of spectral and temporal characteristics of Azerbaijani vowels", Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics, 52 (3), doi:10.1515/psicl-2016-0019, S2CID 151826061
  • Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
  • Rosenqvist, Håkan (2007), Uttalsboken: svenskt uttal i praktik och teori, Stockholm: Natur & Kultur, ISBN 978-91-27-40645-2
  • Sipma, Pieter (1913), Phonology & grammar of modern West Frisian, London: Oxford University Press, retrieved 30 March 2017
  • Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997) [1987], Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (in Dutch) (2nd ed.), Kerkrade: Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer, ISBN 90-70246-34-1
  • Tiersma, Peter Meijes (1999) [First published 1985 in Dordrecht by Foris Publications], Frisian Reference Grammar (2nd ed.), Ljouwert: Fryske Akademy, ISBN 978-90-6171-886-4
  • van Heuven, Vincent J.; Genet, Roos (2002). Wat is het beste IPA-symbool voor de u van put?. Dag van de Fonetiek. Utrecht. A summary of the presentation can be found here.
  • Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 978-82-990584-0-7
  • Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 245, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
  • Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (2): 219–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940
  • Williams, Ann; Kerswill, Paul (1999), "Dialect levelling: change and continuity in Milton Keynes, Reading and Hull" (PDF), in Foulkes, Paul; Docherty, Gerard (eds.), Urban voices. Accent studies in the British Isles., London: Arnold, pp. 141–162

External links

  • List of languages with [ɵ] on PHOIBLE

January 04, 2023
close, central, rounded, vowel, confused, with, voiceless, dental, fricative, represented, close, central, rounded, vowel, high, central, rounded, vowel, type, vowel, sound, symbol, international, phonetic, alphabet, that, represents, this, sound, lowercase, b. Not to be confused with Voiceless dental fricative represented by 8 in the IPA The close mid central rounded vowel or high mid central rounded vowel 1 is a type of vowel sound The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ɵ a lowercase barred letter o Close mid central rounded vowelɵIPA Number323Audio sample source source source helpEncodingEntity decimal amp 629 Unicode hex U 0275X SAMPA8BrailleImageIPA VowelsFront Central BackClose i y ɨ ʉ ɯ uNear close ɪ ʏ ʊClose mid e o ɘ ɵ ɤ oMid e o e ɤ o Open mid ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔNear open ae ɐOpen a ɶ a ɑ ɒIPA help audio full chart template Legend unrounded roundedThe character ɵ has been used in several Latin derived alphabets such as the one for Yanalif but then denotes a sound that is different from that of the IPA The character is homographic with Cyrillic Ө The Unicode code point is U 019F Ɵ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH MIDDLE TILDE This vowel occurs in Cantonese Dutch French Russian and Swedish as well as in a number of English dialects as a realization of ʊ as in foot ɜː as in nurse or oʊ as in goat This sound rarely contrasts with the near close front rounded vowel and so is sometimes transcribed with the symbol ʏ Contents 1 Close mid central protruded vowel 1 1 Features 1 2 Occurrence 2 Close mid central compressed vowel 2 1 Features 2 2 Occurrence 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External linksClose mid central protruded vowel EditThe close mid central protruded vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as ɵ and that is the convention used in this article As there is no dedicated diacritic for protrusion in the IPA symbol for the close central rounded vowel with an old diacritic for labialization can be used as an ad hoc symbol ɵ for the close central protruded vowel Another possible transcription is ɵʷ or ɘʷ a close central vowel modified by endolabialization but this could be misread as a diphthong Features Edit Its vowel height is close mid also known as high mid which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel a high vowel and a mid vowel Its vowel backness is central which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel Its roundedness is protruded which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together and the inner surfaces exposed Occurrence Edit Because central rounded vowels are assumed to have protrusion and few descriptions cover the distinction some of the following may actually have compression Language Word IPA Meaning NotesAsturian Some Western dialects es 2 fuora ˈfwɵɾɐ outside Realization of o in the diphthong uo May also be realized as o or œ Azeri Tabriz 3 goz گؤز dʒɵz eye Typically transcribed as œ Chinese Cantonese 出 ceot7 tsʰɵt to go out See Cantonese phonologyDutch Standard 4 5 hut ɦɵt hut See Dutch phonologyEnglish Cardiff 6 foot fɵt foot More often unrounded ɘ 7 corresponds to ʊ in other dialects See English phonologyGeneral South African 8 Younger especially female speakers 8 Other speakers have a less front vowel ʊ May be transcribed in IPA with ʊ or ʉ See South African English phonologyReceived Pronunciation 9 fɵʔt Younger speakers Others pronounce ʊ See English phonologyHull 10 goat ɡɵːt goat Corresponds to oʊ in other dialects New Zealand 11 bird bɵːd bird Corresponds to ɝ in other dialects See New Zealand English phonologyFrench 12 je ʒɵ I May be transcribed in IPA with e or ɵ Also described as mid ɵ 13 14 May be more front for a number of speakers See French phonologyGerman Swabian 15 wird ʋɵʕ d becomes Allophone of i before ʁ 15 Upper Saxon 16 Wunder ˈv ɵn d oˤ wonder The example word is from the Chemnitz dialect Hiw 17 yoykon jɵjkɵŋ forget Irish Munster 18 dunadh ˈd ˠuːn ˠo closing Allophone of e adjacent to broad consonants when the vowel in the preceding syllable is either uː or ʊ 18 See Irish phonologyKazakh koz kɵz eye Typically transcribed in IPA with œ Limburgish Most dialects 19 20 21 bluts blɵts bump Typically transcribed in IPA with ʏ The example word is from the Weert dialect 19 20 21 Maastrichtian 20 beuk bɵːk books Sometimes realized as a narrow diphthong ɵʉ 20 typically transcribed in IPA with oː Front oː in other dialects 19 22 Mongolian 23 ogoh ogokh ɵɡɵx to give Norwegian Stavangersk 24 gull ɡɵl gold Near close ʉ in other dialects that have this vowel 24 Typically transcribed in IPA with ʉ See Norwegian phonologyUrban East 25 sot sɵːt sweet Also described as front o ː 26 typically transcribed in IPA with oː See Norwegian phonologyRipuarian Kerkrade dialect 27 sjuts ʃɵts marksman See Kerkrade dialect phonologyRussian 28 tyotya tyotya ˈtʲɵtʲe aunt Allophone of o following a palatalized consonant See Russian phonologyTajik Northern dialects 29 kӯҳ kuh kɵh mountain May be realized as mid ɵ merged with u in the central and southern dialects See Tajik phonologyToda பர pȫr pɵːr name Uzbek koʻz kyz kɵz eye Allophone of o especially near velar consonants k and g May be realized as mid ɵ See Uzbek phonologyWest Frisian Standard 30 31 put pɵt well Typically transcribed in IPA with o See West Frisian phonologySouthwestern dialects 32 fuotten ˈfɵtn feet Corresponds to wo in other dialects 32 See West Frisian phonologyXumi Lower 33 ľatso ʎ ɐtsɵ to filter tea Typically transcribed in IPA with ʉ 33 Upper 34 hto htɵ way to do things Allophone of o after alveolar consonants may be realized as o or ɤ instead 34 Close mid central compressed vowel EditClose mid central compressed vowelo ɘ b ɘᵝɵ As there is no official diacritic for compression in the IPA the centering diacritic is used with the front rounded vowel o which is normally compressed Other possible transcriptions are ɘ b simultaneous ɘ and labial compression and ɘᵝ ɘ modified with labial compression Features Edit Its vowel height is close mid also known as high mid which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel a high vowel and a mid vowel Its vowel backness is central which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel Its roundedness is compressed which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed Occurrence Edit Language Word IPA Meaning NotesSwedish Central Standard 35 full fo lː full More often described as mid ɵ ᵝ 36 37 See Swedish phonologySee also EditIndex of phonetics articlesNotes Edit While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms close and open for vowel height many linguists use high and low Garcia Fernando Alvarez Balbuena 1 September 2015 Na frontera del asturlliones y el gallegoportugues descripcion y exame horiometricu de la fala de Fernidiellu Forniella Llion Parte primera fonetica Revista de Filoloxia Asturiana 14 14 ISSN 2341 1147 Mokari amp Werner 2016 van Heuven amp Genet 2002 Verhoeven 2005 p 245 Collins amp Mees 1990 92 93 Collins amp Mees 1990 92 a b Lass 2002 pp 115 116 Received Pronunciation Phonology The British Library Williams amp Kerswill 1999 pp 143 and 146 Bauer et al 2007 pp 98 99 english speech services Le FOOT vowel 15 January 2012 Retrieved 20 October 2018 Fougeron amp Smith 1993 p 73 Lodge 2009 p 84 a b Khan amp Weise 2013 p 237 Khan amp Weise 2013 p 236 Francois 2013 p 207 a b o Se 2000 a b c Verhoeven 2007 p 221 a b c d Gussenhoven amp Aarts 1999 p 159 a b Heijmans amp Gussenhoven 1998 p 110 Peters 2006 p 119 Iivonen amp Harnud 2005 pp 62 66 67 a b Vanvik 1979 p 19 Kristoffersen 2000 pp 16 17 33 35 37 343 Vanvik 1979 pp 13 20 Stichting Kirchroadsjer Dieksiejoneer 1997 16 The source describes this vowel as the same as the short u in Standard Dutch lucht which is close mid central ɵ van Heuven amp Genet 2002 Jones amp Ward 1969 pp 62 63 Ido 2014 pp 91 92 Sipma 1913 pp 6 8 10 Tiersma 1999 p 11 a b Hoekstra 2003 202 citing Hof 1933 14 a b Chirkova amp Chen 2013 pp 369 370 a b Chirkova Chen amp Kocjancic Antolik 2013 p 389 Andersson 2002 p 272 Engstrand 1999 p 140 Rosenqvist 2007 p 9 References EditAndersson Erik 2002 Swedish in Konig Ekkehard van der Auwera Johan eds The Germanic Languages Routledge language family descriptions Routledge pp 271 312 ISBN 978 0 415 28079 2 Bauer Laurie Warren Paul Bardsley Dianne Kennedy Marianna Major George 2007 New Zealand English Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 1 97 102 doi 10 1017 S0025100306002830 Chirkova Katia Chen Yiya 2013 Xumi Part 1 Lower Xumi the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 3 363 379 doi 10 1017 S0025100313000157 Chirkova Katia Chen Yiya Kocjancic Antolik Tanja 2013 Xumi Part 2 Upper Xumi the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 3 381 396 doi 10 1017 S0025100313000169 Collins Beverley Mees Inger M 1990 The Phonetics of Cardiff English in Coupland Nikolas Thomas Alan Richard eds English in Wales Diversity Conflict and Change Multilingual Matters Ltd pp 87 103 ISBN 978 1 85359 032 0 Cox F M 2006 The acoustic characteristics of hVd vowels in the speech of some Australian teenagers Australian Journal of Linguistics 26 2 147 179 doi 10 1080 07268600600885494 S2CID 62226994 Crosswhite Katherine Margaret 2000 Vowel Reduction in Russian A Unified Account of Standard Dialectal and Dissimilative Patterns PDF University of Rochester Working Papers in the Language Sciences 1 1 107 172 archived from the original PDF on 6 February 2012 Engstrand Olle 1999 Swedish Handbook of the International Phonetic Association A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 63751 0 Fougeron Cecile Smith Caroline L 1993 French Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 2 73 76 doi 10 1017 S0025100300004874 S2CID 249404451 Francois Alexandre 2013 Shadows of bygone lives The histories of spiritual words in northern Vanuatu in Mailhammer Robert ed Lexical and structural etymology Beyond word histories Studies in Language Change vol 11 Berlin DeGruyter Mouton pp 185 244 Gussenhoven Carlos Aarts Flor 1999 The dialect of Maastricht PDF Journal of the International Phonetic Association 29 2 155 166 doi 10 1017 S0025100300006526 S2CID 145782045 Heijmans Linda Gussenhoven Carlos 1998 The Dutch dialect of Weert PDF Journal of the International Phonetic Association 28 1 2 107 112 doi 10 1017 S0025100300006307 S2CID 145635698 Hoekstra Jarich 2003 Frisian Standardization in progress of a language in decay PDF Germanic Standardizations Past to Present vol 18 Amsterdam John Benjamins Publishing Company pp 193 209 ISBN 978 90 272 1856 8 Hof Jan Jelles 1933 Friesche Dialectgeographie PDF The Hague Martinus Nijhoff archived from the original PDF on 7 October 2016 Ido Shinji 2014 Bukharan Tajik Journal of the International Phonetic Association 44 1 87 102 doi 10 1017 S002510031300011X Iivonen Antti Harnud Huhe 2005 Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish Mongolian and Udmurt Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 1 59 71 doi 10 1017 S002510030500191X S2CID 145733117 Jones Daniel Ward Dennis 1969 The Phonetics of Russian Cambridge University Press Khan Sameer ud Dowla Weise Constanze 2013 Upper Saxon Chemnitz dialect PDF Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 2 231 241 doi 10 1017 S0025100313000145 Kristoffersen Gjert 2000 The Phonology of Norwegian Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 823765 5 Lass Roger 2002 South African English in Mesthrie Rajend ed Language in South Africa Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521791052 Lodge Ken 2009 A Critical Introduction to Phonetics Continuum International Publishing Group ISBN 978 0 8264 8873 2 o Se Diarmuid 2000 Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne in Ga Dublin Institiuid Teangeolaiochta Eireann ISBN 978 0 946452 97 2 Mokari Payam Ghaffarvand Werner Stefan 2016 Dziubalska Kolaczyk Katarzyna ed An acoustic description of spectral and temporal characteristics of Azerbaijani vowels Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 52 3 doi 10 1515 psicl 2016 0019 S2CID 151826061 Peters Jorg 2006 The dialect of Hasselt Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 1 117 124 doi 10 1017 S0025100306002428 Rosenqvist Hakan 2007 Uttalsboken svenskt uttal i praktik och teori Stockholm Natur amp Kultur ISBN 978 91 27 40645 2 Sipma Pieter 1913 Phonology amp grammar of modern West Frisian London Oxford University Press retrieved 30 March 2017 Stichting Kirchroadsjer Dieksiejoneer 1997 1987 Kirchroadsjer Dieksiejoneer in Dutch 2nd ed Kerkrade Stichting Kirchroadsjer Dieksiejoneer ISBN 90 70246 34 1 Tiersma Peter Meijes 1999 First published 1985 in Dordrecht by Foris Publications Frisian Reference Grammar 2nd ed Ljouwert Fryske Akademy ISBN 978 90 6171 886 4 van Heuven Vincent J Genet Roos 2002 Wat is het beste IPA symbool voor deuvanput Dag van de Fonetiek Utrecht A summary of the presentation can be found here Vanvik Arne 1979 Norsk fonetikk Oslo Universitetet i Oslo ISBN 978 82 990584 0 7 Verhoeven Jo 2005 Belgian Standard Dutch Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 2 245 doi 10 1017 S0025100305002173 Verhoeven Jo 2007 The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 2 219 225 doi 10 1017 S0025100307002940 Williams Ann Kerswill Paul 1999 Dialect levelling change and continuity in Milton Keynes Reading and Hull PDF in Foulkes Paul Docherty Gerard eds Urban voices Accent studies in the British Isles London Arnold pp 141 162External links EditList of languages with ɵ on PHOIBLE Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Close mid central rounded vowel amp oldid 1123399576, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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