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Open back unrounded vowel

May 14, 2023

The open back unrounded vowel, or low back unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɑ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is A. The letter ⟨ɑ⟩ is called script a because it lacks the extra hook on top of a printed letter a, which corresponds to a different vowel, the open front unrounded vowel. Script a, which has its linear stroke on the bottom right, should not be confused with turned script a, ɒ, which has its linear stroke on the top left and corresponds to a rounded version of this vowel, the open back rounded vowel.

Open back unrounded vowel
ɑ
IPA Number305
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɑ
Unicode (hex)U+0251
X-SAMPAA
Braille

The open back unrounded vowel is the vocalic equivalent of the pharyngeal approximant [ʕ̞]. ⟨ɑ̯⟩ with the non-syllabic diacritic and ⟨ʕ̞⟩ are used in different transcription systems to represent the same sound.

In some languages (such as Azerbaijani, Estonian, Luxembourgish and Toda)[2][3][4][5] there is the near-open back unrounded vowel (a sound between cardinal [ɑ] and [ʌ]), which can be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɑ̝⟩ or ⟨ʌ̞⟩.

The Hamont-Achel dialect of Limburgish has been reported to contrast long open front, central and back unrounded vowels.[6] This is extremely unusual.

Features

  • Its vowel height is open, also known as low, which means the tongue is positioned far from the roof of the mouth – that is, low in the mouth.
  • Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Unrounded back vowels tend to be centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-back.
  • It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afrikaans Standard[7] daar [dɑːr] 'there' The quality varies between open near-back unrounded [ɑ̟ː], open back unrounded [ɑː] and even open back rounded [ɒː].[7] See Afrikaans phonology
Äiwoo kânongä [kɑnoŋæ] 'I want'
Arabic Standard[8] طويل / ṭawīl [tˤɑˈwiːl] 'tall' Allophone of long and short /a/ near emphatic consonants, depending on the speaker's accent. See Arabic phonology
Essaouira[9] قال / qāl [qɑːl] 'he said' One of the possible realisations of /ā/.[9]
Armenian Eastern[8] հաց / hacʿ [hɑt͡sʰ] 'bread'
Azerbaijani[2] qardaş [ɡɑ̝ɾˈd̪ɑ̝ʃ] 'brother' Near-open.[2]
Bashkir ҡаҙ / qað  [qɑð] (help·info) 'goose'
Catalan Many dialects[10] pal [ˈpɑɫ] 'stick' Allophone of /a/ in contact with velar consonants.[10] See Catalan phonology
Some dialects[11][12] mà [ˈmɑ] 'hand' More central ([ɑ̟], [ä]) in other dialects; fully front [a] in Majorcan Catalan.[12]
Some Valencian and Majorcan speakers[10] lloc [ˈʎ̟ɑk] 'place' Unrounded allophone of /ɔ/ in some accents.[10] Can be centralized.
Some southern Valencian speakers[13] bou [ˈbɑw] 'bull' Pronunciation of the vowel /ɔ/ before [w].[13] Can be centralized.
Chinese Mandarin[14] 棒 / bàng  [pɑŋ˥˩] (help·info) 'stick' Allophone of /a/ before /ŋ/.[14] See Standard Chinese phonology
Dutch Standard[15][16] bad [bɑt] 'bath' Backness varies among dialects; in the Standard Northern accent it is fully back.[17][15] In the Standard Belgian accent it is raised and fronted to [ɑ̝̈].[16] See Dutch phonology
Leiden[17] [bɑ̝t] Near-open fully back; can be rounded [ɒ̝] instead.[17] See Dutch phonology
Rotterdam[17]
Amsterdam[18] aap [ɑːp] 'monkey' Corresponds to [aː ~ äː] in standard Dutch.
Antwerp[19]
Utrecht[19]
The Hague[20] nauw [nɑː] 'narrow' Corresponds to [ʌu] in standard Dutch.
English Cardiff[21] hot [hɑ̝̈t] 'hot' Somewhat raised and fronted.[21][22]
Norfolk[22]
General American[23] [hɑt] May be more front [ɑ̟ ~ ä], especially in accents without the cot-caught merger. See English phonology
Cockney[24] palm [pɑːm] 'palm' Fully back. It can be more front [ɑ̟ː] instead.
General South African[25] Fully back. Broad varieties usually produce a rounded vowel [ɒː ~ ɔː] instead, while Cultivated SAE prefers a more front vowel [ɑ̟ː ~ äː]. See South African English phonology
Cultivated
South African[26]		 [pɑ̟ːm] Typically more front than cardinal [ɑ]. It may be as front as [äː] in some Cultivated South African and southern English speakers. See English phonology and South African English phonology
Received Pronunciation[27]
Non-local Dublin[28] back [bɑq] 'back' Allophone of /a/ before velars for some speakers.[28]
Estonian[3] vale [ˈvɑ̝le̞ˑ] 'lie' Near-open.[3] See Estonian phonology
Faroese Some dialects[29] vátur [ˈvɑːtʊɹ] 'wet' Corresponds to /ɔɑ/ in standard language.[29] See Faroese phonology
Finnish[30] kana [ˈkɑ̝nɑ̝] 'hen' Near-open,[30] also described as open central [ä].[31] See Finnish phonology
French Conservative Parisian[32][33] pas [pɑ] 'not' Contrasts with /a/, but many speakers have only one open vowel [ä].[34] See French phonology
Quebec[35] pâte [pɑːt] 'paste' Contrasts with /a/.[35] See Quebec French phonology
Galician[36][37] irmán [iɾˈmɑŋ] 'brother' Allophone of /a/ in contact with velar consonants.[36][37] See Galician phonology
Georgian[38] გუდა / guda [k̬ud̪ɑ] 'leather bag' Usually not fully back [ɑ], typically [ɑ̟] to [ä].[39] Sometimes transcribed as /a/.
German Standard[40] Gourmand [ɡ̊ʊʁˈmɑ̃ː] 'gourmand' Nasalized; often realized as rounded [ɒ̃ː].[41] See Standard German phonology
Many speakers[42] nah [nɑː] 'near' Used by speakers in Northern Germany, East Central Germany, Franconia and Switzerland.[42] Also a part of the Standard Austrian accent.[43] More front in other accents. See Standard German phonology
Greek Sfakian[44] μπύρα / býra [ˈbirɑ] "beer" Corresponds to central [ä ~ ɐ] in Modern Standard Greek.[45][46] See Modern Greek phonology
Hungarian Some dialects[47] magyar [ˈmɑɟɑr] 'Hungarian' Weakly rounded [ɒ] in standard Hungarian.[48] See Hungarian phonology
Inuit West Greenlandic[49] oqarpoq [ɔˈqɑpːɔq̚] 'he says' Allophone of /a/ before and especially between uvulars.[49] See Inuit phonology
Italian Some Piedmont dialects casa [ˈkɑːzɑ] 'house' Allophone of /a/ which in Italian is largely realised as central [ä].
Kazakh alma [ɑ̝ɫ̪ˈmɑ̝] 'apple' Can be realised as near-open.
Kaingang[50] ga [ᵑɡɑ] 'land, soil' Varies between back [ɑ] and central [ɐ].[51]
Khmer ស្ករ / skâr [skɑː] 'sugar' See Khmer phonology
Limburgish[52][53][54] bats [bɑ̽ts] 'buttock' The quality varies between open back [ɑ],[52] open near-back [ɑ̟][53] and near-open near-back [ɑ̽][54] (illustrated in the example word, which is from the Maastrichtian dialect), depending on the dialect.
Low German[55] al / aal [ɑːl] 'all' Backness may vary among dialects.[55]
Luxembourgish[4] Kapp [kʰɑ̝p] 'head' Near-open fully back.[4] See Luxembourgish phonology
Malay Kedah[56] mata [ma.tɑ] 'eye' See Malay phonology
Kelantan-Pattani Allophone of syllable-final /a/ in open-ended words and before /k/ and /h/ codas. See Kelantan-Pattani Malay
Standard qari [qɑ.ri] 'qari' Found only in certain Arabic loanwords and used by speakers who know Arabic. Normally replaced by [ä]. See Malay phonology
Norwegian[57][58] hat [hɑːt] 'hate' The example word is from Urban East Norwegian. Central [äː] in some other dialects.[57][58][59] See Norwegian phonology
Portuguese Some Azorean dialects semana [sɨ'mɑnɐ] 'week' See Portuguese phonology
Paulista[60] vegetal [veʒe'tɑʊ] 'vegetable' Only immediately before [ʊ].[60]
Russian[61] палка / palka [ˈpɑɫkə] 'stick' Occurs only before the hard /l/, but not when a palatalized consonant precedes. See Russian phonology
Sema[62] amqa [à̠mqɑ̀] 'lower back' Possible realization of /a/ after uvular stops.[62]
Swedish Some dialects jаg [jɑːɡ] 'I' Weakly rounded [ɒ̜ː] in Central Standard Swedish.[63] See Swedish phonology
Toda[5] ஆந [ɑ̝ːn] 'elephant' Near-open.[5]
Turkish[64] at [ɑt̪] 'horse' Also described as central [ä].[65] See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian[66] мати / maty [ˈmɑtɪ] 'mother' See Ukrainian phonology
Vietnamese Some dialects in North Central and Central gà [ɣɑ˨˩] 'chicken' See [67][68]
West Frisian Standard[69] lang [ɫɑŋ] 'long' Also described as central [ä].[70] See West Frisian phonology
Aastersk[71] maat [mɑːt] 'mate' Contrasts with a front /aː/.[71] See West Frisian phonology

See also

Notes

  1. ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. ^ a b c Mokari & Werner (2016), p. 509.
  3. ^ a b c Asu & Teras (2009), p. 368.
  4. ^ a b c Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 70.
  5. ^ a b c Shalev, Ladefoged & Bhaskararao (1993), p. 92.
  6. ^ Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
  7. ^ a b Wissing (2016), section "The unrounded low-central vowel /a/".
  8. ^ a b Thelwall & Sa'Adeddin (1990), p. 39.
  9. ^ a b Francisco (2019), p. 74.
  10. ^ a b c d Saborit (2009), p. 10.
  11. ^ Rafel (1999), p. 14.
  12. ^ a b Recasens (1996), pp. 90–92.
  13. ^ a b Recasens (1996), pp. 131–132.
  14. ^ a b Mou (2006), p. 65.
  15. ^ a b Gussenhoven (1992), p. 47.
  16. ^ a b Verhoeven (2005), p. 245.
  17. ^ a b c d Collins & Mees (2003), p. 131.
  18. ^ Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 78, 104, 133.
  19. ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 104, 133.
  20. ^ Collins & Mees (2003), p. 136.
  21. ^ a b Collins & Mees (1990), p. 95.
  22. ^ a b Lodge (2009), p. 168.
  23. ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
  24. ^ Wells (1982), p. 305.
  25. ^ Lass (2002), p. 117.
  26. ^ Lass (2002), p. 116-117.
  27. ^ Roach (2004), p. 242.
  28. ^ a b "Glossary". Retrieved 10 February 2015.
  29. ^ a b Árnason (2011), pp. 69, 79.
  30. ^ a b Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008), p. 21.
  31. ^ Maddieson (1984), cited in Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008:21)
  32. ^ Ashby (2011), p. 100.
  33. ^ Collins & Mees (2013), pp. 225–227.
  34. ^ Collins & Mees (2013), pp. 226–227.
  35. ^ a b Walker (1984), p. 53.
  36. ^ a b Regueira (1996), p. 122.
  37. ^ a b Freixeiro Mato (2006), pp. 72–73.
  38. ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), pp. 261–262.
  39. ^ Aronson, Howard (1990), Georgian: A Reading Grammar (2nd ed.), Columbus, OH: Slavica
  40. ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 34, 38.
  41. ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 38.
  42. ^ a b Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
  43. ^ Moosmüller, Schmid & Brandstätter (2015), pp. 342–344.
  44. ^ Trudgill (2009), pp. 83–84.
  45. ^ Trudgill (2009), p. 81.
  46. ^ Arvaniti (2007), pp. 25, 28.
  47. ^ Vago (1980), p. 1.
  48. ^ Szende (1994), p. 92.
  49. ^ a b Fortescue (1990), p. 317.
  50. ^ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676–677, 682.
  51. ^ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676, 682.
  52. ^ a b Peters (2006), p. 119.
  53. ^ a b Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998), p. 110.
  54. ^ a b Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
  55. ^ a b Prehn (2012), p. 157.
  56. ^ Zaharani Ahmad (1991).
  57. ^ a b Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 16–17.
  58. ^ a b Kvifte & Gude-Husken (2005), p. 4.
  59. ^ Vanvik (1979), pp. 16–17.
  60. ^ a b Galastri (2011), p. 21.
  61. ^ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 50.
  62. ^ a b Teo (2014), p. 28.
  63. ^ Engstrand (1999), p. 141.
  64. ^ Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 10.
  65. ^ Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155.
  66. ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  67. ^ Phạm, Andrea Hòa (2014), "Ngôn ngữ biến đổi và số phận của nguyên âm /a/ trong giọng Quảng Nam (Issues in Language change and the phonemic status of /a/ in the Quang Nam dialect)" (PDF), Tạp Chí Ngôn Ngữ (Journal of Vietnamese Linguistics) (in Vietnamese), 6: 10–18
  68. ^ Phạm, Andrea Hòa (2016), "Sự biến âm trong vần tiếng Việt: thổ ngữ làng Hến, huyện Đức Thọ, tỉnh Hà Tĩnh [Sound change in Vietnamese rhymes: the dialect of Hến Village of Đức Thọ District, Hà Tĩnh Province]" (PDF), Tạp Chí Ngôn Ngữ Học (Journal of Vietnamese Linguistics) (in Vietnamese), 11: 7–28
  69. ^ de Haan (2010), p. 333.
  70. ^ Visser (1997), p. 14.
  71. ^ a b van der Veen (2001), p. 102.

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  • Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), (PDF), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-25, retrieved 2015-11-21
  • Francisco, Felipe Benjamin (2019). O dialeto árabe de Essaouira: documentação e descrição de uma variedade do sul do Marrocos (PhD). São Paulo: University of São Paulo. doi:10.11606/T.8.2019.tde-29102019-180034. S2CID 214469852.
  • Galastri, Eliane de Oliveira (2011), "Guia para a transcrição fonética do dialeto paulista", Aleph (Term paper) (in Brazilian Portuguese), Araraquara: São Paulo State University, hdl:11449/119177

External links

  • List of languages with [ɑ] on PHOIBLE

May 14, 2023
open, back, unrounded, vowel, open, back, unrounded, vowel, back, unrounded, vowel, type, vowel, sound, used, some, spoken, languages, symbol, international, phonetic, alphabet, that, represents, this, sound, equivalent, sampa, symbol, letter, called, script, . The open back unrounded vowel or low back unrounded vowel 1 is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ɑ and the equivalent X SAMPA symbol is A The letter ɑ is called script a because it lacks the extra hook on top of a printed letter a which corresponds to a different vowel the open front unrounded vowel Script a which has its linear stroke on the bottom right should not be confused with turned script a ɒ which has its linear stroke on the top left and corresponds to a rounded version of this vowel the open back rounded vowel Open back unrounded vowelɑIPA Number305Audio sample source source source helpEncodingEntity decimal amp 593 Unicode hex U 0251X SAMPAABrailleImageIPA VowelsFront Central BackClose i y ɨ ʉ ɯ uNear close ɪ ʏ ʊClose mid e o ɘ ɵ ɤ oMid e o e ɤ o Open mid ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔNear open ae ɐOpen a ɶ a ɑ ɒIPA help audio full chart template Legend unrounded roundedThe open back unrounded vowel is the vocalic equivalent of the pharyngeal approximant ʕ ɑ with the non syllabic diacritic and ʕ are used in different transcription systems to represent the same sound In some languages such as Azerbaijani Estonian Luxembourgish and Toda 2 3 4 5 there is the near open back unrounded vowel a sound between cardinal ɑ and ʌ which can be transcribed in IPA with ɑ or ʌ The Hamont Achel dialect of Limburgish has been reported to contrast long open front central and back unrounded vowels 6 This is extremely unusual Contents 1 Features 2 Occurrence 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External linksFeatures EditIts vowel height is open also known as low which means the tongue is positioned far from the roof of the mouth that is low in the mouth Its vowel backness is back which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant Unrounded back vowels tend to be centralized which means that often they are in fact near back It is unrounded which means that the lips are not rounded Occurrence EditLanguage Word IPA Meaning NotesAfrikaans Standard 7 daar dɑːr there The quality varies between open near back unrounded ɑ ː open back unrounded ɑː and even open back rounded ɒː 7 See Afrikaans phonologyAiwoo kanonga kɑnoŋae I want Arabic Standard 8 طويل ṭawil tˤɑˈwiːl tall Allophone of long and short a near emphatic consonants depending on the speaker s accent See Arabic phonologyEssaouira 9 قال qal qɑːl he said One of the possible realisations of a 9 Armenian Eastern 8 հաց hacʿ hɑt sʰ bread Azerbaijani 2 qardas ɡɑ ɾˈd ɑ ʃ brother Near open 2 Bashkir ҡaҙ qad qɑd help info goose Catalan Many dialects 10 pal ˈpɑɫ stick Allophone of a in contact with velar consonants 10 See Catalan phonologySome dialects 11 12 ma ˈmɑ hand More central ɑ a in other dialects fully front a in Majorcan Catalan 12 Some Valencian and Majorcan speakers 10 lloc ˈʎ ɑk place Unrounded allophone of ɔ in some accents 10 Can be centralized Some southern Valencian speakers 13 bou ˈbɑw bull Pronunciation of the vowel ɔ before w 13 Can be centralized Chinese Mandarin 14 棒 bang pɑŋ help info stick Allophone of a before ŋ 14 See Standard Chinese phonologyDutch Standard 15 16 bad bɑt bath Backness varies among dialects in the Standard Northern accent it is fully back 17 15 In the Standard Belgian accent it is raised and fronted to ɑ 16 See Dutch phonologyLeiden 17 bɑ t Near open fully back can be rounded ɒ instead 17 See Dutch phonologyRotterdam 17 Amsterdam 18 aap ɑːp monkey Corresponds to aː aː in standard Dutch Antwerp 19 Utrecht 19 The Hague 20 nauw nɑː narrow Corresponds to ʌu in standard Dutch English Cardiff 21 hot hɑ t hot Somewhat raised and fronted 21 22 Norfolk 22 General American 23 hɑt May be more front ɑ a especially in accents without the cot caught merger See English phonologyCockney 24 palm pɑːm palm Fully back It can be more front ɑ ː instead General South African 25 Fully back Broad varieties usually produce a rounded vowel ɒː ɔː instead while Cultivated SAE prefers a more front vowel ɑ ː aː See South African English phonologyCultivatedSouth African 26 pɑ ːm Typically more front than cardinal ɑ It may be as front as aː in some Cultivated South African and southern English speakers See English phonology and South African English phonologyReceived Pronunciation 27 Non local Dublin 28 back bɑq back Allophone of a before velars for some speakers 28 Estonian 3 vale ˈvɑ le ˑ lie Near open 3 See Estonian phonologyFaroese Some dialects 29 vatur ˈvɑːtʊɹ wet Corresponds to ɔɑ in standard language 29 See Faroese phonologyFinnish 30 kana ˈkɑ nɑ hen Near open 30 also described as open central a 31 See Finnish phonologyFrench Conservative Parisian 32 33 pas pɑ not Contrasts with a but many speakers have only one open vowel a 34 See French phonologyQuebec 35 pate pɑːt paste Contrasts with a 35 See Quebec French phonologyGalician 36 37 irman iɾˈmɑŋ brother Allophone of a in contact with velar consonants 36 37 See Galician phonologyGeorgian 38 გუდა guda k ud ɑ leather bag Usually not fully back ɑ typically ɑ to a 39 Sometimes transcribed as a German Standard 40 Gourmand ɡ ʊʁˈmɑ ː gourmand Nasalized often realized as rounded ɒ ː 41 See Standard German phonologyMany speakers 42 nah nɑː near Used by speakers in Northern Germany East Central Germany Franconia and Switzerland 42 Also a part of the Standard Austrian accent 43 More front in other accents See Standard German phonologyGreek Sfakian 44 mpyra byra ˈbirɑ beer Corresponds to central a ɐ in Modern Standard Greek 45 46 See Modern Greek phonologyHungarian Some dialects 47 magyar ˈmɑɟɑr Hungarian Weakly rounded ɒ in standard Hungarian 48 See Hungarian phonologyInuit West Greenlandic 49 oqarpoq ɔˈqɑpːɔq he says Allophone of a before and especially between uvulars 49 See Inuit phonologyItalian Some Piedmont dialects casa ˈkɑːzɑ house Allophone of a which in Italian is largely realised as central a Kazakh alma ɑ ɫ ˈmɑ apple Can be realised as near open Kaingang 50 ga ᵑɡɑ land soil Varies between back ɑ and central ɐ 51 Khmer ស ករ skar skɑː sugar See Khmer phonologyLimburgish 52 53 54 bats bɑ ts buttock The quality varies between open back ɑ 52 open near back ɑ 53 and near open near back ɑ 54 illustrated in the example word which is from the Maastrichtian dialect depending on the dialect Low German 55 al aal ɑːl all Backness may vary among dialects 55 Luxembourgish 4 Kapp kʰɑ p head Near open fully back 4 See Luxembourgish phonologyMalay Kedah 56 mata ma tɑ eye See Malay phonologyKelantan Pattani Allophone of syllable final a in open ended words and before k and h codas See Kelantan Pattani MalayStandard qari qɑ ri qari Found only in certain Arabic loanwords and used by speakers who know Arabic Normally replaced by a See Malay phonologyNorwegian 57 58 hat hɑːt hate The example word is from Urban East Norwegian Central aː in some other dialects 57 58 59 See Norwegian phonologyPortuguese Some Azorean dialects semana sɨ mɑnɐ week See Portuguese phonologyPaulista 60 vegetal veʒe tɑʊ vegetable Only immediately before ʊ 60 Russian 61 palka palka ˈpɑɫke stick Occurs only before the hard l but not when a palatalized consonant precedes See Russian phonologySema 62 amqa a mqɑ lower back Possible realization of a after uvular stops 62 Swedish Some dialects jag jɑːɡ I Weakly rounded ɒ ː in Central Standard Swedish 63 See Swedish phonologyToda 5 ஆந ɑ ːn elephant Near open 5 Turkish 64 at ɑt horse Also described as central a 65 See Turkish phonologyUkrainian 66 mati maty ˈmɑtɪ mother See Ukrainian phonologyVietnamese Some dialects in North Central and Central ga ɣɑ chicken See 67 68 West Frisian Standard 69 lang ɫɑŋ long Also described as central a 70 See West Frisian phonologyAastersk 71 maat mɑːt mate Contrasts with a front aː 71 See West Frisian phonologySee also EditIndex of phonetics articles Latin alphaNotes Edit While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms close and open for vowel height many linguists use high and low a b c Mokari amp Werner 2016 p 509 a b c Asu amp Teras 2009 p 368 a b c Gilles amp Trouvain 2013 p 70 a b c Shalev Ladefoged amp Bhaskararao 1993 p 92 Verhoeven 2007 p 221 a b Wissing 2016 section The unrounded low central vowel a a b Thelwall amp Sa Adeddin 1990 p 39 a b Francisco 2019 p 74 a b c d Saborit 2009 p 10 Rafel 1999 p 14 a b Recasens 1996 pp 90 92 a b Recasens 1996 pp 131 132 a b Mou 2006 p 65 a b Gussenhoven 1992 p 47 a b Verhoeven 2005 p 245 a b c d Collins amp Mees 2003 p 131 Collins amp Mees 2003 pp 78 104 133 a b Collins amp Mees 2003 pp 104 133 Collins amp Mees 2003 p 136 a b Collins amp Mees 1990 p 95 a b Lodge 2009 p 168 Mannell Cox amp Harrington 2009 Wells 1982 p 305 Lass 2002 p 117 Lass 2002 p 116 117 Roach 2004 p 242 a b Glossary Retrieved 10 February 2015 a b Arnason 2011 pp 69 79 a b Suomi Toivanen amp Ylitalo 2008 p 21 Maddieson 1984 cited in Suomi Toivanen amp Ylitalo 2008 21 Ashby 2011 p 100 Collins amp Mees 2013 pp 225 227 Collins amp Mees 2013 pp 226 227 a b Walker 1984 p 53 a b Regueira 1996 p 122 a b Freixeiro Mato 2006 pp 72 73 Shosted amp Chikovani 2006 pp 261 262 Aronson Howard 1990 Georgian A Reading Grammar 2nd ed Columbus OH Slavica Dudenredaktion Kleiner amp Knobl 2015 pp 34 38 Dudenredaktion Kleiner amp Knobl 2015 p 38 a b Dudenredaktion Kleiner amp Knobl 2015 p 64 Moosmuller Schmid amp Brandstatter 2015 pp 342 344 Trudgill 2009 pp 83 84 Trudgill 2009 p 81 Arvaniti 2007 pp 25 28 Vago 1980 p 1 Szende 1994 p 92 a b Fortescue 1990 p 317 Jolkesky 2009 pp 676 677 682 Jolkesky 2009 pp 676 682 a b Peters 2006 p 119 a b Heijmans amp Gussenhoven 1998 p 110 a b Gussenhoven amp Aarts 1999 p 159 a b Prehn 2012 p 157 Zaharani Ahmad 1991 a b Kristoffersen 2000 pp 16 17 a b Kvifte amp Gude Husken 2005 p 4 Vanvik 1979 pp 16 17 a b Galastri 2011 p 21 Jones amp Ward 1969 p 50 a b Teo 2014 p 28 Engstrand 1999 p 141 Goksel amp Kerslake 2005 p 10 Zimmer amp Orgun 1999 p 155 Danyenko amp Vakulenko 1995 p 4 Phạm Andrea Hoa 2014 Ngon ngữ biến đổi va số phận của nguyen am a trong giọng Quảng Nam Issues in Language change and the phonemic status of a in the Quang Nam dialect PDF Tạp Chi Ngon Ngữ Journal of Vietnamese Linguistics in Vietnamese 6 10 18 Phạm Andrea Hoa 2016 Sự biến am trong vần tiếng Việt thổ ngữ lang Hến huyện Đức Thọ tỉnh Ha Tĩnh Sound change in Vietnamese rhymes the dialect of Hến Village of Đức Thọ District Ha Tĩnh Province PDF Tạp Chi Ngon Ngữ Học Journal of Vietnamese Linguistics in Vietnamese 11 7 28 de Haan 2010 p 333 Visser 1997 p 14 a b van der Veen 2001 p 102 References EditArnason Kristjan 2011 The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 922931 4 Arvaniti Amalia 2007 Greek Phonetics The State of the Art PDF Journal of Greek Linguistics 8 97 208 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 692 1365 doi 10 1075 jgl 8 08arv archived from the original PDF on 2013 12 11 Ashby Patricia 2011 Understanding Phonetics Understanding Language series Routledge ISBN 978 0340928271 Asu Eva Liina Teras Pire 2009 Estonian Journal of the International Phonetic Association 39 3 367 372 doi 10 1017 s002510030999017x Collins Beverley Mees Inger M 1990 The Phonetics of Cardiff English in Coupland Nikolas Thomas Alan Richard eds English in Wales Diversity Conflict and Change Multilingual Matters Ltd pp 87 103 ISBN 978 1 85359 032 0 Collins Beverley Mees Inger M 2003 First published 1981 The Phonetics of English and Dutch 5th ed Leiden Brill Publishers ISBN 978 9004103405 Collins Beverley Mees Inger M 2013 First published 2003 Practical Phonetics and Phonology A Resource Book for Students 3rd ed Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 50650 2 Danyenko Andrii Vakulenko Serhii 1995 Ukrainian Lincom Europa ISBN 9783929075083 de Haan Germen J 2010 Hoekstra Jarich Visser Willem Jensma Goffe eds Studies in West Frisian Grammar Selected Papers by Germen J de Haan Amsterdam John Benjamins Publishing Company ISBN 978 90 272 5544 0 Dudenredaktion Kleiner Stefan Knobl Ralf 2015 First published 1962 Das Ausspracheworterbuch in German 7th ed Berlin Dudenverlag ISBN 978 3 411 04067 4 Dum Tragut Jasmine 2009 Armenian Modern Eastern Armenian Amsterdam John Benjamins Publishing Company Engstrand Olle 1999 Swedish Handbook of the International Phonetic Association A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 140 142 ISBN 978 0 521 63751 0 Fortescue Michael 1990 Basic Structures and Processes in West Greenlandic PDF in Collins Dirmid R F ed Arctic Languages An Awakening Paris UNESCO pp 309 332 ISBN 978 92 3 102661 4 Fougeron Cecile Smith Caroline L 1993 French Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 2 73 76 doi 10 1017 S0025100300004874 S2CID 249404451 Freixeiro Mato Xose Ramon 2006 Gramatica da lingua galega I Fonetica e fonoloxia in Galician Vigo A Nosa Terra ISBN 978 84 8341 060 8 Gilles Peter Trouvain Jurgen 2013 Luxembourgish Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 1 67 74 doi 10 1017 S0025100312000278 Goksel Asli Kerslake Celia 2005 Turkish a comprehensive grammar Routledge ISBN 978 0415114943 Gussenhoven Carlos 1992 Dutch Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 2 45 47 doi 10 1017 S002510030000459X S2CID 243772965 Gussenhoven Carlos Aarts Flor 1999 The dialect of Maastricht PDF Journal of the International Phonetic Association 29 2 155 166 doi 10 1017 S0025100300006526 S2CID 145782045 Heijmans Linda Gussenhoven Carlos 1998 The Dutch dialect of Weert PDF Journal of the International Phonetic Association 28 1 2 107 112 doi 10 1017 S0025100300006307 S2CID 145635698 Jolkesky Marcelo Pinho de Valhery 2009 Fonologia e prosodia do Kaingang falado em Cacique Doble Anais do SETA in Portuguese Campinas Editora do IEL UNICAMP 3 675 685 Jones Daniel Ward Dennis 1969 The Phonetics of Russian Cambridge University Press Kraľ Abel 1988 Pravidla slovenskej vyslovnosti in Slovak Bratislava Slovenske pedagogicke nakladateľstvo Kristoffersen Gjert 2000 The Phonology of Norwegian Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 823765 5 Kvifte Bjorn Gude Husken Verena 2005 First published 1997 Praktische Grammatik der norwegischen Sprache in German 3rd ed Gottfried Egert Verlag ISBN 978 3 926972 54 5Lass Roger 2002 South African English in Mesthrie Rajend ed Language in South Africa Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521791052 Lodge Ken 2009 A Critical Introduction to Phonetics Continuum International Publishing Group ISBN 978 0 8264 8873 2 Maddieson Ian 1984 Patterns of Sounds Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 26536 2 Mannell R Cox F Harrington J 2009 An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology Macquarie University Mokari Payam Ghaffarvand Werner Stefan 2016 Dziubalska Kolaczyk Katarzyna ed An acoustic description of spectral and temporal characteristics of Azerbaijani vowels Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 52 3 doi 10 1515 psicl 2016 0019 S2CID 151826061 Moosmuller Sylvia Schmid Carolin Brandstatter Julia 2015 Standard Austrian German Journal of the International Phonetic Association 45 3 339 348 doi 10 1017 S0025100315000055 Mou Xiaomin 2006 Nasal codas in Standard Chinese a study in the framework of the distinctive feature theory PhD Massachusetts Massachusetts Institute of Technology hdl 1721 1 35283 Peters Jorg 2006 The dialect of Hasselt PDF Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 1 117 124 doi 10 1017 S0025100306002428 Prehn Maike 2012 Vowel quantity and the fortis lenis distinction in North Low Saxon PDF PhD Amsterdam LOT ISBN 978 94 6093 077 5 Rafel Joaquim 1999 Aplicacio al catala dels principis de transcripcio de l Associacio Fonetica Internacional PDF 3rd ed Barcelona Institut d Estudis Catalans ISBN 978 84 7283 446 0 Recasens Daniel 1996 Fonetica descriptiva del catala assaig de caracteritzacio de la pronuncia del vocalisme i el consonantisme catala al segle XX 2nd ed Barcelona Institut d Estudis Catalans ISBN 978 84 7283 312 8 Regueira Xose Luis 1996 Galician Journal of the International Phonetic Association 26 2 119 122 doi 10 1017 s0025100300006162 S2CID 249403834 Roach Peter 2004 British English Received Pronunciation PDF Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 2 239 245 doi 10 1017 S0025100304001768 Saborit Josep 2009 Millorem la pronuncia in Catalan Academia Valenciana de la Llengua Shalev Michael Ladefoged Peter Bhaskararao Peri 1993 Phonetics of Toda in Maddieson Ian ed Fieldwork studies of targeted languages vol 84 Los Angeles The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group pp 89 125 Shosted Ryan K Chikovani Vakhtang 2006 Standard Georgian PDF Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 2 255 264 doi 10 1017 S0025100306002659 Suomi Kari Toivanen Juhani Ylitalo Riikka 2008 Finnish sound structure Phonetics phonology phonotactics and prosody PDF Studia Humaniora Ouluensia 9 Oulu University Press ISBN 978 951 42 8984 2 Szende Tamas 1994 Illustrations of the IPA Hungarian Journal of the International Phonetic Association 24 2 91 94 doi 10 1017 S0025100300005090 S2CID 242632087 Teo Amos B 2014 A phonological and phonetic description of Sumi a Tibeto Burman language of Nagaland PDF Canberra Asia Pacific Linguistics ISBN 978 1 922185 10 5 Thelwall Robin Sa Adeddin M Akram 1990 Arabic Journal of the International Phonetic Association 20 2 37 39 doi 10 1017 S0025100300004266 S2CID 243640727 Trudgill Peter 2009 Greek Dialect Vowel Systems Vowel Dispersion Theory and Sociolinguistic Typology Journal of Greek Linguistics 9 1 80 97 doi 10 1163 156658409X12500896406041 Vago Robert M 1980 The Sound Pattern of Hungarian Washington D C Georgetown University Press van der Veen Klaas F 2001 13 West Frisian Dialectology and Dialects in Munske Horst Haider Arhammar Hans eds Handbook of Frisian studies Tubingen Max Niemeyer Verlag GmbH pp 98 116 ISBN 978 3 484 73048 9 Vanvik Arne 1979 Norsk fonetikk Norwegian phonetics in Norwegian Oslo Universitetet i Oslo ISBN 978 82 990584 0 7 Verhoeven Jo 2005 Belgian Standard Dutch PDF Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 2 245 doi 10 1017 S0025100305002173 Verhoeven Jo 2007 The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont PDF Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 2 219 225 doi 10 1017 S0025100307002940 Visser Willem 1997 The Syllable in Frisian PDF PhD Leiden Holland Institute of Generative Linguistics ISBN 90 5569 030 9 Archived PDF from the original on 4 March 2016 Walker Douglas 1984 The Pronunciation of Canadian French PDF Ottawa University of Ottawa Press ISBN 978 0 7766 4500 1 Wells J C 1982 Accents of English 2 The British Isles Cambridge Cambridge University Press Wissing Daan 2016 Afrikaans phonology segment inventory Taalportaal Archived from the original on 15 April 2017 Retrieved 16 April 2017 Zaharani Ahmad 1991 The Phonology and Morphology of the Perak Dialect Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Kuala Lumpur Zimmer Karl Orgun Orhan 1999 Turkish PDF Handbook of the International Phonetic Association A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 154 158 ISBN 978 0 521 65236 0 archived from the original PDF on 2018 07 25 retrieved 2015 11 21 Francisco Felipe Benjamin 2019 O dialeto arabe de Essaouira documentacao e descricao de uma variedade do sul do Marrocos PhD Sao Paulo University of Sao Paulo doi 10 11606 T 8 2019 tde 29102019 180034 S2CID 214469852 Galastri Eliane de Oliveira 2011 Guia para a transcricao fonetica do dialeto paulista Aleph Term paper in Brazilian Portuguese Araraquara Sao Paulo State University hdl 11449 119177External links EditList of languages with ɑ on PHOIBLE Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Open back unrounded vowel amp oldid 1153482367, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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