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Open-mid central unrounded vowel

May 05, 2023

The open-mid central unrounded vowel, or low-mid central unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɜ⟩ (formerly ⟨ᴈ⟩). The IPA symbol is not the digit ⟨3⟩ or the Cyrillic small letter Ze (з). The symbol is instead a reversed Latinized variant of the lowercase epsilon, ɛ. The value was specified only in 1993; until then, it had been transcribed ⟨ɛ̈⟩.

Open-mid central unrounded vowel
ɜ
IPA Number326
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɜ
Unicode (hex)U+025C
X-SAMPA3
Braille

The ⟨ɜ⟩ letter may be used with a raising diacritic ⟨ɜ̝⟩, to denote the mid central unrounded vowel. It may also be used with a lowering diacritic ⟨ɜ̞⟩, to denote the near-open central unrounded vowel.

Conversely, ⟨ə⟩, the symbol for the mid central vowel may be used with a lowering diacritic ⟨ə̞⟩ to denote the open-mid central unrounded vowel, although that is more specifically written with an additional unrounding diacritic ⟨ə̞͑⟩ to explicitly denote the lack of rounding (the canonical value of IPA ⟨ə⟩ is undefined for rounding).

Features

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afrikaans Standard[2] lig [lə̞χ] 'light' Also described as mid [ə],[3] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩. See Afrikaans phonology
Cotabato Manobo[4] [bätɜʔ] 'child' Allophone of /a/ before glottal consonants; may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʌ⟩.[4]
Dutch[5] grappig [ˈχɾɑpə̞χ] 'funny' Possible realization of /ə/.[5] See Dutch phonology
Emilian Bolognese métter [ˈmet̪ːɜr] 'to put' [citation needed]
English Received Pronunciation[6] bird [bɜːd] 'bird' Sulcalized (the tongue is grooved like in [ɹ]). "Upper Crust RP" speakers pronounce a more open vowel [ɐː], but for most other speakers it is actually mid ([ɜ̝ː]). This vowel corresponds to rhotacized [ɝ] in rhotic dialects.
Ohio[7] bud [bɜd] 'bud' One realization of the vowel transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʌ⟩ in American English, typical of Midland or Southern American English. It is not a standard pronunciation throughout the whole country.[6][7]
Most Texas speakers[7]
Northern Wales[8] Some speakers.[8] Corresponds to /ə/ in other Welsh dialects.[9]
Scottish[10] [bɜ̠d] Somewhat retracted; may be more back /ʌ/ instead.
German Chemnitz dialect[11] passe [ˈb̥ɜsə] '[I] pass' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨a⟩.
Many speakers[12] herrlich [ˈhɜːlɪç] 'fantastic' Common alternative to the diphthong [ɛɐ̯].[12] See Standard German phonology
Hausa[13] [example needed] Possible allophone of /a/, which can be as close as [ə] and as open as [ä].[13]
Jebero[14] [ˈkɘnmɜʔ] 'indigenous person' Allophone of /a/ in closed syllables.[14]
Kaingang[15] [ˈɾɜ] 'mark' Varies between central [ɜ] and back [ʌ].[16]
Kalagan Kaagan[17] [mɜˈt̪äs] 'tall' Allophone of /a/; may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʌ⟩.[17]
Kallahan[18] [example needed]
Ladin Gherdëina Urtijëi [uʀtiˈʒɜi̯] Urtijëi When stressed usually spelled with the letter ë.
Paicî[19] rë [ɾɜ] 'they' (prefix) May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʌ⟩.
Romanian Standard[20] măr [mə̞r] 'apple' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩. See Romanian phonology
Transylvanian varieties of Romanian[21] așa [aˈʂɜ] 'such' Corresponds to [ä] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Sama Sibutu[22] [ˈsäpɜw] 'roof' Allophone of /a/; may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʌ⟩.[22]
Sindhi[23] [sə̞rə̞] 'funeral' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩.
Temne[24] pʌs [pɜ́s] 'brew' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʌ⟩.[24]
Yiddish Standard[25] ענלעך [ˈɛnlɜχ] 'similar' Unstressed vowel.[25] See Yiddish phonology

See also

Notes

  1. ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. ^ Wissing (2012), p. 711.
  3. ^ Wissing (2016), section "The rounded and unrounded mid-central vowels".
  4. ^ a b Kerr (1988), pp. 110, 113.
  5. ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 129.
  6. ^ a b Ladefoged (1993), p. 82.
  7. ^ a b c Thomas (2001), pp. 27–28.
  8. ^ a b Tench (1990), p. 135.
  9. ^ Wells (1982), pp. 380–381.
  10. ^ Lodge (2009), p. 167.
  11. ^ Khan & Weise (2013), p. 236.
  12. ^ a b Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 52.
  13. ^ a b Schuh & Yalwa (1999), pp. 90–91.
  14. ^ a b Valenzuela & Gussenhoven (2013), p. 101.
  15. ^ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676–677, 682.
  16. ^ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676, 682.
  17. ^ a b Wendel & Wendel (1978), p. 198.
  18. ^ Santiago (2010), pp. 1, 8–10.
  19. ^ Gordon & Maddieson (1996), p. 118.
  20. ^ Sarlin (2014), p. 18.
  21. ^ Pop (1938), p. 30.
  22. ^ a b Allison (1979), p. 82.
  23. ^ Nihalani (1999), p. 132.
  24. ^ a b Kanu & Tucker (2010), p. 249.
  25. ^ a b Kleine (2003), p. 263.

References

  • Allison, E. Joseph (1979), (PDF), Studies in Philippine Linguistics, 3 (2): 63–104, archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-05-11
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
  • Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (in German) (7th ed.), Berlin: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4
  • Gordon, Matthew J.; Maddieson, Ian (1996), "The phonetics of Paici", in Maddieson, Ian (ed.), UCLA working papers in phonetics: Fieldwork studies of targeted languages IV, vol. 93, Los Angeles: The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group, pp. 111–124
  • Gordon, Matthew (2004b), "The West and Midwest: phonology", in Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English: Volume 1: Phonology, Walter de Gruyter, p. 340, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
  • Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009), "Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble", Anais do SETA, Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP, 3: 675–685
  • Kanu, Sullay M.; Tucker, Benjamin V. (2010), "Temne", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 247–253, doi:10.1017/S002510031000006X
  • Kerr, Harland (1988), (PDF), Studies in Philippine Linguistics, 7 (1): 1–123, archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-05-11
  • Khan, Sameer ud Dowla; Weise, Constanze (2013), "Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (2): 231–241, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000145
  • Kleine, Ane (2003), "Standard Yiddish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 261–265, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001385
  • Ladefoged, Peter (1993), A course in phonetics (3rd ed.), Fort Worth: Harcourt College Publishers
  • Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
  • Nihalani, Paroo (1999), "Sindhi", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 131–134, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
  • Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
  • Roach, Peter (2004), "British English: Received Pronunciation", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 239–245, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001768
  • Santiago, Paul Julian (2010), The Phonetic Structures of Kalanguya
  • Sarlin, Mika (2014) [First published 2013], "Sounds of Romanian and their spelling", Romanian Grammar (2nd ed.), Helsinki: Books on Demand GmbH, pp. 16–37, ISBN 978-952-286-898-5
  • Schuh, Russell G.; Yalwa, Lawan D. (1999), "Hausa", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 90–95, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
  • Tench, Paul (1990), "The Pronunciation of English in Abercrave", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 130–141, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
  • Thomas, Erik R. (2001), An acoustic analysis of vowel variation in New World English, Publication of the American Dialect Society, vol. 85, Duke University Press for the American Dialect Society, ISSN 0002-8207
  • Tillery, Jan; Bailey, Guy (2004), "The urban South: phonology", in Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English: Volume 1: Phonology, Walter de Gruyter, p. 333, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
  • Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2013), "Shiwilu (Jebero)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 97–106, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000370
  • Wendel, Åsa; Wendel, Dag (1978), (PDF), Studies in Philippine Linguistics, 2 (1): 191–203, archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-05-11
  • Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English, vol. 2: The British Isles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • Wissing, Daan (2012), "Integrasie van artikulatoriese en akoestiese eienskappe van vokale: 'n beskrywingsraamwerk", LitNet Akademies (in Afrikaans), Stellenbosch: LitNet, 9 (2): 701–743, ISSN 1995-5928, from the original on 15 April 2017, retrieved 16 April 2017
  • Wissing, Daan (2016). "Afrikaans phonology – segment inventory". Taalportaal. from the original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017.

External links

  • List of languages with [ɜ] on PHOIBLE

May 05, 2023
open, central, unrounded, vowel, open, central, unrounded, vowel, central, unrounded, vowel, type, vowel, sound, used, some, spoken, languages, symbol, international, phonetic, alphabet, that, represents, this, sound, formerly, symbol, digit, cyrillic, small, . The open mid central unrounded vowel or low mid central unrounded vowel 1 is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ɜ formerly ᴈ The IPA symbol is not the digit 3 or the Cyrillic small letter Ze z The symbol is instead a reversed Latinized variant of the lowercase epsilon ɛ The value was specified only in 1993 until then it had been transcribed ɛ Open mid central unrounded vowelɜIPA Number326Audio sample source source source helpEncodingEntity decimal amp 604 Unicode hex U 025CX SAMPA3BrailleImageIPA VowelsFront Central BackClose i y ɨ ʉ ɯ uNear close ɪ ʏ ʊClose mid e o ɘ ɵ ɤ oMid e o e ɤ o Open mid ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔNear open ae ɐOpen a ɶ a ɑ ɒIPA help audio full chart template Legend unrounded roundedThe ɜ letter may be used with a raising diacritic ɜ to denote the mid central unrounded vowel It may also be used with a lowering diacritic ɜ to denote the near open central unrounded vowel Conversely e the symbol for the mid central vowel may be used with a lowering diacritic e to denote the open mid central unrounded vowel although that is more specifically written with an additional unrounding diacritic e to explicitly denote the lack of rounding the canonical value of IPA e is undefined for rounding Contents 1 Features 2 Occurrence 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External linksFeatures EditIts vowel height is open mid also known as low mid which means the tongue is positioned halfway between an open vowel a low vowel and a mid vowel Its vowel backness is central which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel It is unrounded which means that the lips are not rounded Occurrence EditLanguage Word IPA Meaning NotesAfrikaans Standard 2 lig le x light Also described as mid e 3 typically transcribed in IPA with e See Afrikaans phonologyCotabato Manobo 4 batɜʔ child Allophone of a before glottal consonants may be transcribed in IPA with ʌ 4 Dutch 5 grappig ˈxɾɑpe x funny Possible realization of e 5 See Dutch phonologyEmilian Bolognese metter ˈmet ːɜr to put citation needed English Received Pronunciation 6 bird bɜːd bird Sulcalized the tongue is grooved like in ɹ Upper Crust RP speakers pronounce a more open vowel ɐː but for most other speakers it is actually mid ɜ ː This vowel corresponds to rhotacized ɝ in rhotic dialects Ohio 7 bud bɜd bud One realization of the vowel transcribed in IPA with ʌ in American English typical of Midland or Southern American English It is not a standard pronunciation throughout the whole country 6 7 Most Texas speakers 7 Northern Wales 8 Some speakers 8 Corresponds to e in other Welsh dialects 9 Scottish 10 bɜ d Somewhat retracted may be more back ʌ instead German Chemnitz dialect 11 passe ˈb ɜse I pass Typically transcribed in IPA with a Many speakers 12 herrlich ˈhɜːlɪc fantastic Common alternative to the diphthong ɛɐ 12 See Standard German phonologyHausa 13 example needed Possible allophone of a which can be as close as e and as open as a 13 Jebero 14 ˈkɘnmɜʔ indigenous person Allophone of a in closed syllables 14 Kaingang 15 ˈɾɜ mark Varies between central ɜ and back ʌ 16 Kalagan Kaagan 17 mɜˈt as tall Allophone of a may be transcribed in IPA with ʌ 17 Kallahan 18 example needed Ladin Gherdeina Urtijei uʀtiˈʒɜi Urtijei When stressed usually spelled with the letter e Paici 19 re ɾɜ they prefix May be transcribed in IPA with ʌ Romanian Standard 20 măr me r apple Typically transcribed in IPA with e See Romanian phonologyTransylvanian varieties of Romanian 21 așa aˈʂɜ such Corresponds to a in standard Romanian See Romanian phonologySama Sibutu 22 ˈsapɜw roof Allophone of a may be transcribed in IPA with ʌ 22 Sindhi 23 se re funeral Typically transcribed in IPA with e Temne 24 pʌs pɜ s brew Typically transcribed in IPA with ʌ 24 Yiddish Standard 25 ענלעך ˈɛnlɜx similar Unstressed vowel 25 See Yiddish phonologySee also EditR colored vowel a related phoneme in rhotic dialects of EnglishNotes Edit While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms close and open for vowel height many linguists use high and low Wissing 2012 p 711 Wissing 2016 section The rounded and unrounded mid central vowels a b Kerr 1988 pp 110 113 a b Collins amp Mees 2003 p 129 a b Ladefoged 1993 p 82 a b c Thomas 2001 pp 27 28 a b Tench 1990 p 135 Wells 1982 pp 380 381 Lodge 2009 p 167 Khan amp Weise 2013 p 236 a b Dudenredaktion Kleiner amp Knobl 2015 p 52 a b Schuh amp Yalwa 1999 pp 90 91 a b Valenzuela amp Gussenhoven 2013 p 101 Jolkesky 2009 pp 676 677 682 Jolkesky 2009 pp 676 682 a b Wendel amp Wendel 1978 p 198 Santiago 2010 pp 1 8 10 Gordon amp Maddieson 1996 p 118 Sarlin 2014 p 18 Pop 1938 p 30 a b Allison 1979 p 82 Nihalani 1999 p 132 a b Kanu amp Tucker 2010 p 249 a b Kleine 2003 p 263 References EditAllison E Joseph 1979 The phonology of Sibutu Sama A language of the southern Philippines PDF Studies in Philippine Linguistics 3 2 63 104 archived from the original PDF on 2015 05 11 Collins Beverley Mees Inger M 2003 First published 1981 The Phonetics of English and Dutch 5th ed Leiden Brill Publishers ISBN 9004103406 Dudenredaktion Kleiner Stefan Knobl Ralf 2015 First published 1962 Das Ausspracheworterbuch in German 7th ed Berlin Dudenverlag ISBN 978 3 411 04067 4 Gordon Matthew J Maddieson Ian 1996 The phonetics of Paici in Maddieson Ian ed UCLA working papers in phonetics Fieldwork studies of targeted languages IV vol 93 Los Angeles The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group pp 111 124 Gordon Matthew 2004b The West and Midwest phonology in Kortmann Bernd Schneider Edgar W eds A Handbook of Varieties of English Volume 1 Phonology Walter de Gruyter p 340 ISBN 3 11 017532 0 Jolkesky Marcelo Pinho de Valhery 2009 Fonologia e prosodia do Kaingang falado em Cacique Doble Anais do SETA Campinas Editora do IEL UNICAMP 3 675 685 Kanu Sullay M Tucker Benjamin V 2010 Temne Journal of the International Phonetic Association 40 2 247 253 doi 10 1017 S002510031000006X Kerr Harland 1988 Cotabato Manobo Grammar PDF Studies in Philippine Linguistics 7 1 1 123 archived from the original PDF on 2015 05 11 Khan Sameer ud Dowla Weise Constanze 2013 Upper Saxon Chemnitz dialect PDF Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 2 231 241 doi 10 1017 S0025100313000145 Kleine Ane 2003 Standard Yiddish Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 2 261 265 doi 10 1017 S0025100303001385 Ladefoged Peter 1993 A course in phonetics 3rd ed Fort Worth Harcourt College Publishers Lodge Ken 2009 A Critical Introduction to Phonetics Continuum International Publishing Group ISBN 978 0 8264 8873 2 Nihalani Paroo 1999 Sindhi Handbook of the International Phonetic Association Cambridge University Press pp 131 134 ISBN 0 521 63751 1 Pop Sever 1938 Micul Atlas Linguistic Roman Muzeul Limbii Romane Cluj Roach Peter 2004 British English Received Pronunciation Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 2 239 245 doi 10 1017 S0025100304001768 Santiago Paul Julian 2010 The Phonetic Structures of Kalanguya Sarlin Mika 2014 First published 2013 Sounds of Romanian and their spelling Romanian Grammar 2nd ed Helsinki Books on Demand GmbH pp 16 37 ISBN 978 952 286 898 5 Schuh Russell G Yalwa Lawan D 1999 Hausa Handbook of the International Phonetic Association Cambridge University Press pp 90 95 ISBN 0 521 63751 1 Tench Paul 1990 The Pronunciation of English in Abercrave in Coupland Nikolas Thomas Alan Richard eds English in Wales Diversity Conflict and Change Multilingual Matters Ltd pp 130 141 ISBN 1 85359 032 0 Thomas Erik R 2001 An acoustic analysis of vowel variation in New World English Publication of the American Dialect Society vol 85 Duke University Press for the American Dialect Society ISSN 0002 8207 Tillery Jan Bailey Guy 2004 The urban South phonology in Kortmann Bernd Schneider Edgar W eds A Handbook of Varieties of English Volume 1 Phonology Walter de Gruyter p 333 ISBN 3 11 017532 0 Valenzuela Pilar M Gussenhoven Carlos 2013 Shiwilu Jebero PDF Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 1 97 106 doi 10 1017 S0025100312000370 Wendel Asa Wendel Dag 1978 Kaagan Kalagan phonemic statement PDF Studies in Philippine Linguistics 2 1 191 203 archived from the original PDF on 2015 05 11 Wells John C 1982 Accents of English vol 2 The British Isles Cambridge Cambridge University Press Wissing Daan 2012 Integrasie van artikulatoriese en akoestiese eienskappe van vokale n beskrywingsraamwerk LitNet Akademies in Afrikaans Stellenbosch LitNet 9 2 701 743 ISSN 1995 5928 archived from the original on 15 April 2017 retrieved 16 April 2017 Wissing Daan 2016 Afrikaans phonology segment inventory Taalportaal Archived from the original on 15 April 2017 Retrieved 16 April 2017 External links EditList of languages with ɜ on PHOIBLE Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Open mid central unrounded vowel amp oldid 1149017433, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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