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Near-open front unrounded vowel

September 21, 2023

The near-open front unrounded vowel, or near-low front unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨æ⟩, a lowercase of the ⟨Æ⟩ ligature. Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as "ash".

Near-open front unrounded vowel
æ
IPA Number325
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)æ
Unicode (hex)U+00E6
X-SAMPA{
Braille

The rounded counterpart of [æ], the near-open front rounded vowel (for which the IPA provides no separate symbol) has been reported to occur allophonically in Danish;[2][3] see open front rounded vowel for more information.

In practice, ⟨æ⟩ is sometimes used to represent the open front unrounded vowel; see the introduction to that page for more information.

In IPA transcriptions of Hungarian and Valencian, this vowel is typically written with ⟨ɛ⟩.

Features Edit

  • Its vowel height is near-open, also known as near-low, which means the tongue is positioned similarly to an open vowel, but is slightly more constricted – that is, the tongue is positioned similarly to a low vowel, but slightly higher.
  • Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
  • It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.

Occurrence Edit

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afrikaans Standard[4] perd [pæːrt] 'horse' Allophone of /ɛ/, in some dialects, before /k χ l r/. See Afrikaans phonology
Äiwoo ikuwä [ikuwæ] 'I go' Distinguished from both [a] and [ɑ~ɒ].
Arabic Standard[5] كتاب / kitāb [kiˈtæːb] 'book' Allophone of /a/ in the environment of plain labial and coronal consonants as well as /j/ (depending on the speaker's accent). See Arabic phonology
Bambam[6] bätä [ˈbætæ] 'stem'
Bashkir[7] йәй / yäy [jæj]i 'summer'
Bengali[8] এক/ek [æk] 'one' See Bengali phonology
Catalan Majorcan[9] tesi [ˈt̪æzi] 'thesis' Main realization of /ɛ/. See Catalan phonology
Valencian[9]
Chechen аьрзу / ärzu [ærzu] 'eagle'
Danish Standard[2][10] dansk [ˈtænˀsk] 'Danish' Most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨a⟩ – the way it is realized by certain older or upper-class speakers.[11] See Danish phonology
Dutch[12] Non-standard accents[13] pen [pæn] 'pen' Allophone of /ɛ/ before /n/ and the velarized or pharyngealized allophone of /l/. In non-standard accents this allophone is generalized to other positions, where [ɛ] is used in Standard Dutch.[13] See Dutch phonology
English Cultivated New Zealand[14] cat [kʰæt]i 'cat' Higher in other New Zealand varieties. See New Zealand English phonology
General American[15] See English phonology
Conservative Received Pronunciation[16] Fully open [a] in contemporary RP.[16] See English phonology
Estonian[17] väle [ˈvæ̠le̞ˑ] 'agile' Near-front.[17] See Estonian phonology
Finnish[18] mäki [ˈmæki] 'hill' See Finnish phonology
French Parisian[19] bain [bæ̃] 'bath' Nasalized; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ̃⟩. See French phonology
Quebec[20] ver [væːʁ] 'worm' Allophone of /ɛ/ before /ʁ/ or in open syllables, and of /a/ in closed syllables.[20] See Quebec French phonology
German Standard Austrian[21] erlauben [æˈlɑɔ̯bn̩] 'allow' Variant of pretonic [ɛɐ̯].[21] See Standard German phonology
West Central German accents[22] oder [ˈoːdæ] 'or' Used instead of [ɐ].[22] See Standard German phonology
Northern accents[23] alles [ˈa̝ləs] 'everything' Lower and often also more back in other accents.[23] See Standard German phonology
Western Swiss accents[24] spät [ʃpæːt] 'late' Open-mid [ɛː] or close-mid [eː] in other accents; contrasts with the open-mid /ɛː/.[25] See Standard German phonology
Greek Macedonia[26] γάτα/gáta [ˈɣætæ] 'cat' See Modern Greek phonology
Thessaly[26]
Thrace[26]
Pontic[27] καλάθια/kaláthia [kaˈlaθæ] 'baskets'
Hungarian[28] nem [næm] 'no' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ⟩. See Hungarian phonology
Kanoê[29] [æː] 'tobacco'
Kazakh әйел/äiel [æ̝ˈje̘l̪ʲ] 'woman' Varies between near-open and open-mid.
Kurdish Sorani (Central) گاڵته/ galte [gäːɫtʲæ] 'joke' Equal to Palewani (Southern) front [a]. See Kurdish phonology
Lakon[30] rävräv [ræβræβ] 'evening'
Limburgish[31][32][33] twelf [ˈtβ̞æ̠ləf] 'twelve' Front[32][33] or near-front,[31] depending on the dialect. The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect, in which the vowel is near-front.
Lithuanian jachtą [ˈjæːxt̪aː] 'yacht' (accusative) See Lithuanian phonology
Luxembourgish[34] Käpp [kʰæpʰ] 'heads' See Luxembourgish phonology
Norwegian Urban East[35][36] lær [læːɾ] 'leather' See Norwegian phonology
Persian[37][38] هشت/hašt [hæʃt] 'eight'
Portuguese Some dialects[39] pedra [ˈpædɾɐ] 'stone' Stressed vowel. In other dialects closer /ɛ/. See Portuguese phonology
Some European speakers[40] também [tɐˈmæ̃] 'also' Stressed vowel, allophone of nasal vowel /ẽ̞/.
Romanian Bukovinian dialect[41] piele [ˈpæle] 'skin' Corresponds to [je] in standard Romanian. Also identified in some Central Transylvanian sub-dialects.[41] See Romanian phonology
Russian[42][43] пять / pjatʹ [pʲætʲ]i 'five' Allophone of /a/ between palatalized consonants. See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian Zeta-Raška dialect[44] дан/dan [d̪æn̪] 'day' Regional reflex of Proto-Slavic *ь and *ъ. Sometimes nasalised.[44]
Sinhala[45] ඇය/æya [æjə] 'she'
Swedish Central Standard[46][47][48] ära [²æːɾä]i 'hono(u)r' Allophone of /ɛː, ɛ/ before /r/. See Swedish phonology
Stockholm[48] läsa [²læːsä] 'to read' Realization of /ɛː, ɛ/ for younger speakers. Higher [ɛː, ɛ̝ ~ ɛ] for other speakers
Turkish[49] sen [s̪æn̪] 'you' Allophone of /e/ before syllable-final /m, n, l, r/. In a limited number of words (but not before /r/), it is in free variation with [e̞].[49] See Turkish phonology

See also Edit

Notes Edit

  1. ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. ^ a b Grønnum (1998:100)
  3. ^ Basbøll (2005:46)
  4. ^ Donaldson (1993:3)
  5. ^ Holes (2004:60)
  6. ^ Campbell (1991:5)
  7. ^ Berta (1998:183)
  8. ^ "Bengali romanization table" (PDF). Bahai Studies. Bahai Studies. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  9. ^ a b Rafel (1999:14)
  10. ^ Basbøll (2005:45)
  11. ^ Basbøll (2005:32)
  12. ^ Collins & Mees (2003:92, 129)
  13. ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003:92, 128–129, 131)
  14. ^ Gordon & Maclagan (2004:609)
  15. ^ Wells (1982:486)
  16. ^ a b Cruttenden (2014:119–120)
  17. ^ a b Asu & Teras (2009:368)
  18. ^ Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008:21)
  19. ^ Collins & Mees (2013:226)
  20. ^ a b Walker (1984:75)
  21. ^ a b Moosmüller, Schmid & Brandstätter (2015:342)
  22. ^ a b Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015:40)
  23. ^ a b Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015:64)
  24. ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015:65)
  25. ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015:34, 64–65)
  26. ^ a b c Newton (1972:11)
  27. ^ Revithiadou & Spyropoulos (2009:41)
  28. ^ Szende (1994:92)
  29. ^ Bacelar (2004:60)
  30. ^ François (2005:466)
  31. ^ a b Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:159)
  32. ^ a b Peters (2006:119)
  33. ^ a b Verhoeven (2007:221)
  34. ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
  35. ^ Vanvik (1979:13)
  36. ^ Popperwell (2010:16, 21–22)
  37. ^ Majidi & Ternes (1991)
  38. ^ Campbell (1995)
  39. ^ Portuguese: A Linguistic Introduction – by Milton M. Azevedo Page 186.
  40. ^ Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP (in Portuguese)
  41. ^ a b Pop (1938), p. 29.
  42. ^ Jones & Ward (1969:50)
  43. ^ Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:224–225)
  44. ^ a b Okuka 2008, p. 171.
  45. ^ Perera & Jones (1919:5)
  46. ^ Eliasson (1986:273)
  47. ^ Thorén & Petterson (1992:15)
  48. ^ a b Riad (2014:38)
  49. ^ a b Göksel & Kerslake (2005:10)

References Edit

  • Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009), "Estonian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (3): 367–372, doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x
  • Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 978-0-203-97876-4
  • Berta, Árpád (1998), "Tatar and Bashkir", in Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Á. (eds.), The Turkic languages, Routledge, pp. 283–300
  • Campbell, George L. (1995), "Persian", Concise compendium of the world's languages (1st publ. ed.), London: Routledge, p. 385, ISBN 0415160499
  • Campbell, Philip J. (1991). "Phonology of Pitu Ulunna Salu" (PDF). In Rene van den Berg (ed.). Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures (PDF). Vol. 12, Sulawesi phonologies. Ujung Pandang, Sulawesi: Summer Institute of Linguistics. pp. 1–52. ISBN 979-8132-85-8.
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 978-9004103405
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2013) [First published 2003], Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students (3rd ed.), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-50650-2
  • Cruttenden, Alan (2014), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092
  • Donaldson, Bruce C. (1993), "1. Pronunciation", A Grammar of Afrikaans, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1–35, ISBN 9783110134261
  • Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (in German) (7th ed.), Berlin: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4
  • Eliasson, Stig (1986), "Sandhi in Peninsular Scandinavian", in Anderson, Henning (ed.), Sandhi Phenomena in the Languages of Europe, Berlin: de Gruyter, pp. 271–300
  • François, Alexandre (2005), "Unraveling the history of vowels in seventeen north Vanuatu languages" (PDF), Oceanic Linguistics, 44 (2): 443–504, doi:10.1353/ol.2005.0034, S2CID 131668754
  • Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
  • Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005), Turkish: a comprehensive grammar, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415114943
  • Gordon, Elizabeth; Maclagan, Margaret (2004), "Regional and social differences in New Zealand: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 603–613, ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5
  • Grønnum, Nina (1998), "Illustrations of the IPA: Danish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28 (1 & 2): 99–105, doi:10.1017/s0025100300006290, S2CID 249412109
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29 (2): 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526, S2CID 145782045
  • Holes, Clive (2004), Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions, and Varieties, Georgetown University Press, ISBN 978-1-58901-022-2
  • Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
  • Majidi, Mohammad-Reza; Ternes, Elmar (1991), "Illustrations of the IPA: Persian (Farsi)", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 21 (2): 96–98, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004461, S2CID 249413637
  • Moosmüller, Sylvia; Schmid, Carolin; Brandstätter, Julia (2015), "Standard Austrian German", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (3): 339–348, doi:10.1017/S0025100315000055
  • Newton, Brian (1972), The Generative Interpretation of Dialect: A Study of Modern Greek Phonology, Cambridge Studies in Linguistics, vol. 8, Cambridge University Press
  • Okuka, Miloš (2008), Srpski dijalekti, Zagreb: Prosvjeta, ISBN 9789537611064
  • Perera, H.S.; Jones, D. (1919), A colloquial Sinhalese reader in phonetic transcription, Manchester: Longmans, Green & Co
  • Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
  • Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
  • Popperwell, Ronald G. (2010) [First published 1963], Pronunciation of Norwegian, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-15742-1
  • Rafel, Joaquim (1999), Aplicació al català dels principis de transcripció de l'Associació Fonètica Internacional (PDF) (3rd ed.), Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans, ISBN 978-84-7283-446-0
  • Revithiadou, Anthi; Spyropoulos, Vassilios (2009), [Ofitika Pontic: A documentation project with special emphasis on the diachrony and synchrony of the dialect] (PDF) (in Greek), John S. Latsis Public Benefit Foundation, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-31
  • Riad, Tomas (2014), The Phonology of Swedish, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-954357-1
  • Suomi, Kari; Toivanen, Juhani; Ylitalo, Riikka (2008), Finnish sound structure – Phonetics, phonology, phonotactics and prosody (PDF), Studia Humaniora Ouluensia 9, Oulu University Press, ISBN 978-951-42-8984-2
  • Szende, Tamás (1994), "Illustrations of the IPA: Hungarian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 24 (2): 91–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090, S2CID 242632087
  • Thorén, Bosse; Petterson, Nils-Owe (1992), Svenska Utifrån Uttalsanvisningar, ISBN 978-91-520-0284-1
  • Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 978-82-990584-0-7
  • Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (2): 219–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940
  • Walker, Douglas (1984), The Pronunciation of Canadian French (PDF), Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, ISBN 978-0-7766-4500-1
  • Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-52128541-0 .
  • Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015), "Russian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (2): 221–228, doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395
  • Bacelar, Laércio Nora (2004), Gramática da língua Kanoê (Dissertation), Nijmegen: Radboud Universitity, hdl:2066/19429

External links Edit

  • List of languages with [æ] on PHOIBLE

September 21, 2023
near, open, front, unrounded, vowel, near, open, front, unrounded, vowel, near, front, unrounded, vowel, type, vowel, sound, used, some, spoken, languages, symbol, international, phonetic, alphabet, that, represents, this, sound, lowercase, ligature, both, sym. The near open front unrounded vowel or near low front unrounded vowel 1 is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ae a lowercase of the AE ligature Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as ash Near open front unrounded vowelaeIPA Number325Audio sample source source source helpEncodingEntity decimal amp 230 Unicode hex U 00E6X SAMPA BrailleImageIPA VowelsFront Central BackClose i y ɨ ʉ ɯ uNear close ɪ ʏ ʊClose mid e o ɘ ɵ ɤ oMid e o e ɤ o Open mid ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔNear open ae ɐOpen a ɶ a ɑ ɒIPA help audio full chart template Legend unrounded roundedThe rounded counterpart of ae the near open front rounded vowel for which the IPA provides no separate symbol has been reported to occur allophonically in Danish 2 3 see open front rounded vowel for more information In practice ae is sometimes used to represent the open front unrounded vowel see the introduction to that page for more information In IPA transcriptions of Hungarian and Valencian this vowel is typically written with ɛ Contents 1 Features 2 Occurrence 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External linksFeatures EditIts vowel height is near open also known as near low which means the tongue is positioned similarly to an open vowel but is slightly more constricted that is the tongue is positioned similarly to a low vowel but slightly higher Its vowel backness is front which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant It is unrounded which means that the lips are not rounded Occurrence EditLanguage Word IPA Meaning NotesAfrikaans Standard 4 perd paeːrt horse Allophone of ɛ in some dialects before k x l r See Afrikaans phonologyAiwoo ikuwa ikuwae I go Distinguished from both a and ɑ ɒ Arabic Standard 5 كتاب kitab kiˈtaeːb book Allophone of a in the environment of plain labial and coronal consonants as well as j depending on the speaker s accent See Arabic phonologyBambam 6 bata ˈbaetae stem Bashkir 7 jәj yay jaej i summer Bengali 8 এক ek aek one See Bengali phonologyCatalan Majorcan 9 tesi ˈt aezi thesis Main realization of ɛ See Catalan phonologyValencian 9 Chechen arzu arzu aerzu eagle Danish Standard 2 10 dansk ˈtaenˀsk Danish Most often transcribed in IPA with a the way it is realized by certain older or upper class speakers 11 See Danish phonologyDutch 12 Non standard accents 13 pen paen pen Allophone of ɛ before n and the velarized or pharyngealized allophone of l In non standard accents this allophone is generalized to other positions where ɛ is used in Standard Dutch 13 See Dutch phonologyEnglish Cultivated New Zealand 14 cat kʰaet i cat Higher in other New Zealand varieties See New Zealand English phonologyGeneral American 15 See English phonologyConservative Received Pronunciation 16 Fully open a in contemporary RP 16 See English phonologyEstonian 17 vale ˈvae le ˑ agile Near front 17 See Estonian phonologyFinnish 18 maki ˈmaeki hill See Finnish phonologyFrench Parisian 19 bain bae bath Nasalized typically transcribed in IPA with ɛ See French phonologyQuebec 20 ver vaeːʁ worm Allophone of ɛ before ʁ or in open syllables and of a in closed syllables 20 See Quebec French phonologyGerman Standard Austrian 21 erlauben aeˈlɑɔ bn allow Variant of pretonic ɛɐ 21 See Standard German phonologyWest Central German accents 22 oder ˈoːdae or Used instead of ɐ 22 See Standard German phonologyNorthern accents 23 alles ˈa les everything Lower and often also more back in other accents 23 See Standard German phonologyWestern Swiss accents 24 spat ʃpaeːt late Open mid ɛː or close mid eː in other accents contrasts with the open mid ɛː 25 See Standard German phonologyGreek Macedonia 26 gata gata ˈɣaetae cat See Modern Greek phonologyThessaly 26 Thrace 26 Pontic 27 kala8ia kalathia kaˈla8ae baskets Hungarian 28 nem naem no Typically transcribed in IPA with ɛ See Hungarian phonologyKanoe 29 aeː tobacco Kazakh әjel aiel ae ˈje l ʲ woman Varies between near open and open mid Kurdish Sorani Central گاڵته galte gaːɫtʲae joke Equal to Palewani Southern front a See Kurdish phonologyLakon 30 ravrav raebraeb evening Limburgish 31 32 33 twelf ˈtb ae lef twelve Front 32 33 or near front 31 depending on the dialect The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect in which the vowel is near front Lithuanian jachta ˈjaeːxt aː yacht accusative See Lithuanian phonologyLuxembourgish 34 Kapp kʰaepʰ heads See Luxembourgish phonologyNorwegian Urban East 35 36 laer laeːɾ leather See Norwegian phonologyPersian 37 38 هشت hast haeʃt eight Portuguese Some dialects 39 pedra ˈpaedɾɐ stone Stressed vowel In other dialects closer ɛ See Portuguese phonologySome European speakers 40 tambem tɐˈmae also Stressed vowel allophone of nasal vowel ẽ Romanian Bukovinian dialect 41 piele ˈpaele skin Corresponds to je in standard Romanian Also identified in some Central Transylvanian sub dialects 41 See Romanian phonologyRussian 42 43 pyat pjatʹ pʲaetʲ i five Allophone of a between palatalized consonants See Russian phonologySerbo Croatian Zeta Raska dialect 44 dan dan d aen day Regional reflex of Proto Slavic and Sometimes nasalised 44 Sinhala 45 ඇය aeya aeje she Swedish Central Standard 46 47 48 ara aeːɾa i hono u r Allophone of ɛː ɛ before r See Swedish phonologyStockholm 48 lasa laeːsa to read Realization of ɛː ɛ for younger speakers Higher ɛː ɛ ɛ for other speakersTurkish 49 sen s aen you Allophone of e before syllable final m n l r In a limited number of words but not before r it is in free variation with e 49 See Turkish phonologySee also EditIndex of phonetics articlesNotes Edit While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms close and open for vowel height many linguists use high and low a b Gronnum 1998 100 Basboll 2005 46 Donaldson 1993 3 Holes 2004 60 Campbell 1991 5 Berta 1998 183 Bengali romanization table PDF Bahai Studies Bahai Studies Retrieved 30 October 2020 a b Rafel 1999 14 Basboll 2005 45 Basboll 2005 32 Collins amp Mees 2003 92 129 a b Collins amp Mees 2003 92 128 129 131 Gordon amp Maclagan 2004 609 Wells 1982 486 a b Cruttenden 2014 119 120 a b Asu amp Teras 2009 368 Suomi Toivanen amp Ylitalo 2008 21 Collins amp Mees 2013 226 a b Walker 1984 75 a b Moosmuller Schmid amp Brandstatter 2015 342 a b Dudenredaktion Kleiner amp Knobl 2015 40 a b Dudenredaktion Kleiner amp Knobl 2015 64 Dudenredaktion Kleiner amp Knobl 2015 65 Dudenredaktion Kleiner amp Knobl 2015 34 64 65 a b c Newton 1972 11 Revithiadou amp Spyropoulos 2009 41 Szende 1994 92 Bacelar 2004 60 Francois 2005 466 a b Gussenhoven amp Aarts 1999 159 a b Peters 2006 119 a b Verhoeven 2007 221 Gilles amp Trouvain 2013 70 Vanvik 1979 13 Popperwell 2010 16 21 22 Majidi amp Ternes 1991 Campbell 1995 Portuguese A Linguistic Introduction by Milton M Azevedo Page 186 Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenomenos de variacao fonetica e fonologica identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP in Portuguese a b Pop 1938 p 29 Jones amp Ward 1969 50 Yanushevskaya amp Buncic 2015 224 225 a b Okuka 2008 p 171 Perera amp Jones 1919 5 Eliasson 1986 273 Thoren amp Petterson 1992 15 a b Riad 2014 38 a b Goksel amp Kerslake 2005 10 References EditAsu Eva Liina Teras Pire 2009 Estonian Journal of the International Phonetic Association 39 3 367 372 doi 10 1017 s002510030999017x Basboll Hans 2005 The Phonology of Danish ISBN 978 0 203 97876 4 Berta Arpad 1998 Tatar and Bashkir in Johanson Lars Csato Eva A eds The Turkic languages Routledge pp 283 300 Campbell George L 1995 Persian Concise compendium of the world s languages 1st publ ed London Routledge p 385 ISBN 0415160499 Campbell Philip J 1991 Phonology of Pitu Ulunna Salu PDF In Rene van den Berg ed Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures PDF Vol 12 Sulawesi phonologies Ujung Pandang Sulawesi Summer Institute of Linguistics pp 1 52 ISBN 979 8132 85 8 Collins Beverley Mees Inger M 2003 First published 1981 The Phonetics of English and Dutch 5th ed Leiden Brill Publishers ISBN 978 9004103405 Collins Beverley Mees Inger M 2013 First published 2003 Practical Phonetics and Phonology A Resource Book for Students 3rd ed Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 50650 2 Cruttenden Alan 2014 Gimson s Pronunciation of English 8th ed Routledge ISBN 9781444183092 Donaldson Bruce C 1993 1 Pronunciation A Grammar of Afrikaans Mouton de Gruyter pp 1 35 ISBN 9783110134261 Dudenredaktion Kleiner Stefan Knobl Ralf 2015 First published 1962 Das Ausspracheworterbuch in German 7th ed Berlin Dudenverlag ISBN 978 3 411 04067 4 Eliasson Stig 1986 Sandhi in Peninsular Scandinavian in Anderson Henning ed Sandhi Phenomena in the Languages of Europe Berlin de Gruyter pp 271 300 Francois Alexandre 2005 Unraveling the history of vowels in seventeen north Vanuatu languages PDF Oceanic Linguistics 44 2 443 504 doi 10 1353 ol 2005 0034 S2CID 131668754 Gilles Peter Trouvain Jurgen 2013 Luxembourgish PDF Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 1 67 74 doi 10 1017 S0025100312000278 Goksel Asli Kerslake Celia 2005 Turkish a comprehensive grammar Routledge ISBN 978 0415114943 Gordon Elizabeth Maclagan Margaret 2004 Regional and social differences in New Zealand phonology in Schneider Edgar W Burridge Kate Kortmann Bernd Mesthrie Rajend Upton Clive eds A handbook of varieties of English vol 1 Phonology Mouton de Gruyter pp 603 613 ISBN 978 3 11 017532 5 Gronnum Nina 1998 Illustrations of the IPA Danish Journal of the International Phonetic Association 28 1 amp 2 99 105 doi 10 1017 s0025100300006290 S2CID 249412109 Gussenhoven Carlos Aarts Flor 1999 The dialect of Maastricht PDF Journal of the International Phonetic Association 29 2 155 166 doi 10 1017 S0025100300006526 S2CID 145782045 Holes Clive 2004 Modern Arabic Structures Functions and Varieties Georgetown University Press ISBN 978 1 58901 022 2 Jones Daniel Ward Dennis 1969 The Phonetics of Russian Cambridge University Press Majidi Mohammad Reza Ternes Elmar 1991 Illustrations of the IPA Persian Farsi Journal of the International Phonetic Association 21 2 96 98 doi 10 1017 S0025100300004461 S2CID 249413637 Moosmuller Sylvia Schmid Carolin Brandstatter Julia 2015 Standard Austrian German Journal of the International Phonetic Association 45 3 339 348 doi 10 1017 S0025100315000055 Newton Brian 1972 The Generative Interpretation of Dialect A Study of Modern Greek Phonology Cambridge Studies in Linguistics vol 8 Cambridge University Press Okuka Milos 2008 Srpski dijalekti Zagreb Prosvjeta ISBN 9789537611064 Perera H S Jones D 1919 A colloquial Sinhalese reader in phonetic transcription Manchester Longmans Green amp Co Peters Jorg 2006 The dialect of Hasselt Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 1 117 124 doi 10 1017 S0025100306002428 Pop Sever 1938 Micul Atlas Linguistic Roman Muzeul Limbii Romane Cluj Popperwell Ronald G 2010 First published 1963 Pronunciation of Norwegian Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 15742 1 Rafel Joaquim 1999 Aplicacio al catala dels principis de transcripcio de l Associacio Fonetica Internacional PDF 3rd ed Barcelona Institut d Estudis Catalans ISBN 978 84 7283 446 0 Revithiadou Anthi Spyropoulos Vassilios 2009 Ofitikh Pontiakh Ereyna glwssikhs katagrafhs me emfash sth diaxronia kai sygxronia ths dialektoy Ofitika Pontic A documentation project with special emphasis on the diachrony and synchrony of the dialect PDF in Greek John S Latsis Public Benefit Foundation archived from the original PDF on 2012 01 31 Riad Tomas 2014 The Phonology of Swedish Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 954357 1 Suomi Kari Toivanen Juhani Ylitalo Riikka 2008 Finnish sound structure Phonetics phonology phonotactics and prosody PDF Studia Humaniora Ouluensia 9 Oulu University Press ISBN 978 951 42 8984 2 Szende Tamas 1994 Illustrations of the IPA Hungarian Journal of the International Phonetic Association 24 2 91 94 doi 10 1017 S0025100300005090 S2CID 242632087 Thoren Bosse Petterson Nils Owe 1992 Svenska Utifran Uttalsanvisningar ISBN 978 91 520 0284 1 Vanvik Arne 1979 Norsk fonetikk Oslo Universitetet i Oslo ISBN 978 82 990584 0 7 Verhoeven Jo 2007 The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 2 219 225 doi 10 1017 S0025100307002940 Walker Douglas 1984 The Pronunciation of Canadian French PDF Ottawa University of Ottawa Press ISBN 978 0 7766 4500 1 Wells John C 1982 Accents of English Vol 3 Beyond the British Isles pp i xx 467 674 Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 52128541 0 Yanushevskaya Irena Buncic Daniel 2015 Russian Journal of the International Phonetic Association 45 2 221 228 doi 10 1017 S0025100314000395 Bacelar Laercio Nora 2004 Gramatica da lingua Kanoe Dissertation Nijmegen Radboud Universitity hdl 2066 19429External links EditList of languages with ae on PHOIBLE Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Near open front unrounded vowel amp oldid 1166870023, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, 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